汽车专业英语读译教程参考译文-课文B-UNIT9TEXTB

汽车专业英语读译教程参考译文-课文B-UNIT9TEXTB
汽车专业英语读译教程参考译文-课文B-UNIT9TEXTB

第9单元

课文B 无级变速器(CVT)

无级变速器(CVT)是一种能提供比传统自动变速器更多的可用功率、更好的燃油经济性和更加平稳的驾驶感受的自动变速器。

**的历史

1490年,达芬奇(Leonardo DaVinci)勾画出了最早的CVT。20世纪50年代后期,荷兰的汽车制造厂家DAF在轿车上首先采用了CVT。然而,技术的限制使当时的CVT并不适用于功率在100马力以上的发动机。在20世纪80年代后期和90年代初期,富士重工(Subaru)在它们的Justy微型轿车上提供CVT,而本田则在90年代后期的思域(Civic HX)高燃油经济性轿车上采用了CVT。

能够与大功率发动机匹配使用的改进型CVT在20世纪90年代后期和2000年后被研制成功,因而,日产、奥迪、本田、福特、通用和另外一些汽车制造厂家现在都有CVT汽车产品。

**是怎样工作的

CVT有若干种类型。大多数小轿车都使用一对可变直径的带轮,每个带轮的外形就像两个面对面靠在一起的锥体一样。两个带轮之间用金属带或链条连接。

当前进挡或倒档离合器被接合时,主动V型带轮由行星齿轮驱动。主动V型带轮通过金属带或链条驱动从动V型带轮(图9-6)。在整个工作范围上,通过对角位置的主动和被动带轮(变速机构)的两个带轮半件的轴向移动,可连续地改变传动比。因此,主动和被动V型带轮的有效直径可连续相反地变化,即变大或变小。带轮半件的移动受主动和从动两个液压缸来控制。

(1)变速杆在位置N(空挡)和P(驻车)前进挡离合器和倒档离合器均被释放(分离),因而没有动力传递。在P位时,从动V型带轮被驻车锁锁止。

(2)变速杆在位置D(前进档)和L(低档)前进挡离合器接合,而倒档离合器分离。行星架、行星齿轮、齿圈和太阳轮作为一个整体旋转,并通过主动V型带轮和金属带或链条驱动从动V型带轮。从动V型带轮将转矩传给输出轴。此时,输入轴、主动和从动V型带轮、输出轴都以相同的方向转动。

(3)变速杆在位置R(倒档)前进档离合器分离,倒档离合器接合。齿圈被制动,从而与变速器壳成为一体。在行星架驱动作用下,行星齿轮反向转动。

Fig. 9-6 A CVT with pushbelt

采用推力传动带的CVT

Fig. 9-7 Pushbelt and link chain 推力传动带和扁节链

Fig. 9-8 Diagram of CVT

CVT示意图

3. CVT的优点

发动机不会在所有的转速时都产生不变的功率,只有在特定的转速时,转矩、功率和燃油经济性才能达到最大值。由于CVT中没有将给定车速与给定发动机转速之间的关系直接绑定起来的齿轮,所以CVT就能按照需要改变发动机转速,以便获得最大功率以及最佳燃油经济性。这也使得CVT能够比传统自动变速器或手动变速器提供更好加速性,同时具有优异的燃油经济性。

机械式自动变速器

1.乘用车机械式自动变速器(AMT)

当乘用车手动变速器开始实现自动化的时候,曾经使用“半自动变速器”这个术语。这个术语关系到“接合离合器/起步”和“改变档位”两项操作。在半自动变速器中,这两项操作中有一项实现自动化。

乘用车半自动手动变速器根本没有得到广泛的应用。从20世纪90年代末以来,在乘用车市场上已经可以买到自动化(全自动)手动变速器(AMT)(常常叫做机械式自动变速器) 车型。在AMT中,主离合器接合过程和起步过程以及换档过程均由执行器来完成。通过转向盘上的换档拨片、变速杆或TCU(全自动操作),将控制信号送给执行器。

机械式自动变速器将手动变速器的高效率与全自动变速器的操作方便性相结合。对于用户来说,变为动力换档自动变速器的最大差别是换档舒适性不好,这是由于这种变速器的结构所决定的,换档时存在动力中断,就像手动变速器一样。尝试使用加大尺寸的同步器来传递残余动力,在换档过程中不要将离合器完全分离,这些做法在试验车辆上已经见效,但是目前还没有进入批量生产。

