(答案)英语语言学复习资料

Revisio

I. Multiple choices.

1. _C_________ are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibration of the vocal cords.

A. Stresses

B. V oicings

C. Tones

D. Intonations

2. ______C____ plays the performative function.

A. Hello, do you hear me?

B. You’d better go to the clinic.

C. Can’t you see people are dying?

D. What a blessing!

3. The ____B______ nature of language explains the symbolic nature of language: words are just symbols; they are associated with objects, actions, ideas, etc. by convention.

A. duality

B. arbitrary

C. productivity

D. displacement

4. The two words petrol and gasoline are ___A_______.

A. dialectal synonyms

B. stylistic synonyms

C. synonyms that differ in their emotive meaning

D. collocative synonyms

5. _____C_____ is not a design feature of language.

A. Arbitrariness

B. Creativity

C. Communicability

D. Duality

6. Syntactic deep structure was developed to _______B___.

A. explain relations between sentences with the same meaning

B. explain a single sentence with more than one meaning

C. explain relations between sentences with different meanings

D. both A and B

7. Promises and offers are characteristic of the group of ____C______ of illocutionary acts.

A. representatives

B. declaratives

C. commissives

D. expressives

8. –ish in the word boyish is _______D___.

A. a free morpheme

B. a root

C. a stem

D. an affix

9. ____D______ does NOT belong to semantic changes.

A. Broadening

B. Borrowing

C. Narrowing

D. Class shift

10. The two words suite and sweet are ______D____.

A. hyponyms

B. relational antonyms

C. homographs

D. Homophones

11. According to ____A______ rule, the word sign should pronounced as [saIn].

A. deletion

B. sequential

C. assimilation

D. suprasegmental

12. What essentially distinguishes semantics from pragmatics is ______A____.

A. whether in the study of the meaning the context of use is considered

B. whether it studies the meaning or not

C. whether it studies how the speakers use language to effect communication

D. whether it is a branch of linguistics

13. The sentence John likes linguistics, but Mary is interested in history is a __B________.

A. simple sentence

B. coordinated sentence

C. complex sentence

D. clause

14. _____C_____ is an error caused by negative transfer..

A. goed

B. comed

C. foots

D. He tomorrow come

15. In general, linguistic change in ___D_______ of a language is the more noticeable than in other systems of the grammar.

A. the sound system

B. the vocabulary

C. the syntax

D. the sound system and the vocabulary

16. ____D______ manifests various grammatical relations or grammatical categories such as number, tense, degree and case.

A. Roots

B. Stems

C. Derivational affixes

D. Inflectional affixes

II. Blank-filling.

1. _______ is the term used in linguistics to describe the relationship between a particular type of language and its context of use.

2. One of the design features termed as ___displacement _______ means that human language enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present (in time and space) at the moment of communication.

3. Foreign language learners will subconsciously use their L1 knowledge in learning the foreign language and this is called language ___transfer _______.

4. In injustice and imperfect, in- and im- are supposed to be the __affix_______ of the same morpheme.

5. Chomsky defines _competence_________ as the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language.

6. Predication analysis is to break down predications into their constituents: argument____ and predicate__________.

7. If we think of a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of communication, it becomes an __utterance______.

8. If you tell someone the time instead of the price that is inquired by the person, you violate the maxim of___relation_______.

9. The experience and his study of Hopi, an American Indian language, helped Whorf develop his unique understanding of linguistic _relativity_________, which is widely known as the SAPIR-WHORF HYPOTHESE.

10. Evidence in support of lateralization for language in the left hemisphere of the brain comes from researches in __dichotic________ listening tasks.

11. __ Componential________ analysis is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be divided into meaning components.

12. Transformational rules are those rules which relate or transform _deep structure_________ of

a sentence into __surface structure________.

13. The social group isolated for any given study is called the speech community________.

14. _ Interpersonal_________ function is concerned with interaction between the addresser and addressee in the discourse situation and the addresser’s attitude toward what he speaks or writes about.

15. Vibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called “_voicing_________”.

16. The ultimate objective of language is not just to create grammatically well-formed sentences, but to convey __meaning________.

