外语教学理论与实践

认知图式理论与英语教学

认知图式理论与英语教学【摘要】随着近年来认知语言学的发展,图式理论被逐渐发展成一个重要理论，它是心理学与语言学研究结合的产物。这一理论已越来越多地被外语教育工作者关注并成功地应用于教学。本文在简要介绍图式理论后，分析了图示理论在培养外语学习者在阅读、听力理解、词汇记忆等语言技能上的突出作用和意义。【关键词】图式理论外语教学应用图式（Schema）就是知识在大脑中的存储单位，这一概念最早由著名哲学家康德（Kant）于1781年在其著作《纯粹理性的批判》中提出。他认为，一个人在接受新思想、新信息、新概念的时候，只有把它们同这个人脑海里的固有知识联系起来才能产生意义概念。此后，不同学者对图式也有着不同理解和解释。现代图式理论产生于20世纪70年代中期，美国人工智能专家鲁梅哈特（D.E.Rumelhart）分析了认知框架或既存知识在理解过程中的作用。该理论指出，无论口头或书面语篇本身都不具有意义，意义存在于人的脑海之中，它取决于人在理解过程中对大脑中已经存在的认知框架，也就是图式的启动。在语言理解过程中，认知框架中的信息为理解、预测提供依据，赋予语言材料以意义。在认知心理学家看来，学习是将书本知识以及教师传授的知识纳入学习者自身已有的知识体系，并将其转变为有用的技能。他们在对所学材料的识别、加工、理解的整个认知过程中，认知图式发挥着不可忽视的作用。图式理论对外语学习同样有着极为重要的意义。现在外语教学要求学习者较少依赖别人的帮助而进行有效的学习，充分发挥学习者在外语学习过程中的主观能动性和创造性。因此，将图式理论的研究成果应用于外语学习实践，将会有效提高学习者的学习效果。一、图式理论与文化背景的关系外语学习不仅是语言的学习，也是了解这门语言所承载的文化的学习。文化不仅包括风俗习惯，还包括在此文化熏陶下的个人思维方式和理解角度。图式就是相关的背景知识，也就是人脑中预设的认知结构在语言理解中的作用的理论，因此其理论的运用能为目的语言文化背景认知的要求提供积极的帮助。图式具有共同性和差异性，图式的共同性使得人与人的交际、相互理解成为可能；而它的差异性是由于不同的社会背景下的人会有不同的经验，形成不同的图式。简单的说东方人的经验与西方人的经验就存在着大大小小的各种差异。任

