英语二模拟五

2015年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试

管理类专业硕士学位联考（英语二）

模拟试题五

Section I Use of English

Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C, or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)

A new study found that inner-city kids living in neighborhoods with more green space gained about 13% less weight over a two-year period than kids living amid more concrete and fewer trees. Such __1__ tell a powerful story. The obesity epidemic began in the 1980s, and many people __2__ it to increased portion sizes and inactivity, but that can't be everything. Fast foods and TVs have been __3__ us for a long time. "Most experts agree that the changes were __4__ to something in the environment," says social epidemiologist Thomas Glass of The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. That something could be a __5__ of the green.

The new research, __6__ in the American Journal of Preventive Medicine, isn't the first to associate greenery with better health, but it does get us closer __7__ identifying what works and why. At its most straightforward, a green __8__ simply means more places for kids to play – which is __9__ since time spent outdoors is one of the strongest correlates of children's activity levels. But green space is good for the mind __10__: research by environmental psychologists has shown that it has cognitive __11__ for children with attention-deficit disorder. In one study, just reading _12__ in a green setting improved kids' symptoms.

__13__ to grassy areas has also been linked to __14__ stress and a lower body mass index (体重指数) among adults. And an __15__ of 3,000 Tokyo residents associated walkable green spaces with greater longevity among senior citizens.

Glass cautions that most studies don't __16__ prove a causal link between greenness and health, but they're nonetheless helping spur action. In September the U. S. House of Representatives __17__ the delightfully named No Child Left Inside Act to encourage public initiatives aimed at exposing kids to the outdoors.

Finding green space is not __18__ easy, and you may have to work a bit to get your family a little grass and trees. If you live in a suburb or a city with good parks, take __19__ of what's there. Your children in particular will love it – and their bodies and minds will be __20__ to you.

1. A. theses B.findings C. hypotheses D. abstracts

2. A. adapt B.alternate C. allocate D. attribute

3. A. with B. along C. beside D. amongst

4. A. glued B. related C. tracked D. appointed

5. A. scraping B. denying C. depressing D. shrinking

6. A. published B. simulated C. illuminated D. circulated

7. A. at B. to C. for D. over

8. A. community B. neighborhood C. occasion D. circumstance

9. A. vital B. casual C. fatal D. subtle

10. A. still B. already C. too D. yet

11. A. benefits B. profits C. revenues D. awards

12. A. outward B. apart C. aside D. outside

13. A. Immunity B. Reaction C. Exposure D. Addiction

14. A. much B. less C. more D. little

15. A. installment B. expedition C. analysis D. option

16. A. curiously B. negatively C. necessarily D. comfortably

17. A. relieved B. delegated C. approved D. performed

18. A. merely B. always C. mainly D. almost

19. A. advantage B. exception C. measure D. charge

20. A. elevated B. merciful C. contented D. grateful

Section II Reading Comprehension

Part A

Directions: Read the following four passages. Answer the questions below each passage by choosing A, B, C, or D. mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)

Text 1

There is a great deal of interest in the use of computers in education. The educational use of computers is called Computer Assisted Instruction, or CAI. Many public schools in the United States have acquired computers and CAI programs to run on them. School districts are establishing computer resource centers and special training programs to help teachers use computers. In addition, some colleges and universities are beginning to establish computer literacy requirements for graduation. Computers enhance a student’s learning experience in many ways. First of all, the computer has the ability to accommodate individual differences in learning speed because the user (the student) is the one who controls the pace of the lessons. In addition, because a computer is nonjudgmental, the learner does not have to be afraid of reprisal or humiliation when making errors. For example, because computers can repeat information over and over, the user can ask for many repetitions of a lesson without fearing a judgmental response about his or her ability to learn. The beneficial effects of learning in a stress-free atmosphere are well documented. A third advantage of CAI is that computers can give a student immediate feedback. It can tell the student why he or she is wrong as soon as an error is made, and it can even provide an appropriate hint for figuring out the correct answer.