17. Those morphemes that can not be used by themselves, but must be combined with other morphemes to form words are called __bound________ morphemes.

18. _ Reference_________ means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and non-linguistic world of experience.

19. The notion of __ context________ is essential to the pragmatic study of language.

20. John believes (that the airplane was invented by an Irishman). The part in the bracket is a __ complement________ clause.

III. True or False.

1. A root is not always a free form.

2. Behaviorism in linguistics holds that children learn language through a chain of stimulus-response reinforcement.

3. The idea of doing something while speaking can certainly be broadened to include all the non-conventional acts such as stating, promising, requesting, and suggestion.

4. A study of the features of the English used in Shakespeare’s time would be a diachronic study.

5. The creativity of language originates from duality because by duality the speaker is able to combine the basic linguistic units to form an infinite set of sentences.

6. The examples of semantic narrowing include wife, girl, fowl and bird.

7. There is no absolute synonymy.

8. A phoneme is the smallest unit of sound and cannot be further analyzed.

9. Consciously or unconsciously, people’s social background exerts a shaping influence on their choice of linguistic features that are appropriate to their social identities.

10. In the transformation of the sentence He doesn’t sleep well, do insertion comes first.

IV. Definition

1.category

It refers to a group of linguistic items which fulfill the same or similar functions in a particular language such as a sentence, a noun phrase or a verb.

https://www.360docs.net/doc/c715695820.html,plementary distribution

allophones of the same phoneme and they don’t distinguish meaning but complement each other in distribution.

3.contrastive analysis

a method of analyzing languages for instructional purposes whereby a native language and target language are compared with a view to establishing points of difference likely to cause difficulties

for learners.

4.conversational implicature

The use of conversational maxims to imply meaning during conversation.

5. Cooperative Principle

The principle that the participants must first of all be willing to cooperate in making conversation, otherwise, it would be impossible to carry on the talk.

6.the critical period hypothesis

The critical period Hypothesis：says that there is a period when language acquisition can take place naturally and effortlessly, but that after a certain age the brain is no longer able to process language input in this way.

7. displacement

Displacement means that human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present (in time and space) at the moment of conversation.

8. entailment

the relationship between two sentences where the truth of one is inferred from the truth of the other.

9. illocutionary act

The act of expressing the speaker’s int ention and performed in saying something.

10. negative transfer

the mistaken transfer of features of one’s native language into a second language.

V. Discussion

1. Describe with examples the classification of morphemes.

2. Describe the major ways of word formation with some examples.

3. Describe major sense relations with examples.

4. What are the three metafunctions proposed by Halliday?

5. What does Chomsky mean by Language Acquisition Device (LAD)?

In Chomsky's Innateness Hypothesis, it is held that, in human brain, there is innate UniversalGrammar which lies in one part of human brain called language acquisition device (LAD).

6. What category/ categories of CP does the following exchange violate?

A: Are you going to use your laptop this evening?

B: I ha ven’t finished my assignment yet.

7. Distinguish the following case of ambiguity by tree diagrams.

Sentence: The magician touched the child with the wand.

《新编简明英语语言学教程》章期末复习

Chapter one Introduction 1.1什么是语言学 1.1.1定义语言学Linguistics Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. 1.1.2The scope of linguistics语言学分支必考P2 普通语言学General Linguistics The study of language as a whole is often called General linguistics. The study of sounds, which are used in linguistic communication, is called phonetics.（语音学） The study of how sounds are put together and used in communication is called phonology. （音位学） The study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words are called morphology. （形态学） The study of how morphemes and words are combined to form sentences is called syntax（句法学） The study of meaning in language is called semantics. （语义学） The study of meaning in context of use is called pragmatics. （语用学） 1.1.3 Some important distinctions in linguistics 成对的概念辨析差异必考P3 （1）Prescriptive and descriptive 规定与描写 If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be descriptive, if it aims to lay down rules to tell people what they should say and what they should not say, it is said to be prescriptive. Modern linguistics differs from traditional grammar. Traditional grammar is prescriptive while modern linguistics is descriptive. The task of linguists is supposed to describe the language

