美联储2011年3月货币政策报告中文版

美联储2011年3月货币政策报告中文版

联邦公开市场委员会(FOMC)自1月会议以来获得的信息显示，冬季月份经济活动成长放缓，部分反映恶劣天气状况的影响。就业市场指标表现不一，但整体而言显示进一步改善。但失业率仍处于高位。家庭支出和企业固定投资继续加快，但楼市复苏仍缓慢。财政政策限制经济成长，但限制的力度可能正在减弱。通胀一直低于委员会的较长期目标水准，不过较长期通胀预期保持稳定。

委员会将依照法定的目标，寻求促进就业最大化和物价稳定。委员会预计在合适的宽松政策下，经济活动将温和扩张，失业率将向委员会认为符合其双目标的水准逐步下滑。委员会预计经济和就业市场前景的下滑风险已经更接近平衡。委员会认识到通胀持续低于2%目标水准可能对经济表现构成风险，并正密切监控通胀发展，以寻找中期通胀率可能回升向2%的目标的证据。

委员会目前认为经济活动和就业市场状况改善的情况符合整体经济潜在成长力道。鉴于目前的购买资产计划推出以来，就业最大化已经累积取得的进展、以及就业市场状况前景的改善，委员会决定进一步有序的缩减资产购买规模。自4月起，委员会将按每月250亿美元的进度购买机构抵押支持债券(MBS)，原先为300亿美元，以及以每

月300亿美元的进度购买较长期公债，原先为350亿美元。委员会维持把所持机构债和机构MBS回笼本金再投资到机构MBS的现有政策，以及通过标购继续延长所持公债年期。委员会庞大的，且仍在不断增长的较长期证券仓位应会对较长期利率构成下压，支持抵押贷款市场，并扶助更广泛金融市场环境更为宽松，从而促进经济更强劲复苏，帮助确保通胀随着时间回到最符合委员会双目标水准。

委员会在未来几个月将密切观察接踵而来的经济和金融发展信息。委员会将继续购买公债和机构MBS，并适时动用其他政策工具，直至在物价稳定的前提下实现就业市场前景明显改善。如果新进的信息普遍支持就业市场状况持续改善、以及通胀回向较长期目标的委员会预期，委员会将可能在未来会议上采取进一步有序的措施缩减购买资产进度。但购买资产不是在预先设定的进程，委员会在决定购买资产进度时，仍将取决于委员会对于未来就业市场及通胀的看法，以及对这类购买资产的潜在功效和成本的评估。

为支持向就业最大化和物价稳定的目标继续前进，委员会今日确认在购买资产计划结束和经济复苏强化后的一段长时间内保持高度宽松货币政策立场仍是合适的。在决定维持目前联邦基金利率0-0.25%目标区间多久时，委员会将评估向就业最大化以及2%通胀目标的已实现和预期的进展。评估将考量广泛的信息，包括就业市场状况数据、通胀压力指标和通胀预期，以及金融市场发展读数。委员会继续预计，

基于对上述因素的评估，在购买资产结束后的一段相当长时间内维持联邦基金利率目前目标区间将可能是合适的，尤其是如果预估通胀继续低于委员会2%的较长期目标，且通胀预期仍牢牢受控。

在委员会决定开始撤走宽松政策时，将采取符合就业最大化和通胀2%较长期目标的均衡措施。委员会目前预期，即便在就业和通胀接近符合目标的水准，经济状况可能在一段时间内也需要美联储维持目标联邦基金利率低于委员会认为的较长期正常水准。由于失业率接近6.5%，委员会更新了前瞻性指引。指引的改变并不意味着委员会在近期声明中确定的政策意图的改变。

投票赞成美联储货币政策决议的FOMC委员包括:美联储主席叶伦、副主席杜德利、达拉斯联邦储备银行总裁费希尔、克利夫兰联邦储备银行总裁皮亚纳尔托、费城联邦储备银行总裁普洛瑟、理事鲍威尔、理事史坦、理事塔鲁洛。

