高三英语语法专题(二)名词性从句教学文案
高三英语语法专题(二)名词性从句
高三英语语法专题（二）
名词性从句
在英语中，通常把主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句和宾语从句统称为名词性从句。名词性从句在句中相当于一个名词或名词词组，在句中充当主语、表语、宾语或同位语等。
引导名词性从句的词通常分为三类:①连接词有that/whether/if等;②连接代词有what/ who / which/ whatever / whoever / whichever / whom / whomever 等;③连接副词有when / where / why / how等，名词性从句中缺少什么成分就找什么引导词，如果不缺少成分通常用that来引导。
一．主语从句
主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句，通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语it 代替，而本身放在句子末尾。
1. It 作形式主语和it引导强调句的比较
It 作形式主语代替主语从句，主要是为了平衡句子结构，主语从句的连接词没有变化。而it引导的强调句则是对句子某一部分进行强调，无论强调的是什么成分，都可用连词that。被强调部分指人时也可用who/whom。例如：
It is a pity that you didn’t go to see the film.
It doesn’t interest me whether you succeed or not.
It is in the morning that the murder took place.
It is John that broke the window.
2. 用it 作形式主语的结构
(1) It is ＋名词＋从句
It is a fact that …事实是……
It is an honor that………非常荣幸
It is common knowledge that………是常识
It is a pity that…可惜的是……
(2) It is ＋形容词＋从句
It is natural that…很自然……
It is strange that…奇怪的是……
It is certain that… 很肯定
(3) It＋连系动词或不及物动词＋从句
It seems that…似乎……
It happened that…碰巧……
(4) It is＋过去分词＋从句
It is reported that…据报道……
It has been proved that…已证实……
3. 主语从句不可位于句首的五种情况
(1) if 引导的主语从句不可居于复合句句首。
(2) It is said , (reported) …结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如：
It is said that President Jingo will visit our school next week. (right)
That President Jiang will visit our school next week is said. (wrong)
(3) It happens…, It occurs… 结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如：
It occurred to him that he failed in the examination. (right)
That he failed in the examination occurred to him. (wrong)
(4) It doesn’t matter how/whether …结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如：
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It doesn’t matter whether he is wrong or not. (right)
Whether he is wrong or not doesn’t matter. (wrong)
(5) 含主语从句的复合句是疑问句时，主语从句不可提前。例如：
Is it likely that it will rain in the evening? (right)
Is that will rain in the evening likely? (wrong)
4. what 与that 在引导主语从句时的区别
What 引导主语从句时在从句中充当句子成分，如主语,宾语,表语，而that 则不然。
1) What you said yesterday is right.
2) That she is still alive is a surprise to all of us.
二．宾语从句
宾语从句就是在复合句中作宾语的名词性从句，通常放在主句谓语动词（及物动词）或介词之后。
1. 作动词的宾语
由that引导的宾语从句（that 通常可以省略）,例如：
I heard that he joined the army.
注意：在insist, order, demand, require, suggest, advise等表示坚持、命令、要求、建议等意义的动词后，that从句常用“（should）+ 动词原形”的结构（虚拟语气）。
2. 作介词的宾语
Our success depends upon how well we can cooperate with one another.
3. 作形容词的宾语
I am afraid (that) I’ve made a mista ke.
I am confident that I can get the job.
that 引导的从句常跟在下列形容词后作宾语：anxious, aware, certain, confident, convinced, determined, glad, proud, surprised, worried, sorry, thankful, ashamed, disappointed, annoyed, pleased, hurt, satisfied, content 等;也可以将此类词后的that从句看作原因状语从句。
4. It 可以作为形式宾语
It 不仅可以作为形式主语，还可以作为形式宾语而真正的宾语that 从句则放在句尾，特别是在带复合宾语的句子中。
I think it necessary that we read English every day.
用于此句型常见的动词和短语:appreciate, like, dislike, hate, love, count on/upon(期待), depend on/upon (依靠),rely on (指望), see to (确保), insist on, take…for granted（相当然）, bring…to one’s attention等
Please see to it that the door is locked before you leave.
I don’t like it that people speak with their mouthes full.
You may rely on it that everything will be ready by Monday.
5. 否定的转移
若主语为I/we think/consider/ suppose/ believe/expect/guess/imagine等，其后的宾语从句若含有否定意义，一般要把否定词转移到主句谓语上，从句谓语用肯定式。例如：I don’t think this dress fits you well.（我认为这件衣服不适合你穿。）
三．表语从句
表语从句是在复合句中作表语的名词性从句，放在系动词之后，一般结构是“主语＋连系动词＋表语从句”。可以接表语从句的连系动词有be, look, remain, seem等。
1) The question is whether we can make good preparations in such a short time.
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2) This is why we can’t get the support of the people.
3) The fact remains that we are behind the other classes.
4) The reason why he is late for school is that he missed the early bus.
四．同位语从句
同位语从句就是在复合句中作名词的同位语的名词性从句。它对前面的名词作进一步解释，说明名词的具体内容，一般由that引导，例如：
1) The king’s decision that the prisoner would be set free surprised all the people.
2) The order that all the soldiers should stay still is given by the general.
同位语从句有时可以不紧跟在它所说明的名词后面，而是被别的词隔开。例如：
He got the news from Mary that the sports meeting was put off.
五、名词性从句考点扫描：
考点一:一些引导词的使用
★that引导主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句时，只起连接主从句的作用而不充当句子的任何成分，此时that不可以省略; that引导宾语从句时，不充当成分，往往可以省略，但以下几种情况一般不省略:
①在句型"主语+谓语+it(形式宾语)+ 补足语+that从句"中，that不可以省略。如:The manager has made it clear to us that he doesn't agree with us.
②当由两个that引导的从句作同一个动词或介词的宾语时，第二个从句中的that不
能省略。如: Mr Smith told the workers (that) John had worked very hard and that he wanted him to stay.
