经济学术语外文翻译

澳新紧密经济关系协定ANZCERTA：Australia New Zealand Closer Economic Relations Trade Agreement

摆脱亚洲金融危机的影响shake off the impact of the financial crisis

帮助人才脱颖而出help excellent talents find way to distinction

备件spare parts

部长级会议ministerial meeting

采取积极财政政策proactive fiscal policy

出口创汇型/外向型产业export-oriented industry

垂直兼并vertical merger

倒爷profiteer

抵免offset

东盟自由贸易区AFTA：ASEAN Free Trade Area

东南亚国家联盟ASEAN：Association of South-East Asian Nations

对外项目承包foreign project contracting

反倾销措施anti-dumping measures against ……

防伪标志anti-fake label

放松银根ease monetary policy

非配额产品quota-free products

非生产性投资investment in non-productive projects

风险管理/评估risk management/ assessment

风险基金venture capital

风险准备金loan loss provision/ provisions of risk

岗位培训on-the-job training

港元的联系汇率制the linkage system between the US dollar and the HK dollar

搞活国有大中型企业revitalize large and medium-sized state owned enterprises

工程项目engineering project

工业增加值industrial added value

公正合理equitable and rational

固定资产投资investment in the fixed assets

广开就业门路increase employment opportunities; create jobs in every possible way; open up more channels of employment

规模经济scale economy/ economies of scale

国合企业（即国有合作社）state-owned cooperatives

国际清算international settlement

国际收支平衡balance of international payments/ balance of payment

国际收支不平衡disequilibrium of balance of payment

国家补贴public subsidies

国家鼓励项目projects listed as encouraged by the state

国家科技创新体系State Scientific and Technological Innovation System

国家现汇结存state foreign exchange reserves

合理引导消费guide rational consumption

横向兼并horizontal merger

坏帐、呆帐、死帐bad account/ dead account/ uncollectible account/bad debt/ bad

loan

货币市场money market

机构臃肿overstaffing in (government) organizations

机构重叠organizational overlapping

技工贸结合的科技型企业scientific and technological enterprises that integrate scientific and technological development with industrial and trade development

季节性调价seasonal price adjustments

既成事实established/accomplished facts

减免债务reduce and cancel debts

建材building materials

进口环节税import linkage tax

经常项目current account

经常性的财政收入regular revenues

竟价投标competitive bidding

就业前培训pre-job training

控股公司holding company

垃圾融资junk financing

劳动密集性企业labor-intensive enterprises

劳务合作labor service cooperation

累计实现顺差143.4美元accumulatively realizing trade surplus

利改税substitution of tax payment for profit delivery

流动人口floating population

龙头产品lagship product

乱集资、乱摊派、乱收费unwarranted pooling of funds, arbitrary requisition of donations and exaction of fees from enterprises/ unauthorized pooling of funds, compulsory donations and random levies on enterprises

慢性萧条chronic depression

农业技术合作ATC：Agricultural Technical Cooperation

盘活存量资产revitalize stock assets

配件accessories

皮包公司flying-by-night company; bogus company

平等互利、讲求实效、形式多样、共同发展的方针pursuing practical results, adopting various waysand seeking common development/ the principle of equality, mutual benefit, efficiency, diversity and mutual development

瓶颈制约“bottleneck”restrictions

企业的自我约束机制self-regulating mechanism of enterprises

企业技术改造technological updating of enterprises

企业亏损补贴subsidies to cover enterprise losses

企业所得税corporate income tax

千年问题、千年虫millennium bug

抢得先机take the preemptive opportunities

清理、修订screen and modify

求同存异overcome differences and seek common ground

商住和公益设施建设commercial, residential and public utility construction

申报制度reporting system; income declaration system

实行股份制enforce stockholding system

实行国民待遇grant the national treatment to, treat foreign investors as quals to the Chinese counterparts

市场准人的行政管理措施AAMA Administrative Aspects of Market Access

适销对路的产品readily marketable products

双重轨制two-tier system / double-track system

水利water conservation

所有制形式forms of ownership

贪图安逸crave comfort and pleasure

通货紧缩deflation

通货膨胀inflation

同步增长increase in the same pace

外援方式modality of foreign aid

无氟冰箱freon-free refrigerator

无纸交易paperless transaction

现代企业制度modern corporate system

消费膨胀inflated consumption

协议投标negotiated bidding

信息化informationize

形成统一、开放和竞争有序的市场establish an unified, open market with orderly competition

亚欧会议ASEM：Asia-Europe Meeting

亚太法定计量论坛APLMF：Asia Pacific Legal Metrology Forum

亚太工商咨询理事会ABAC：APEC Business Advisory Council

亚太计量程序APMP：Asia Pacific Metrology Program

亚太经合组织部长级会议AMM：APEC MinisteriaI Meeting

亚太经合组织经济领导人会议AELM：APEC Economic Leaders Meeting

亚太经济合作组织APEC：Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation

亚太能源研究中心APERC：Asia Pacific Energy Research Center

亚太商业论坛ABF：APEC Business Forum

亚太商业网络APB-Net：Asia-Pacific Business Network

亚太实验室认可合作APLAC：Asia Pacific Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation

