语法专讲之从句-人教版
语法专讲之从句-人教版
第一讲名词性从句
1．主语从句
（1）引导主语从句的关联代词不达意和关联副词如下：
who, what, which, whichever, whatever, whoever, when, where, how, why
例：What you need is more practice.
When we shall have our meeting is still a question.
Who will go to the conference is not important.
(2)形式主语it
主语从句可以放在句子后部，而用it 作形式主语放在句首，尤其是连词that 引导的主语从句常用于此种句式中。即：it +be+adj.+that-clause。但是，what, whatever, whoever, whichever 引导的主语从句一般不后置。
例：It is certain(that) he will come.
It’s a pity(that)you missed such a good journey.
It won’t make too much difference when we will start.
(3) what和that引导的主语从句的区别：
what作为关联代词，引导主语从句时，在从句中必须充当句子成分；而that作为连词，引阳主语从句时，其本身没有实际的意义，不充当句子成分，在句首时不能省略。
例：What I want to know is your address.
That they ask for better living and working conditions is right.
要特别注意连词that 用于其中的这种句型：
It + be +p.p. + that-clause 例如：
It is said that in China there are 50 million people with disabilities.
It is hoped that the blacks will have equal rights.
(4)whatever, whoever, whichever 引导的主语从句：
whatever, 相当于anything that, 是 what 的强调形式，表示“什么都，任何的事或物”。例如：
Whatever she does is ridiculous.
Whoever是who的强调形式，相当于anyone who ,表示“任何……的人都，凡是……的人都”。例如：
Whoever walks around in such a heavy rain will catch a cold.
Whichever “ 无论哪个；无论哪些”，既指人，也指物；可以单独使用，也可修饰名词，可以跟of 短语连用。
例如：Whichever of us fulfils his task first will lend a helping hand to others.
Whichever book you borrow doesn’t matter to me.
(5)whether 和if 引导的主语从句的区别：
whether 引导的主语从句可放在句首，也可放在后面，但if引导的主语从句一般放在句尾。例如：
Whether I’ll go there is not decided.
It is not decided whether/if I’ll go there.
2.宾语从句
（1）宾语从句中的虚拟语气
a. desire(愿望)，demand(要求)，insist(坚决要求)，order(命令)，request(请求)，suggest(建议)，propose（提议，建议）等词后的宾语从句用虚拟语气，宾语从句的谓语形式有两种：should + 不带to 的不定式，或者省略should，直接用不带to 的不定式。例如：He insisted that she (should)stay here for another week.
They suggested that we(should)start at once.
b. wish后的宾语从句用虚拟语气，宾语从句的谓语形式有三种情况，请观察下列例名：
I wish they would stop fighting.
(表示对将来的愿望)
I wish I could fly.
(表示对现在的愿望)
I wish I were(口语was) as rich as he.
(表示对现在的愿望)
He wishes he had tried more things at college.
(表示对过去的愿望)
（2）及物动词和短语动词的宾语从句
在许多动词（如believe, know, think）之后that 皆可用可不用；在某些动词如（answer, imply）之后则一般需要用that. That也常出现在像assure, convince, inform, instruct sb. That, remind sb. That, tell sb. That之后。在较长的句子里，特别在“that-从句“与动词隔开时（即：及物动词后面跟两个或两个以上的宾语从句时），that一般皆不可省。例如：
Everybody knows(that)money doesn’t grow on trees.
He answered that he would go.
The dealer told me how much he was prepared to pay for my car and that I could have the money without delay.
短语动词（不及物动词+介词）不能跟“t hat从句”。例如：He boasted about his success. = He boasted that he was successful.
但以疑问词不达意开关的名词性从句前面的介词则不可省去。例如：
He boasted about how successful he was.
(3)介词的宾语从句
介词except, in, but后可以跟“that从句”，但在介词及短语动词后多跟“the fact that从句”。例如：He has no special faults except th at he doesn’t try hard to learn from others.
His love of literature was due to the fact that his mother read poetary to him when he was a child.
The fact that 从句常跟在诸如 because of , in view of(鉴于)，on account of(由于)，owing to(由于)，due to(由于)，in spite of(不管)，despite（不管），等之后。
(4)形容词的宾语从句
在许多描述个人情感的形容词（如：afraid,glad,happy,pleased,sorry）或者是表示确信无疑的形容词（如certain,sure）之后皆可跟“that从句”，that可以省略。
例如：I’m sure(that)you’ll win.
I’m afraid(that) we’ve sold out of tickets.
(5)whether和if引导的宾语从句
在动词和少数用于否定的形容词，如not sure和not certain之后，whether和if 两者都可以用。例如：
I wonder if(whether)Jack can swim in such a wide river.
I’m not sure if(whether)my son can come back on time.
3.表语从句
（1）that和what引导的表语从句的区别：
that在引导的表语从句中，充当连词的作用，没有实际意义，不作句子成分；what在引导的表语从句中，充当连接代词的作用，代替the thing(s) that,作句子成分。例如：
Our plan is that we’ll go there once a week.
That’s what he said.
(2)引导表语从句时，用whether,不能用if .例如：
展开全文阅读The question is whether he has signed the contract. (不能用if)
（3）reason后面的表语从句用that 引导。请比较下面两个复合句。
You must tell him the reason why ,that you won’t accept his offer.
The reason why we don’t trust him is that(口语用because)he has often lied .
4．同位语从句
（1）能跟同位语从句的名词
idea, fact, news, hope, belief, thought, doubt等名词后面，可以跟that 或者连接代词、连接副词引导的同位语从句。同位语从句只
是对前面的名词作进一步的解释，说明前面的名词具体的含义。例如：We are surprised at the fact that the children did it all on their own.
They expressed the hope that we would go and visit Germany again.
