汽车专业英语读译教程翻译UNIT 11 TEXT A

汽车专业英语读译教程翻译UNIT 11 TEXT A
汽车专业英语读译教程翻译UNIT 11 TEXT A

第11单元悬架与转向系统

课文A 悬架与转向系统的基本组成与类型

1.悬架系统

如果将一辆汽车的车桥直接固定到车架或车身上,道路上的每个凹凸不平的点都会将一个冲击力传递给车辆。乘客会觉得不舒适,高速操纵极为困难。现代汽车乘坐舒适、操控性好就是悬架系统的直接作用结果。

尽管轮胎和车轮必须随着道路的凹凸不平而上、下跳动,但对车身的影响应尽可能小。采用任何一种悬架系统的目的都是允许车身向前移动,而将上、下运动减到最小程度。悬架还应允许汽车转弯,但不能有过大的车身横摇或轮胎侧滑。

2.悬架系统的组成

1)车架

汽车的车架或车身应为悬架系统形成一个刚性结构基础,并未该系统提供坚固的锚固点。今天常见的车身结构有两种:车身在车架上的结构(非承载式车身)和整体式结构(承载式车身)。前者采用了单独的钢车架,车身的各个点通过连接螺栓固定到车架上;后者的车身各部分均用作结构件。承载式车身结构最常见,而非承载式仍然用在皮卡及大型轿车上。

2)弹簧

弹簧是悬架系统的最明显的部分。每辆汽车在其车架或车身与车桥之间都有某种弹簧。今天,使用的弹簧有三种:钢板弹簧、螺旋弹簧和扭杆弹簧。一辆汽车可以使用两种不同的弹簧。空气弹簧一度用来替代其他的弹簧,但现在已经过时。许多现代汽车都采用空气悬架,但它们只是用于对弹簧的补充。

3)减振器

当汽车在一水平路面上向前行驶,并且车轮碾压到道路上的凸起时,悬架系统的弹簧就会快速压缩(螺旋弹簧)或者扭转(钢板弹簧和扭杆弹簧)。弹簧试图返回到原来的正常安装位置。因此,弹簧回弹,使车身抬高。由于弹簧已经存储了能量,所以弹簧的回弹会超过其正常长度范围。汽车的向上跳跃运动也将有助于弹簧的回弹超过弹簧的正常长度范围。

弹簧回弹之后,汽车的重量将使弹簧压缩。由于汽车向下运动,下行的车身所积累的能量将推动压缩弹簧,使其高度低于正常的安装高度。这就导致了弹簧的再次回弹。这个过程(叫做弹簧震荡)逐渐减弱,直至汽车最后静止为止。弹簧的震荡会影响操纵性和乘坐舒适性,因而必须加以控制。

4)空气减振器

有些悬架系统采用两个可调的空气减振器,这两个减振器安装在后悬架上,并且用软管连接到空气阀上。

空气减振器采用液压减振系统,其工作方式与普通减振器相同。此外,空气减振器内还有密闭的空气室,空气室的气压与来自高度控制传感器的压力相互作用。改变到空气室的压力就会引起减振器长度即工作范围的增、减。

通过塑料管将压缩空气输送到空气减振器。此管将减振器与空气阀相连。用于升高减振器的压缩空气一般取自外部气源(如维修站压缩机),并通过空气阀进入。为了将不需要的空气从减振器放掉(降低汽车高度),要压下空气阀芯,使空气放出。

5)悬架摆臂

所有的汽车都有或摆臂或滑柱,以便保持车轮总成处于正确的位置。摆臂与滑柱可让车轮上、下移动,同时阻止其他方向的运动。在汽车加速、制动或转弯时,车轮往往会产生不希望有的运动。汽车悬架可以只有摆臂,或者将摆臂与滑柱结合使用。

3.悬架的类型

1)前悬架系统

几乎所有的前悬架系统都是独立悬架。采用独立悬架,每个前轮都能自由地上、下运动,对其他的车轮影响最小。在独立悬架系统中,加给车架的扭转作用要远远小于采用整体式车桥的悬架系统。然而,一些非道路四轮驱动车辆和大型货车仍然采用整体式车桥前悬架。两种主要的独立前悬架是传统式独立前悬架麦弗逊滑柱式独立前悬架。

(1)传统式独立前悬架

在传统式独立前悬架中,每个车轮采用一个或两个摆臂。在大多数系统中,螺旋弹簧安装在车架与下摆臂之间。而在老式悬架系统中,螺旋弹簧安装在上摆臂与车身之间。在扭杆弹簧前悬架中,下摆臂上移,从而使扭杆弹簧发生扭转变形。

(2)螺旋弹簧独立前悬架

图11-1是一种采用橡胶轴套摆臂支轴的典型的独立前悬架。螺旋弹簧的顶部置入一个杯形件中,并且顶靠在车架上(未画出)。螺旋弹簧的底部支撑在下摆臂上的弹簧衬垫上。每个减振器的顶部都固定到车架上,底部都固定到下摆臂上。