《外语教育理论与实践》试卷

Firstly, a good language teacher should have ethic devotion. The teacher should be a model and set a good ex ample to his students because most students would be influenced by their teacher’s behavior unconsciously. A teacher with extreme high level of morality often has a potent and positive effect on his students, rather than those with high teaching standard. So a good language teacher should show their moral quality as well as their knowledge. To be specific, a good language teacher should be fair, not only should he be fair to his students, such as treats them equally, and “partiality” is forbidden, but he sh ould properly regard the conflicts between different cultures. Besides, he should be kind and ready to help his students both in study and life. What’s more, he should be enthusiastic to his students, and has full passion for his teaching; he should be caring to his students, sometimes, only a caring look, a trusting encouragement, or a mild smile from the teacher is enough to touch the students’ hearts. In addition, hard-working and attentive are necessary for a good language teacher. We should recognize the great value of the teachers who have ethic devotion during the students’ development. Secondly, a good teacher should have personal styles. A good teacher makes learning not a dull thing but a great joy. Many teachers always keep talking about the textbook all the time so that the students feel it difficult to focus their attentions on what the teacher are saying. As a result, the gap between teachers and students enlarges. Supposing the language teacher has distinct personal style during the teaching, this problem can be solved. For example, he can make his teaching dynamic by body languages, or demonstrating performance; he can be patient enough and never give up any student, even though some of them are really mischievous and indocile; he can be creative, teaches in creative ways and encourage his students to be creative and open-minded. Meanwhile, a good language teacher can be discipline and authoritative, he should be strict with students when it’s necessary. It’s important to find his unique person al styles when a teacher is teaching. Last but not least, a good language teacher should have professional qualities. A professional language teacher should be capable enough in your own language ability. He should obtain the capability to have language usage well in hand, and an excellent command of western culture. If so, he can be more knowledgeable and informed. What’s more, a good language teacher should be versatile, especially in the four skills: listening, speaking, reading, and writing. It can help students to enhance the focus on realistic communication. Moreover, a good language teacher should be equipped with profession and armed with a range of skills, strategies and information. Before he gives his students a glass of water, he should have a barrel of it. He should grasp a large scope of knowledge of language and take the essence of it, then transfer it to his students. Besides, a good language teacher should be skilled in lesson planning and class management. He should be reflective and keep on reflecting on his classes and his methods of teaching, and in this way he could make progress quickly; he should be resourceful, and have a quick response to the emergency. In addition, I think the most important duty of a teacher is get experience about teaching, which is called the experiential knowledge, and after a long period of practice and reflection, he would be able to develop his professional competence, which is the most important and difficult part of being a good language teacher. In addition, a good teacher should be a life-long learner, and make sure that he keeps improving himself in his professional field, and he should always test himself by the feedback from his students, and reflect on his work. As the society develops at an amazing speed now, the students today are quite different: they are more independent, and demand a higher standard for teachers, which is a challenge for us. So we should try our best to improve ourselves, and try to be as good a teacher as we can. As the students of an normal university, besides learning the knowledge of being a good language teacher, we should have our own mind, practice our teaching skills and methods. For this part, I’d like to share my opinion about my plan for language teaching profession. So, what we expect from our language teachers? Capable, humorous, responsible, kind and so on.

非语言交际开题报告英文版

论文题目Nonverbal communication in International Communication 院系名称外国语学院英语系学号 201010301022 7 班级1002 下达日期专业方向英语学生季雪芬导师李程起止日期论文的主要内容与要求内容：通常人们谈交际时，总是首先想到语言，殊不知语言只是人们交际的一个手段。除了语言这一重要工具，人们还使用许多其他手段表达自己的思想和感情、传递各种信息。本文主要讨论了非语言交际的界定、非语言交际的分类、非语言交际的特点与作用等方面的问题，揭示了跨文化交际的某些方面的现象。要求：观点明确、材料翔实、结构严谨、语言通顺、格式规范。主要参考文献[1] 毕继万《跨文化非语言交际》[M] 外语教学与研究出版社, 1999. [2] 贾玉新《跨文化交际学》[M] 上海外语教育出版社, 1997. [3] 陈俊森、樊葳葳、钟华《跨文化交际与外语教育》[M] 华中科技大学出版社, 2006. [4] 胡文仲《跨文化交际学概论》[M] 外语教学与研究出版社, 1999. [5] Samovar Let al Understanding Intercultural Communication [M] Wadsworth, 1981 [6] Fas t Julius Body Language [M]. New York: POCKET BOOKS, 1971 [7]Hall Edward T The Silent Language [M]. New York: A DIVISION OF RANDOM HOUSE, INC, 1959 [8] Leroi-Gourhan Andre. Gesture and Speech [M] London: MIT Press, 1993, 257-325 论文进度安排序号工作任务起止日期序号工作任务起止日期 1 选题2013.10.21---11.8 5 完成论文初稿2014.3.23---4.15 2 搜集论文资料2013.11.11---11.29 6 论文修改2014.4.20---4.23 3 撰写提纲2014.2.25---2.28 7 论文定稿2014.4.25---5.3 4 撰写开题报告2014.3.1---3.1 5 8 论文答辩2014.5.5---5.20 任务接受人（签字）年月日任务下达人（签字）年月日教研室主任（签字）年月日注：所有相关表格内的填写内容中文字体为小四号宋体，英文为小四号Times New Roman，行距1.25。