(2)同位语从句和定语从句的区别：
that 作为关系代词，可以引导定语从句，充当句子成分；that引导同位语从句时，起连词的作用，没有实际意义，不充当句子成分，一般不能省略。试比较下面两个例句。
The suggestion(that) he raised at the meeting is very good.(作宾语时，可以省略)
The suggestion that the students(should)have plenty of exercise is very good.
(3)引导同位语从句时，用whether,不能用if .例如：
The question whether the Prime Minister should resign must be decided soon.
【典型例题】
1._______we can’t get seems better than _______we have.
A. What; what
B. What; that
C. That; that
D. That; what
2. It is generally considered unwise to give a child ______her or she wants.
A. however
B. whatever
C. wherever
D. whenever
3.—Do you remember_____ he came ?
---Yes, I do, he came by car.
A. how B .when C. that D. if
4._____we’ll go camping tomorrow depends on the weather.
A. If
B. Whether
C. That
D. Where
5. _____is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language.
A. There
B. This
C. That
D. It
【强化训练提高】
1．Go and get your coat, It’s ____you left it.
A. there
B. where
C. there where
D. where there
2. It worried her a bit _____ her hair was turning grey.
A. while
B. that
C. if
D. for
3. The question is ______ the film is worth seeing.
A. if
B. what
C. whether
D. how
4. One of the men held the view _____ the book said was right.
A. that what
B. what that
C. that
D. whether
5. They received orders _____the work be done at once .
A. which
B. when
C. /
D. that
6. Dr. Black comes from either Oxford or Cambridge ,I c an’t remember_____.
A. where
B. there
C. which
D. that
7. ---I drove to Zhuhai for the air show last week.
---Is that _____you had a few days off ?
A. why
B. when
C. what
D. where
8. The step-mother was punishing the poor girl, but she insisted that she _____the flower vase.
A. didn’t break
B. not break
C. doesn’t break
D. shouldn’t break
9. Can you make sure _____the gold ring ?
A. where she had put
B. where had she put
C. where she has put
D. where has she put
10. Rose looks pale. What do you think ____to her?
A. that has happened
B. to have happened
C. that has been happened
D. has happened
11. I wish it ____fine tomorrow.
A. would be
B. will be
C. is
D. to being
12. He has come , but I didn’t know that he ____ until
yesterday.
A. is coming
B. will come
C. was coming
D. wasn’t coming
13. Energy is ____ makes thing work.
A. what
B. everything
C. something
D. that
14. The reason ____ I have to go is ____ my mother is ill in bed.
A. why; why
B. why; because
C. why; that
D. that; because
15. He often thinks of ____ he can do more for his county.
A. what
B. how
C. that
D. which
16. He does not think the question of____ they are men or women is important.
A. whether
B. if
C. which
D. why
17. It was ordered that all the soldiers ____ to the front.
A. should send
B. must be send
C. should be send
D. must go
18. I wish I ____ that mistake in my examination.
A. did not make
B. have not make
C. do not make
D. had not made
19. Air is to us ____ water is to fish.
A. is that
B. what
C. which
D. that
第二讲状语从句
1．时间状语从句
通常由从属连词when, whenever, as, while, before, after, as soon as, till(until), since, once(一旦)等引导。例如：
The cyclist started just as the lights changed to green.
Whenever we met with difficulties, they came to help us.
We had all handed in our papers before the bell rang.
Once you understand the rules of the game, you’ll injoy it.
He didn’t leave his office until he had finished the day’s work.
(1)一些表示时间的名词词组如the moment , the minute , the day , the year, every time , next time, 副词immediately, directly, instantly 等也可引导时间状语从句。例如：
I’ll tell you about it the moment you come.
I recognized her the minute I saw her.
I’m going to see him next time he comes to Shanghai.
He left Europe the year World War Ⅱ broke out.
I got in touch with him immediately I received his letter.
My sister came directly(=as soon as) she got my message.
(2) when, while和as
when既可引导一个持续动作，也可引导一个短暂动作，可用于主句和从句动作同时发生或从句动作先于主句动作。例如：
I was fat when I was a child.
When they came home, I was cooking dinner.
When the film ended, people rush out of the hall.
While引导的动作必须是持续性的，强调主句和从句动作的同时发生，往往侧重主句和从句动作的对比。例如：He took a bath while I was preparing dinner.
She watched TV while(she was) eating.
as用于引导“在某行为的继续中发生某事”的“继续之行为”，所以多与过去进行时连用。
As I was walking down the street, an American asked me for directions to the nearest station.
He sang songs as he was taking a bath.
(3) till和untill
till和untill意义相同，多数情况下可换用，但用以强调，句首多用untill ; 在强调结构或与not 连用时多用till。例如： Nothing can be done till(until)the boss returns.
We waited till(until)they came back.
Until we know the facts, we can’t do anything about it.
It was not until today that it was made public.
Not until midnight did the noise of the street stop.
(4)hardly…when和no sooner…than相当于as soon as之意，也可引导时间状语从句。从句谓语动词用一般过去时，主句谓语动词用过去完成时。hardly及no sooner置于句首时，语气较强，主句的谓语要部分倒装。例如：
展开余文We had hardly begun when we were told to stop.
Hardly had we begun when we were told to stop.
The spy had no sooner returned home than he was told to go to another country .
No sooner had the spy returned home than he was told to go to another country.
(那个谍报员刚踏进国门就被受命要去他国。)
2．地点状语从句
通常由连词where和wherever引导，从句可位于主句之前，也可位于主句之后。
I found the books where I lift them.
Make a mark where you have any questions.
Wherever he happens to be, John can make himself at home.
(1)地点状语从句在句首时常兼有抽象条件意味。例如：
Where there’s a will, there’s a way.
Where(ver) there’s plenty of sun and rain, the fields are green.
(2)where 引导的状语从句和定语从句的区别
where引导地点状语从句直接修饰动词，而在定语从句中where 作为关系副词要跟在表示地点的先行词后面。例如：
Go back where you came from.
Go back to the village where you came from.
Bamboo(竹子)grows best where it’s wet and rainy.