亚太通讯与数据系统ACDS：APEC Communications and Database System

亚太信息基础设施APII：Asia-Pacific Information Infrastructure

亚太中小企业技术交流与培训中心ACTETSME：APEC Center for Technology Exchange and Training for Small and Medium Enterprises

亚洲开发银行ADB: Asian Development Bank

以试点的形式实行外贸权自动登记制度implement an automatic registration system of foreign trading rights on a trial basis

营业税turnover tax

在巩固公有制主体地位的同时,促进多种所有制经济共同发展alongside fortifying the status of the public ownership as the mainstay, it is also encouraged to witness common development of different systems of ownership

债转股debt-to-equity swap

中华人民共和国保护台湾同胞投资实施条例Implementation Rules of the P.R.C. on the Protection of Investments by Compatriots from Taiwan

中介服务组织intermediary service organization

注入新的生机与活力bring new vigor and vitality into

转化经营机制change the method of operation

资本项目capital account

自1999年1月1日起实行come into official enforcement as of January 1, 1999

自由浮动汇率free floating exchange rate; variable exchange rate

自驻经营,自负盈亏responsible for their own management decisions, profits and losses

走上良性发展的轨道going on the track of sound progress

shipping service company 船务公司

generic products非商标(非专利)产品

prudent monetary policy稳健的货币政策

deficit spending超前消费

run on banks(到银行)挤兑

domestic support to agriculture 对农业的国内支持

special bonds特种债券

economy of abundance 富裕经济

Animal-based protein动物源性蛋白

dual purpose exports军民两用品出口

dual-use goods and technology 军民两用产品和技术

NAFTA North American Free Trade Area北美自由贸易区

global quota全球配额

grandfather clause祖父条款

Animal-derived food动物源食品

EVSL (Early Voluntary Sectoral Liberalization)部门提前自愿自由化

TILF (Trade and Investment Liberalization and Facilitation)贸易和投资自由化和便利化

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经济学文献综述写作

经济学文献综述写作一、文献综述的含义文献综述（以下简称综述），不同于学术论文或科研论文。学术论文或科研论文是作者亲自对某一具体课题进行研究后所做的文章。综述是一种综合性或专题性的情报资料，属于三次文献。具体地说，是指对某一专题的近期文献，经过阅读、摘选、融会贯通、分析、对比、归纳、加工、整理而成的综合评述。文献综述有两大特点，一是“综”，即收集“百家”之言，综合分析整理；二是“述”，即结合作者的观点和实践经验对文献的观点、结论进行叙述和评论。文献综述虽不是科学论著，但在科学研究中的作用却不容低估。通过阅读近期原始文献而写成的综述，可以反映某一领域或某一专题的新动态、新进展、新水平、新发现、新趋向以及未来展望。因此，综述被看作是新知识突破和新技术推广应用的开始。毕业论文文献综述的写作是毕业论文写作过程中的重要一环，毕业生在进入毕业论文写作之前，应该先写一篇有关的综述，以便掌握该专题的最新信息，从而为选定研究论题和修订研究计划提供有益的信息和依据。二、收集资料：文献综述写作的基础收集文献资料是写作文献综述的基础。因此，收集的文献资料力求广泛与全面，且尽可能收集与研究论题有关的原始文献，同时也应收集相关的权威的综述性文章。一般地，收集文献的方法有两种：一是通过各种检索工具，如文献索引、文摘杂志进行检索。选择文献时，应由近及远，主要应用近2～3年内的文献，这样才能体现出文献综述的新观点、新水平。二是从其它文章的参考文献追溯。即从一篇或数篇最新发表、有权威性的论著或综述，及这些文章所附的参考文献中寻找所需资料，这是一种较为快速而方便的方法。收集到的文献如何阅读取舍?通常，阅读文献大致有三个步骤：