英语语言学讲解

《英语语言学概论》课程教学大纲一、课程说明: 《语言学概论》课程是英语专业本科阶段的一门必修课。《语言学概论》研究始于20 世纪初，其目的是揭示人类深层结构，对语言和语言交际作出客观、科学描述。现已形成了语音学、音系学、形态学、句法学、语义学、语用学等一系分支学科。语言学研究社会学等人文学科的结合逐步形成了社会语言学这样的交叉学科。对于主修语言学的学生来说，了解语言学的知识和语言理论是完全必要和有益的。本课程的对象是英语专业高年级学生，在本科阶段第6学期和第7 学期开设。其中第一、二、三、四、五、七、八、十一章为必修，其余章节为选修。二、教学目的及要求: 本课程的具体要求是：比较全面，系统地了解《语言学概论》这一领域的研究成果，以及一些最主要、最有影响的语言理论和原则，从而加深对人类语言这一人类社会普遍现象的理性认识，并具备一定的运用语言学理论解释语言现象、解决具体语言问题的能力。本课程是一门知识性比较强的课程。在教学过程中，应重点讲授主要理论、原则、和研究方法，使学生着重掌握基本概念和基本理论，在理解消化的基础上记忆。本课程的对象是英语专业学生，在讲解过程中原则上采用英语范例，但不排除一些有助于学习者理解的、针对性强的汉语例子。应鼓励学生结合自己的语言实践提供更多的例子来解释相关理论，以达到理论和实践相结合的目的。

三、教学重点与难点: 本课程的教学重点是语言学的基本知识和基本理论，语音学、词汇学、句法学、语义学和语用学这些语言学的核心内容。本课程的教学难点是音韵学理论、句法结构和各个语言学流派的理论观点及其局限性。四、与其它课程的关系: 本课程是一门主干性课程。与其相关的课程，如语法学、词汇学和语体学等都是语言学的分支，属于选修课程。五、学时与学分: 学时：72学时学分：4学分六、教学内容：第一章绪论本章主要教学内容: 1．语言学习的意义 2．语言的定义。 3．语言的定义特征 4．语言的起源。 5．语言的功能。 6．语言学的定义。 7．语言学的核心内容。 8．宏观语言学的定义及分支。

2016春《英语语言学》作业

作业 1．第2题 “Why don’t you ask Mary for help?” is an instance of ____. A.representatives B.expressives C.directives https://www.360docs.net/doc/c715695820.html,missives 答案:C 您的答案：C 题目分数：2.5 此题得分：2.5 2．第3题 The Great Wall belongs to ____ culture. A.material B.spiritual C.folk D.none of the above 答案:A 您的答案：A 题目分数：2.5 此题得分：2.5 3．第4题 Which of the following is a declaration? A.Open the door, please. B.I appoint you chairman of the committee. C.Would you like to go to the movie with us? D.I’ve never seen her before. 答案:B 您的答案：B 题目分数：2.5 此题得分：2.5 4．第5题 Which of the following is a front, close and unrounded vowel? A.[u:] B.[i:] C.[u] D.[a:]

答案:B 您的答案：B 题目分数：2.5 此题得分：2.5 5．第6题 Which of the following words is NOT a coined word? A.dacron B.kodak C.xerox D.gym 答案:D 您的答案：D 题目分数：2.5 此题得分：2.5 6．第7题 Around the time of their second birthday, children begin to produce ____ utterances. A.one-word B.two-word C.three-word D.four-word 答案:B 您的答案：B 题目分数：2.5 此题得分：2.5 7．第8题 Which of the following pairs of words are complete homonyms? A.flour---flower B.lead (to guide)---lead (a kind of metal) C.heroin---horoine D.criket---criket 答案:D 您的答案：D 题目分数：2.5 此题得分：2.5 8．第9题 Which of the following is an example of overgeneralization? A.eyes B.ears C.sheep D.foots 答案:D 您的答案：D 题目分数：2.5