Not only do computers benefit students, but also make the teacher’s job easier. One advantage lies in the preparation of instructional materials. Schools and colleges can purchase educational computer programs that can be adapted to any learning situation. These systems, called "authoring systems,”are like skeletal lesson plans. The format of several exercises and tests is already planned out; all the teacher adds is the information he or she wants the students to learn (mathematical problems, vocabulary lists, and so forth). The authoring system automatically incorporates these teaching points into its preplanned format and then is ready to be used by several students for a long time.

The system can also correct the students’ work and determine and record grades. In addition, the computer offers numerous advantages to teachers in managing their classrooms. A computer laboratory (a room having one computer for every two students) can free the teacher to meet individually with students while the rest of the class is occupied with computer lessons. Finally, computers can help teachers keep student records and chart student progress, thereby cutting down on time-consuming paperwork.

With all of these advantages for both teachers and students, it is easy to see why there is so much interest in using computers in education. Of course, there are those who are skeptical and view

computers as a passing fad. There are those also who simply are afraid of them. In time, however, computers will become as familiar in the classroom as chalkboards are today.

21. The term "Computer Assisted Instruction (CAI)”refers to ____.

A. the general interest in the use of computers in education

B. a computer resource center

C. a computer literacy program

D. the educational use of computers

22. The use of computers in education benefits the students in the following ways EXCEPT that ___.

A. the computer can make instant remarks on the student’s mistakes

B. the computer can set an appropriate speed of learning for each individual student

C. with the aid of computers, students can learn in a stress-free atmosphere

D. with the help of computers, students themselves can control the pace of the lessons

23. How does the computer make teaching itself relatively easy?

A. It can automatically produce exercises and tests for different students.

B. It helps teachers keep student records and chart student progress.

C. In the classroom, the teacher can meet students individually with the rest of the class working on their own computer lessons.

D. Educational computer programs cut down on the preparation work of instructional materials.

24. According to the passage, the functions of the authoring systems include all BUT ____.

A. designing both the format and content of certain exercises and tests

B. enabling the teacher to add whatever information the students are supposed to learn

C. correcting the students’ work and determining and recording their grades

D. Helping teachers to have individual conferences with each student

25. Judging from the context, we may infer that the author of this passage ____.

A. is distrustful of the function of the computer in education

B. is certain that the interest in the use of computers in education won’t last long

C. is supportive of the use of computers in education

D. wonders if it is really worthwhile to spend so much time and money on CAI programs

Text 2

Once it was possible to define male and female roles easily by the division of labor. Men worked outside the home and earned the income to support their families, while women cooked the meals and took care of the home and the children. These roles were firmly fixed for most people, and there was not much oppo rtunity for women to exchange their roles. But by the middle of this century, men’s and women’s roles were becoming less firmly fixed.

In the 1950s, economic and social success was the goal of the typical American. But in the 1960s a new force developed called the counterculture. The people involved in this movement did not value the middle-class American goals. The counterculture presented men and women with new role choices. Taking more interest in childcare, men began to share child-raising tasks with their wives. In fact, some young men and women moved to communal homes or farms where the economic and childcare responsibilities were shared equally by both sexes. In addition, many Americans did not value the traditional male role of soldier. Some young men refused to be drafted as soldiers to fight in the war in Vietnam.

In terms of numbers, the counterculture was not a very large group of people. But its influence

spread to many parts of American society. Working men of all classes began to change their economic and social patterns. Industrial workers and business executives alike cut down on ―overtime‖ work so that they could spend more leisure time with their families. Some doctors, lawyers, and teachers turned away from high paying situations to practice their professions in poorer neighborhoods.

In the 1970s, the feminist movement, or women’s liberation, produced additional economic and social changes. Women of all ages and at all levels of society were entering the work force in greater numbers. Mos t of them still took traditional women’s jobs as public school teaching, nursing, and secretarial work. But some women began to enter traditionally male occupations: police work, banking, dentistry, and construction work. Women were asking for equal work, and equal opportunities for promotion.

Today the experts generally agree that important changes are taking place in the roles of men and women. Naturally, there are difficulties in adjusting to these transformations.

26.Which of the following best express the main idea of Paragraph one?

A.Women usually worked outside the home for wages.

B.Men and women’s roles were easily exchanged in the past.

C.Men’s roles at home were more firmly fixed than women’s.

D.Men and women’s roles were usually quite separat ed in the past.