③当宾语从句是由主从复合句充当并且从句在前时，that一般不省略. 如: She says that if her father allows her to join us，she will come here on time.
④有插入语或其它成分把宾语从句和主句分开时。如: She explained to me that she was not wrong.
⑤当that引导的宾语从句的主语是非谓语动词或主语从句时。如:He explained that what she was looking for was a pair of socks.
⑥当从句的主语是that时。如 She says that that will be a real treat for her.
★主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句中所缺少的成分如果表示"是否"，则用whether引导，而不用if引导;在宾语从句中，whether与if往往可以换用。但在下列几种情况不可以互换:①whether与or(not)连用时;②介词后的宾语从句用whether引导;③discuss后的宾语
从句用whether引导表示"是否";④如果if引导有歧义时，通常用whether引导;⑤if可以引导条件句，而whether不可以.
[典型考例]
1. We haven't settled the question of______ it is necessary for him to study abroad.
(2006江苏卷) A.if B. where C. whether D. that
[解析]C. of介词之后的宾语从句要用whether引导，表示"是否"，不可以用if引导。
2. Elephants have their own way to tell the shape of an object and____ it is rough or smooth.
(2005天津卷) A.不填 B. whether C.how D.what
[解析]B. 根据后面的or可以判断此处用whether引导宾语从句作tell的宾语。
3. _________ Mr.Liu will consider this opinion or not is not clear.
A. If‘
B. That
C.How
D.Whether
[解析]D。根据后面的or not结构判断此处应用whether来引导主语从句。
4. You must answer the question ________ you have received her letter or not.
A. what
B. that
C. whether
D. if
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[解析]C. 同位语从句表示"是否" 含义且与or not连用时，通常用whether引导，而不用if引导。
★why与because都可以引导表语从句，但用法不同。如果表语从句表述的事情和"结果"有关，则用why来引导;如果表语从句指的事情和"原因"有关，则用because来引导。主句主语是 reason时，表语从句引导词用that，不用because。如: The reason why he was late was that he missed the first bus.
[典型考例]
1. -- I drove to Zhuhai for the air show last week.
--Is that________ you had a few days off?
A. why
B. when
C. what
D. where
[解析]A.该表语从句表示"结果"',所以用why引导。
2. That he hasn't come is________ he is busy writing the papers.
A. that
B. what
C. why
D. because
[解析]D."忙于写论文是没有来的原因"，表语从句表示"原因"，所以用because引导。
3._______ she couldn't understand was_______ fewer and fewer students showed
interest in her lessons.（上海卷)
A. What...why
B. That...what
C. What...because
D. Why...that
[解析]A。第一空是what引导的主语从句，what在从句中作understand 的宾语,第二空是表语从句表示"结果"，所以用why来引导。
考点二:名词性从句的语序
在使用名词性从句时，应该注意的是引导词加陈述句语序，千万不可以用疑问句语序。
[典型考例]
1. These shoes look very good. I wonder_________ (2006上海春季)
A. how much cost they are
B. how much do they cost
C. how much they cost
D. how much are they cost
[解析]C。该句是wonder引导的宾语从句，宾语从句用引导词加陈述句语序。
2. Mum is coming. What present ____________for your birthday? (2005福建卷) ，
A. you expect she has got
B. you expect has she got
C. do you expect she has got
D. do you expect has she got
[解析]C. 在do you expect(think/suppose/guess等)的宾语从句中，往往疑问词提前构成双重疑问句，即:特殊疑问词+do you expect (think/suppose/ guess等)+陈述句结构。
3. I have always been honest and straightforward，and it doesn't matter _____ I’m talking
to. (2004广东卷)
A. who is it
B. who it is
C. it is who
D.it is whom
[解析]B。此句中的第一个it是形式主语，真正的主语是后面的从句。该从句是由强调句型构成，由于对特殊疑问词强调，所以构成从句时应用"特殊疑问词+陈述句语序"。
4.The boss asked me______________ just now.
A. what was the matter
B. what the matter was
C. how was the matter
D. how the matter was
[解析]A. what's the matter在宾语从句中语序不变，因为what在从句中是作主语而不是表语。
考点三:名词性从句中的语气
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★在It+be+adj+that从句结构中，如果形容词是necessary、important、 natural、strange、urgent、surprising等时，那么that从句应该使用虚拟语气，即(should)+动词原形。
[典型考例]
1. It was necessary that Tom _________to the hospital at once.
A. was sent
B. be sent
C. would be sent
D. sends (B)
2.----Don't you think it necessary that he to Miami but to New York?
----I agree，but the problem is _ he has refused to. (2005江苏卷)
A. will not be sent; that
B. not be sent; that
C. should not be sent; what
D. s hould not send; what (B)
★在表示“坚持insist,建议suggest, advise, propose,命令order,要求require, request, demand”等词后面的名词性从句中往往要使用虚拟语气，即(should)+动词原形。如果是这些词的名词或过去分词形式，它们所接的名词性从句一样要用虚拟语气。
3.Mr. Wu's advice was that my mother___________ smoking.
A. gives up
B. gave up
C. will give up
D. give up (D)
4.It’s suggested that the patient be sent to hospital at once .
注意: (一) I don’t think highly of the advice that he gave on how to learn English well.
(二)suggest表示"建议"时，宾语从句要使用虚拟语气；但表示"暗示，表明"时，要用陈述语气; insist表示"坚持要求……"时，宾语从句要使用虚拟语气;但表示"坚持认为……"时，应用陈述语气。
Her pale face suggested that she was ill, so we suggested that she should be sent to hospital. Tom insisted that he was right and that the teacher (should) apologize to him at once.
考点四:宾语从句中的时态
宾语从句中动词的时态往往受主句动词时态的影响。如果主句的谓语动词是一般过去时，那么从句的谓语动词时态通常为过去时态中的一种；如果主句是祈使句或主句的谓语动词是一般现在时或一般将来时，那么从句动词可根据句意使用任何一种形式；如果宾语从句陈述的是一种客观事实，那么宾语从句要使用一般现在时。如：（1）My mother said she would go to see my grandparents. (2) The geography teacher said the sun rises in the east.