《新编简明英语语言学教程》第二版课后练习题答案

《新编简明英语语言学教程》第二版练习题参考答案 Chapter 1 Introduction 1. How do you interpret the following definition of linguistics: Linguistics is the scientific study of language. 答：Linguistics is based on the systematic investigation of linguistic data, conducted with reference to some general theory of language structure. In order to discover the nature and rules of the underlying language system, the linguists has to collect and observe language facts first, which are found to display some similarities, and generalizations are made about them; then he formulates some hypotheses about the language structure. The hypotheses thus formed have to be checked repeatedly against the observed facts to fully prove their validity. In linguistics, as in any other discipline, data and theory stand in a dialectical complementation, that is, a theory without the support of data can hardly claim validity, and data without being explained by some theory remain a muddled mass of things. 2. What are the major branches of linguistics? What does each of them study? 答：The major branches of linguistics are: (1) phonetics: it studies the sounds used in linguistic communication; (2) phonology: it studies how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning in communication; (3) morphology: it studies the way in which linguistic symbols representing sounds are arranged and combined to form words; (4) syntax: it studies the rules which govern how words are combined to form grammatically permissible sentences in languages;

英语语言学复习资料

英语语言学复习资料注: 1.试题类型为选择题,填空题,语料分析题和问答题. 2.未标习题的章节为一般了解. Chapter 1Language and Linguistics: An Overview 1.1 What is language? 1.2 Features of human languages (i) Creativity (or productivity) Productivity is the first and foremost striking feature of human language. _________ is the first and foremost striking feature of human language. A. Duality B. Arbitrariness C. Creativity D. Displacement (ii) Duality ( ) Language contains two subsystems, one of speaking and the other of writing. (iii) Arbitrariness ( ) The Swiss linguist de Saussure regarded the linguistic sign as composed of sound image and referent. (iv) Displacement ( ) Modern linguistics is prescriptive rather than descriptive. ( ) Language can be used to refer to things real or imagined, past, present or future. (v) Cultural transmission (vi) Interchangeability (vii) Reflexivity 1.3 Functions of language (i) The ideational function (ii) The interpersonal function (iii) The textual function Which of the following does not belong to the language metafunctions illustrated by

英语语言学概论大纲(DOC)

一、课程性质及其设置目的与要求（一）课程性质和特点《英语语言学概论》课程是我省高等教育自学考试英语专业（本科段）的一门重要的专业理论课程，其任务是培养应考者系统地学习英语语言学的基本知识，掌握语言系统内部语言学各分支之间的关系和各分支的重要概念和基本理论，了解语言学在其它学科领域的应用，熟悉现代语言学重要的流派及其代表人物；通过该课程的学习，考生可以从不同的角度了解语言（的性质），了解语言学习和语言教学，为日后进一步学习语言学、从事语言教学实践和语言学研究打下扎实基础。本课程的特点是：专业术语多，概念多，内容抽象，所以，考生最好在学习本课程之前先学习提高语言读写能力的课程，如高级英语、泛读（三）、写作等，这样可以减少语言障碍，有利于学好语言学的理论知识。（二）本课程的基本要求本课程共分为本书共分四编，计十三章。第一编（一至二章）介绍了语言和语言学；第二编（三至八章）介绍了语言学的主要分支—语音学、音位学、形态学、句法学、语义学和语用学；第三编（九至十二章）为跨学科领域与应用—话语分析、社会语言学、心理语言学，以及语言学理论与外语教学；第四编（十三章）介绍了现代语言学流派。通过对本书的学习，要求应考者对英语语言学有一个全面和正确的了解。具体应达到以下要求： 1、掌握语言的性质、功能，以及语言学的研究范围、语言学的分支和重要的语言学概念； 2、掌握语言系统内部语言学各分支之间的关系和各分支的重要概念和基本理论； 3、了解语言学在其它学科领域的应用； 4、熟悉现代语言学重要的流派及其代表人物。（三）本课程与相关课程的联系英语语言学概论是一门基础理论课程，其含盖范围很广，既涉及语言系统内部的语音学、音位学、形态学、句法学、语义学和语用学，又涉及许多交叉学科，如话语分析、社会语言学、心理语言学、应用语用学（包括语言学理论与外语教学），以及本教程未涉及的神经认知语言学、计算机语言学、人工智能与机器翻译等。语言学的进一步研究甚至会涉及到哲学、逻辑学等领域。在自考课程中，词汇学与语言学关系最为密切，词汇学的许多概念、理论和研究方法都来源于语言学。高级英语、泛读（三）、写作、翻译等课程则是学好语言学的基础。文学与语言学并非对立的关系，这两个领域的研究方法可以互相补充、互相借鉴，日后无论从事语言学还是文学研究，这两个领域都必须同时涉猎。二、课程内容与考核目标