明尼亚波利斯联邦储备银行总裁柯薛拉柯塔投了反对票，他支持第六段，但相信第五段削弱了委员会恢复通胀至2%目标承诺的可信度，产生的政策不确定性会阻遏经济活动。

英文原版

Release Date: March 19, 2014

For immediate release

Information received since the Federal Open Market Committee met in January indicates that growth in economic activity slowed during the winter months, in part reflecting adverse weather conditions. Labor market indicators were mixed but on balance showed further improvement. The unemployment rate, however, remains elevated. Household spending and business fixed investment continued to advance, while the recovery in the housing sector remained slow. Fiscal policy is restraining economic growth, although the extent of restraint is diminishing. Inflation has been running below the Committee's longer-run objective, but longer-term inflation expectations have remained stable.

Consistent with its statutory mandate, the Committee seeks to foster maximum employment and price stability. The Committee expects that, with appropriate policy accommodation, economic activity will expand at a moderate pace and labor market conditions will continue to improve

gradually, moving toward those the Committee judges consistent with its dual mandate. The Committee sees the risks to the outlook for the economy and the labor market as nearly balanced. The Committee recognizes that inflation persistently below its 2 percent objective could pose risks to economic performance, and it is monitoring inflation developments carefully for evidence that inflation will move back toward its objective over the medium term.

The Committee currently judges that there is sufficient underlying strength in the broader economy to support ongoing improvement in labor market conditions. In light of the cumulative progress toward maximum employment and the improvement in the outlook for labor market conditions since the inception of the current asset purchase program, the Committee decided to make a further measured reduction in the pace of its asset purchases. Beginning in April, the Committee will add to its holdings of agency mortgage-backed securities at a pace of $25 billion per month rather than $30 billion per month, and will add to its holdings of longer-term Treasury securities at a pace of $30 billion per month rather than $35 billion per month. The Committee is

maintaining its existing policy of reinvesting principal payments from its holdings of agency debt and agency mortgage-backed securities in agency mortgage-backed securities and of rolling over maturing Treasury securities at auction. The Committee's sizable and still-increasing holdings of longer-term securities should maintain downward pressure on longer-term interest rates, support mortgage markets, and help to make broader financial conditions more accommodative, which in turn should promote a stronger economic recovery and help to ensure that inflation, over time, is at the rate most consistent with the Committee's dual mandate.

The Committee will closely monitor incoming information on economic and financial developments in coming months and will continue its purchases of Treasury and agency mortgage-backed securities, and employ its other policy tools as appropriate, until the outlook for the labor market has improved substantially in a context of price stability. If incoming information broadly supports the Committee's expectation of ongoing improvement in labor market conditions and inflation moving back toward its longer-run

objective, the Committee will likely reduce the pace of asset purchases in further measured steps at future meetings. However, asset purchases are not on a preset course, and the Committee's decisions about their pace will remain contingent on the Committee's outlook for the labor market and inflation as well as its assessment of the likely efficacy and costs of such purchases.

To support continued progress toward maximum employment and price stability, the Committee today reaffirmed its view that a highly accommodative stance of monetary policy remains appropriate. In determining how long to maintain the current 0 to 1/4 percent target range for the federal funds rate, the Committee will assess progress--both realized and expected--toward its objectives of maximum employment and 2 percent inflation. This assessment will take into account a wide range of information, including measures of labor market conditions, indicators of inflation pressures and inflation expectations, and readings on financial developments. The Committee continues to anticipate, based on its assessment of these factors, that it likely will be appropriate to maintain the current target range for the federal funds rate for a

considerable time after the asset purchase program ends, especially if projected inflation continues to run below the Committee's 2 percent longer-run goal, and provided that longer-term inflation expectations remain well anchored.