营运管理外文文献+中文

An Analysis of Working Capital Management Results Across Industries Greg Filbeck. Schweser Study Program Thomas M. Krueger. University of Wisconsin-La Crosse Abstract Firms are able to reduce financing costs and/or increase the funds available for expansion by minimizing the amount of funds tied up in current assets. We provide insights into the performance of surveyed firms across key components of working capital management by using the CFO magazine’s annual Working Capital Management Survey. We discover that significant differences exist between industries in working capital measures across time. In addition. we discover that these measures for working capital change significantly within industries across time. Introduction The importance of efficient working capital management is indisputable. Working capital is the difference between resources in cash or readily convertible into cash (Current Assets) and organizational commitments for which cash will soon be required (Current Liabilities). The objective of working capital management is to maintain the optimum balance of each of the working capital components. Business viability relies on the ability to effectively manage receivables. inventory. and payables. Firms are able to reduce financing costs and/or increase the funds available for expansion by minimizing the amount of funds tied up in current assets. Much managerial effort is expended in bringing non-optimal levels of current assets and liabilities back toward optimal levels. An optimal level would be one in which a balance is achieved between risk and efficiency. A recent example of business attempting to maximize working capital management is the recurrent attention being given to the application of Six Sigma? methodology. Six Sigma? methodologies help companies measure and ensure quality in all areas of the enterprise. When used to identify and rectify discrepancies. inefficiencies and erroneous transactions in the financial supply chain. Six Sigma? reduces Days Sales Outstanding (DSO). accelerates the payment cycle. improves customer satisfaction and reduces the necessary amount and cost of working capital needs. There appear to be many success stories. including Jennifer Towne’s (2002) report of a 15 percent decrease in days that sales are outstanding. resulting in an increased cash flow of approximately $2 million at Thibodaux Regional Medical Center. Furthermore. bad debts declined from $3.4 million to $600.000. However. Waxer’s (2003) study of multiple firms employing Six Sigma? finds that it is really a “get rich slow” technique with a rate of return hovering in the 1.2 – 4.5 percent range. Even in a business using Six Sigma? methodology. an “optimal” level of working capital management needs to be identified. Even in a business using Six Sigma? methodology. an “optimal” level of working capital management needs to be identified. Industry factors may impact firm

普通遗传学名词解释(英文)