东师英语语言学20秋在线作业2答案_22663

(单选题)1: The following are all suprasegmental features except ____. A: stress B: tone C: voicing D: intonation 正确答案: C (单选题)2: The questions of “How is language acquired? How do people learn a foreign language?” are explored in __________. A: applied linguistics B: sociolinguitics C: psycholinguistics D: general linguistics 正确答案: C (单选题)3: ___________ are minimal pairs. A: moon/noon B: foot/food C: she/sheet D: sea/sea 正确答案: A (单选题)4: The process that puts an existing word of one class into another class is ______. A: Conversion B: Abbreviation C: Eponyms D: Blending 正确答案: A (单选题)5: tick- tuck （为下列单词选择相对应的构词法） A: Sound Reduplication B: Coinage C: Eponym D: Clipping 正确答案: A (单选题)6: ______ is a minimal pair. A: moon/noon B: foot/food C: she/sheet D: sea/sea 正确答案: A

英语专业英语语言学期末复习总结.docx

英语语言学一、名词解释第一课 l.Synchronic 共时性：Said of an approach that studies language at a theoretical “poinL in timeA A kind of description which takes a fixed instant (usually, but not necessarily, the present), as its point of observation. Most grammars are of this kind? 2>Langue 语言：The abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community? 3>Language: Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbol used for human communication. ^Arbitrariness 任意性：One design feature of human language, which refers to the face that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning. 第二课 1.Phoneme 音位：Phonology is concerned with the speech sounds which distinguish meaning? The basic unit in phonology is called phoneme; it is a unit that is of distinctive value. 2Deep structure 深层结构：Formed by the XP rule in accordance with the head's subcategorization properties, is called deep structure or D? structure? 4.Surface structure 表层结构：Corresponding to the final syntactic form of the sentence which results from appropriate transformations, is called Surface structure or S- structure. 第五课 LReference 指称：Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experienee. 2.Homonymy 同音异义：Homonymy refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form, i.e. different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both? 3?Hyponymy 上下义关系：Hyponymy refers to the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word? 第六课 l.Pragmatics 语用学：Pragmatics can be defined as the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication.