图式理论的含义及其在英语写作教学中的应用方法分析

摘要:图式理论对提高英语写作发表相关能力有着重要的作用。本文介绍了图式理论的基本要义及图式理论与英语写作的关系,并探讨了在句型教学、段落教学和语篇教学中激活和构建图式知识的方法。关键词:图式;英语;写作教学随着我国对外开放的进一步深入和加入世界贸易组织,我国国际间的交流变得日益频繁。因此,全社会对大学生英语交际能力的要求越来越高,全面提高大学生英语的听、说、读、写能力也变得越来越重要。而写作能力无疑是交际能力的重要体现之一。而且,对于高校学生来说,能够准确、流畅地用英语写文章已成为全国英语四、六级考试要求的基本技能之一。既然英语写作能力如此重要,这就要求广大英语教师在写作教学中寻求一个适合的英语写作教学方法,从而有效地提高学生英语写作能力。近几十年,图式理论受到了很多英语专家及英语教学工作者的关注,并已被运用于大学英语阅读教学与听力教学。图式理论同样也能为提高英语写作教学发挥作用。一、图式的基本要义自从1932年英国著名心理学家F. C. Barlett在其著作《记忆》(Remembering)中提出图式概念以来,图式已被不同的心理学家和语言学家冠以不同的定义和形式。例如,Schank和Abelson(1977)用图式来表示人们常遇到的情景的原型知识( Stereotypical Knowledge); Carrell和Eisterhold(1983) 把图式定义为学习者以往习得的知识(即背景知识)的构架(structure); Eysenck和Keane(1990)则认为,图式是被组织起来的一族概念,即图式涉及通用知识,人们可以用它来表示或表征事件、事件系列、格言、情景、关系和物体等。Cook(1992)将图式定义为话语加工过程中所必需的思想表达(a mental representation essential to discourse processing)[1]。而鲁梅哈特认为,图式是认知的基石, 一切信息加工都要建立在图式的基础之上。总而言之,“图式”是指每个人过去获得的知识在头脑中储存的方式,是大脑对过去经验的反映或积极组织,是被学习者储存在记忆中的信息对新信息起作用的过程,以及怎样把这些新信息丰富到学习者知识库中的过程。图式中每个组成成分构成一个空档(slot),当新信息和存在的背景知识融合在一起并被放到合适的空档时,图式便形成了。图式可以大致分为四类:1、语言图式( linguistic schema):指语言知识及运用语言的能力。2、内容图式(content schema):包括依赖篇章情境的图式和读者已有的背景知识的图式,也就是语篇内容的背景知识。3、形式图式( formal or organizational schema):指的是不同语篇关于文章形式、组织结构的知识。4、策略图式(strategy schema):指的是英语学习者的学习技巧等[2]。二、图式知识与英语写作教学图式理论(Schema Theory)认为:人们在接受和理解新事物的时候,需要在新事物和已知的概念、过去经历等有关对客观世界的认识,即背景知识之间建立起联系。人们能否理解和接受新事物,取决于头脑中的知识结构(图式结构),输入的信息必须与原有的图式结构相吻合:如果缺乏原有的图式结构,新旧知识之间就存在着鸿沟。因此,许多的英语专家和英语教学工作者纷纷把“图式理论”应用于英语阅读教学和听力教学中。笔者认为,“图式理论”也同样适用于写作教学。因为写作与阅读和听力有着相似的信息处理过程。阅读和听力属于信息输入过程。这个过程需要读者成功的激活自己已具备的图式,从而才能达到成功的理解材料。而阅读属于输出信息过程。这个过程也同样需要成功地激活和构建与写作相关的图式知识。下面就简单地介绍一下如何在写作教学中激活和构建图式知识。