Bamboo grows best in places where it’s wet and rainy.
3.原因状语从句
通常由because, since, as 引导，其中because表示原因，语势最强, since稍弱，as 最弱。
He took off his hat because he felt hot.
Because it was wet, I didn’t go out for a walk.
Don’t do anything simply because other people are doing it.
(1)在强调句型中，引导从句只能用because,不能用since或as 。例如：
As/Since he was not at home, I spoke to his brother.
Since he can’t answer the question, you’d better ask someone else.
As he was in a hurry, he left his bag at home.
Sinc e we’re young, we shouldn’t be too afraid of making mistakes.
4.目的状语从句
通常由that, so that, in order that, so 等连词引导。例如：
He took medicine on time that he might get will again.
The teacher must speak clearly so that his students can/may understand well.
She has bought the book in order that she can follow the TV lessons.
(1) 目的状语从句中的谓语常含有may (might), can(could),should, will等情态动词。通常主句在前，从句在后，主句与从句之间没有逗号.
(2) 由that 引导的目的状语从句现在用得较少,通常为so that 或in order that所取代, in order that多用于正式文体中, so可用于口语或非正式文体中．例如：
We’ll si t nearer the front so(that)we can hear better.
(3)在非正式文体中，常用in case引导目的状语从句，表示“以
防、以免”等含义。例如：
He left early in case he should miss the train.
Take your raincoat in case it rains.
(Take your raincoat in case it should rain.)
5.结果状语从句
通常由连词that, so that, so…that, such…that等引导。例如：What have I done that you should be so angry with me?
He had overslept , so that he was late for work.
He was so angry that he left the room without saying a word.
He made such an excellent speech that everyone admired him.
(1)so…that和such…that引导的结果状语从句都表示主句的动作或状态达到一定程度而引起的结果。
So是副词，用来修饰形容词、副词、分词或其他结构，such是形容词，用来修饰名词（可数或不可数名词）或名词短语。例如：There were so many people in the room that we couldn’t get in.
So badly was he injured that he had to go to the hospital.
(so位于句首时，主句的词序须倒装)
The book is so written that it gives a quite wrong idea of facts.
He told us such a funny story that we all laughed.
Such修饰单数可数名词且名词前有形容词时，可用so替换such,冠词与形容词交换位置，构成so + adj. + a(an) +名词，上面的句子可写成：
He told us so funny a story that we all laughed.
又如：This is such a beauti ful chair that I’m thinking of buying it.
This is so beautiful a chair that I’m thinking of buying it .
(2)区别由that, so that引导的目的状语从句和结果状语从句的方法
1）根据上下文及句子所表达的意思判断。
2）根据句子的结构来判断。从句之前有逗号的常是结果状语从句；从句中有情态动词的多半是目的状语从句。例如：She hurried, so that she caught the bus. (结果)
She hurried so that she might catch the bus.
I went to the lecture early, so that I got a good seat.(结果)
I’m going to the lecture early so that I may get a good seat.（目的）
6．条件状语从句
通常由if, unless(如果不，除非)，as(so) long as (只要)，in case(that)(结果，万一)等连词引导
If he is not in the office, he must be out for lunch.
In case anything important happens, please call me up.
万一发生了什么重要事情，请打电话给我。
I’ll lend it to you as long as you handle it with care.
只要你小心使用，我会借给你的。
（1）if和unless
unless是比if …not略为正式的表达法，unless从句的谓语动词只能是肯定式，例如：
Do not come unless I call you.
=Do not come id I do not call you.
Unless he’s in uniform, he doesn’t look like a policeman.
(2)If only常表示愿望或一未实现的条件，尤用于感叹句。表示“但愿，要是……就好了”。
If only he arrives in time!
If only I had met him earlier!
If only it would stop raining!
7.方式状语从句
通常由as, as if, as though引导
You must do the exercises as I show you.
I’ll do as I’m told to.
It looks as if it’s going to rain.
He walked slowly as if(though)he had hurt his leg.
as if , as though引导的状语从句，多描述非现实情况，应用虚拟语气，但口语中也有用陈述语气的。例如：
He walked as if he were(was)drunk.
He treats me as though I am(were)a stranger.
8.比较状语从句
通常由as…as, not so(as)…as, than等引导。例如：
His brother is as handsome as he(him).
The film was not so(as)good as I had expented.
Your bag is twice as expensive as mine.
I play tennis as well as him(he does).
She has a lot of books, but I don’t have as(so)many.
He swims faster than any other student in his class.
(1) as和than引导的比较状语从句常常省去与主句中相同的部分，只留下相比较的部分。例如：
She looks far older than she is .
It’s generally more expensive to tra vel by plan than by train.
(2)the +比较级（接从句），the +比较级（接从句）这一句型一般也归在比较状语从句内，表示“越……（就）越……”
The more you study, the more you dnow.
The more I know her, the more I liked her.
The harder we work, the happier we feel.
The quicker you get ready, the sooner we’ll b e able to leave.
The less she worried, the better she worded.
The more air there is inside the tyre, the harder it is pressed.
9.让步状语从句
通常由though, although, as(虽然，尽管)，even if, even though, whoever, whatever, whichever, whenever, wherever,
however, no matter who(what, which, when, where, how) whether 等引导。
（1）由although, though, as 引导的状语从句although和though同义，用法基本相同。前者较正式，多置于句首；后者较通俗，口语化。
He didn’t light the fire though/although it was cold.
Although he is quite old, he still jogs every day.
As引导的让步状语从句多用于书面语，语序要倒装，它比用though或although引导让步状语从句更有表现力，语气更强。
Rich as he is (=Although he’s rich), I don’t envy him.
Difficult the task was ,they managed to finish it in time.
Child as he is , he knows a lot.
Much as I love it, I’ll not buy it.
Though引导的让步状语从句，除了用于自然语序外，也可用于倒装语序，although则不可用于此句型。
Clever though(as)you may be, you cannot do that.
