dangerous phrase
structuralambiguity例子

structuralambiguity例子Structural Ambiguity ExamplesIntroduction:Structural ambiguity refers to a linguistic phenomenon where a sentence or phrase can have multiple interpretations due to its ambiguous structure. In this article, we will explore several examples of structural ambiguity and discuss their implications in language and communication.1. The Flying Planes:Consider the sentence: "The flying planes are dangerous." This sentence can have two possible interpretations:- Interpration 1: The planes that are flying are dangerous.- Interpretation 2: The planes themselves are airborne and capable of flying, which poses a danger.This ambiguity arises due to the structural ambiguity of the phrase "The flying planes," which can be read as a noun phrase modifying "dangerous" or as a subject-verb combination.2. Visiting Relatives:In the sentence "Visiting relatives can be exhausting," there is ambiguity in the interpretation of "visiting relatives":- Interpretation 1: The act of visiting one's relatives can be exhausting.- Interpretation 2: The relatives who are visiting can be exhausting.The structure of the phrase "visiting relatives" allows for both a gerund interpretation (the activity of visiting) and a noun phrase interpretation (the relatives who are visiting).3. The Dog Bit Tim:Consider the sentence "The dog bit Tim." This sentence is structurally ambiguous and can be understood in two ways:- Interpretation 1: The dog bit a person named Tim.- Interpretation 2: A dog named Tim bit someone.The ambiguity arises from the lack of specificity in the sentence's structure, as it does not clarify whether "Tim" refers to the subject or object of the sentence.4. Time Flies Like an Arrow:The phrase "Time flies like an arrow" demonstrates structural ambiguity due to its use of the word "like":- Interpretation 1: Time passes quickly, similar to how an arrow travels swiftly.- Interpretation 2: Time enjoys an arrow in the same manner as an insect would enjoy a flower.This ambiguity arises from the different senses of "like" (as a comparative or as enjoyment) and how it interacts with the sentence structure.5. The Man Saw the Boy with Binoculars:In the sentence "The man saw the boy with binoculars," there are two possible interpretations:- Interpretation 1: The man used binoculars to see the boy.- Interpretation 2: The man saw the boy, who was holding binoculars.This ambiguity arises because the phrase "with binoculars" can either modify "the boy" or "saw," leading to different meanings depending on the interpretation.Conclusion:Structural ambiguity in language can lead to various interpretations, causing confusion and miscommunication. The examples provided highlight how sentence structure and ambiguous phrases can create multiple meanings. Understanding structural ambiguity is crucial for effective communication, as it allows us to recognize potential ambiguities and clarify our intended message. By being aware of these linguistic complexities, we can strive for clearer and more precise communication.。
MSDS培训资料全

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放映结束 感谢各位的批评指导!
谢 谢!
让我们共同进步
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产品 任何物质, 材料或产品根据 67/548/EEC 或1999/45/EC 被 例为有危险; 该产品虽分类为非危险品,但当中包含有危险物质;
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法律 与 条例
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欧共体委员会已对于一些危险物质, 材料或产品的 化学品安全技术说明书 (MSDS)的数据作出规范和 监管
在2002年7月30日前, 欧共体会员国必需依从有关 的条例付诸法律, 章程和行政规定
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6. 出事故时解除痛苦的措施
e.g. 甲苯 Toluene
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7. 处置和储藏
e.g. 醋酐 Acetic Anhydride
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8. 接触控制和个人保护
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PEL 容许接触限值 (Permissible exposure limit – by OSHA) 美国联邦职业安全与卫生管理局
亦对专业用户提供必要的方案包括健康 , 安全和环境的保护
欧洲标准 (2001/58/EC, 1999/45/EC, 1967/548/EEC - 16个强 制章节)
美国标准 (ISO 11014-1:1994年 - 16个强制章节)
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谁需要 MSDS
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对象 负责把这些物质, 材料或产品推进市场的人(包括制造商, 进口商或经销商),都应提供 MSDS 给专业用户.