AMT可进一步分为添加式系统和一体式系统。添加式系统是指在现有的手动变速器系统

基础上增加执行器而形成的系统。这样,一个基本的齿轮系统可以变成手动变速器或变成机械式自动变速器。一体式系统已经被设计为机械式自动变速器,它们不可能再用作MT。

2.商用车机械式自动变速器

自20世纪90年代末期以来,商用车机械式自动变速器具有最高的自动化等级。这个等级的自动化程度的特征是:起步元件操纵自动化,换档时的离合器接合自动化,换档自动化,以及在发动机控制单元与变速器控制单元之间进行数据交换。借助于这种全面的离合器操纵自动化,可以完全去掉离合器踏板,从而允许在商用车上采用仅有加速踏板和制动踏板的两踏板系统。除了自动模式外,手动模式能使驾驶员随时进行干预。

正如前面“乘用车机械式自动变速器”部分所讨论的那样,执行元件可以分为添加式系统(添加到现有手动变速器上)和一体式系统两种。在一体式系统的情况下,变速器是为实现纯粹的自动化操作而开发的。手动变速器的自动化具有许多优点,其中最重要的是:·具有与手动变速器相同的效率水平;

·将驾驶员从离合器操纵和换档操作中解放出来,提高了驾驶舒适性;

·改善了驾驶员在道路交通状况下的快速反应能力;

·降低了寿命周期费用,原因是:

-离合器磨损减小;

-采用优化的驾驶策略(换档程序的选择),降低了燃油消耗。

·防止换档操作错误,提高了对部件的保护能力(变速器和离合器保护);

·变速器操作不用机械杆件和拉索,而采用驾驶员选择开关。这将意味着:

-由于变速杆与变速器之间无机械连接,驾驶室内的噪声减小;

-由于去掉了换档杆系和离合器踏板,使车辆的封装得到优化。这就意味着装配更简单,成本更低。

机械式自动变速器的缺点是存在动力中断,但是由于现代商用车的换档时间极短,所以对于道路交通来说,这一点是可以接受的。

3.商用车机械式自动变速器的结构

通过采用不同的执行元件(执行器),实现了离合器的自动接合和档位的自动变换。这些执行元件是离合器执行器CA和变速器执行器TA。图9-9给出了商用车机械式自动变速器的系统结构。

商用车机械式自动变速器使用下面几种类型的执行元件:

·电控气动执行器;

·电控液压执行器;

·机电式执行器。

电控气动执行器适合于重型货车,这是因为这些车辆装备有压缩空气系统。如果没有压缩空气可用,则依据对执行元件特性的要求,或者使用电控液压式执行器,或者使用机电式执行器。

在柴油机发动机控制单元(ECU)与变速器控制单元(TCU)之间以及相连接的子系统(如驾驶员选档开关、显示器、ABS/ASR和传感器)之间,通过数据总线(CAN总线,CAN表示控制器局域网),对实际数据和基准数据进行交换。

市场上可得到的商用车机械式自动变速器品牌有:AS-Tronic(ZF)、eTronic(ZF)、Telligent ESA或PowerShift(梅赛德斯-奔驰)、Sprintshift(梅赛德斯-奔驰)、I-Shift/Geartronic (沃尔沃)、Opticruise(斯堪尼亚)和SAMT B(伊顿)。

乘用车双离合变速器(DCT)

20世纪40年代,人们已经开始开发双离合变速器。最初开发的目的是为重型商用车装备能提供无动力中断行驶的技术。然而,并没有实现批量生产。在20世纪80年代,保时捷和奥迪公司再次提出这种变速器概念,并为赛车开发一种双离合变速器。当时,由于换档控制系统的控制质量不够高,所以,这些变速器并不适用于批量生产。

最早的乘用车DCT于2003年投产。这种型号的DCT的目标是将手动变速器的优点与自动变速器的优点组合在一起。手动变速器的特质是效率水平高,传动比能在很大范围上自由选择,以及良好的运动特性、行驶动力学和驾驶乐趣。传统式自动变速器的特点有:起步时因为液力变矩器的作用使操纵极为方便;自动换档时无动力中断。

双离合变速器的原理是建立在这样的想法基础上的:两个独立的子变速器均通过各自的离合器与发动机相连(见图9-10)。一个子变速器内含奇数(1、3、5…)档,另一个内含偶数(2、4、6…)档。通过双离合器分摊档位,DCT就变成了全动力换档变速器。然而,在DCT