遗传（heredity）:指亲代与子代之间相似的现象。变异（variation）:指亲代与子代之间、子代个体之间存在的差异。染色体（chromosome）:指细胞分裂过程中，由染色质聚缩而呈现为一定数目和形态的复合结构。有丝分裂（mitosis）:又称间接分裂，是高等植物细胞分裂的主要方式，包含细胞核分裂和细胞质分裂两个紧密相连的过程。减数分裂（meiosis）:又称成熟分裂，是性母细胞成熟时，配子形成过程中发生的一种特殊的有丝分裂方式。由于形成子细胞内染色体数目比性母细胞减少一半，因此称为减数分裂。联会（synapsis）:减数分裂偶线期开始出现同源染色体配对现象，即联会。姊妹染色单体（sister chromatid）：二价体中一条染色体的两条染色单体，互称为姊妹染色单体。同源染色体（homologous chromosome）：指形态、结构和功能相似的一对染色体，他们一条来自父本，一条来自母本。性状（character）：生物体所表现的形态特征和生理特性的总称。单位性状（unit character）:把生物体所表现的性状总体区分为各个单位，这些分开来的性状称为单位性状。相对性状（contrasting character）等位基因(allele)：位于同源染色体上，位点相同，控制着同一性状的基因。测交（test cross）：是指被测验的个体与隐性纯合体间的杂交。基因型(genotype)：也称遗传型，生物体全部遗传物质的组成，是性状发育的内因。表现型(phenotype)：生物体在基因型的控制下，加上环境条件的影响所表现性状的总和。染色单体（Chromatid）又称染色分体，是染色体的一部分。在减数分裂或有丝分裂过程中，复制了的染色体中的两条子染色体。非姐妹染色单体（non-sister chromatid）:两个同源染色体中由不同着丝点相连的染色单体，就叫非姐妹染色单体。着丝粒(centromere)：在细胞分裂时染色体被纺锤丝所附着的位置。一般每个染色体只有一个着丝点粒，少数物种中染色体有多个着丝粒，着丝粒在染色体的位置决定了染色体的形态。基因(gene):指携带有遗传信息的DNA序列，是控制性状的基本遗传单位，亦即一段具有功能性的DNA序列。基因通过指导蛋白质的合成来表达自己所携带的遗传信息，从而控制生物个体的性状表现。相对性状（contrasting character）:是指同种生物的各个体间同一性状的不同表现类型。突变型基因(Mutant gene)为DNA分子中发生碱基对的增添、缺失或改变，而引起的基因结构的改变端粒（Telomeres）是线状染色体末端的DNA重复序列。端粒是线状染色体末端的一种特殊结构，在正常人体细胞中，可随着细胞分裂而逐渐缩短。动粒（Kinetochore）是真核细胞染色体中位于着丝粒两侧的3层盘状特化结构，其化学本质为蛋白质，是非染色体性质物质附加物，与染色体的移动有关。野生型基因(wild type gene):在自然群体中往往有一种占多数座位的等位基因，称为野生型基因。自交(selfing):指来自同一个体的雌雄配子的结合或具有相同基因型个体间的交配或来自同一无性繁殖系的个体间的交配。纯合子（Homozygote）:是指同一位点(locus) 上的两个等位基因相同的基因型个体, 如AA,aa。相同的纯合子间交配所生后代不出现性状的分离。分为隐性纯合子和显性纯合子。杂合子（heterozygote）:是指同一位点上的两个等位基因不相同的基因型个体, 如Aa。杂合子间交配所生后代会出现性状的分离。分离定律（law of segregation）:为孟德尔遗传定律之一。决定相对性状的一对等位基因同时存在于杂种一代（F1）的个体中，但仍维持它们各自的个体性，在配子形成时互相分开，分别进入一个配子细胞中去。相引相（coupling phase）两个显性性状连接在一起遗传，而两个隐性性状连接在一起遗传的杂交组合。相斥相（repulsion phase）两个性状分别为甲和乙，甲显性性状与乙隐性性状连接在一起遗传，而乙显性性状和甲隐性性状连接在一起遗传的杂交组合。选择（select）:改变基因频率的最重要因素，也是生物进化的驱动力量。包括自然选择和人工选择。宋体的是在汉语的遗传学书上的；黑体的是老师说的；华文新魏的是百度的。遗传距离（genetic distance）：两个基因在同一染色体上的相对距离，通常以交换值来表示。两点测验（two-point testcross）：是基因定位最基本的方法。首先通过一次杂交和一次用隐性亲本来测交来确定两对基因是否连锁，然后再根据其交换值来确定它们在同一染色体上的位置。三点测验（three-point testcross）：是基因定位最常用的方法，它是通过1次杂交和1次用隐性亲本测交，同时确定3对基因在染色体上的位置。常染色体（autosome）：生物多对染色体中，除性染色体外的其余各对染色体统称为常染色体。性染色体（sex chromosome）：在生物多对染色体中，直接与性别决定有关的一条或一对染色体。常染色质（euchromatin）：常染色质是指间期核内染色质纤维折叠压缩程度低，处于伸展状态，用碱性染料染色时着色浅的那些染色质。异染色质（heterochromatin）：在细胞周期中，间期、早期或中、晚期，某些染色体或染色体的某些部分的固缩常较其他的染色质早些或晚些，其染色较深或较浅，具有这种固缩特性的染色体称为异染色质。限性遗传（sex-limited inheritance）：指位于Y染色体（XY型）或W染色体（ZW 型）上的基因所控制的遗传性状只局限于雄性或雌性上表现的现象。性别影响遗传（sex-influenced inheritance，又称从性遗传sex-controlled inheritance）：与限性遗传不同，它是位于常染色体上的基因所控制的性状，是由于内分泌及其他关系使某些性状或只出现于雌雄一方；或在一方为显性，另一方为隐性的现象。连锁强度数量性状（quantitative trait）：表现连续变异的遗传性状。（指在一个群体内的各个体间表现为连续变异的性状）质量性状（qualitative trait/discrete characters）：表现不连续变异的遗传性状。（指属性性状，即能观察而不能量测的性状，是指同一种性状的不同表现型之间不存在连续性的数量变化，而呈现质的中断性变化的那些性状。）基因座（locus）：一个特定的基因在染色体上的特定位置。遗传率（又叫遗传力，heritability）：指遗传方差在总方差（表型方差）中所占的比值，可以作为杂种后代进行选择的一个指标。广义遗传率h2B（heritability in the broad sense）：指遗传方差占总方差（表型方差）的比值。狭义遗传率h2N（heritability in the narrow sense）：指基因加性方差占总方差的比值。现实（选择）遗传率（Reality(select) heritability）：通过选择结果也可以估算群体的遗传率，这个遗传率叫做现实遗传率，用hR表示。选择反响（Select response）the degree of respond to mating the selected parent 选择差（selection difference）：选择强度即标准化的选择差）指的是要留种的个体表型均值与畜群表型平均数之差。杂种优势（heterosis）：指两个遗传组成不同的亲本杂交产生的杂种一代，在生长势、生活力、繁殖力、产量和品质上比其双亲优越的现象。超亲遗传（transgressive inheritance）：指在数量性状的遗传中，杂种第二代及以后的分离世代群体中，出现超越双亲性状的新表型的现象。复等位基因（multiple allele）：同一位点的基因可能有两种以上的形式，遗传学把同源染色体相同位点上存在的3个或3个以上的等位基因称为复等位基因。连锁群（linkage group）：存在于同一染色体上的基因群。（位于同一条染色体上的所有基因座）互补群（Complementation 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