slide 17 水溶性,油溶性
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9. 物理和化学性质
e.g.甲醇(甲基醇) Methanol
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2013版人教新目标八年级英语上、下册单词电子表格xls

2013版人教新目标八年级英语上册单词表Unit 1 Where did you go on vacation?1anyone pron. 任何人2anywhere adv. 在任何地方3wonderful adj. 精彩的;绝妙的4few adj.&pron. 不多;很少5quite a few phrase相当多;不少6most adv.&pron. 最多;大多数7something pron. 某事;某物8nothing pron. 没有什么;没有一件东西9everyone pron. 每人;人人;所有人10of course phrase当然;自然11myself pron. 我自己;我本人12yourself pron. 你自己;您自己13hen n. 母鸡14pig n. 猪15seem v. 好像;似乎;看来16bored adj. 厌倦的;烦闷的17someone pron. 某人18diary n. 日记;记事簿19activity n. 活动20decide v. 决定;选定21try v.&n. 尝试;设法;努力22paragliding n. 滑翔伞运动23feel like phrase给……的感觉;感受到24bird n. 鸟25bicycle n. 自行车;脚踏车26building n. 建筑物;房子27trader n. 商人28wonder v. 想知道;琢磨29difference n. 差别;差异30top n. 顶部;表面31wait v.&n. 等待;等候32umbrella n. 伞;雨伞33wet adj. 湿的;潮湿的;下雨的34because of phrase因为35below prep.&adv. 在……下面;到……下面36enough adj. 足够的;充足的;充分的37hungry adj 饥饿的38as adv. 像……一样;如同39hill n. 小山;山丘40duck n. 鸭41dislike v.&n. 不喜爱(的事物);厌恶(的事物)42housework n.家务劳动;家务事43hardly adv.几乎不;几乎没有44ever adv.在任何时候;从来;曾经45hardly adv.几乎从不46once adv.一次;曾经47twice adv.两次;两倍48Internet n.(国际)互联网;因特网49program n.节目50full adj. 忙的;满的;充满的51swing n. v.摆动;秋千(使)摆动;摇摆52swing dance phrase摇摆舞53maybe adv.大概;或许;可能54least adv.adj.&pro 最小;最少 ;最小的;最少的55at least phrase至少;不少于;起码56junk n.无用的东西;无价值的东西57junk food phrase垃圾食品58coffee n.咖啡59health n.健康;人的身体(或精神)状况60result n.结果;后果61percent n.(=percent)百分之……62online adj.在线的;联网的63television n.电视节目;电视机64although conj.虽然;尽管;即使65through prep.以;凭借;穿过Unit 2 How often do you exercise?66mind n.头脑;心智67body n.身体68such adj.&pron.这样的;那样的;类似的69such as phrase例如;像……这样70together adv.在一起;共同71die v.消失;灭亡;死亡72writer n.作者;作家73dentist n.牙科医生74magazine n.杂志;期刊75however adv.然而;不过76than prep.&conj (用以引出比较的第二部分)比77more than phrase多于78almost adv.几乎;差不多79none pron. 没有一个;毫无80less adv.adj.&pro 较少;较小;较少的;更少的81less than phrase少于82point n. 得分;点83outgoing adj. 爱交际的;友好的;外向的84better adj.& adv. (good和well的比较级)较好的(地);85loudly adv. 喧闹地;大声地;响亮地86quietly adv. 轻声地;轻柔地;安静地87hard-working adj.工作努力的;辛勤的88competition n.比赛;竞赛;竞争89fantastic adj. 极好的;了不起的90which pron.& adj. 哪一个;哪一些91clearly adv. 清楚地;清晰地;明白地92win v. 获胜;赢;赢得93though adv.conj不过;可是;然而虽然;尽管;不过94talented adj. 有才能的;有才干的95truly adv. 真正;确实96care v. 在意;担忧;关心97care about phrase关心;在意98serious adj. 严肃的;稳重的Unit 3 I’m more outgoing than my sister.99mirror n. 镜子100kid n. 小孩;年轻人101as long as phrase只要;既然102necessary adj. 必须的;必要的103be different from phrase与……不同;与……有差异104both adj.& pron. 两个;两个都105bring out phrase使显现;使表现出106grade n. 成绩等级;评分等级107should modal v.应该;应当;可以108the same as phrase和……相同;与……一致109saying n. 谚语;格言;警句110reach v. 伸手;到达;抵达111hand n. 手电筒; 火炬112touch v. 感动;触摸113heart n. 内心;心脏114fact n. 现实;事实115in fact phrase确切地说;事实上;实际上116break v. (使)破;裂;碎;损坏117arm n. 手臂;上肢118laugh v. n.笑;发笑;笑声119share v.分享;共享;共用;分摊120loud adj. 响亮的;大声地121similar adj. 