内,双离合器不仅用于换档,还兼作起步元件。

在实际结构中,两个子变速器没有像图9-10那样肩并肩地布置,而是一个套在另一个内。以达到节省空间的目的。两根输入轴当中的一根采用空心结构。

下面以2档升3档为例,对双离合变速器的基本功能原理进行解释。当在汽车工作期间出现一种需要从当前接合的2档(子变速器2)升到3档的情况时,在自由状态的子变速器1内,3档接合。相应的空套齿轮的同步过程不会引起驾驶员的注意。由于离合器C1的接合和C2的分离重叠在一起,所以,能流不会中断。在离合器C1接过转矩传递之后,子变速器内的现在处于自由状态的2档被脱开,并且如果必要的话,预选另一个档位。升档和降档过程基本相同。

Figure 9-10 Principle of dual clutch transmissions(VW DSG)

双离合变速器(VW DSG)原理

汽车专业英语翻译综合

第一章汽车总论 1)Today’s average car contains more than 15,000 separate, individual parts that must work together. These parts can be grouped into four major categories: body, engine, chassis and electrical equipment 。P1 现在的车辆一般都由15000多个分散、独立且相互配合的零部件组成。这些零部件主要分为四类:车身、发动机、底盘和电气设备。 2)The engine acts as the power unit. The internal combustion engine is most common: this obtains its power by burning a liquid fuel inside the engine cylinder. There are two types of engine: gasoline (also called a spark-ignition engine) and diesel (also called a compression-ignition engine). Both engines are called heat engines; the burning fuel generates heat which causes the gas inside the cylinder to increase its pressure and supply power to rotate a shaft connected to the power train. P3 发动机作为动力设备,常见的类型是内燃机,其原理是通过发动机缸内的液体燃料燃烧而产生能量。发动机可分为两类:汽油机(点燃式)和柴油机(压燃式),都属于热力发动机。燃料燃烧产生热量使缸内气压上升,产生的能量驱动轴旋转,并传递给动力传动系。 第二章内燃机 1)Power train system: conveys the drive to the wheels 2)Steering system: controls the direction of movement 3)Suspension system: absorbs the road shocks 4)Braking system: slows down the vehicle P4 传动系把发动机输出的扭矩传递给驱动轮。传动系包括离合器(对应机械变速器)或液力变矩器(对应液力自动变速器)、变速器、驱动轴、主减速器、差速器和驱动桥。 5)Drum brakes have a drum attached to the wheel hub, and braking occurs by means of brake shoes expanding against the inside of the drum. With disc brakes, a disc attached to the wheel hub is clenched between two brake pads. P6 鼓式制动器的制动鼓和轮毂连接,制动蹄张开压紧制动鼓内侧从而产生制动。在盘式制动器上,连着轮毂的制动盘被紧紧夹在两个制动块之间。 1)Linking the piston by a connecting rod to a crankshaft causes the gas to rotate the shaft through half a turn.The power stroke"uses up"the gas,so means must be provided to expel the burnt gas and recharge the cylinder with a fresh petrol-air mixture:this control of gas movement is the duty of the valves;An inlet valve allows the mixture to enter at the right time and an exhaust valve lets out the burnt gas after the gas has done its job . P10 活塞通过连杆和曲轴连接,使得气体带动曲轴旋转半圈。作功冲程耗尽了所有的气体,这样就必须采取相应的措施排出废气并且向气缸内充入新的可燃混合气:气体的运动由气门来控制。进气门使可燃混合气在恰当的时刻进入气缸,排气门使燃烧后的废气排出气缸。 2)The spark-ignition engine is an internal-combustion engine with externally supplied in ignition,which converts the energy cntained in the fuel to kinetic energy.The cycle of operations is spread over four piston strokes. To complete the full cycle it takes two revolutions of the crankshaft. P11 火花点火式发动机是由外部提供点火的内燃机,从而将含在燃料内的能量转化成动能。发动机的一个工作循环分布在活塞的四个行程中,一个完整的工作循环曲轴需要转动两圈。 3)The oil pump in the lubricating system draws oil from the oil pan and sends it to all working parts in the engine. The oil drains off and runs down into the pan. Thus,there is constant circulation of oil between the pan and the working parts of the engine. P15