[典型考例]
1.1 think it is necessary for my 19-year-old son to have his own mobile phone，for I sometimes want to make sure if he ________home for dinner. (2006辽宁卷)
A. come
B. comes
C. has come
D. will come
[解析]D. make sure后是if引导的宾语从句，根据句意(是否回来吃晚饭) ，此处表示将来时间，所以从句动词用一般将来时。
2. Customers are asked to make sure that they________ the right change before leaving the shop. (2006重庆卷)
A.will give
B.have been given
C.have given
D.will be given
[解析]B。根据before leaving the shop可知give这一动作在之前发生，由于是被动关系，所以用现在完成时的被动语态。
3.---Hurry up! Alice and Sue are waiting for you at the school gate.
---Oh ! I thought they _________without me. (2005江西卷)
A. went
B. are going
C. have gone
D. had gone
[解析]D。答句中的go这一动词在thought这一动作之前，表示"过去之过去"，因而用过去完成时。I thought表示"原以为……。
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考点五:含干扰因素的名词性从句
命题人为了增加题目的难度，往往对名词性从句增加干扰因素，常见的有两种形式:一是将名词性从句(多为同位语从句)与中心词分隔开来;二是在从句中增加插入成分。
同位语从句与中心词之间经常被谓语或其它修饰语分开，此时应注意分清结构。
[典型考例]
1. A warm thought suddenly came to me_______ I might use the pocket money to buy
some flowers for my mother ’s birthday.(2006安徽卷)
A．if B. when C. that D. which
[解析]C. that引导同位语从句，修饰前面的主语A warm thought 。
2．-----It's thirty years since we last met.
------But I still remember the story，believe it or not, _________we got lost on a rainy night. (2006四川卷)
A. which
B. that
C. what
D. when
[解析]B. that引导同位语从句，修饰前面的the story， believe it or not (信不信由你)是插入语。
3. ----What did your parents think about your decision?
--They always let me do_________ I think I should. (2006全国卷ll)
A. when
B. that
C. how
D. what
[解析]D. 在do后面的宾语从句中，I think是插入成分，宾语从句中缺少should (do)的宾语，所以用what引导。
考点六: 名词性从句与其它从句的比较
名词性从句与其它从句的比较主要体现在以下三个方面:①主语从句与 as引导的非限制性定语从句的比较;②定语从句与同位语从句的比较(定语从句起修饰作用，同位语从句起说明或解释作用) ; that引导同位语从句时，在从句中不充当任何成分，只起连接作用，that一般不能省略;而that作为关系代词引导定语从句时，在从句中可作主语和宾语，作宾语时可省略。如: (l)The news that he passed the exam was a great surprise. (同位语从句)(2)The news (that) he told me was a great surprise.(定语从句)③"疑问词+ever"引导名词性从句与引导让步状语从句的比较。
[典型考例]
1.________is our belief that improvements in health care will lead to a stronger，more prosperous economy. (2006浙江卷)
A. As
B.That
C. This
D. It
[解析]D. 该句是主语从句的变形，用it作形式主语，真正的主语是后面的that从句。其句型结构是:It+be+n. (adj/ p.p.)+that从句。
2.___________is reported in the newspaper， talks between the two countries are making progress. (2004北京卷)
A.It
B.As
C. That
D. What
[解析]B。此句是as引导的非限制性定语从句，并不是主语从句。 as引导非限制性定语从句时，往往用逗号将句子分开。
3、-----Do you have anything to say for yourselves?
-----Yes, there’ s one point _______we must insist on.(2006江西卷)
A why
B where
C how
D /
[解析]D。此句是定语从句而不是同位语从句，因为从句中介词后面缺少宾语，关系代词作宾语可以省略。
4. Nobody believed his reason for being absent from the class________ he had to meet his uncle at the airport. (2006重庆卷)
A. why
B. that
C. where
D. because
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[解析]B. that引导同位语从句 (that在此不作成分，只起连接作用) ，说明his reason的具体内容，不能把此句看作定语从句.
5.The old tower must be saved___________ the cost. (2005浙江卷)
A. however
B. whatever
C. whichever
D. wherever
[解析]B. 句意:古塔一定要挽救，不管花费多少钱。该题是whatever引导的让步状语从句作is的表语(is省略)，相当于"no matter+疑问词"引导的让步状语从句。
6. You can eat food free in my restaurant_________ you like. (2004重庆卷)
A. whenever
B. . wherever
C. whatever
D. however
[解析]A. 此处表示"无论何时"，所以用whenever来引导状语从句。
7._________team wins on Saturday will go through to the national championships.
(2006山东卷)
A. No matter what
B. No matter which
C. Whatever
D. Whichever
[解析]D. whichever引导主语从句,作team的定语，表示"无论哪一个"。
【高考题荟萃】
2009年
1. It is not immediately clear ______ the financial crisis will soon be over.（上海卷）
A. since
B. what
C. when
D. whether
2. She is very dear to us. We have been prepared to do _____ it takes to save her life. （湖南卷）
A. whichever
B. however
C. whatever
D. whoever
3. The fact has worried many scientists ______ the earth is becoming warmer and warmer these years. （江西卷）
A. what
B. which
C. that
D. though
4. Could I speak to ______ is in charge of International Sales please? （海南卷）
A. who
B. what
C. whoever
D. whatever
5. The how to book can be of help to _____ wants to do the job. （陕西卷）
A. who
B. whomever
C. no matter who
D. whoever
6. One of the most important questions they had to consider was ____ of public health.（海南卷）
A. what
B. this
C. that
D. which
7. As a new diplomat, he often thinks of ______ he can react more appropriately on such occasions. （上海卷）
A. what
B. which
C. that
D. how
8. News came from the school office ________Wang Lin had been admitted to Beijing University. （四川卷）
A. which
B. what
C. that
D. where
9. It is obvious to the students ______ they should get well prepared for their future. （天津卷）
A. as
B. which
C. whether
D. that
10. －Is there any possibility ______ you could pick me up at the airport?