相像的;类似的122be similar to phrase与……相像的、类似的123primary adj.最初的;最早的124primary school phrase小学125information n.信息;消息Unit 4 What’s the best movie theater?126theater n.戏院;剧院127comfortable adj. 使人舒服的;舒适的128seat n. 座位;坐处(如椅子等)129screen n. 荧幕;屏幕130close adj. (在空间、时间上)接近131ticket n. 票;入场券132worst adj.& adv. (bad和badly的最高级)最坏(的);133cheaply adv. 便宜地;低廉地134song n. 歌;歌曲135carefully adv. 细致地;小心地;谨慎地136reporter n. 记者137so far phrase到目前为止;迄今为止138fresh adj. 新鲜的;清新的139comfortably adv. 舒服地;舒适地140worse adj. &adv. (bad和badly的比较级)更差;更坏;更糟141service n. 接待;服务142pretty adv. 相当;十分;很143menu n. 菜单144act v. 扮演(角色)145meal n. 早(或午、晚)餐;一餐所吃的食物146creative adj. 有创造力的;创造性的147performer n.表演者;演员148talent n. 天资;天赋149common n.与……相同150have… in common phrase有相同特征;相同151magician n.魔术师152all kinds of phrase各种类型的;各种各样的153beautifully adv.美好的;漂亮的154be up to phrase是……的职责;由……决定155role n. 作用;职能;角色156play a role phrase发挥作用;有影响157winner n. 获胜者;优胜者158prize n. 奖;奖品;奖金159everybody pron.每人;人人;所有人160make up phrase编造(故事、谎言)等161example n.实例;范例162for example phrase例如163poor adj. 贫穷的;清贫的164seriously adv. 严重地;严肃地;认真地165take… seriously phrase认真对待……166give v. 提供;给167crowded adj. 人多的;拥挤的;挤满的168sitcom n.情景喜剧169news n.新闻节目;新闻170soap n.肥皂剧171educational adj.教育的;有教育意义的172plan v.& n.打算;计划173hope v.& n.希望174find out phrase查明;弄清175discussion n.讨论;商量176stand v.忍受;站立177happen v.发生;出现178may v.也许;可能;可以179expect v.预料;期待180joke n.笑话;玩笑181comedy n.喜剧;喜剧片182meaningless adj.毫无意义的;意思不明确的183action n.行动184action movie phrase动作影片185cartoon n.动画片;卡通片186culture n.文化;文明187famous adj.著名的;出名的188appear v.出现189become v.开始变得;变成190rich adj.富有的191successful adj.获得成功的;有成就的192might model v.可能;可以193main adj.主要的;最重要的194reason n.原因;理由195film n.(=movie)电影196unlucky adj.不幸的;不吉利的197lose v.失去;丢失198girlfriend n.女朋友Unit 5 Do you want to watch a game show?199ready adj.愿意的;准备好的200be ready to phrase愿意迅速做某事201character n.人物;角色202simple n.简单的;易做的203dress up phrase装扮;乔装打扮204take sb.’ place phrase代替;替换205army n. 陆军;陆军部队206do a good job phrase干得好Unit 6 I’m going to study computer science.207grow up phrase长大;成熟;成长208computer programmer phrase计算机程序设计员;编程人员209cook n. v.厨师烹饪;煮210doctor n.医生211engineer n.工程师212violinist n.小提琴手213driver n.驾驶员;司机214pilot n.飞行员215pianist n.钢琴家216scientist n.科学家217be sure about phrase确信;对……有把握218make sure phrase确保;查明219college n.学院;大学;高等专科学校220education n.教育221medicine n.药;医学222university n.(综合性)大学;高等学府223London n.伦敦224article n.文章;论文225send v.邮寄226resolution n.决心;决定227team n.队;组228foreign adj.外国的229able adj.能够230be able to phrase能够231question v.表示疑问;怀疑;提问;质询232meaning n意义;意思233discuss v.讨论;商量234promise n. v.承诺;诺言许诺;承诺235beginning n.开头;开端236at the beginning of phrase在……开始237improve v.改进;改善238write down phrase写下;记录下239physical adj.身体的240themselves pron.他(她、它)们自己241have to do with phrase关于;与……有关系242self-improvement n. 自我改进;自我提高243take up phrase(尤指为消遣)学着做;开始做244hobby n.业余爱好245weekly adj.&adv.每周的(地)246schoolwork n.学校作业247agree v.同意;赞成;应允248agree with phrase同意;赞成249own adj.