综合英语(一)课文及翻译

Lesson One: The Time Message Elwood N, Chapman 新的学习任务开始之际,千头万绪,最重要的是安排好时间,做时间的主人。本文作者提出了7点具体建议,或许对你有所启迪。 1 Time is tricky. It is difficult to control and easy to waste. When you look a head, you think you have more time than you need. For Example,at the beginning of a semester, you may feel that you have plenty of time on your hands, but toward the end of the term you may suddenly find that time is running out. You don't have enough time to cover all your duties (duty), so you get worried. What is the answer? Control! 译:时间真是不好对付,既难以控制好,又很容易浪费掉,当你向前看时,你觉得你的时间用不完。例如,在一个学期的开始,你或许觉得你有许多时间,但到学期快要结束时,你会突然发现时间快用光了,你甚至找不出时间把所有你必须干的事情干完,这样你就紧张了。答案是什么呢?控制。 2 Time is dangerous. If you don't control it, it will control you. I f you don't make it work fo r you, it will work against you. So you must become the master of time, not its servant. As a first-year college student, time management will be your number one Problem. 译:时间是危险的,如果你控制不了时间,时间就会控制你,如果你不能让时间为你服务,它就会起反作用。所以,你必须成为时间的主人,而不是它的奴仆,作为刚入学的大学生,妥善安排时间是你的头等大事。 3 Time is valuable. Wasting time is a bad habit. It is like a drug. The more time you waste,the easier it is to go on wasting time. If seriously wish to get the most out of college, you must put the time message into practice. 译:时间是珍贵的,浪费时间是个坏习惯,这就像毒品一样,你越浪费时间,就越容易继续浪费下去,如果你真的想充分利用上大学的机会,你就应该把利用时间的要旨付诸实践。 Message1. Control time from the beginning. 4 Time is today, not tomorrow or next week. Start your plan at the Beginning of the term. 译:抓紧时间就是抓紧当前的时间,不要把事情推到明天或是下周,在学期开始就开始计划。 Message2. Get the notebook habit. 5 Go and buy a notebook today, Use it to plan your study time each day. Once a weekly study plan is prepared, follow the same pattern every week with small changes. Sunday is a good day to make the Plan for the following week.

汽车专业英语翻译

About car engine Of all automobile components,an automobile engie is the most complicated assembly with dominant effects on the function of an autombile.So, the engine is generally called the"heat"of an automobile. 在汽车的所有部件中,汽车发动机是最复杂的组件,其对整车性能有着决定性的作用。因而发动机往往被称作发动机的“心脏”。 There are actually various types of engines such as electric motors,stream engines,andinternal combustion engines.The internal combustion engines seem to have almost complete dominance of the automotive field.The internal combustion engine,as its name indicates,burns fuel within the cylinders and converts the expanding force of the combustion into rotary force used to propel the vehicle. 事实上,按动力来源分发动机有很多种,如电动机、蒸汽机、外燃机等。然而内燃机似乎在发动机领域有着绝对的统治地位。就像其字面意思一样,内燃机的染料在气缸内燃烧,通过将燃烧产生气体的膨胀力转换成转动力来驱动发动机前进。 Engine is the power source of the automobile.Power is produced by the linear motion of a piston in a cylinder.However,this linear motion must be changed into rotary motion to turn the wheels of cars or trucks.The puston attached to the top of a connecting rod by a pin,called a piston pin or wrist pin.The bottom of the connecting rod is attached to the crankshaft.The connecting rod transmits the up-and-down motion of the piston to the crankshaft,which changes it into rotary motion.The connecting rod is mounted on the crankshaft with large bearings called rod bearing.Similar bearings, called main bearings,are used to mount the crankshaft in the block. 发动机是整部车的动力来源。能量来自于活塞在气缸内的(往复)直线运动。然而这种(往复)直线运动必须要转换成旋转运动才能驱动车轮。活塞与连杆通过一个销来连接,这个销称为活塞销。连杆的下部连接于曲拐。连杆把活塞的上下往复运动传递给曲拐,从而将往复直线运动转变成旋转运动。连杆和曲拐的连接使用大的轴承,称之为连杆轴承,类似的轴承也用于将曲轴连接到机体,称之为主轴承。 They are generally two different types of cooling system:water-cooling system and air-cooling system.Water-cooling system is more common.The cooling medium, or coolant, in them is either water or some low-freezing liquid, called antifreeze.A water-cooling system consists of the engine water jacket, thermostat, water pump, radiator, radiator cap, fan, fan drive belt and neccessary hoses. 主要有两种类型的冷却系统:水冷和风冷。水冷系统更为普遍。系统所用冷却介质或是冷却液常委水或其他低凝固点液体,称为抗凝剂。一个完整的水冷系统包括机体水套,节温器,水泵,散热器,散热器罩,风扇,风扇驱动皮带和必需的水管。 A water-cooling system means that water is used as a cooling agent to circulate through the engine to absorb the heat and carry it to the radiator for disposal.The ebgine is cooled mainly through heat transfer and heat dissipation.The heat generated by the mixture burned in the engine must be transferred from the iron or aluminum cylinder to the waterin the water jacket.The outside of the water jacket dissipates some of the heat to the air surrounding it, but most of the heat is carried by the cooling water to the radiator for dissipation.When the coolant temperature in the system reaches 90°,the termostat valve open fully, its slanted edge shutting off

新职业英语·职业综合英语1的课文翻译

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