(2) even if, even though
even if, even though表示“即使，纵然”，有退一步设想的意味，多用于书面语中。
I’ll do it , even if it takes me all the afternoon.
Even if he did say so , we cannot be sure that he was telling the truth.
Even if 的从句中含有强烈的假定性，even though多以此句内容为前提。例如：
Even if he is poor, she loves him.
(尽管他很穷，她还是爱他。)
（3）由wh-词+ever引导让步状语从句
Keep calm, whatever happens.
Whenever you call on me , you are always welcome.
口语中常用no matter wh-来代替，
wh –ever 引导让步状语从句。
No matter what I did(=Whatever I did), no one paid any attention.
Wherever(= No matter where)you work,you can always find time to study.
However(= No matter how)often you ring, no one will answer.
(3) whether引导让步状语
whether(…or)引导让步状语从句，提供两个或两个以上供选择的条件。
Whether he drives or(whether he)takes the train, he’ll be there on time.
Whether I go alone or whether he go(es) with me , the result will be the same.
【典型例题】
1．If we word with a strong will, we can overcome any difficulty, _____great it is.
A. what
B. how
C. however
D. whatever
2. Mother was worried because Alice was ill, especially ____Father was away in France.
A. as
B. that
C. during
D. if
3. Why do you want a new job ____you’ve got such a good one already?
展开余文A. that B. where C. which D. when
4. ---What was the party like?
---Wonderful! It’s years ____I enjoyed myself so much.
A. after
B. before
C. when
D. since
5. We won’t give up ____we should fail ten times.
A. even if
B. since
C. whether
D. until
【强化训练提高】
1．_____difficult the work may be, we must go allout to finish
it ahead of time.
A. Whatever
B. However
C. How
D. What
2._____time went on, the truth has come to light.
A. When
B. With
C. By
D. As
3.—You seem to have that car for years.
--Yes, I should sell it ___it still runs.
A. before
B. during
C. until
D. while
4.____I met him, he was wording as a secretary in a big company.
A. Since the first time
B. The first time
C. The first time which
D. For the first time
5.He knew the problem was serious and promised to look into it ____ he reached office.
A. that moment
B. for that moment
C. immediately
D. soon
6.— When will the decision be made to deal with the matter?
-- Nothing is going to happen ____ I have looked into it further.
A. no matter
B. when
C. until
D. whatever
7. We’ll be able to get there on time ____ our car doesn’t break down on the road.
A. as soon as
B. as far as
C. as well as
D. as long as
8._____you have made a promise, you should carry it out.
A. Until
B. Once
C. For
D. While
9. Hardly had the game begun ____ it started to rain.
A. as
B. than
C. when
D. while
10. The museum will have to close ___ the government agrees to give extra money.
A. until
B. if
C. when
D. unless
11.—Will you go to attend her birthday party？
--No, ___ invited to.
A. if
B. until
C. when
D. even though
12.____ everybody knows abut it, I don’t want to talk any more.
A. For
B. Even
C. Since
D. However
13. We do not necessarily grow wiser ___ we grow older.
A. as
B. than
C. that
D. because
14. He sent the letter by air mail ___it might reach them in good time.
A. because
B. so as to
C. so that
D. for
15. — It was ___ I came back that he went to bed.
__ It was obvious that he was worried about you.
A. why
B. because
C. when
D. not until
16. Shanghai is developing very fast. Now it has ____ factories than in Hangzhou.
A. a lot of more
B. many more
C. quite more
D. much more
17. --- Could I borrow your dictionary?
--- I’d get it for you ___ I could remember who last borrowed it.
A. only if
B. if only
C. except that
D. considering that
18. He sensed something unusual ____ he stepped into room.
A. hardly when
B. as long as
C. for the moment
D. the moment
19. Call me at once ____ anything goes wrong with the machine.
A. when
B. how
C. because
D. but
20. --- Why was the price of bread so high that year?
---____ the war broke out.
A. As
B. Since
C. For
D. Because
第三讲倒装
1．完全倒装
（1）用于there be 句型
例如：There are many students in the classroom.
（2）用于“here, there, now, then + 不及物动词+主语”的句型中或以out, in, up, down, away等副词开头的句子中，表示强调。
例如：There goes the bell.
Now comes your turn.
Out went the students.
(但代伺作主语时不倒装)
例如：Here he comes. Here it is.
（3）当句首状语为表示地点的介词词组时，要全部倒装。
South of the city lies a big still factory.
（4）表语用于句首时，倒装结构为“表语+连系动词+主语”。
1）形容词+连系动词+主语
Present at the meeting were professor White and many other guests.
2)过去分词+连系动词+主语
Gone are the days when they could do what they liked to the Chinese people.
3)介词短语+be+主语
Among the goods are Christmas trees, flowers, candles and toys.
4)用于so, nor, neither开头的句子，表示重复前句部分内容，要用倒装。
例如：He has been to Beijing, so have I.
Li Wei can’t answer the question, Neither can I .
5)为了保持句子平衡，或为了强调表语或状语可倒装。
例如：They arrived at a farmhouse, in front of which sat a
small boy.
Inside the pyramids are the burial rooms for the kings and queens.
2.部分倒装
（1）用于疑问句和省略if的虚拟条件状语从句。
例如：Had you reviewed your lessons, you might have passed the examination.
Were I you, I would do the work better.
(2)用于no sooner…than…, hardly…when…和 not until句型中。
Not until the teacher came did he finish his homework.
No sooner had he finished the talk than a man stood up and put forward a question.
(3)用于never, hardly, seldom, scarcely, little, often, at, no time, not only, not once等词开头的句子。
例如：Never shall I do this again.
Little did he know who the woman was.
(4)用于某些表示祝愿的句子。
例如：May you succeed!
【典型例题】
1．Not until all the fish died in the river___ how serious the pollution was.