&pron.自己的;本人的250personal adj.个人的;私人的251relationship n.关系;联系352paper n.纸,纸张353pollution n.污染;污染物354prediction n.预言;预测355future n.将来;未来356pollute v.污染357environment n.环境358planet n.行星359earth n.地球;世界360plant v. n.种植植物361part n. 参加;参与;部分362play a part phrase参与(某事)363peace n. 和平364sea n. 海;海洋Unit 7 Will people have robots?365sky n. 天空366astronaut n.宇航员;航天员367apartment n.公寓套房368rocket n.火箭369space n. 天空;空间370space station phrase太空站;宇宙空间站371human adj.n. 人的;人372servant n.仆人373dangerous adj.有危险的;不安全的374already adv.已经;早已375factory n.工厂376over and over again phrase多次的;反复的377believe v.相信;认为有可能的378disagree v.不同意;持不同意见;有分歧379even adv. 甚至;连;愈加380hundreds of phrase许多;大量381shape n. 形状;外形382fall v. 倒塌;跌倒;掉落383fall down phrase突然倒下;跌倒;倒塌384inside n.在……里面385look for phrase寻找;寻求386possible adj.可能存在或发生的;可能的387impossible adj.不可能存在或发生的;不可能的388side n. 一方(的意见、态度、看法)389probably adv.很可能,大概390during prep.在……期间391holiday n.假期;假日392word n.单词;词Unit 8 How do you make a banana milk shake?393shake n.& v.摇动;抖动394milk shake phrase奶昔395blender n.食物搅拌器396turn on phrase接通(电流、煤气、水等);打开397peel v.剥皮;去皮398pour v.倒出;倾倒399yogurt n.酸奶400honey n.蜂蜜401watermelon n.西瓜402spoon n.勺;调羹403pot n.锅404add v.增加;添加405finally adv.最后;最终406salt n.食盐407sugar n.食糖408cheese n.干酪;奶酪409popcorn n.爆米花410corn n.玉米;谷物411machine n.机器;机械装置412dig v.掘(地);凿(洞);挖(土)413hole n.洞;孔;坑414sandwich n.夹心面包片;三明治415butter n.黄油;奶油416turkey n.火鸡417lettuce n.莴苣;生菜418piece n.片;块;段419Thanksgiving n.感恩节420traditional adj.传统的;惯例的421autumn n.秋天;秋季422traveler n.漂泊者;旅行者;游客423England n.英格兰424celebrate v.庆祝;庆贺425mix v.(使)混合;融合426pepper n.甜椒;柿子椒427fill v.(使)充满;装满428oven n.烤箱;烤炉429plate n.盘子;碟子430cover v. n. 遮盖;覆盖覆盖物;盖子431gravy n.(调味)肉汁432serve v.接待;服务;提供433temperature n.温度;气温;体温434prepare v.使做好准备;把……准备好435prepare for phrase为……做好准备436exam n.考试437flu n. 流行性感冒;流感438available adj.有空的;可获得的439another time phrase其他时间;别的时间440until conj.& prep. 到……时;直到……为止441hang v.悬挂;垂下442hang out phrase常去某处;泡在某处443catch v. 及时赶上;接住;抓住444invite v. 邀请445accept v.接受446refuse v. 拒绝447the day before yesterday phrase前天448the day after tomorrow phrase后天449weekday n.工作日(星期一至星期五的任何一天)450look after phrase照料;照顾451invitation n.邀请;请柬452turn down phrase拒绝453reply v. 回答;答复454forward v.adv.转寄;发送向前;前进455delete v.删除456print v. 打印;印刷457sad adj. (令人)悲哀的;(令人)难过的458goodbye interj.&n.再见459take a trip phrase去旅行460glad adj. 高兴;愿意461preparation n.准备;准备工作462glue n. 胶水463without prep.没有;不(做某事)464surprised adj.惊奇的;感觉意外的Unit 9 Can you come to my party?465look forward to phrase盼望;期待466housewarming n.乔迁聚会467opening n.开幕式;落成典礼468concert n.音乐会;演奏会469headmaster n.校长470event n. 大事;公开活动;比赛项目471guest n. 客人;宾客472calendar n.日历;日程表473daytime n.白天;日间Unit 10 If you go to the party, you’ll have a great time!474meeting n.会议;集会;会面475video n.录像带;录像476organize v.组织;筹备477potato chips phrase炸土豆片;炸薯条478chocolate n.巧克力479upset adj. 难过;失望;沮丧480taxi n. 出租汽车;的士481advice n.劝告;建议482travel v.& n. 旅行;游历483agent n. 