朱光潜《西方美学史》考研模拟试题及详解(一)【圣才出品】

朱光潜《西方美学史》考研模拟试题及详解(一)【圣才出品】
朱光潜《西方美学史》考研模拟试题及详解(一)【圣才出品】

朱光潜《西方美学史》考研模拟试题(一)

一、名词解释

1.游于艺

2.妙有

3.反思判断力

4.艺术自律

二、简答

1.简述严羽《沧浪诗话》的第一义说

2.简述福柯的“考古学”方法

3.简述《乐记》中乐象说

4.简述柏拉图“摹仿说”对西方美学的影响

三、论述

1.试论诗圣杜甫、诗仙李白、诗佛王维的取境特征。

2.试分析歌德、席勒在艺术分析上的不同理论取向。

朱光潜《西方美学史》考研模拟试题及详解(一)

一、名词解释

1.游于艺

答:游于艺是孔子关于审美和艺术对人的人格修养之关系、作用的美学思想。“游于艺”出自《论语·述而》:“志于道,据于德,依于仁,游于艺”中得来的。在这里,“游”是游泳、遨游的意思,“艺”是指六艺,包括礼、乐、射、御、书、数。孔子的教育以六艺为主,主张学习不仅要掌握各种具体的技艺,而且要从掌握技能中得到艺术创造的审美感受。这表明了孔子对人全面发展的要求,同时也说明孔子对艺术在实现人的全面人格理想中的作用的肯定。

2.妙有

答:妙有是中国传统美学范畴之一。道家与佛家对于“妙有”有不同的解释。道家指的是超乎“有”和“无”以上的原始存在。无中之有,谓之妙有。佛教指的是非有之有,与非空真空的“真空”相对。这种思想起源于《不真空论》、《般若无知论》。“妙有”是建立在空的基础上的,空也不是完空。关于“妙有”的解释一直处在不断地创新、发展和前进中。

3.反思判断力

答:反思判断力是康德其著作《判断力批判》中提出的一个美学观点。康德认为判断力有一种相反方向的运用,即在特殊的材料已经提供出来以后,为这种特殊去寻找适合的普遍原则,就直观而运用知识和理性,称之为反思判断力,它是为了在直观表象上引起诸种认识能力的自由协调的活动,以便获得某种愉快的情感。

4.艺术自律

答:艺术自律是西方马克思主义美学家马尔库塞的美学核心范畴。它与艺术的他律性(他性、外部性、社会性)相对,是指在艺术发展过程中,对其形成、发展和成熟起着某种影响与作用的内在的自身因素。艺术活动永远是以人工性为主的创造活动,艺术家必须遵循艺术的内部规律。但也要避免轻视科学技术、把技术手段放在艺术自律性之外的倾向。现代科技是艺术创作的有力辅助,它可以成为艺术自律性的一个有机组成部分。由于现代技术手段的介入,艺术的创作和欣赏已在工具作用、嫁接综合、捕捉机遇、替代性体验等方面发生了一些新的变化。

二、简答

1.简述严羽《沧浪诗话》的第一义说。

答:(1)第一义说的含义

严羽认为对诗家三昧的领会,各人有程度深浅的差别,诗歌创作实践方面也有水平高下之区分,因而悟也有透彻之悟和一知半解之悟的不同。诗家之悟是与学习前人作品有关系的,前人作品则又有第一义与第二义之别,第一义之作是指那些艺术水平最高、体现诗歌的美学特征最为突出的优秀作品,第二义之作是指那些总体水平不错,但有明显毛病,不堪为学者之榜样,故非学诗之正门大道。

由第一义之作悟入,称为第一义之悟;由第二义之作悟人,则称为第二义之悟。由第一义悟人,可以达到透彻之悟,从这个意义上讲,第一义之悟与透彻之悟是一致的。但是第一义之悟也可以是一知半解之悟,这是和学诗者本人的悟性有密切关系的。不过,由第一义悟入即使达不到透彻之悟,终究比第二义之悟要好,不会走入邪门歪道,“虽学之不至,亦不

失正路”。如果从第二义悟入,则因为“路头一差”,就要“愈骛愈远”,不但达不到透彻之悟,甚至连一知半解之悟也不一定能达到,可能会变成“野狐外道”。

(2)第一义说的重要性

严羽的“第一义”是指优秀诗歌的客观标准,“悟”是艺术思维的领悟能力,“悟”的对象是“第一义”的诗歌。严羽强调第一义之悟的重要性,对诗歌艺术高水平的鉴赏能力,要靠认真学习优秀诗人作品来培养,必须“熟参”第一义之作,方能有“真识”。