英语语言文学专业基础

英语语言文学专业基础本科目包括英语语言学基础、英美文学基础知识、英语国家概况、英汉互译四部分内容，总分150分，其中英语语言学基础15分，英美文学基础知识70分，英语国家概况15分，英汉互译50分。 I、英语语言学基础（15分）一、考试要求和内容该部分主要考查普通语言学的基本概念和基本理论。二、考试题型填空题、选择题、判断题、名词解释题。三、参考书《新编简明英语语言学教程》，戴炜栋、何兆熊主编，上海外语教育出版社，2002。 II、英美文学基础知识（70分）一、考试要求本部分考试旨在考查考生对有关英美文学的基本概念、主要流派、基础知识的理解和掌握情况，以及运用所学的基础理论知识分析、评论简单的文学文本。二、考试内容 1、英国文学部分 1）古英语诗歌的形成、发展及主要文本。 2）英国中世纪文学的形成和发展、主要诗人及其作品。 3）英国文艺复兴时期的文学：“文艺复兴”产生的历史背景、定义及其主要特征、对英国文学的影响、主要作家及其作品。 4）新古典主义时期（十八世纪）英国文学：启蒙运动形成的原因、启蒙运动的定义、特征及其对英国文学的影响、这一时期主要的作家及其作品。 5）浪漫主义时期（十九世纪早期）英国文学：英国浪漫主义文学形成的历史背景、浪漫主义诗歌的主要作家及其作品、浪漫主义小说的主要作家及其作家品、浪漫主义散文的主要作家及其作品。 6）维多利亚时期（十九世纪中后期）英国文学：英国现实主义文学形成发展的历史背景、这一时期主要的作家及其作品。 7）现代时期（二十世纪）英国文学：英国现代主义文学形成的历史背景、现代主义文学的主要流派、这一时期主要作家及其作品。 2、美国文学部分 1）早期的美国文学：清教主义文学形成与发展、早期美国文学的主要作家及其作品。 2）浪漫主义时期的美国文学：早期浪漫主义文学的主要作家及作品、超验主义时期的主要作家几作品、后期浪漫主义文学的主要作家及作品。 3）现实主义时期的美国文学：美国现实主义文学的形成与发展及主要流派、美国现实主义文学与自然主义文学的异同、这一时期主要的作家及作品。 4）现代时期的美国文学：美国现代主义文学的形成与发展及主要流派、战后美国文学的形成与发展、现代时期美国文学的主要作家及作品。三、考试题型填空题、单项选择题、匹配题、名词解释题、文本分析题。四、参考书《英国文学简史》（新增订本），刘炳善，河南人民出版社，2007；《美国文学简史》（第2版），常耀信，南开大学出版社，2003 III、英语国家概况（15分）一、考试要求本部分考试旨在考查考生对英美国家的地理、历史、政治、文化、社会习俗、宗教群体、价值观念以及该国人民的思想态度和生活方式的掌握情况。二、考试题型填空题、判断题、名词解释题。三、参考书《英美概况》（上、下册），张奎武主编，吉林科学技术出版社，2003 IV、英汉互译（50分）

《语言学概论》作业参考答案

《语言学概论》作业参考答案一、名词解释 1.音位：最小的可以区别意义的语音单位，通常由一簇互相不区别意义的音素构成。如|A|音位里就有前A、后A、央A等几个音素。 2.塞擦音：辅音的发音方式之一。其特点是发音时，两个发音部位紧靠在一起形成阻碍，在保持这个阻碍的同时，留出一个窄缝，让气流从窄缝中磨擦成声，最后除去这个阻碍。如：b‘ｐ‘ｋ‘就是。 3.递归性：语言的递归性是指，组合结构中的某个单位，可以不断地被一个同功能的短语替换，从而使基本结构里的某个扩展为非常复杂的结构，但其作用仍然等于原始项。也即语言的整体结构与基本框架不变。语法结构的这种性质，我们称之为语言结构的递归性。语言的递归性是语言结构一种非常重要的特性。如：人打倒了|敌人/凶恶的敌人/盘踞在中国大陆的敌人/曾经盘踞在中国大陆的不可以一世的敌人/曾经盘踞在中国大陆不可一世但最终被人民打倒的敌人 4.复综语：语言类型之一。这种语言的动词内有用不同的形态表示各种复杂的语法成分。多见于美洲印第安人的语言。举例。 5.自由变体：音位变体的一种类型。通常指对出现的组合条件没有硬性要求的音位变体。举例。 6.元音：音素的类型之一。即发音时气流在口腔中不受阻碍而形成的音。举例。 7.语法形式：表示语法意义方式与材料。举例。 8.词干：一个词的主要部分，词汇意义的承担者。举例。 9.音色：语音四要素之一，又叫音质，指声音的特色。由物体振动的不同形式所决定。举例。 10.塞音：辅音的发音方式之一。其特征发音时两个发音部位紧靠在一起，保持一段时间，然后突然除阻，爆破成声。也叫爆破音。举例。 11.共同语：随着社会政治经济集中，会以一种方言为基础形成共同语，以满足整个社会交际往来。共同语又叫天下通语、雅言。举例。 12.数：语法范畴之一。指是用一个词的不同形态表示出来的词语数的语法意义。在单数、复数、双数等。举例。二、谈谈语言符号的特点答案要点： 1.单位明晰性 2.任意性 3.结构二层性 4.开放性 5. 传授性答：（1）.语言是一种工具，即交际工具和思维工具；而思维是一种能力和过程，即人脑能动地反映客观现实的能力和过程。（2）.概念用词语表达，判断用句子表达，但概念按照逻辑规律构成的种种判断和词语按语法规则构成的啊、种种句子是有区别的。如：语言中的每个词不一定都表示一个概念，每个句子不一定都表示判断。（3）.思维过程是运用概念按照逻辑规律构成种种判断，语言运用过程则是运用词语，按照句法构成各种句子。（4）.语言是具有民族特点的，各民族都有自己的语言特点，世界上有许多种语言。但思维是各民族共同的，全人类具有共同的思维形式和思维规律。三、试分析汉字跨越方言交际的特点与原因