A. did the villagers realize
B. the villagers realized
C. the villagers did realize
D. didn’t the villagers realize
2. So ____ that no fish can live in it.
A. shallow is the lake
B. the lake is shallow
C. shallow the lake is
D. is the lake shallow
3. Not only ___ polluted but ____ crowded.
A. was the city; were the streets
B. the city was; were the streets
C. was the city; the streets were
D. the city was; the streets were
4. Only by practicing a few hours every day ____ be able to master the language.
A. you can
B. can you
C. you will
D. will you
5. Little ____ about his own safety, though he was in great danger himself.
A. does he came
B. did he care
C. he cares
D. he cared
【强化训练提高】
1. _____ seen him before, _____ tell you his name?
A. Never have I; how I can
B. I have never; how I can
C. Never have I ; how can I
D. I never have; how can I
2. Not until I began to work ___ how much time I had wasted.
A. didn’t I realize
B. did I realize
C. I didn’t realiz e C. I realized
3. Hardly ___ the bus stop ____ the bus arrived.
A. we had got to; when
B. we had got to; then
C. had we got to; than
D. had we got to; when
4. – Do you know Jim quarreled with his brother?
-- I don’t know, ____.
A. nor don’t I care
B. nor do I care
C. I don’t care neither
D. I don’t care also
5. ____ sat down for a rest ____ the door bell rang.
A. Hardly had I; when
B. Hardly had I; than
C. Hardly I had; when
D. Hardly I had; than
英语人教版九年级全册宾语从句专项讲解
初中英语语法宾语从句讲解， 注意！宾语从句小口诀： 宾语从句三注意，时态语序引导词； 主句一般现在时，从句不需受限制； 主句一般过去时，从句须用相应时； 陈述句转化that引，一般疑问句用if/whether, 特殊问句疑问词，引导词后陈述式。 一、基本讲解 1概念:在句中担当宾语的从句叫宾语从句，宾语从句可作谓语动词的宾语，也可做介词的宾语。eg, He said he was good at drawing. (动词宾语) He asks him how long Mike has been down . (动词宾语) Miss Zhang is angry at what you said. (介词宾语) 2.连接词 (1) .陈述句转化成宾语从句时，引导词用that,口语中常常省略。 e.g, She told me (that) she would like to go with us. (2)以 whether 或 if 引导的宾语从句, 主要用来引导一般疑问句意思或选择疑问句意思的宾语从句，从句同样是陈述语序 eg, I wonder if /whether u have told the new to Li Lei . 注意：一般情况下，whether 和if 可以互用，但有些情况例外。 a. 当从句做介词的宾于是只用whether 不用if
eg, We are talking about whether we'll go on the pinic. b. 引导词与动词不定式或 not 连用时，只用whether. eg, Please let me know what to do next. Could you tell me whether u go or not? c. if当如果讲时，引导的是条件状语从句，这时不能用whether. (3).特殊疑问句转化成宾语从句时，引导词用特殊疑问词；引导词后要用陈述句语序。 E.g. Could you tell me what's the matter\wrong with you? 特殊情况：：当do you think后接特殊疑问句转化成宾语从句时，句式结构应为引导词＋do you think＋陈述句语序。 3.宾语从句时态 a.当主句是一般现在时，一般将来时或祈使句时，从句不受主句的限制，根据自身的需要选用相应的时态。例如： Do you know（if/whether he has seen the film）? b.当主句是一般过去时，从句要用过去时的相应时态。例如： I didn't know （if/whether he had seen the film.） 注意：当主句是一般过去时，而从句表示的是客观真理，自然现象，科学原理，格言等，从句仍然要用一般现在时。例如： He said （that the earth moves round the sun.） The teacher told us （that light travels much faster than sound.）
人教版必修三第三单元语法：宾语从句和表语从句
Book 3 Unit 3 The Million Pound Bank Note （一）宾语从句（The Object Clause） 1.宾语从句:在复合句中充当宾语的句子，叫做宾语从句，它可以作动词的宾语，也可以作介词的宾语。句子结构： “主语+及物动词+宾语从句（引导词+主语+谓语....）” “主语+不及物动词+介词+宾语从句（引导词+主语+谓语...）” Eg. I wonder if you’d mind us asking a few question s. 不知你是否介意我们问你几个问题？ (if you’d mind us asking a few question s，是宾语从句，做谓语动词wonder 的宾语。) His eyes s tared at what is left of the brothers’ dinner on the table. 他的眼睛盯着两兄弟留在餐桌上的残羹冷炙。 (what is left of the brothers’ dinner on the table,是由what 引导的宾语从句，在句子中作介词at 的宾语。) 2.宾语从句的引导词有： 连词that（无词义），if（是否）, whether（是否） 连接代词who/ who（谁）, whose（谁的）, what (什么), which (哪一个） 连接副词when（什么时候）, where（哪里）, how（如何）, why （为什么） （1）that
1）that引导宾语从句，本身无词义，在宾语从句中不作成分，常可省略。 Eg. I can’t say that I have any plans. You mustn’t think (that) we don’t care about you. We know (that) you are hard -working. 2）当that引导并列的宾语从句时，第一个宾语从句的引导词that 可省略, 但是第二个宾语从句的引导词that不可省略。 Eg. We all think (that) she is working very hard and that she will surely go to a key university. 我们都认为她学习非常努力，她一定能上一所重点大学。 3）在“find/think /believe/consider+it（形式宾语）+adj（宾补）+that...（真正宾语）” 结构中，that 不可省略。 I think it important that we each should have good manners . 我认为我们每一个人都有礼貌是很重要的。 4）insist (坚持), order, command (命令), advise，suggest，propose（建议），require, request, demand, desire (要求) 等动词后的宾语从句中谓语常用“should +动词原形” should 可省略。 Eg.