When the Committee decides to begin to remove policy accommodation, it will take a balanced approach consistent with its longer-run goals of maximum employment and inflation of 2 percent. The Committee currently anticipates that, even after employment and inflation are near mandate-consistent levels, economic conditions may, for some time, warrant keeping the target federal funds rate below levels the Committee views as normal in the longer run.

With the unemployment rate nearing 6-1/2 percent, the Committee has updated its forward guidance. The change in the Committee's guidance does not indicate any change in the Committee's policy intentions as set forth in its recent statements.

Voting for the FOMC monetary policy action were: Janet L. Yellen, Chair; William C. Dudley, Vice Chairman; Richard W.

Fisher; Sandra Pianalto; Charles I. Plosser; Jerome H. Powell; Jeremy C. Stein; and Daniel K. Tarullo.

Voting against the action was Narayana Kocherlakota, who supported the sixth paragraph, but believed the fifth paragraph weakens the credibility of the Committee's commitment to return inflation to the 2 percent target from below and fosters policy uncertainty that hinders economic activity.

2011年3月16日美联储政策声明

自FOMC1月份政策制定会议以来所收到的信息确认表明，经济复苏进程的基础更加稳固，就业市场的整体状况看起来正在逐步改善。家

庭开支和企业在设备及软件方面的投资继续增长，但非居住房屋方面的投资继续表现疲弱，住房部门也仍旧保持在受抑制的水平。自今年夏天以来，商品价格一直都在大幅上涨，有关全球原油供应量的担忧情绪已经导致原油价格在最近几个星期时间里大幅上涨。但是，更长期的通胀预期仍旧保持稳定，用于衡量基底通货膨胀的各项指标一直都处于受抑制的水平。

FOMC正依据其法定使命来寻求培育最大程度上的就业和物价稳定性。目前而言，失业率正处于较高水平；与FOMC判定为在更长期内符合其双重使命的水平相比，用于衡量基底通货膨胀的各项指标在某种程度上处于较低水平。能源及其他商品价格最近以来的上涨趋势正在给通胀带来上行压力。虽然FOMC预计，这些影响将是暂时性的，但仍将密切关注通胀和通胀预期的发展。FOMC继续预计，资源利用率将在物价稳定的环境下逐步恢复较高水平。

为了促进更加强劲的经济复苏步伐和帮助确保长期内的通胀水平符合FOMC的使命，FOMC今天决定继续按照去年11月份宣布的计划提高其债券持有量。FOMC将维持现有的一项政策，即将来自于所持债券的本金付款进行再投资，并计划在2011年第二季度末以前进一步收购6000亿美元的较长期美国国债。FOMC将根据未来获得的信息对其债券收购活动的步速和资产收购计划的整体规模进行定期回顾，并将在必要时候对这项计划作出调整，目的是最好地培

育最大程度上的就业和物价稳定性。

FOMC将把联邦基金利率维持0到0.25%的目标区间不变，并继续预计处于较低水平的资源利用率、受抑制的通胀趋势以及稳定的通胀预期等经济状况很可能将使FOMC有理由在更长时期内将联邦基金利率维持在极低水平。

FOMC将继续监控经济前景和金融市场状况的进展，并将利用必要的政策工具来为经济复苏进程提供支持，以及帮助确保长期通胀率处于与其使命相一致的水平。

在此次政策制定会议上投票支持FOMC货币政策行动的委员有：主席本-伯南克(Ben S.Bernanke)、副主席威廉-达德利(William C. Dudley)、伊丽莎白-杜克(Elizabeth A. Duke)、查尔斯-埃文斯(Charles L. Evans)、理查德-费舍尔(Richard W. Fisher)、纳拉亚拉-科切拉科塔(Narayana Kocherlakota)、查尔斯-普罗索(Charles I. Plosser)、萨拉-布鲁姆-拉斯金(Sarah Bloom Raskin)、丹尼尔-塔鲁洛(Daniel K. Tarullo)和珍妮特-耶伦(Janet L. Yellen)。(金良)