语言学与外语教学的关系

英语语言学：第十一章语言学和外语教学：11.1 语言学和外语教学的关系许多语言教师和学习者常常会问这样一个问题：我们为什么要教授或学习语言学？本章将试图提供给一些答案。既然语言学被定义为对语言的科学的研究，很明显，这种研究将会给语言教学提供很大的帮助，尽管在对语言的态度上、在目标上、在方法上语言学和语言教学存在着许多的不同之处。在语言学中，语言是一个形式系统，但在语言教学中，语言是一系列的技能。语言学的研究是为了建立起解释语言现象的理论，而语言教学的目标则是为了让一个人掌握一门语言。应用语言学弥缝了语言学理论和外语教学之间的隔阂。它作为一个调和区域，对语言学理论的研究结果进行解释，使之成为教授语言的老师和学习语言的学生容易掌握的东西。应用语言学的媒介作用在外语教学中表现在如下两个方面：第一，应用语言学使得语言学理论拓展和延伸到语言教学这个领域，这样，教师就可以在教学的目标和内容上作出更为合理的决策。当教师面临设计一个教学大纲这样的任务时，他会有诸多的选择。他是应该教授文学作品语言，还是应该教授日常会话中的语言？他是应该教授整个语言系统，还是应该教授这个系统中的一部分？编写和选择一本教科书的原则是什么？什么种类的练习题是最合适的？为了回答这些问题，教师就会自觉或不自觉地用到他对语言学习本质的理解。应用语言学给教师提供了一套关于语言和语言系统本质的形式化的知识，这样就加深了教师对语言学习本质的认识。这样，教师在选择教学方法和教学内容时，可以作出更加明智的决策。第二，应用语言学指明了语言学理论在语言教学方法论上的洞察力和内涵（implications）。一旦教学目标和内容确定下来，教师就不得不考虑怎样去教的问题。教学过程是应该以教师为中心呢，还是应该以教科书为中心呢，还是应该以学习者为中心呢？应该怎样对待学习者在学习过程中所犯的错误？在课堂上应该采取什么样的教学技巧？应用语言学从诸多不同的语言学理论的角度阐释了语言学习的本质，因此它有助于教师选择教学方法和技巧。

《英语教学理论及方法》课程试卷(B卷)有答案

安庆师范学院外国语学院 2007—2008学年度第二学期期末考试《英语教学理论及方法》课程试卷（B卷）注意事项 1. 本试卷共四大题, 第I 、II大题做在客观题答题卡上，第III 、IV大题做在主观题答题纸上；客观题答题卡上准考证号码为00+学号，如，001205001。2.考生答卷时必须准确填写院系、班级、姓名、学号等栏目，字迹要清楚、工整。 I. Multiple Choices Directions:In this part, you are given twenty questions or incomplete sentences which are followed by four choices marked A, B, C and D. Read the choices carefully and choose the one which can best answer the question or complete the sentence. Mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet for the objective items (30 points; 1.5 points each). 1. Which of the following statement about task-based language teaching is NOT true? A. Students should be given tasks to perform or problems to solve in the classroom. B. Students are task-driven. C. Task-based language teaching is student-centered. D. Task-based language teaching follows the PPP model. 2. What type of learners can benefit most from acting things out or miming things with their bodies? A. Kinesthetic learners. B. Tactile learners. C. Auditory learners. D. Visual learners. 3. What type of intelligence are problem-solving activities best suited for? A. Interpersonal intelligence. B. Intrapersonal intelligence. C. Logical/Mathematical intelligence. D. Linguistic intelligence. 4．The _______ view of language sees language as a linguistic system but also as a means for doing things. Most of our day-to-day language use involves functional activities: offering, suggesting, advising, apologizing, etc. A. structural B. functional C. mentalist D. interactional 5. The role of the teacher changes following the aims of the class. The teacher may function more as a(n) if he is mainly doing presentation of new language points, whereas he is more of a resource or prompter or participant once a communicative activity starts. A. controller B. resource-provider C. participant D. organizer 6．Which of the following activities is NOT suitable for consolidating vocabulary? A. Labelling. B. Using minimal pairs. C. Odd man out. D. Word association. 7. The behaviorist theory of language learning was initiated by , who applied Watson and Raynor’s theory of conditioning to the way human acquire language. A. Harmer B. Skinner C. Hymes D. Chomsky 8. Which of the following statements about assessment is NOT true? A. Summative assessment is mainly based on testing. B.Testing is part of assessment, only one means of gathering information about a student. C.Individual-reference assessment is based on how well the learner is performing relative to his or her own previous performance, or relative to an estimate of his or her individual ability. 考试答案不得超过此线