－No problem. （浙江卷）
A. When
B. that
C. whether
D. what
11 We should consider t he students’ request ___ the school library provide more books on popular science. （重庆卷）
A. that
B. when
C. which
D. where
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12.Many young people in the West are expected to leave _______ could be life’s most important decision—marriage—almost entirely up to luck. （江苏卷）
A. as
B. that
C. which
D. what
13. The little girl who got lost decided to remain _________she was and wait for her mother. （山东卷）
A. where
B. what
C. how
D. who
2008年
1. The lawyer rarely wears anything other than jeans and a T-shirt ______ the season.
（全国I卷）
A. whatever
B. wherever
C. whenever
D. however
2. Students are always interested in finding out _______ they can go with a new teacher.
（安徽卷）
A. how far
B. how soon
C. how often
D. how long
3. _____ is known to us all is that the 2008 Olympic Games will take place in Beijing.
（福建卷）
A. It
B. What
C. As
D. Which
4. When asked _____ they needed most, the kids said they wanted to feel important and loved.（湖南卷）
A. what
B. why
C. whom
D. which
5. ______ was most important to her, she told me, was her family.（山东卷）
A. It
B. This
C. What
D. As
6. Animals suffered at the hands of Man ___ they were destroyed by people to make way for agricultural land to provide food for more people.（江西卷）
A. in which
B. for which
C. so that
D. in that
7. ______wants to stay in a hotel has to pay their own way.（浙江卷）
A. Anyone
B. The one
C. Whoever
D. Who
8. Some children want to challenge themselves by learning a language different from ______ their parents speak at home.（浙江卷）
A. what
B. that
C. which
D. one
9. The companies are working together to create they hope will be the best means of transport in the 21st century.（北京卷）
A. which
B. that
C. what
D. who
10. The last time we had great fun was _____ we were visiting the Water Park.（天津卷）
A. where
B. how
C. when
D. why
11. People in Chongqing are proud of __ they have achieved in the past ten years.（重庆卷）
A. that
B. which
C. what
D. how
12. All people, __ they are old or young, rich or poor, have been trying their best to help those in need since the disaster.（重庆卷）
A. even if
B. whether
C. no matter
D. however
13. As his best friend , I can make accurate guesses about ___he will do or think. (上海卷)
A. what
B. which
C. whom
D. that
14. It has been proved ___ eating vegetables in childhood helps to protect you against serious illnesses in later life. (上海卷)
A. if
B. because
C. when
D. that
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2007年
1.____ matters most in learning English is enough practice. [2007 全国卷II]
A. What
B. Why
C. Where
D. Which
2. ______ he referred to in his article was unknown to the general reader. [2007 上海卷]
A. That
B. What
C. Whether
D. Where
3. The traditional v iew is ______ we sleep because our brain is “programmed” to make us do so.
[2007 上海卷]
A. when
B. why
C. whether
D. that
4. Could I speak to__________ is in charge of International Sales ,please? [2007 山东卷] A．anyone B．someone C．whoever D．nomatter who
5. You can only be sure of_________ you have at present; you cannot be sure of something
_____ you might get in the future. [2007 安徽卷]
A. that; what
B. what; /
C. which; that
D. /; that
6. —Where’s tha t report?
—I brought it to you ____you were in Mr.Black’s office yesterday. [2007 北京卷]
A. if
B. when
C. because
D. before
7. It is none of your business other people think about you. Believe yourself. [2007 福建卷]
A.how
B.what
C.which
D.when
8. Having checked the doors were closed , and _________ all the lights were off, the boy opened
the door to his bedroom. [2007 湖南卷]
A. why
B. that
C. when
D. where
9. Choosing the right dictionary depends on ______ you want to use it for. [2007 江苏卷]
A. what
B. why
C. how
D. whether
10. parents say and do has a life-long effect on their children. [2007 陕西卷]
A.That
B.Which
C.What
D.As
11. By improving reading skills, you can read faster and understand more of you read．[2007 上海春]
A．that B．what C．which D．whether
12. The seaside here draws a lot of tourists every summer. Warm sunshine and soft sands make
________ it is . [2007 天津卷]
A. what
B. which
C. how
D. where
13. Why not try your luck downtown, Bob? That’s ______ the best jobs are. [2007 浙江卷]
A. where
B. what
C. when
D. why
2006年
1. With his work completed, the businessman stepped back to his seat, feeling pleased _____ he was a man of action. ( 06 湖南 )
A. which
B. that
C. what
D. whether
2. We haven't settled the question of _____ it is necessary for him to study abroad. （ 06江苏）
A. if
B. where
C. whether
D. that
3. makes this shop different is that it offers more personal services.（ 06辽宁）
A. What
B. Who
C. Whatever
D. Whoever
4. See the flags on top of the building? That was we did this morning.
（ 06全国I ）
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A. when
B. which
C. where
D. what
5. Please remind me ______he said he was going. I may be in time to see him off.
（ 06全国I ）
A. where
B. when
C. how
D. what
6. --- What did your parents think about your decision?
--- They always let me do _______ I think I should. （ 06全国III ）
A. when
B. that
C. how
D. what
7. Engines are to machines _________ hearts are to animals. （ 06山东）
A. as
B. that
C. what
D. which
8. I just wonder __________ that makes him so excited. （ 06山东）
A. why it does
B. what he does
C. how it is
D. what it is
9. One advantage of playing the guitar is _________ it can give you a great deal of pleasure. （ 06上海）
A. how
B. why
C. that
D. when
10. He spoke proudly of his part in the game, without mentioning ________ his teammates had done. （ 06上海）
A. what
B. which
C. why
D. while
11. --- It’s thirty years since we last met.