当车轮碰到道路上的凸起部位时,车轮就会被向上顶起。这就使摆臂绕支轴向上转动,从而使弹簧和减振器被压缩。橡胶缓冲垫限制摆臂的最大行程,并在到达极限位置时,对摆臂的运动起到缓冲作用。对于转向系统而言,前轮转向节绕球形接头转动。

(3)扭杆弹簧独立前悬架

扭杆弹簧位于汽车前部车架两侧。下摆臂与扭杆的自由端相连。当车轮向上弹起时,下摆臂向上运动,从而使长长的钢质弹簧杆受到扭转作用。

(4)麦弗逊滑柱式独立前悬架

大多数现代汽车(特别是前轮驱动汽车)采用了麦弗逊滑柱式独立前悬架,图11-2。注意,麦弗逊滑柱内含有一个螺旋弹簧,该弹簧装在大打得滑柱-底座组件的顶部上。螺旋弹簧顶部和底部的橡胶衬垫减轻了冲击。整个麦弗逊滑柱总成在底座的底部与转向节相连。麦弗逊滑柱组件的底部通过球形接头与单件的摆臂相连。

车轮转动时,整个滑柱总成转动。装在滑柱总成顶部的一个轴承即推力垫圈使滑柱总成与车身之间可以相对运动。球节使滑柱总成能相对于摆臂发生转动。滑柱内含有减振器,此减振器的工作方式与普通减振器相同。大多数减振器总成都装有保护盖,以防尘土和水粘到减振器的活塞杆上。

麦弗逊滑柱的优点是设计紧凑,从而对小汽车车身可以有更大的空间,方便维修。

(5)整体式车桥前悬架

一般说来,整体式车桥前悬架(即非独立悬架)的应用仅局限于货车和非道路车辆。这种悬架系统采用整体式钢质从动桥(前轴不随车轮转动),两侧均采用钢板弹簧。前轴与轮轴之间的枢轴布置使车轮能在每一端摆动。由于两侧前轮共用一根车轴,因此它们的上、下运动会引起自身的垂直倾斜。

2)后悬架系统

在采用整体时后桥壳的车辆上,后悬架采用了螺旋弹簧或钢板弹簧。当车辆采用非独立后悬架系统时,可以采用螺旋弹簧、麦弗逊滑柱、单个横置钢板弹簧或者扭杆弹簧。

4.转向系统

转向系统的设计目的是让驾驶员用最小的力,并且在不过度转动转向盘的情况下,能使前轮向左或向右摆动。虽然驾驶员能轻而易举地使车轮摆动,但是不能让道路的冲击传递给驾驶员。这种无道路冲击传递的特征被称为转向系统的不可逆性。

基本的转向系统可以被分为三个主要的部分:

·转向节和转向臂组件;

·连接转向臂与转向器的转向传动机构;

·转向盘、转向轴和转向器组件。

5.转向器

转向器的设计目的是放大驾驶员的转向力矩,使前轮摆动容易。当采用平行四边形传动杆系时,驾驶员所加的力矩通过转向器进行放大,然后通过转向传动机构传递给转向节。对于齿轮齿条式转向系统,转向轴直接与转向齿轮轴相连。转动转向齿轮即可使齿条移动,从而带动传动杆件运动。新型车辆或者采用人力转向器或者采用动力转向器。

目前使用的转向器有三种:循环球式转向器、蜗杆滚轮式转向器和齿轮齿条式转向器。

6.动力转向

动力转向的设计目的是利用液压力来加大转向器输出的正常力矩,从而减小转动转向盘所需的作用力。动力转向系统应能减小转向盘的操纵力,同时提供足够的转动阻力,以便保持有一定的路感。动力转向系统可以与普通的转向系统器或者齿轮齿条转向系统器配合使用(图11-3)。

整体式动力转向器总成内含有控制阀机构、动力活塞和齿轮。该转向器输出的力加给转向摇臂轴。

齿轮齿条动力转向机构还采用了一个旋转控制阀,从而可将转向液从动力转向泵送给齿条式活塞的一侧。该系统的总体布置见图11-3所示。转向盘的运动被传递给转向齿轮。转向齿轮与齿条啮合。与齿条相连的一体式齿条式活塞将油压转变成直线作用力(沿一直线来回运动),从而将齿条向右或向左推动。通过内、外横拉杆,再将这个力传给转向节,转向节再带动车轮摆动。