代理人;经纪人484expert n.专家485keep…to someone phrase保守秘密486teenager n.(13~19岁的)青少年487normal adj.正常的;一般的488unless conj.除非;如果不489certainly adv.无疑;肯定;当然;行490wallet n.钱包491mile n.英里492angry adj.发怒的;生气的493understanding adj.善解人意的;体谅人的494careless adj.粗心的;不小心的495mistake n.错误;失误496himself pron.他自己497careful adj.小心的;细致的;精心的;慎重的498advise v.劝告;建议499solve v. 解决;解答500step n.步;步骤501trust v.相信;信任502experience n.经验;经历503in half phrase分成两半504halfway adv.在中途;部分地做(或达到)505else adv.别的;其他的2013版人教新目标八年级英语下册单词表八年级英语上册单词表。
有关于狼的英文谚语

有关于狼的英文谚语范文1:In many cultures, the wolf is a symbol of power, loyalty, and courage. There are also many famous English proverbs related to wolves. Let's take a look at some of them.1. "A wolf in sheep's clothing." This means someone who pretends to be harmless or friendly but is actually dangerous or deceitful. The phrase originates from a fable in which a wolf puts on a sheepskin to deceive a flock of sheep.2. "To throw someone to the wolves." This means to abandon someone to face a difficult or dangerous situation alone. The phrase comes from the way wolves and other predators hunt, often isolating one of their prey before attacking it.3. "Cry wolf." This means to call for help or attention when it is not really needed, thereby making it less likely that people will believe you when you really are in danger. The phrase comes from a fable in which a boy repeatedly cries "wolf" to trick the villagers into coming to his aid, but when a real wolf appears and he cries for help, no one believes him.4. "Wolf pack." This refers to a group of people (or animals) who work together in a coordinated and often ruthless manner, like a group of wolves hunting their prey.In conclusion, wolves are fascinating creatures that have inspired a variety of English proverbs and expressions. Whether you see themas symbols of strength and loyalty or as dangerous predators, their presence in our collective imagination is undeniable.要点分析:写作重点:介绍了有关于狼的英文谚语,并分别解释了它们的含义和来源。
tem-4 n.+prep.phrase

34.connection between; 关系,连接,如: The connection between the two events is remote. 这两件事之间没有什麽联系。
35. complaint of /about 报怨,控告,如: I have a complaint of the chest. 我胸部不 适。 Accept complaint about damage 接受货 损抱怨
如:
I have only a nodding acquaintance with Japanese. 我对日语仅略知一二。 The guide has some acquaintance with Italian. 导游懂得一点意大利语。
5. action on sth 对……的作用 如: Evidences of glacial action on the rocks 岩石上的冰河留下的痕迹
36. compromise between/on 折中,妥协,如: Progress has been made towards a political compromise between the two nations. 两国之间的政治和解已经取得进展。 The final proposals were a rather unsuccessful compromise between the need for profitability and the demands of local conservationists. 最终的方案是受益者和地区自然资源保护 者之间颇为勉强的相互妥协.
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
12. answer to ……的答案,如: The answer to his problem was staring him in the face. 他那个问题的答案是明摆著的。 Do you know the answer to this question? 你知道这道题的答案吗?