--- But I still remember the story, believe it or not, __________ we got lost on a rainy night. （ 06四川）
A. which
B. that
C. what
D. when
12. There is much chance__________Bill will recover from his injury in time for the race. （ 06天津）
A. that
B. which
C. until
D. if
13. Nobody believed his reason for being absent form the class _______he had to meet his uncle at the airport. （ 06重庆）
A. why
B. that
C. where
D. because
14. These shoes look very good. I wonder __________. （ 06上海春季）
A. how much cost they are
B. how much do they cost
C. how much they cost
D. how much are they cost
15. Doris' success lies in the fact _________ she is co-operative and eager to learn from others. （ 06上海春季）
A. which
B. that
C. when
D. why
16. --- Could you do me a favor?
--- It depends on it is.
A. which
B. whichever
C. what
D. whatever
17. The other day, my brother drove his car down the street at _________ I thought was a dangerous speed.
A. as
B. which
C. what
D. that
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2009
1--------5dcccd 6-10 cdcdb 11ada
2008
1 ------ 5 AABAC 6 ------ 10 DCACC 11 ------ 14 CBAD 2007
1 ------ 5 ABDCB 6 ------ 10 BBBAC 11 ------ 13BAA 2006
1 ------ 5 BCADB 6 ------ 10 DCDCA 11 ------ 15BABCB
16 ------ 18 CCB
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高三语法复习专题 定语从句(一)
高三语法复习专题定语从句（一） 【学习目标】1.熟练指出定语从句的相关术语 2.只能用that，which的情况。 3.准确选择关系代词或关系副词。 4.掌握介词+which的情况。 预习案Previewing case ［典例分析］She is the girl who likes singing. 主句 ; 从句 ; 先行词 ;关系代词 ; 〔了解几个基本含义〕 ①定语从句的定义：一个句子担任定语，这个句子就叫做定语从句。 根据定语从句与先行词之间关系的紧密程度，定语从句分为限制性定语从句、非限制性定语从句和间隔式定语从句。 限制性定语从句对先行词起修饰、限制的作用，若去掉它，先行词便不能明确表示其所指对象，因此，限制性定语从句和它的先行词所指意义有着不可分割的联系，不能用逗号将其与先行词隔开。如：The old woman has two daughters who work in the same company. 非限制性定语从句对先行词获主句起补充说明的作用，即使删去也不影响主句的语义完整。非限制性定语从句与先行词或主句之间常用逗号隔开。如：Yesterday, my boss left for Paris, where he had stayed for five years. 间隔式定语从句是指为了某种特殊的需要，与先行词分离的定语从句。如：The actor entered the hall who had just sang several pop songs. ②先行词：被定语从句修饰的名词、词组或代词成为先行词。 ③关系词的作用：既代替前面的先行词在句子里担当一定的句子成分，又把两个句子连接起来构成一个带有定语从句的主从复合句。 〈举一反三〉请找出下列所给句子的先行词以及关系代词，并猜想关系代词/关系副词的作用。用“”表示先行词；“”表示关系代词，并完成表格。 1.The man (whom /who/that) my mother saw in the street is my teacher. 2.The book which/ that tells us about the earth is interesting. 3.She lives in a house whose windows faces south. 4.Do you know the boy whose father is an English teacher? 5.I have never heard such stories as he tells. 6.I’ll never forget the day when /on which I joined the army. 7.I won’t forget the factory where / in which my father worked. 8.Tell me the reason why you came late.
(完整版)高三英语语法填空专项训练(含答案解析)
高三英语专项训练----语法填空 （1）(Topic: ) Once there lived a rich man who wanted to do something for the people of his town. But first he wanted to find out 16 _______ they deserved his help. In the centre of the main road into the town，he placed 17 ___ very large stone. Then he 18____ (hide) behind a tree and waited. Soon an old man came along with his cow.“Who put this stone in the centre of the road?” said the old man, 19____ he did not try to remove the stone. Instead, with some difficulty he passed around the stone and continued on his way.20 ______ man came along and did the same thing; then another came，and another. All of them complained about the stone but did not tried to remove 21______. Late in the afternoon a young man came along. He saw the stone, 22 _______ (say) to himself: “The night will be very dark. Some neighbors will come along later 23 _____ the dark and will fall against the stone.” Then he began to move the stone. He pushed and pulled with all his 24 ________ (strong) to move it. How great was his surprise at last! 25 ________ the stone，he found a bag of money. （2）(Topic: ) The best gift I ever received is the parents that were given to me. I could not have picked out 16 _______ (good) parents myself. My mom is smart，funny，and very artistic. She loves painting and encouraging other people to paint as well. She owns 17______ own book and art store. And at night she teaches adult 18 ________ (educate). She helps kids 19 _________ have dropped out of high school 20 _________ (get) their diploma. She always has time for me and my brothers. She hardly ever gets mad 21 ______ us and loves doing new things with us，22 _____ going to a new museum or going out onto the beach in the middle of the winter and taking pictures at the beach in the snow. My dad knows 23 _____ to fix anything and loves to play musical instruments. He helps me with my science projects and other school projects. He works hard to make money for our family and hardly ever complains. He loves skating with me and 24______ (build) us a half pipe and other cool things. So I have to say that 25 _______ gift I’m most grateful for is the one the God gave me—my parents. （3）(Topic: ) Sometimes Chinese English teachers are puzzled by such questions，“Have you got any skills in reading comprehension?” Actually，many of the teachers can’t give students 16 ___ efficient way to deal with reading. Anyway，17 _____ often simply say，“Read more and practise more，and you 18 ______ (get) more experience in reading comprehension.” Frankly, these teachers’ good 19_________ (suggest) are only helpful to arouse students’ interest in reading 20 ____ not helpful to deal wit h the questions in the examinations of reading comprehension. Personally，I think the skill for reading comprehension should be based 21 ______ the knowledge of English writing. Since the English passages are written under some rules or principles，the science of reading 22 ______understanding may have a close relationship with writing.