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Types of Automobiles(UNITTWO) 汽车的类型 The automobile industry is a fast developing industry. Form the later 18th century when the first automobile was put on road, this industry has developed tremendously. Now there are thousands of factories all over the world manufacturing numerous types of automobiles. This industry employs crores of men and women directly and indirectly in allied industries. The automobile engines are also being used in engine powered machines for agriculture, construction and manufacturing processes. Various types of small engines are also being used in lawn movers, power saws, snow removers and similar equipment. The automobile industry is a developing and demanding industry which does not find its end or saturation point. There is a great demand for varied types of automotive products, vehicles and engines. There is also a great demand for trained and experienced persons in this industry for diagnosing motor vehicle troubles, repairing and replacing engines components, transmissions, propeller shafts, differentials, axles, steering system components, brake system components, suspension components, air conditioners, heaters, body and glass work. 汽车产业是一个迅速发展的行业。形成后18世纪当第一汽车被放在路,这个行业的发展极大。现在有成千上万的工厂世界各地制造许多类型的汽车。这个行业雇佣了卢比的男性和女性直接和间接地在盟军的产业。汽车引擎也被用于发动机动力机器为农业、建筑业和制造业的过程。各种类型的小引擎也被用于草坪搬家公司,电锯,雪消毒剂和类似的设备。汽车行业是一个发展中国家和要求行业没有找到它的结尾或饱和点。有大量需要不同类型的汽车产品,汽车和发动机。还有一个巨大的需求训练和经验丰富的人在这个行业对诊断机动车麻烦、维修和更换引擎组件、变速箱、螺旋桨轴、差异、轴、转向系统组件,制动系统组件,悬挂组件、空调、热水器、身体和玻璃的工作。 There are numerous types of automobiles used in the world. There are in general three main classifications of the various types of vehicles. 有许多类型的汽车在世界上使用。一般有三种主要分类的各种类型的车辆。 The single-unit vehicles or load carriers. 车辆的单件或负载运营商。 Articulated vehicles. 铰接车辆。 The heavy tractor vehicles. 沉重的拖拉机车辆。 Single-unit vehicles are of conventional four-wheel type. The great majority of vehicles are of two axle design, In these vehicles the front axle is a steering non-driving axle and the rear axle is the driving axle. With the passage of time, a great many changes have taken place in the number of axles and the driving arrangements. 单一制车辆四轮类型的传统。绝大多数的车辆被两个轴的设计,在这些车辆前轴是转向非驱动轴和后轴驱动轴。随着时间的流逝,许多变化已经发生轴的数量和驾驶的安排。 In this classification, digital terms like 4×2, 4×4, 6×4etc,are commonly used. The first figure denotes the total number of wheels and the second figure the number of driving wheels. 在这个分类、数字术语像4×2、4×4、6×4等,被普遍使用。第一个图表示轮子的总数和第二

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(6)Maintain correct viscosity (free flowing at all temperatures). 保持正确的粘度(在所有温度下自由流动)。 When the brake fluid boils, it becomes vapor. A vapor can be compressed, but a liquid cannot be compressed. Pressing on the brake pedal will compress the vapor in the lines instead of transferring the pressure through the fluid. This can lead to partial or complete braking system failure, sometimes called brake pedal fade. Mountain driving puts increased duty on brakes and brake fluid. The boiling point drops at high altitude. This naturally increases the tendency towards vapor lock. In fact, vapor lock in the hydraulic braking system is the primary reason for brake pedal fade. 当制动液沸腾时,它变成蒸汽。可以压缩蒸汽,但不能压缩液体。按压制动踏板将压缩管线中的蒸汽,而不是将压力传递通过流体。这可能导致部分或完全制动系统故障,有时称为制动踏板褪色。山地驾驶增加了刹车和制动液的使用。沸点在高海拔下降。这自然增加了气体锁定的趋势。事实上,液压制动系统中的汽油锁是制动踏板褪色的主要原因。 Vehicle manufacturers recommend brake fluid that meets or exceeds SAE (Societyof Automotive Engineers)andDOT (Department of Transportation) specifications. 车辆制造商推荐符合或超过SAE(汽车工程师协会)和DOT(运输部)规格的制动液。 Standard brake fluid (DOT 3) is composed chiefly of equal parts of alcohol and castor oil. This combination of fluids works well under normal conditions but it easily boils and becomes a vapor under heavy-duty applications. It also tends to separate when exposed to low temperatures. 标准制动液(DOT 3)主要由酒精和蓖麻油组成。这种流体组合在正常条件下工作良好,但在重载应用下容易沸腾并成为蒸气。暴露于低温时也容易分离。The increasing requirements of brake fluid led to the development of silicone brake fluid,such as DOT 5. This fluid achieved low water pickup and good corrosion protection and also provides good lubrication qualities and rubber compatibility. 制动液的要求越来越高,导致了DOT 5等硅胶制动液的开发。该液体实现了低吸水率和良好的防腐蚀性能,并且还具有良好的润滑性能和橡胶相容性。 5.Brake valves 5.闸阀 There are typically five types of valves in vehicle braking system to adjust the braking force distribution. 车辆制动系统中通常有五种类型的阀门来调节制动力分布。 (1)Metering valve (1)计量阀 Most vehicles that have front disc and rear drum brakes are equipped with metering valve. This metering valve controls, or delays the flow of brake fluid to the front brakes. The rear drum brakes take longer to respond than the front disc brakes. The valve ensures that front disc brake do not act before the rear drum brake. The delays is long enough to allow the rear drum brakes time to react. This delay is particularly necessary during light braking and on slick road surfaces.

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