27.Which sentence best expresses the main idea of Paragraph two?

A.The first sentence.

B.The second and the third sentences.

C.The fourth sentence.

D.The last sentence.

28.In the passage the author proposes that the counterculture___.

A.destroyed the United States.

B.transformed some American values.

C.was not important in the United States.

D.brought people more leisure time with their families.

29.It could be inferred from the passage that___.

A.men and women will never share the same goals.

B.some men will be willing to exchange their traditional male roles.

C.most men will be happy to share some of the household responsibilities with their wives.

D.more American households are headed by women than ever before.

30.The best title for the passage may be ___.

A.Results of Feminist Movements

B.New influence in American Life

C.Counterculture and Its consequence

D.Traditional Division of Male and Female Roles.

Text 3

Chimps apparently live in troops of between 20 and 50 animals. Within these troops they form small groups of varying composition; the most basic group consists of females or females plus offspring. Adult females spending much time together often turn out to be mother and daughter, or sisters. Mother and offspring live together consistently, at least for the first four or five years of life, longer than in any other primate except man. During this time the young learn from their mother and

from other chimps all the complicated acquired behaviors of chimpanzee adult life. Life for the young chimpanzee is relaxed and tolerant, and an infant will spend much of its time playing with other infants, with its mother and with its brothers and sisters. After this five-year initial period, contacts with the mother are still maintained, particularly by daughters. Even sons returned from time to time from their wanderings to greet their mothers affectionately.

In the forest chimps are predominantly fruit eaters (upon occasion they are cannibalistic!), but in open woodland they may add more protein to their diet. Males sometimes kill colobus monkeys or bush-pig; often males will gang up in a group to achieve their ends. Meat is a very choice item in chimpanzee diet and is eaten slowly and deliberately with a mouthful of leaves between each bite. It is sometimes shared out with other chimps who will beg for pieces. This food sharing is very unusual among non human primates; mostly it is every primate for himself.

When the season is right chimps in woodlands also eat termites, and th ey do this by ―fishing‖ for them. When beginning a bout of termiting, an animal will carefully select stems or pieces of grass, trim them to the appropriate length, collect enough of them, and set out on the hunt for insects. It may pass over several termite hills if they are not ready and go on until it finds a mound ripe for fishing. Using a finger, a hole is scraped and the prepared twig inserted. Withdrawn covered with termites, it is passed carefully over the lower lip until every delicious morsel is removed, and the operation repeated. Clearly, in doing so, chimps are taking natural objects, modifying them to a standard pattern and using them for an objective, which involves planning and forethought. They are, in fact, making tools. This has surprised many people, for previously man was considered to be the only toolmaker. In the chimpanzee, however, the intellectual abilities necessary for purposeful tool making are already developed at an infrahuman level.

Other examples of chimp tool-use in natural surroundings have also been seen. For instance, chewed leaves are used as sponges to soak up water from holes in trees. They are also used to wipe dung or mud from the body. Stones and branches are used too in agonistic displays or when an animal is excited. They may be thrown under-or over-arm, often with considerable force and accuracy.

31. What sort of groups do chimps live in?

A. Groups of between 20 and 50 chimps

B. Groups consisting of mother, father and children

C. Groups basically made up of females or females with their young

D. Groups consisting of chimps of the same sex

32. What does a baby chimp do while it stays with its mother?

A. It spends most of its time wondering.

B. It spends its time learning and playing.

C. It helps adult chimps hunt for food.

D. It learns to be tolerant.

33. Which of the following statements is false?

A. meat is rare in a chimpanzee diet.

B. The kind of food chimpanzee eat depends partly on their environment.

C. Fruit is the important food of chimpanzees.

D. Food sharing is unusual among chimpanzees.

34. In order to catch termites, a chimp ________.

A. cleans the grass off a termite hill

B. fished them out with a ―twig‖ made of stems or bits of grass

C. gets them out with its fingers

D. uses its lower lip

35. What does the writer regard as evidence of intellectual ability similar to man in chimpanzees?

A. Getting together to catch preys

B. Eating meat slowly together with leaves

C. Tool-making and tool-use in natural surroundings

D. Chewing leaves

Text 4

The Supreme Court's decisions on physician-assisted suicide carry important implications for how medicine seeks to relieve dying patients of pain and suffering.

Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide, the Court in effect supported the medical principle of "double effect", a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects—a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen—is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect.

Doctors have used that principle in recent years to justify using high doses of morphine to control terminally ill patients’ pain, even though increasing dosages will eventually kill the patient.

Nancy Dubler, director of Montefiore Medical Center, contends that the principle will shield doctors who "until now have very, very strongly insisted that they could not give patients sufficient medication to control their pain if that might hasten death."

George Annas, chair of the Health Law Department at Boston University, maintains that, as long as a doctor prescribes a drug for a legitimate medical purpose, the doctor has done nothing illegal even if the patient uses the drug to hasten death. "It's like surgery, "he says. "We don't call those deaths homicides because the doctors didn't intend to kill their patients, although they risked their death. If you're a physician, you can risk your patient's suicide as long as you don't intend their suicide."

On another level, many in the medical community acknowledge that the assisted-suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modem medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying.

Just three weeks before the Court's ruling on physician-assisted suicide, the National Academy of Science (NAS) released a two-volume report, Approaching Death: Improving Care at the End of Life. It identifies the undertreatment of pain and the aggressive use of "ineffectual and forced medical procedures that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying" as the twin problems of end-of-life care.

The profession is taking steps to require young doctors to train in hospices, to test knowledge of aggressive pain management therapies, to develop a Medicare billing code for hospital-based care, and to develop new standards for assessing and treating pain at the end of life.

Annas says lawyers can play a key role in insisting that these well-meaning medical initiatives translate into better care. ―Large numbers of physicians seem unconcerned with the pain their patient s are needlessly and predictably suffering,‖ to the extent that it constitutes "systematic patient abuse." He says medical licensing boards "must make it clear ... that painful deaths are presumptively ones that are incompetently managed and should result in license suspension."

36. From the first three paragraphs, we learn that _____.

A. doctors used to increase drug dosages to control their patients' pain.

B. it is still illegal for doctors to help the dying end their lives.

C. the Supreme Court strongly opposes physician-assisted suicide.

D. patients have no constitutional right to commit suicide.

37. Which of the following statements its true according to the text?

A. Doctors will be held guilty if they risk their patients' death.

B. Modern medicine has assisted terminally ill patients in painless recovery.

C. The Court ruled that high-dosage pain-relieving medication can be prescribed.

D.A doctor's medication is no longer justified by his intentions.

38. According to the NAS's report, one of the problems in end-of-life care is ____.

A. prolonged medical procedures.

B. inadequate treatment of pain.

C. systematic drug abuse.

D. insufficient hospital care.

39. Which of the following best defines the word ―aggressive" (line 3, paragraph 7)？

A. bold.

B. harmful.

C. careless.

D.desperate.

40. George Annas would probably agree that doctors should be punished if they ____.

A. manage their patients incompetently.

B. give patients more medicine than needed.

C. reduce drug dosages for their patients.

D. prolong the needless suffering of the patients.

Part B

Directions: Read the following text and answer the questions by finding information from the left column that corresponds to each of the marked details given in the right column. There are two extra choices in the right column. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEERT 1.(10 points)

In recent years, teams of workers dispatched by Google have been working hard to make digital copies of books. So far, Google has scanned more than 10 million titles from libraries in America and Europe--including half a million volumes held by the Bodleian in Oxford. The exact method it uses is unclear; the company does not allow outsiders to observe the process.

Why is Google undertaking such a venture? Why is it even interested in all those out-of-print library books, most of which have been gathering dust on forgotten shelves for decades? The company claims its motives are essentially public-spirited. Its overall mission, after all, is to "organize the world's information", so it would be odd if that information did not include books.

The company likes to present itself as having lofty aspirations. "This really isn't about making money. We are doing this for the good of society." As Santiago de la Mora, head of Google Books for Europe, puts it: "By making it possible to search the millions of books that exist today, we hope to expand the frontiers of human knowledge."

Dan Clancy, the chief architect of Google Books, does seem genuine in his conviction that this is primarily a philanthropic exercise. "Google's core business is search and find, so obviously what helps improve Google's search engine is good for Google," he says.