人教版英语八下状语从句讲+练
八下状语从句: 一个完整的句子修饰主句中的动词、形容词/副词或这个大句子等，充当状语的成分。起副词作用的句子（故也叫副词性从句）。根据其作用可分为时间、地点、原因、条件、目的、结果、让步、方式和比较等从句。 状语从句一般由连词(从属连词)引导，也可由词组引导。从句位于句首或句中时常用逗号与主句隔开，位于句尾时可以不用隔开。 一：时间状语从句 在时间状语从句中，由状语从句表示主句动作发生的时间。 要点：时间状语从句，由以下连词引导：when（在…时）, as（当…时）, while（在…期间）, before（在…之前）, after（在...之后）, since （自从...以来）, not...until（直到…才）until/till(直到…时）等特殊引导词：the minute, the moment, the second,the day,every time，no sooner… than（一...就...）, hardly…when（一...就...）, as soon as(一…就…)。 在时间状语从句中，要注意时态一致。一般情况下主句是将来时的时候，从句主要用一般现在时。 当含有否定意义的连接词如：no sooner…than，hardly…when作为引导词且位于句首时，从句要部分（半）倒装。 No sooner did I go to the park，than I saw him waiting for me Hardly had we started when it began to rain. No sooner had I arrived home than it began to rain. 我一到家就开始下雨了。 Every time I listen to your advice, I get into trouble. 每当我听取你的建议时，我就会惹上麻烦。 二：原因状语从句 由连词because, since, as引导, 也可由now that 等词引导。特殊引导词：seeing that, now that, in that, considering that, given that. My friends dislike me because I’m handsome and successful. Now that everybody has come, let’s begin our conference. 难点——because , since , as , for,辨析 1）because语势最强，用来说明人所不知的原因，回答why提出的问题。当原因是显而易见的或已为人们所知，就用as或since。 I didn’t go because I was afraid. Since /As the weather is so bad, we have to delay our journey. 2）as和for的区别：通常情况下，as引导的从句在主句前，for连接的并列句只能放在在主句后。 As the weather is cold, I stay at home.== I stay at home for the weather is cold 注意：for 引导的是一个并列句，不属于原因状语从句的范畴，只是可以表原因而已。 三：条件状语从句 要点：条件状语从句由连词if, unless (=if not) as long as或in case/on condition (that) 引导。 常用引导词：if, unless,whether(whether...or not) 特殊引导词：as/so long as, only if, in case（美语中表条件，英语中表目的）, We’ll start our project if the president agrees. You will certainly succeed so long as you keep on trying. Wherever the sea is , you will find seamen. 提示：条件状语从句要注意时态的使用,当主句是将来时的时候,从句要用一般现在时.即所谓主将从现，主情从现，主祈从现。 He will not leave if it isn’t fine tomorrow. They are going to have a picnic if it doesn’t rain next week. 四：比较状语从句 要点：比较状语从句主要运用于形容词和副词的原级，比较级及最高级的句子之中。 原级 1. as…as 和...一样Jack is as tall as Bob. 2. not so(as)…as …和不一样She is not so(as)outgoing as her sister. 比较级 more…than (更) This book is more instructive than that one. 这本书比那本书有教育意义。 最高级 1.The most…in/of This book is the most interesting of the three. 这本书是三本中最有趣的。 2.the + 形容词+est…of/in This road is the busiest street in our city. 这条路是我们城市最繁忙的街道。 3.one of the + 名词(复数)….之一(用于最高级) Han Mei is one of the best students in our school. 知识扩展 no more than只不过(嫌少的意思) 1.I have no more than two pens. 2.It’s no more than a mile to the shops. not more than不如...；(前者不如后者) 1.Lucy is not more diligent than John.
高中英语语法---从句讲解
从句 名词性从句 在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词性从句（Noun Clauses）。名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组，它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词性从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。 主语从句 作句子主语的从句叫主语从句。主语从句通常由从属连词that，whether，if 和连接代词what，who，which，whatever，whoever以及连接副词how，when，where，why等词引导。that在句中无词义，只起连接作用；连接代词和连接副词在句中既保留自己的疑问含义、又起连接作用，在从句中充当从句的成分。例如： What he wants to tell us is not clear. 他要跟我们说什么，还不清楚。 如果what-分句本身明显表示复数意义，比如what分句的动词和补语都是复数，那么主句动词也可用复数。 如：What I say and think are none of your business.(我说的和我想的都与你无关。)注意：当what引导的名词性分句作主语时，主谓一致问题极为复杂。著名学者周海中教授在论文《关于what-分句作主语的主谓一致问题》中就这一问题做了深入研究，并给出了10种的主谓一致关系。这些一致关系值得英语学习者和使用者特别注意。 有时为避免句子头重脚轻，常用形式主语it代替主语从句作形式主语放于句首，而把主语从句置于句末。主语从句后的谓语动词一般用单数形式。常用句型如下： ⑴It + be + 名词+ that从句 ⑵It + be + 形容词+ that从句 ⑶It + be + 动词的过去分词+ that从句 ⑷It +不及物动词+ that 从句 另注意在主语从句中用来表示惊奇、不相信、惋惜、理应如此等语气时，谓语动词要用虚拟语气“（should) +do”，常用的句型有：
定语从句复习讲义--人教版英语九年级全册
定语从句专题 Part 1定语从句的基本概念 一、什么是定语 boys tall boys tall handsome boys in my class 前置定语后置定语(定语从句往往是比较长的放在名词的后面） 总结：定语，主要修饰名词或代词，一般能够翻译成“________”的成分。 定语可以是一个______，也可以是________，还可以是一个_____，用来限定名词的范围。 二、什么是从句 整个句子充当____________的成分 He is a boy who comes from Canada. 三、什么是定语从句 整个句子充当另一个句子的______成分，相当于一个______，去____主句中的名词。 四、怎么识别定语从句 主句______，主句中有名词或者代词被从句修饰。 定语从句＝______＋______＋_________ 从句部分 其中，先行词可以是从句的主语或者宾语。 即：n. (定语从句) + v. +… 主语+ v. + n. (定语从句) 【练习】试着用三角标注每一个定语从句的先行词，波浪线标注关系词，并将关系词与定语从句用括号括出。例如：She is the singer (that /whom I met last week). ∆ 1. She is the singer that /whom I met last week. 2. I still remember the night when I first came to the village. 3. He that would eat the fruit must climb the tree. 4. This is the place where Chairman Mao once lived. 5. The cars which are produced in Hubei province sell very well. 6. The gift that I am looking forward to is given to be by my mother. 7. The boy who is wearing a black jacket is very clever. 8. what’s the name of the young man whose sister is a doctor? 9. Who is the person that is reading the newspaper? 10. The reason why I am phoning you is to ask you whether you have got my email.