dangerous英文例句

dangerous英文例句Living in a dangerous world can be a constant source of stress and fear. From natural disasters to human-made threats, the potential dangers surrounding us can feel overwhelming at times. 在一个危险的世界中生活可能会是一种持续的压力和恐惧源泉。
从自然灾害到人为威胁,我们周围的潜在危险有时会让人感到不堪重负。
The feeling of vulnerability in the face of danger is a universal human experience. It is a reminder of our mortality and the fragility of life. When faced with danger, our survival instincts kick in, and our fight or flight response is activated. 面对危险时的脆弱感是一种普遍的人类体验。
它是对我们有限生命和生命脆弱性的提醒。
在面对危险时,我们的生存本能会被激活,我们的战斗或逃跑反应会被激发。
The media often perpetuates a sense of danger by sensationalizing and exaggerating the risks we face. Whether it's through news reports or entertainment, we are constantly bombarded with images of violence, crime, and disaster. 媒体经常通过大肆渲染和夸大我们面临的风险来传递一种危险感。
危险英语短语

危险英语短语Dangerous English PhrasesThe English language is a rich and diverse means of communication, with a vast array of words and expressions that can convey a wide range of emotions, ideas, and perspectives. However, within this linguistic tapestry, there are certain phrases that can be considered "dangerous" – words or combinations of words that, if used carelessly or without proper understanding, can have unintended and potentially harmful consequences.One such phrase that falls into this category is "I don't care." This seemingly innocuous statement can be interpreted in various ways, depending on the context and the tone in which it is delivered. In some instances, it may be a genuine expression of indifference or a lack of concern for a particular issue. However, when used in the context of a personal relationship or a sensitive situation, it can be perceived as a dismissive or hurtful response, potentially damaging the trust and connection between individuals.Another potentially dangerous phrase is "I'm just joking." While humor and lightheartedness can be valuable in building relationshipsand diffusing tense situations, the use of this phrase can sometimes be a way to mask hurtful or insensitive comments. It can be a means of deflecting responsibility for one's words and actions, and it can leave the recipient feeling invalidated or disrespected.The phrase "I'm sorry, but..." is another example of a dangerous English expression. The initial apology may seem sincere, but the addition of the word "but" often undermines the sentiment and can be interpreted as a way of shifting blame or justifying one's actions. This can be particularly problematic in situations where a genuine apology and accountability are necessary for healing and reconciliation.The use of the word "always" or "never" in certain contexts can also be considered a dangerous phrase. Statements like "You always do that" or "You never listen to me" can be perceived as absolutes that fail to acknowledge the nuances and complexities of human behavior and relationships. Such sweeping generalizations can lead to feelings of frustration, defensiveness, and a breakdown in communication.Another phrase that can be hazardous is "I was just being honest." While honesty is a valuable and admirable quality, it can sometimes be used as a cover for insensitive or hurtful comments. The use of this phrase can suggest that the speaker is more concerned with their own need to express their views than with the impact theirwords may have on the recipient.The phrase "I didn't mean it that way" is another example of a dangerous English expression. When used in response