高考近5年全国卷真题语法专项-定语从句
定语从句 一．考点概述： 本考点是历年高考中考查的重点，主要考查关系代词(who, which,that,whose,whom)和关系副词（when, where, why）的用 法；考查形式：语法填空和短文改错；其次阅读理解和完型填空中长难 句的分析等 二．考点聚焦 功能：相当于形容词，修饰名词或代词，在句中作定语 位置：定语从句置于被修饰词之后 例如： He is the man who studies in USA. 本句中涉及到三个概念： 1.先行词即 the man：被定语从句饰的词称为先行词 先行词一般是名词和不定代词，如:some-, any-, every-和no与-boy, -thing的合成词；或all、none、any、some、that、those等代词。数词也可以作先行词，人称代词也同样 可作先行词。 2. 引导词即who:起连接的作用 引导词分两类：关系代词和关系副词 关系代词：who;which;that;whose;whom 关系副词：when;where;why 3.从句即studies in USA.：引导词之后的句子。 三．考点精讲 1. 关系代词 : who;which; that; whom; whose 其中关系代词who;which;that;whom用于后面的从句缺主语或宾语的情况 (1)who:指代先行词是人(可做从句的主语或宾语)
She is the girl who I teach in China.(从句缺宾语) That is the man who teaches us English.(从句缺主语) (2)which:指代先行词是物（做从句的主语或宾语） That is the book which I want.(从句缺宾语) There is a bird which stands in the building.(从句缺主语) (3)that: 指代先行词是人或物（做从句的主语或宾语） She is the girl who/that I teach in China.(从句缺宾语) There is a bird which/that stands in the building.(从句缺主语) (4)whom;指代先行词是人，但只用于从句是缺宾语的情况。 She is the girl who/whom I teach in China.(从句缺宾语) That is the man whom teaches us English.(从句缺主语,本句用whom是错误的) (5)whose:指代从句中缺定语的情况（表示所属关系） That is the building whose windows broke last night.(本句中的windows是属于 the building构成一种所属关系即缺少building’s) 2.关系副词：when;where;why(该三个词主要用于从句是不缺主语或是宾语的情况 即从句是个完整句) (1) when:指代先行词表时间如：time；month;year;occasion等(形式上等于介词 +which) I still remember the day when /on which I came to Beijing.(该从句是一个完整的句子，先行词是the day在从句中需要加个介词on来做状语的成分即I came to Beijing on the day) (2)where :指代先行词是地点的词如：place;house;school;也可以是模糊的词如：point;stage;work;situation等(形式上等于介词+which) That is the place where/in which I was born .(该从句I was born也是一个完整句，即不缺主语或宾语的，此时where可以换成in which) (3)why:指代先行词是表原因的词即：reason（形式上只能是等于for+which) That is the reason why/for which he was late for school.
英语高三《定语从句》专项练习含答案
题组一基础过关 I.单句语法填空 1. Ellen was a painter of birds and of nature, ________, for some reason, had withdrawn from all human society. 2. Care of the soul is a gradual process in ________ even the small details of life should be considered. 3. That evening, ________ I will tell you more about later, I ended up working very late. 4. Happiness and success often come to those ________ are good at recognizing their own strengths. 5. Mo Yan was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 2012, ________ made one of the Chinese people’s long-held dreams come true. 6. The president of the World Bank says he has a passion for China, ________ he remembers starting as early as his childhood. 7. Finally he reached a lonely island ________ was completely cut off from the outside world. II. 用适当的关系词填空 1. Do you remember the scene ________ Cao Cao and Liu Bei were drinking? 2. I walked up to the top of the hill with my friends, we enjoyed a splendid view of the lake. 3. I will never forget the days ________ I was taken good care of in that village. 4. Do you know the reason John is so angry? 5. None of us know the reason ________ Tom was absent from the meeting. 6. The reason he explained at the meeting for his absence didn’t make sense. 7. I still remember the night she left the house. 8. However, this was a time one had got to have a passbook to live in Johannesburg. 9. Today we have reached a stage we have almost no rights at all. 10. The days are gone physical strength was all you needed to make a living. 题组二能力提升 I．单项填空 ( ) 1.This year’s children’s party, ________ some parents were invited to, was a great success. A.which B.why C.whose D.where ( ) 2.The death of the closest relatives, ________ almost every one of us has experienced, always makes people feel bitter and unbearable. A.which B.who C.as D.the one ( ) 3.—Have you heard any news about Sarah? —Yes, she was promoted to president of her company, ________ surprised everyone.