人教版高中英语必修一定语从句语法讲解
定语从句 一. 定语从句中的基本概念 在复合句中，修饰名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。 引导定语从句的词叫关系词。 被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。定语从句一般放在先行词的后面。 二. 引导定语从句的关系词 引导定语从句的关系词有关系代词和关系副词。 常见的关系代词包括that， which， who（宾格whom，所有格whose），as 等。关系副词包括where， when， why等。关系代词和关系副词放在先行词及定语从句之间起连接作用，同时又作定语从句的重要成分。 三. 定语从句的分类 根据定语从句与先行词的关系，定语从句可分为限制性定语从句及非限制性定语从句。 1. 限制性定语从句紧跟先行词，主句与从句不用逗号分开，从句不可省去。 例如：Any man that / who has a sense of duty won’t do such a thing. 任何有责任感的人都不会做这样的事。 2. 非限制性定语从句主句与从句之间有逗号分开，起补充说明作用，如省去，意思仍完整。例如：The house,which we bought last month,is very nice. 这幢房子很漂亮,是我们上个月买的. 注意：非限定性定语从句中不能使用关系代词 that。 四. 关系代词的用法 1. that that既可以用于指人，也可以用于指物。在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语，作宾语可省略。例如： Mary likes music that is quiet and gentle. 玛丽喜欢轻柔的音乐。（that作主语） The coat （that） I put on the desk is blue. 我放在桌子上的那件外套是蓝色的。（that作宾语） 2. which which 用于指物，在句中作主语、宾语或表语，作宾语可省略。例如：
语法讲义-从句
语法讲义 一.状语从句 状语从句是英语句法中比较重要的环节，可以用来表示时间、地点、原因、条件、目的、结果、方式、比较和让步等。 1. 时间状语从句 1) 由as, while引导时，表主句和从句动作同时发生，或一个动作在另一个动作或状态的过程中； 2) 由after, when引导时，表示主句动作在从句动作之后； 3) 由before, when引导时，表示主句动作发生在从句动作之前； 4) 由whenever, every / each time引导时，表示主句动作以从句动作为条件而发生； eg: We can leave when you are ready. (你什么时候准备好，我们就可以动身了。动身这个动作是在这个人准备好了之后发生的。) 5) 由as soon as引导时，表示主句动作发生在从句动作的一瞬间之后（注意：the moment，the instant，the second，the minute都可做连词用，引导定语从句，意思是as soon as。）；6) 由just/ hardly…when, no sooner…than引导时，表示主句动作发生在从句动作一瞬间之前。 eg: No sooner had we reached the top of the hill than we all sat down to rest. 2. 原因状语从句，由because, as, since或复合连接词now that，in that等引导。（注意：for 是连词，虽然也可以表示"因为"，但其后所接的是并列句中的一个独立句，而非从句。）eg: Now that my head had cleared, my brain was also beginning to work much better. 3. 地点状语从句，由where, wherever引导。 eg Although he knew little about the large amount of work done in the field, he succeeded where other more well-informed experimenters failed. 4. 条件状语从句，由if, as (so) long as和unless引导。 条件状语从句分为两大类：真实条件句和虚拟条件句。当从句所表达的条件是有可能实现的、有可能是真实的条件时，用真实条件句；如果从句所表达的条件是不可能实现的、与客观事实完全相反的条件或假设时，用虚拟条件句。 真实条件句在使用中也有需要注意的事项：从句中的动词应该用一般现在时代替一般将来时；用现在完成时代替将来完成时。 eg：You can arrive in Beijing earlier for the meeting provided you don't mind taking the night train. 5. 目的状语从句，由so that, in order that, in case等引导。 注意：这类从句中常常用情态动词may/ might, can/ could, should等，以保证语气通顺自然。 I was advised to arrange for insurance in case I needed medical treatment. 6. 结果状语从句由so that, so…that, such…that等引导。 注意：so…that与such…that的区别在于：前者的省略号处是形容词或副词，而后者的省略号处最终是一个名词。“最终”的意思是，该名词前也可以出现形容词甚至出现修饰形容词的副词，但整个词组的中心词是这个名词。 7. 让步状语从句，由though, although, even if, even though, however, no matter how/ what/ who 等引导。注意对让步状语从句的掌握要注意以下几点内容。 1) 使用though, although时，务必避免与but连用。 2) even if, even though和as if, as though不同。后者常常要求使用虚拟语气。 eg: I've already told you that I'm going to buy it, however much it costs. 8. 比较状语从句，由than, the…the…, as…as引导。
2022年人教版高考英语语法复习 第7讲 定语从句
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【中考英语复习之语法过关(人教版)】课时08 宾语从句(教师版)
第八课时宾语从句 在句中起宾语作用的从句叫宾语从句，宾语从句可作谓语动词的宾语，也可作介词的宾语。
连接词 连接词的作用 例句 that 本身无意义,只起连接作用,在口语中可省略 He said(that)Kate was good at swimming.他说凯特擅长游泳。 what,which,who,whose, whom 等连接代词 在从句中作一定的成分,如主语、宾语、定语等 I don’t know what they are going to do.我不知道他们打算干什么。 when(表时间),where(表 地点),why(表原 因),how(表方式)等连接 副词 在从句中作状语 Could you tell me where you are from?你能告诉我你来自哪儿吗? Do you know how they found the place?你知道他们是怎么找到那个地方的吗? if/whether (是否) 不作句子成分,但不能省略 He asked me if Miss Gao was a teacher.他问我高小姐是否是一位老师。 1.He seems to have learnt about the bad news.(改为同义句) It seems about the bad news. 2.Who is the man?Could you tell me?(合并为一个句子并且不改变意思) Could you tell me ? 【答案】1.that he has learnt2.who the man is (1)那么宾语从句的时态可根据实际情况而定。如: I remember he gave me a book yesterday.我记得他昨天给了我一本书。 He has told me that he’ll leave for New York tomorrow.他已告诉我明天他就动身去纽约了。 (2)如果主句是过去的某种时态(包括一般过去时、过去进行时),那么宾语从句一般要用过去的某种时态(包括一般过去时、过去进行时、过去将来时、过去完成时)。如: He told me that he would take part in the competition.他告诉我他将会参加比赛。 (3)如果宾语从句表示的是客观事实或真理,即使主句是一般过去时,从句也用一般现在时态。如: He told me that the earth is round.(真理)他告诉我地球是圆的。 1.The teacher told us,“Light travels much faster than sound.”(改为间接引语) The teacher told us much faster than sound. 【答案】light travels ,要特别注意从句的语序,即按照主语、谓语的顺序。如:
语法专讲之从句-人教版
语法专讲之从句-人教版 第一讲名词性从句 1．主语从句 （1）引导主语从句的关联代词不达意和关联副词如下： who, what, which, whichever, whatever, whoever, when, where, how, why 例：What you need is more practice. When we shall have our meeting is still a question. Who will go to the conference is not important. (2)形式主语it 主语从句可以放在句子后部，而用it 作形式主语放在句首，尤其是连词that 引导的主语从句常用于此种句式中。即：it +be+adj.+that-clause。但是，what, whatever, whoever, whichever 引导的主语从句一般不后置。 例：It is certain(that) he will come. It’s a pity(that)you missed such a good journey. It won’t make too much difference when we will start. (3) what和that引导的主语从句的区别： what作为关联代词，引导主语从句时，在从句中必须充当句子成分；而that作为连词，引阳主语从句时，其本身没有实际的意义，不充当句子成分，在句首时不能省略。 例：What I want to know is your address. That they ask for better living and working conditions is right. 要特别注意连词that 用于其中的这种句型： It + be +p.p. + that-clause 例如： It is said that in China there are 50 million people with disabilities. It is hoped that the blacks will have equal rights. (4)whatever, whoever, whichever 引导的主语从句：
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定语从句 概念:在复合句中修饰名词或代词的句子. Mary is a beautiful girl. 形容词作定语 Mary is a girl who has long hair. 句子作定语,修饰girl, 叫做定语从句 Mary is a girl who has long hair. 先行词关系词定语从句 关系词作用 1.代替先行词; 2.它还在定语从句中担任一定的成分; 3. 同时连接先行词与它引导的定语从句。（把主句和从句连起来） 关系代词在定语从句中代替主句中的先行词，所以它在一般情况下都跟在先行词之后，而且它的人称、数必须和先行词一致。 Mary is a girl who has long hair. They are students who wear uniforms. 关系词判断步骤: 如果先行词是指人,从句中缺成分，关系代词可用who,that,whom,whose。 如果先行词指物,从句中缺成分，关系代词可用which或that; 如果主从句均完整，则选用关系副词when where why
注:定语从句的时态不受主句的限制。 二、关系代词在定语从句中的用法(关系代词作宾语时可省略)：1．that指人或物，在定语从句中可作主语或宾语。 This is the pen that you are looking for.
The girl that has long hair is my sister. 2．which指物，在定语从句中可作主语或宾语。 The bike which is made in Tianjin sells well. The fish which we bought were not fresh. 3．who, whom指人，在定语从句中可作主语或宾语。 The boy who broke the window is called Tom. The person to whom he is talking is my father.正在和他谈话的那个人是我父亲。(宾语) 4．whose指人或物，在定语从句中作定语。 The girl whose bag is new is called Ann.新书包的那个女孩叫Ann。(指人) He lives in a house whose widows open to the south.他住在窗户朝南的那所房子。(指物) 三、只用which不用that的情况： 1．在介词后只用which，不能用that。 This is the bank in which the robbery happened.这是那所发生抢劫案的银行。 2．先行词本身是that时，只能用which，不能用that。 The clock is that which tells the time.钟表是用来报时的。 四、只用that不用which的情况： 1．先行词被形容词最高级修饰时只能用that。 This is the most beautiful mountain that I have seen. 这是我所见过的最美丽的山。 2．先行词被序数词修饰时只能用that。 The first English novel that I read was Thirty-nine Steps.我读的第一本英文小说是《39级台阶》。 3. 先行词前有all, any, no, little, much, many, the only, the very, the last等修饰词时只能用that。
2020-2021学年人教9年级英语语法精讲之宾语从句
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一个句子做定语，这个句子称为定语从句。 二.定语从句的分类(初中阶段不考虑这一条) 1.限制性定语从句：对先行词起限定修饰作用。 He is a teacher who works at our school. 2.非限制性定语从句：对先行词起补充说明作用(先行词与定语从句之间有逗号隔开) Beijing, which is the capital of China, is a beautiful city with a long history. 比较： He has two sons, who work in the same company. (He has only two sons.) He has two sons who work in the same company. (Perhaps he has two more sons) 三.定语从句的10个难点(初中阶段只需考虑其中部分，以下有说明) 1.关系代词的省略(限定性定语从句) (1)关系代词在定语从句中作宾语 She is the girl (whom / that) I loved before. (可以省略whom/that) (2)关系代词在定语从句中作表语 He is no longer the boy (that) he used to be. (可以省略that) (3)关系代词作介词宾语，介词在从句句尾时可以省略 Housing price is a problem (that/which) people are interested in.
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