It is easy, talking to Clancy and his colleagues, to be swept along by their missionary passion. But Google's book-scanning project is proving controversial. Several opponents have recently emerged, ranging from rival tech giants such as Microsoft and Amazon to small bodies representing authors and publishers across the world. In broad terms, these opponents have leveled two sets of criticisms at

Google.

First, they have questioned whether the primary responsibility for digitally archiving the world's books should be allowed to fall to a commercial company. In a recent essay in the New York Review of Books, Robert Darnton, the head of Harvard University's library, argued that because such books are a common resource--the possession of us all--only public, not-for-profit bodies should be given the power to control them.

The second related criticism is that Google's scanning of books is actually illegal. This allegation has led to Google becoming mired in a legal battle whose scope and complexity makes the Jarndyce and Jarndyce case in Charles Dickens' Bleak House look straightforward.

At its centre, however, is one simple issue: that of copyright. The inconvenient fact about most books, to which Google has arguably paid insufficient attention, is that they are protected by copyright. Copyright laws differ from country to country, but in general protection extends for the duration of an author's life and for a substantial period afterwards, thus allowing the author's heirs to benefit. (In Britain and America, this post-death period is 70 years.) This means, of course, that almost all of the books published in the 20th century are still under copyright--and the last century saw more books published than in all previous centuries combined. Of the roughly 40 million books in US libraries, for example, an estimated 32 million are in copyright. Of these, some 27 million are out of print.

Outside the US, Google has made sure only to scan books that are out of copyright and thus in the "public domain" (works such as the Bodleian's first edition of Middlemarch, which anyone can read for free on Google Books Search).

But, within the US, the company has scanned both in-copyright and out-of-copyright works. In its defence, Google points out that it displays only small segments of books that are in copyright--arguing that such displays are "fair use". But critics allege that by making electronic copies of these books without first seeking the permission of copyright holders, Google has committed piracy.

"The key principle of copyright law has always been that works can be copied only once authors have expressly given their permission," says Piers Blofeld, of the Sheil Land literary agency in London. "Google has reversed this--it has simply copied all these works without bothering to ask."

In 2005, the Authors Guild of America, together with a group of US publishers, launched a class action suit against Google that, after more than two years of negotiation, ended with an announcement last October that Google and the claimants had reached an out-of-court settlement. The full details are complicated - the text alone runs to 385 pages--and trying to summarize it is no easy task. "Part of the problem is that it is basically incomprehensible," says Blofeld, one of the settlement's most vocal British critics.

Broadly, the deal provides a mechanism for Google to compensate authors and publishers whose rights it has breached (including giving them a share of any future revenue it generates from their works). In exchange for this, the rights holders agree not to sue Google in future.

Section III Translation

46. Directions: In this section there is a passage in English. Translate it into Chinese and write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)

A growing number of economists believe the US is on the brink of - or already in - its first recession since 2001 and that it will be longer lasting. Close to 69 percent of the economists think the economy has started or will enter a recession this year. That's up from 56 percent in a survey in May. "The general view is .... that this recession will be longer than the last two - lasting roughly one year, but relatively mild," the survey concluded.

Under one classic definition, a recession happens when the economy shrinks for two quarters in a row. ―Business economists have become more negative on the economic outlook for the next several quarters as a result of the tightness in credit markets and weakness in consumer spending, expecting growth to stall in the fourth quarter," said Chris Varvares, president of Macroeconomic Advisers (宏观经济顾问委员会）. "If financial conditions fail to improve quickly, near-term economic prospects could deteriorate markedly," he warned.

Section IV Writing

Part A

47. For this part, you are supposed to write a letter of apology to Prof. Patent in no less than 100 words in accordance with the following outline. (10 points)

1) 没有能完成Prof. Patent布置的读书笔记作业，对此表示歉意；

2）理由是：感冒发烧，需住院一周，并请假…

3）再次表示歉意，并希望获得理解。

48. Directions: For this part, you are going to write in no less than 150 words on the title“Haste Makes Waste”. You should base your composition on the outline given below. (15 points)

1）Explain the proverb ―Haste makes waste‖ and voice your own opinion on it.

2) Support your opinion with at least one example.

3) Draw a conclusion.