江苏高考英语语法专题复习知识点汇总
江苏高考英语语法专题复习知识点汇总 一、冠词The Article 知识要点： 冠词是一种虚词，放在名词的前面，帮助说明名词的含义。冠词分不定冠词（The Indefinite Article）和定冠词（The definite Article）两种。a (an) 是不定冠词，a用在辅音之前：如a book, a man; an用在元音之前，如：an old man, an hour, an interesting book等。the是定冠词。 一、不定冠词的用法 1、指人或事物的某一种类（泛指）。这是不定冠词a (an)的基本用法。如：She is a girl. I am a teacher. Please pass me an apple. 2、指某人或某物，但不具体说明何人或何物。如：He borrowed a story-book from the library. A Li is looking for you. 一位姓李的同志正在找你。 3、表示数量，有“一”的意思，但数的概念没有one强烈。如： I have a mouth, a nose and two eyes. 4、用于某些固定词组中。如： a bit, a few, a little, a lot of, a piece of, a cup of, a glass of, a pile of, a pair of, have a good time, for a while, for a long time等。 5、用在抽象名词前，表具体的介绍——a + 抽象名词，起具体化的作用。如： This little girl is a joy to her parents. 这女孩对她父母来说是一个乐趣。 It is a pleasure to talk with you. 跟您交谈真是一件愉快的事情。 It is an honour to me to attend the meeting. 参加这个会，对我来说是一种荣誉。 二、定冠词的用法： 1、特指某（些）人或某（些）事物。这是定冠词the的基本用法。如： Beijing is the capital of China. The pen on the desk is mine. 2、指谈话双方都知道的人或事物。如： Where is the teacher? Open the window, please. 3、指上文提过的人或事物（第二次出现）。如： There was a chair by the window. On the chair sat a young woman with a baby in her arms. The baby was thin. 4、用在世界上独一无二的事物前。如： the earth, the moon, the sun. 5、用在序数词和形容词最高级前。（副词最高级前的定冠词可省略）如： He is always the first to come to school. Bob is the tallest in his class. 6、用在某些专有名词前（由普通名词构成的专用名词）。如： the Great Wall, the Summer Palace, the Science Museum, the Children’s Palace, the Party等。 7、用在一些习惯用语中。如： on the day, in the morning (afternoon, evening), the day after tomorrow, the day before yesterday, the next year, by the way等。 8、用在江河湖海、山脉前。如： the Yellow River, the Pacific Ocean, the Alps, the Himalayas 9、用在报刊、杂志前。如： the People’s Daily, the Evening Paper, the Times 泰晤士报。 10、表示某一家人要加定冠词。如： The Browns are at home to receive visitors today. 布朗一家今天要接待客人。 11、用在形容词前，表某一类人。如： the poor, the wounded, the living, the dead, the rich, the sick等。 12、定冠词可以表示一事物内部的某处。如： The driver always sits in the front of the bus(car). 三、零冠词（即不用冠词）： 1、专用名词和不可数名词前。如： China, America, Grade One, Class Two, milk, oil, water, paper, science等。 2、名词前已有作定语用的this, that, my, your, some, any等代词。如： Go down this street. 3、复数名词表示一类人或事物时。如： We are students.
高三英语语法专题总结
高三语法专题总结 序号课题课时教学要求 冠词 3 1.熟知冠词的基本用法、习语和固定搭配 2.掌握冠词的一些灵活用法和特殊用法 1.冠词的基本用法 1 冠词的泛指、特指、类指、专指 2.冠词的习惯用法 1 1.定冠词的习惯用法 2.不定冠词的习惯用法 3.零冠词的习惯用法 3.冠词的活用 1 1.被具体化的抽象名词前的冠词用法 2.被普通化的专有名词前的冠词用法 3.形容词比较级、最高级和序数词前的冠词活用 高考重点冠词的基本用法及冠词的习惯用法 高考难点冠词的活用 专题二代词 3 熟练掌握不定代词、反身代词、指示代词、人称代词 以及it的灵活运用 1、不定代词 1 1、both,all,either,any,neither,none的用法 2、one，ones, the one,that,those的用法 3、one，another, the other, some ,others, the others的用法 4、复合不定代词及其他不定代词 2、反身代词 1 1、反身代词的基本用法 2、与反身代词构成的介词短语 3、与反身代词构成的动词短语 3、指示代词、人称代词和it的用法1 1、指示代词、人称代词的基本用法 2、It的用法 高考难点语境的真实性和复杂性、语义较丰语法复杂的不定代词的考查 专题三形容词和副词 2 了解形容词、副词的比较级和最高级的用法及常用句 型 1、形容词、副词的基 1 1、形容词、副词比较等级的基本用法
本用法2、对形容词、副词顺序的考查 2、形容词、副词的辨 析 1 在语境中学会形容词副词的用法 高考难点对于形容词副词比较等级的考查倾向于“淡化语法，注重深层语义的特点” 专题四语义辨析（名词、介词 及介词短语）3 1、在真实语境中能恰当的使用意义相近的介词，掌 握表示时间及空间的介词的用法 2、在语境中能恰当的使用介词的一些习惯用法和 介词与名词的固定搭配 1、名词辨析 1 1、名词的数和名词所有格的用法 2、名词的句法功能，尤其是名词作定语的用法 2、介词辨析 1 1、表示方位的介词 2、表示时间的介词 3、表示工具、手段、方式的介词 4、表原因、目的的介词 5、易混介词辨析 3.介词短语解析 1 1、与名词构成的介词短语 2、与某些形容词固定搭配的介词 高考难点介词短语的辨析，题干结构复杂 专题五动词和动词词组 2 1、掌握动词的及物和不及物性 2、掌握被动形式中英汉表达的不同 3、掌握感官动词作系动词：feel/look/sound 1、动词辨析 1 考纲中出现的动词及动词辨析 2、动词词组辨析 1 考纲中动词词组及辨析 高考难点同义词及词组辨析 专题六动词的时态及语态 2 1.建立“时”和“体”的概念 2.掌握一般将来时的各种形式及区别 3.掌握易混时态的用法：一般过去时和现在完成时 的区别 4.掌握各种时态的被动语态形式
九年级英语语法定语从句专题复习
定语从句专题复习 定语从句（Attributive Clauses）在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，被修饰的名词，词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。 关系代词有：who, whom, whose(一般指人), that（指人或物）, which(指物)等。 关系副词有： when（时间）, where(地点), why（原因）等。 （1）关系代词引导的定语从句 关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。 ① who, whom, that 这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在从句中所起作用如下： Is he the man who/that wants to see you 他就是你想见的人吗（who / that在从句中作主语） He is the man (whom/ that) I saw yesterday. 他就是我昨天见的那个人。（whom/who/that在从句中作saw的宾语,可以省略） ② whose 用来指人或物，（只用作定语，若指物，它还可以同of which互换），例如：They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. 那人车坏了，大家都跑过去帮忙。 Please pass me the book whose/of which cover（封面）is green. 请递给我那本绿皮的书。 ③ which, that 它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等，例如： Rosa likes music that/which is quite and gentle.（which / that在句中作宾语）This is the book (that/which) I'm looking for.（which / that在句中作look for 的宾语） （2）关系副词引导的定语从句 关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。 ① when, where, why 关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于“介词+ which”结构，因此常常和“介词+ which”结构交替使用，例如： Do you remember the day when I saw you(你还记得我见到你的那一天吗) Beijing is the place where（in which）I was born. 北京是我的出生地。 Is this the reason why（for which）he refused our offer 这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗 ② that代替关系副词 that可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when, where, why和“介词+ which”引导的定语从句，在口语中that常被省略，例如： His father died the year（that / when / in which）he was born. 他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。 He is unlikely to find the place（that / where / in which）he lived forty years ago. 他不大可能找到他四十年前居住过的地方。 （3）判断关系代词与关系副词 方法一：用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语，
高考定语从句语法填空专题
Section 8定语从句 两年高考真题演练 1．(2015·江苏高考)The number of smokers, ________ is reported, has dropped by 17 percent in just one year. 2．(2015·湖南高考)It is a truly delightful place, ________ looks the same as it must have done 100 years ago with its winding streets and pretty cottages. 3．(2015·北京高考)Opposite is St.Paul's Church, ________ you can hear some lovely music. 4．(2015·浙江高考)Creating an atmosphere in ________ employees feel part of a team is a big challenge. 5．(2015·重庆高考)He wrote many children's books, nearly half of ________ were published in the 1990s. 6．(2015·陕西高考)As the smallest child of his family, Alex is always longing for the time ________ he should be able to be independent. 7．(2015·四川高考)The books on the desk, ________ covers are shiny, are prizes for us. 8．(2015·天津高考)The boss of the company is trying to create an easy atmosphere ________ his employees enjoy their work. 9．(2015·安徽高考)Some experts think reading is the fundamental skill upon ________ school education depends.