非语言交际在英语教学中的作用

非语言交际在英语教学中的作用［摘要］非语言交际是跨文化交际不可缺少的组成部分。中西方校园非语言交际具有强烈的文化特性，在大学英语教学中，充分重视非语言交际可以在许多语言交际方面起到特殊的辅助教学效果。本文初步总结了中西方校园非语言交际及其若干文化差异，以使学习者避免非语言交际的文化冲突，顺利地完成交际，对英语教学工作者有所帮助，以适应当前英语教育的需要。［关键词］跨文化语言交际非语言交际中西方校园文化差异英语教学一、引言当今，随着科学技术的发展，跨文化交际日显频繁，然而各民族间的文化差异有许多是表现在非语言交际中的。但是在英语教学中非语言交际长期处于被忽视的地位，在英语课堂，大部分教师只注重语言交际，忽略了非语言行为的信息传递，造成了课堂交际教学上的误解与尴尬。其实，非语言交际也具有强烈的文化特性，应当成为英语教学的一个有机组成部分，舍此，英语教学就不是完全成功的教学。本文从跨文化交际的角度，简略地介绍了中西校园非语言交际及其文化差异，探讨非语言交际在跨文化交际和英语教学中的作用，期望对英语教学届师生有所帮助。二、非语言交际和语言交际的结合人类交际有两种：语言的和非语言的。 2.1 非语言交际的定义关于非语言交际，西方学者提出的定义很多。有的定义则比较具体，如“非语言交际是不用言词表达的、为社会所共知的人的属性或行动，这些属性和行动由发出者有目的地发出或被看成是有目的地发出，由接受者有意识地接受，有可能进行反馈”（Burgoon and Sine,1978,见Malandro，1989：7）。 2.2非语言交际的作用及其与语言交际的关系萨莫瓦肯定地说：“绝大多数研究专家认为，在面对面交际中，信息的社交内容只有35%左右是语言行为，其它都是通过非语言行为传递的。”当然，对非语言交际行为在交际中的作用及其与语言行为之间的关系应该有一个全面、正确的认识。一方面要看到，在交际中，脱离非语言配合的孤立的语言行为往往难以达到有效的交际目的；另一方面也要认识到，一种非语言行为只有与语言行为或其它非语言行为配合，才能提供明确的信息。因此脱离语言行为或其它的非语言行为，孤立地理解或研究某一非语言行为的含义常常是难以凑效的。因此在英语教学中决不可忽视非语言交际行为，只有把语言交际和非语言交际结合起来才能达到较理想的教学效果。三、中西校园非语言交际及其文化差异校园非语言交际在中西方存在很大差异和文化冲突。本文从文化差异的角度讨论两个问题：教师的仪态举止和课堂上的非语言交际行为。 3.1教师的仪表仪表指人的外表，包括衣着和化妆、举止和姿态等。 3.1.1衣着和化妆衣着和化妆要适合本人的身份、个人特点和所在场合，这是各种文化共有的特点。教师是教育青少年一代的人，在这方面要求更加严格。场合不同，每个人的衣着打扮也不同。教师在学校，特别是在课堂上要求更加严格。这也是各种文化所共有的。在西方，库珀在《教师的言语交际行为》一书中讲了一个很有说服力的故事：美国一位中学八年级的学生说：“我们班曾经有一位女英语教师，她的仪表使我们完全无法学习下去。她长相标致、体态轻盈，还爱身着紧身衣裙。我们从学年一开始就陶醉于她那迷人的外表而难以学习进去。整整一年中，教室里总是乱糟糟的。我们班成了吵吵闹闹、纪律涣散的乱班，这位老师毫无办法驾驭课堂。现在回忆起来，我认为这位教师的学识水平并不低，当