英语语言学下复习资料

一、填空 Chapter 5 1. One difficulty in the study of Meaning is that the word “meaning” itself has different meanings. In their book The Meaning of Meaning written in 1923, C.K. Ogden and I.A. Richards presented a “representative list of the main definitions which reputable students of meaning have favoured”. 2. G.Leechin a more moderate tone recognizes 7 types of meaning in his Semantics, first published in 1974. 3. There are generally three kinds of sense relations recognized, namely, sameness relation, oppositeness relation and inclusiveness relation. Chomsky’ of Syntactic Structure(1957) helped to ignite the cognitive revolution. 5. The exist three approaches to the study of language and cognition: the formal approach, the psychological approach and the conceptural approach. 6. The most important research subjects are acquisition, comprehension and production. 7.From a psychological point of view, we store a great deal of information about the properties of words in our mental lexicon心理词库, and retrieve this information when we understand language. 8.Similarity and frequency both play important roles in processing and comprehending language, with the novel items being processed based on their similarity to the known ones. 9.According to cohort model集群理论proposed by Marslen- wilson and Welsh in 1990. Chapter 7 *四个代表人物 10.Malinowski马林洛夫斯基claimed that” In its primitive uses, language functions as a link in concerted human activity…” 11.Firth福斯,a leading figure in a linguistic tradition later known as the London School, tried to...In the end, he developed his own theory of Context of Situation. 12.M.A.K. Halliday韩礼德，whose contributions to sociolinguistics could be …. , and his linguistic model in the study of literature. 13. Eugene Nida尤金奈达, a well-known linguist and traditional theorist, concerning the relationship between language and culture. 14.Hypothesis has alternatively been referred to as linguistic determinism and linguistic relativity. 15. Cross-cultural communication跨文化交际中，there are five types of sub-culture 五种次文化形态we should be fully aware of: (1)ecological culture (2)linguistic culture (3)religious culture (4)material culture (5)social culture.[Nida,1964] 16.During the whole 20th century, a great deal of efforts has been taken to treat the inquiry of linguistics as a monistic一元观or autonomous pursuit自治性of an independent science. Chapter 8

英语语言学基础知识

英语语言学基础知识一、绪论语言学的定义语言的定义语言学的研究范畴语言的甄别特征几对基本概念 (2) a large amount of communication is carried out in speech than in writing What is linguistics? 什么是语言学？ (3) speech is the form in which infants acquire their native language Language and parole 语言与言语 Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. It studies not any particular language, but languages in general. 语言学是对语言科学地进行研究的学科。语言学所要研究的不是某一种特定的语言，Language refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community. 而是人类所有语言的特性。 Parole refers to the realization of language in actual use The scope of linguistics 语言学研究的范畴 Competence and performance 能力与运用 Phonetics语音学\Phonology音系学\Morphology形态学\Syntax句法学\Semantics语义学\Pragmatics语用学Chomsky defines competence as the ideal users’ knowledge of the rules of his language \Sociolinguistics社会语言学\Psycholinguistics心理语言学\Applied linguistics应用语言学 Performance: The actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. Prescriptive vs. descriptive 规定性与描述性 What is language? 什么是语言？ Descriptive：A linguistic study describes and analyzes the