广东高考英语语法填空专题训练+答案
广东高考英语语法填空专题训练语法填空（每篇共10小题；每小题1.5分，每篇满分15分） 阅读下面短文，根据上下文填入适当的词语，或使用括号中的词语的适当形式填空， 并将答案填写在答题卡上标号为1—10的相应位置。 Passage (1) Cars are too expensive for many people around the world to own. Not only that, many cities are already full of traffic, and many country areas have rough roads. So 1 do people travel those distances that are too far to walk? They use public transportation. If you ride the subway or bus 2 you live, you can appreciate some of the benefits of public transportation. With many people 3 (share) one bus or train, there is less traffic and, more 4 （importance）, less pollution. Which of the types of mass transit 5 (describe) below are you familiar with? If a regular bus can hold dozens of people, imagine what a bus 6 (two) the size can hold! In Great Britain, there are many buses that are known as double-deckers (cars with two floors). Buses in Haiti are often very crowded. It’s not 7 (common) for passengers to actually sit on the rooftops. Buses are sometimes called “tap-taps”, because the 8 (ride) on the roof tap（敲击）when they want to be dropped off. Many large cities around the world take advantage of the space beneath the streets and run underground trains. People in Paris, Mexico City and Tokyo may use the subway system to get to school, to work, or to visit friends in other 9 (neighbor). Both the Japanese and French have developed High-speed trains to link various cities. While electric trains in North America average 130 kph, the French TGV (high-speed-train) is the world’s fastest, 10 (average) over 270 kph! Passage (2) Australia, the last continent, was discovered by ships 1 (belong) to some European nations in the seventeenth century. These nations were 2 (little) interested in changing it into a colony than in 3 (explore) it. As in the early history of the United States, it was the English 4 set up the settlements in Australia. This history and the geography of these two British colonies have some other things in common as well. Australia and the United States are about the same in size, and their western lands are both not rich 5 soil. It was on the eastern coast of Australia and America that the English first settled, and both colonies soon began to develop towards the west. However, this westward 6 (move) took place 7 because the English were searching for better land than the population was increasing. Settlements of the west part of both countries developed quickly after gold 8 (discover) in America in 1849 and in Australia two years later. Although the development of these two countries has a lot in common, there are some 9 (strike) differences as well. The United States gained its independence from England by revolution while Australia won its independence without having to go to war. Australia, 10 (like) the United States, was firstly turned into a colony by English prisoners and its economic development was in wheat growing and sheep raising. By 1922, for example, Australia had fifteen times more sheep than it had people or almost half as many sheep as there are people today in the United States. Australia and the United States have more in common with each other than either one has with most of the rest of the world.
2020届 二轮复习语法专项定语从句学案 (1)
定语从句
必备知识梳理考点一关系代词引导的定语从句： 一．who、whom、whose引导的定语从句
1.who或whom均可指代人，但who在从句中可作主语也可作宾语，whom 在从句中只作宾语，两者在引导限制性定语从句时常可用that替换。作主语 时，who/that不可省略；作宾语时，whom/who/that可以省略。 I’ve become good friends with several of the students in my school (who/whom/that) I met in the English speech contest last year. (2017全国卷阅读七选五) Campers, in my eyes, were people that/who enjoyed insect bites, ill-cooked meals, and uncomfortable sleeping bags. 2.whose表所属关系，一般指人，也可指物，在从句中作定语。指物时相当于 of which，指人时相当于of whom。 (2016全国二卷阅读理解) I had an unexpected teaching assistant in class whose creativity would infect other students. 二．that、which引导的定语从句 1.which指物，常在从句中作主语、宾语，作宾语时可以省略。that指人或物 均可，常在从句中作主语、宾语、表语，作宾语时可以省略。 She showed the visitors around the museum that/which had been constructed three years before. (2016天津卷阅读表达) Every day I practiced reading and writing, which I used to avoid as much as possible. 2.限制性定语从句中，关系代词只用that不用which的情况： (1).先行词为不定代词anything、nothing、something、everything、 all、some、none、little few、the one等时； I refuse to accept the blame for something that was someone else’s fault. (2).先行词是形容词最高级或序数词，或其前有形容词最高级或序数词修饰时； The first place that they visited in Guilin was Elephant Trunk Hill. (3).先行词被the only、the very、the last、any、every、each、few、