图式理论及相互作用模式与大学英语阅读教学

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图式理论及相互作用模式与大学英语阅读教学-英语论文图式理论及相互作用模式与大学英语阅读教学肖志红（长沙医学院外语系）阅读是英语学习的重要途径，它是一个复杂的心理语言活动过程，是作者、语言信息和读者三方面共同作用的结果。本文以图式理论和相互作用模式为理论基础，通过对传统阅读教学模式的分析，旨在探讨如何运用这种理论在阅读教学三个不同阶段有效地指导大学英语阅读教学。在大学英语教学中，如何培养学生良好的阅读习惯，提高学生的阅读能力，在备试过级考试时如何讲解阅读理解，对大学英语教师来说一直是个难题。有鉴于此，本文以图式理论为理论基础，以相互作用模式为依托，结合课堂阅读教学模式，讨论如何提高大学英语阅读教学。一图式及相互作用模式图式是认知心理学中的一个术语，最早有康德提出。Bartlett(1932)在著作《记忆》中描述为：“图式是对于经验的反映或对过去经验的积极组织”。他认为，图式是一个不断发生作用的既存知识结构，遇到新事物时，只有把这些新事物和已有的图式相联系才能被理解。此理论认为，人们是通过激活大脑中的相关图式来解释新的经历。阅读理解过程是一个认知和言语交际的过程，包括符号辨认和理解两个阶段。因此图式理论就是运用这一认知心理学理论，分析这一认知框架在阅读过程中的作用。图式理论的研究促使专家们修正单纯的自上而下的阅读模式，相互作用阅读模式由此产生。相互作用模式是现代阅读理论中最新的研究成果，在其形成和发展过程中，撇弃了之前的自下而上和自上而下两种模式的不足，汲取了两者的优势，从而确立了自下而上和自上而下相结合的阅读新模式。

应用语言学与英语教学

思考题一、判断 1.Teaching cannot be defined apart from learning. 2. Teaching problems are simply learning problems. 3. According to The tabula-rasa or“blank-slate”view, humans have few if any natural predispositions. Development is dependent upon the individual’s experiences. 4. According to Chomsky, the child learns his first language by imitation. 5. The concept of L2 (second language, foreign language and non-native language) implies that the individual is already in command of an L1. 6. There are individual differences for different learners, different types of learning tasks, different strategies and styles. (p.77) 7. Comprehension is the highest level of understanding. 8. Evidence shows that attitudes are accompanied by positive and negative feelings 9. Self-actualization refers to the desire to fulfill one’s self-esteem. 10. Culture is a set of shared ideals, values and standards of behavior 11. Language, thought and culture can be dealt with separately. 12. Culture shock has generally been considered as having a negative effect on L2 learning. 13. Theoretical contrastive studies do not belong to comparative descriptive linguistics. 14. Empirical evidence has shown that intralingual errors only constitute a small proportion of L2 learners’errors, and that among other factors, interlingual effects of learning play an important role. 15. Test is not an end in itself. 二、选择题