因此初学诗时“入门须正,立志须高”,这一点非常重要,如不从第一义悟入,就会有“下劣诗魔入其肺腑之间”,乃至“愈骛愈远”,如能以“汉魏晋盛唐为师”,则“久之自然悟人”,这称为“直截根源”,也就是“顿门”。这样的悟才是“透彻之悟”,而不是“一知半解之悟”。所以,严羽的诗禅说比他以前各家之诗禅说,是大大地高出一头的,在理论上也都要深刻得多,系统得多。

2.简述福柯的“考古学”方法

答:知识考古学是法国社会学家福柯首先提出来的,是指以考古学的方法梳理人类知识的历史。

(1)福柯“考古学”提出的意义

知识考古学实际上就是对话语进行描述,但不是描述书籍,也不是描述理论,而是研究通过时间表现为医学、政治经济学、生物学的日常而神秘的总体。福柯之所以在二十世纪六七十年代提出“考古学”主要是为了挑战欧陆思想界存在的线性连续的“总体历史(total history)观”。福柯指出,总体历史观“旨在重建某一文明的总包形式,某一社会的——物质的和精神的——原则,某一时期全部现象所共有的意义,涉及这些现象的内聚力的规律”。

(2)“考古学”方法

福柯“考古学”的方法主要基于三种假设:

①假设在某一特别限定的时空层的全部事件之间,在人们重新发现其印迹的各种现象之间,人们可能建立某种同质的关系系统:因果关系网络,——它可以将这些现象中的任何一种现象派生出来,类比关联,——它能说明这些现象是如何互为象征的,或者它们是如何一致地表现出同一中心核的。

②假设历史性惟一的同一形式包含经济结构、社会稳定性、心理情性、技术习惯、政治行为,并把它们全部置于同一类型的转换中。

③假设历史本身可以被一些大单位连接起来——阶段或时期——这些大单位在自身把握着它们的内聚力的原则。”福柯的“考古学”拒绝这种思想史观,而是要分析历史中的“不连续性(discontinuity)”、“断裂(rupture)”等,发现和拾回被总体历史观筛漏的历史,由此“试图创造另外一种已说出东西的历史”。

3.简述《乐记》中乐象说。

答:(1)乐象说的出处及含义

《乐记》中的乐象说指的是《乐象篇》中的:“乐者,心之动也。声者,乐之象也。”乐是心被外物感动产生的,声是乐的表现形式。由此,“独乐其志,不厌其道,备举其道,不私其欲。是故情见而义立,乐终而德尊。君子以好恶,小人以听过。故曰:“生民之道,乐为大焉。”观众自得其乐,又不厌弃大道;将大道发挥得很充分,并不为私欲所动。这样的乐舞,体现了情感又确立了道义,岳武结束之时德行更受尊崇。君子观后更加好善,小人观后痛改前非,所以说“教化百姓的方法,乐是最重要的”。乐象说是儒家关于音乐教化作用的阐发。

(2)乐象说的主要内涵

①乐象说认为音乐可以反映社会政治状况

《乐记》中说:“凡音者,生人心者也。情动于中,故形于声,声成文,谓之音。是故治世之音安以乐,其政和;乱世之音怨以怒,其政乖;亡国之音哀以思,其民困。声音之道与政通矣。”这里提出的是“声音——乐——心——物”的音乐的社会政治作用论。音乐源于物,又作用于物。这就是后来“文学——人心——治道”的公式的由来。

②乐象说认为音乐通过影响人心能起到改恶从善的作用

《乐记》认为音乐的功用在于“治心”,它可以使人欲无穷的人性得到节制,而不至于产生悖逆诈伪之心,达到改恶从善的目的。民心善恶又关乎社会风俗,并直接影响到政治的治乱。所以由音乐可以见出政治良窳,是谓“声音之道与政通矣”,为此,《乐记》认为音乐乃是王道政治的重要组成部分之一,进一步突出了文艺和社会政治的密切关系。对后世关于文艺的教化功用认识影响深远,如蔡元培的美育思想。

4.简述柏拉图“摹仿说”对西方美学的影响

答:“模仿说”是柏拉图把古希腊人关于模仿的观念提炼成了一种哲学理论,加工成一种本体论和认识论学说,用以说明万事万物的存在,以及艺术活动的本质。他认为艺术是一种感性活动,不能把握真实的存在(理念),甚至不能认识具体事物,只能模仿具体事物的影子,因此不能给人们提供真正的知识,不能把握真理;艺术总是模仿心灵的低贱部分也就是情绪和感受部分,不能模仿心灵的高级部分,也就是理性部分。“摹仿说”对西方美学的影响主要表现为:

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