外语教学理论

外语教学理论 In psychology and education, learning is commonly defined as a process that brings together cognitive, emotional, and environmental influences and experiences for acquiring, enhancing, or making changes in one's knowledge, skills, values, and world views. Learning as a process focuses on what happens when the learning takes place. Explanations of what happens constitute learning theories. A learning theory is an attempt to describe how people and animals learn, thereby helping us understand the inherently complex process of learning. Learning theories have two chief values. One is in providing us with vocabulary and a conceptual framework for interpreting the examples of learning that we observe. The other is in suggesting where to look for solutions to practical problems. The theories do not give us solutions, but they do direct our attention to those variables that are crucial in finding solutions. There are three main categories or philosophical frameworks under which learning theories fall: behaviorism, cognitivism, and constructivism. Behaviorism focuses only on the objectively observable aspects of learning. Cognitive theories look beyond behavior to explain brain-based learning. And constructivism views learning as a process in which the learner actively constructs or builds new ideas or concepts. Behaviorism Behaviorism as a theory was primarily developed by B. F. Skinner. It loosely encompasses the work of people like Edward Thorndike. What characterizes these investigators are their underlying assumptions about the process of learning. In essence, three basic assumptions are held to be true. First, learning is manifested by a change in behavior. Second, the environment shapes behavior. And third, the principles of contiguity邻近and reinforcement are central to explaining the learning process. For behaviorism, learning is the acquisition of new behavior through conditioning. There are two types of possible conditioning: 1) Classical conditioning, where the behavior becomes a reflex response to stimulus as in the case of Pavlov's Dogs. 2) Operant conditioning where there is reinforcement of the behavior by a reward or a punishment. The theory of operant conditioning was developed by B.F. Skinner and is known as Radical Behaviorism. The word ‘operant’ refers to the way in which behavior ‘operates on the environment’. Cognitivism The earliest challenge to the behaviorists came in a publication in 1929 by Bode, a gestalt psychologist. He criticized behaviorists for being too dependent on overt behavior to explain learning. Gestalt psychologists proposed looking at the patterns rather than isolated events. Gestalt views of learning have been incorporated into what have come to be labeled cognitive theories.

语言学与外语教学

龙源期刊网 https://www.360docs.net/doc/ca16739796.html, 语言学与外语教学作者：孙嘉瑜来源：《课程教育研究·学法教法研究》2016年第21期【摘要】社会语言学从产生、发展至今约有五十年的时间，社会历史的需要、物质条件的改善和语言学自身的发展的必然规律是社会语言学产生的三个十分关键的原因。当前阶段，社会语言学的研究正在向各个领域全面的进行当中。社会语言学，究其内部结构来讲，有社会方言学、语言社会学等几个方面。本文通过社会语言学的发展来探究社会语言学对外语教学的影响预期是。【关键词】社会语言学外语教学【中图分类号】H319 【文献标识码】A 【文章编号】2095-3089（2016）21-0162-01 社会语言学是一门语言学的分支，大约已经有五十多年的历史。社会语言学就起派别来讲可以分为两个派别，分别是以美国的海姆斯为代表的围观社会语言学派和欧洲一些语言学家为代表的宏观语言学。围观社会语言学主要研究的是具体的语言现象。通过研究语言与性别、年龄、文化等的因素及其相互之间的关系的研究来研究语言及其变体。一、社会语言学产生的背景通常来讲，人们公认的社会语言学确立的背景是以1964年在美国召开的第9届国际语言学大会为标志。其实社会语言学的确立与发展与其它学科一样，是经过长时期的学术成果积累和历史发展的结果。社会语言学的产生有三个因素：首先，学者对于语言与社会的研究是基于历史的需要。19世纪末到20世纪60年代，社会变革频繁、政治形势多变、社会关系及其复杂、以及人口的迁移等多方面都与具体的语言政策有关。作为各个民族不可或缺的语言，受到政治、文化、心理、社会等方面学者的高度重视。因此，语言与社会也逐渐受到了语言学家的关注。其次，科学技术的发展以及语言学自身的发展需要社会语言学。最终，在各种条件均成熟的条件下，社会语言学的建立已经成为历史的必然。1964年，在美国洛杉矶加利福尼亚大学召开了第一次社会语言学会议。至此，社会语言学诞生，1964 年也被视为社会语言学的诞生之年。二、语言学的各个分支在外语教学中的重要作用