to a perceived offense or misunderstanding, it can come across as a dismissal of the other person's feelings and an attempt to shift the responsibility for the impact of one's words.Finally, the phrase "I'm not racist, but..." is a particularly problematic and dangerous expression. The use of this phrase often precedes a statement that is, in fact, racist or discriminatory in nature. It can be a way of attempting to legitimize or justify prejudiced views, while simultaneously denying or minimizing the harm they can cause.In conclusion, the English language is a powerful tool for communication, but it is also one that must be wielded with care and consideration. Phrases that may seem innocuous or even well-intentioned can, in fact, be dangerous when used without proper understanding or sensitivity. By being mindful of the potential impact of our words and choosing our language carefully, we can foster more meaningful and constructive dialogues, build stronger relationships, and contribute to a more inclusive and compassionate society.。
Phrase

A bad thing never dies.遗臭万年。
A bad workman always blames his tools.不会撑船怪河弯。
A bird in the hand is worth than two in the bush.一鸟在手胜过双鸟在林。
A boaster and a liar are cousins-german.吹牛与说谎本是同宗。
A book is the same today as it always was and it will never change.好书千载常如新。
A book that remains shut is but a block.书本不去翻,犹如一木块。
A bully is always a coward.色厉内荏。
A burden of one's choice is not felt.爱挑的担子不嫌重。
A candle lights others and consumes itself.蜡烛照亮别人,却毁灭了自己。
A cat has 9 lives.猫有九条命。
A cat may look at a king.人人平等。
A chain is no stronger than its weakest link. 麻绳单打细头断A clean fast is better than a dirty breakfast. 宁可清饥,不可浊饱A close mouth catches no flies.病从口入。
A constant guest is never welcome.常客令人厌。
Actions speak louder than words.事实胜于雄辩。
A disease known is half cured.病情弄清楚,病根除一半。
Adversity leads to prosperity.穷则思变。
Adversity makes a man wise, not rich.逆境出人才。
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临床危象汇总临床危象,即疾病的危急征象,见于临床各科。
危象的识别与救治是危重病急救医学的重要组成部分。
1 内分泌代谢系统1. 1 垂体危象: 本危象是垂体功能减退症未经系统、正规激素补充治疗出现的多种代谢紊乱和器官功能失调,是危及生命的危急重症之一。
诊断要点:垂体功能减退症患者,遇感染、外伤、手术等应激状态,出现严重的代谢紊乱(低血钠、低血糖) 、精神症状(精神失常、意识模糊、谵妄) 、昏迷。
抢救措施:多由低血糖和/或低钠血症引起,强调迅速纠正低血糖、水电解质紊乱,迅速补充相关缺乏的激素,同时积极控制诱发因素,处理并发症。
1.2 甲状腺危象简称甲亢危象或称甲状腺风暴,是甲亢病情的急性极度加重,常危及患者生命诊断要点:Graves病、甲状腺毒性腺瘤或多结节性甲状腺肿患者,突然出现高热( > 39 ℃) 、大汗淋漓、心动过速( > 160次/min) 、频繁呕吐及腹泻、焦虑、震颤、谵语、昏迷。
抢救措施:快速抑制甲状腺素的合成和分泌(予以抗甲状腺药、碘剂) ,迅速降低循环血中甲状腺素水平(血浆置换、透析) ,降低周围组织对甲状腺素的反应(β2肾上腺素能阻断剂、利血平或胍乙啶) ,保护重要脏器,防治功能衰竭(予以退热剂、糖皮质激素或人工冬眠)1.3 甲状腺功能减退危象简称甲减危象,又称粘液性水肿性昏迷,是甲状腺功能低下失代偿的一种严重的临床状态,威胁患者生命。
诊断要点:甲减患者,突然出现精神异常(定向力障碍、精神错乱、意识模糊、嗜睡昏迷) 、绝对低体温( < 30~35 ℃) ,甲状腺激素水平明显减低。
抢救措施:迅速补充甲状腺激素、糖皮质激素,保暖、抗感染。
1.4 甲状旁腺危象包括甲状旁腺亢进(甲旁亢)所致的高血钙危象和甲旁减所致的低血钙危象。
①高血钙危象:诊断要点为甲旁亢患者出现高热、厌食、呕吐、剧烈腹痛、进行性失水、多饮多尿、进行性肾功能损害、心律失常、定向力障碍、精神错乱、昏迷;血清钙> 3. 75 mmol /L、碱性磷酸酶及甲状旁腺素增高。
抢救措施:力争在24~48 h内将血钙降至0. 7~2. 2 mmol/L。
具体措施为促进钙的排泄(予以呋塞米、依地酸二钠或透析) 、抑制骨钙吸收(予以光辉霉素、降钙素、糖皮质激素) 、纠正水电解质酸碱平衡紊乱(补充生理盐水及钾、镁、磷) 。
②低血钙危象:诊断要点主要为神经肌肉兴奋性增高;特征性的表现是发作性阵发性手足搐搦,严重者全身痉挛、喉头和支气管痉挛、惊厥,癫样抽搐见于部分患者; Chvostek征和Trousscau征阳性;血清钙< 1. 25 mmol/L。
抢救措施:立即注射钙剂和维生素D;若抽搐不止,可加用镇静止痉剂,如苯妥英钠、苯巴比妥钠、安定,并测血镁、血磷,低则补给。
1.5 肾上腺危象是指由各种原因引起的肾上腺皮质突然分泌不足或缺乏所表现的临床症状群。
诊断要点:肾上腺皮质严重破坏或慢性肾上腺皮质功能减低者,突发极度乏力、高热( >40 ℃) 、严重脱水、少尿无尿、心动过速( > 160次/min) 、心律失常、虚脱休克、呕吐腹泻、严重腹痛、烦躁不安、意识障碍。
实验室检查:三低(低血糖、低血钠、低皮质醇) 、两高(高血钾、高尿素氮)和外周血嗜酸性粒细胞增高( > 0.3 ×109 /L) 。
抢救措施:即刻静脉滴注氢化可的松、纠正糖及水、电解质、酸碱平衡紊乱。
1.6 嗜铬细胞瘤危象亦称儿茶酚胺危象。
是由于嗜铬细胞肿瘤突然释放大量儿茶酚胺入血,或儿茶酚胺分泌突然减少、停止,而引起严重的血压和代谢紊乱。
诊断要点:发作时血压急剧升高(249~300 /180~210 mm Hg) ,高血压与低血压休克交替;代谢紊乱(血糖升高、糖耐量减退、尿糖阳性) ;基础代谢率升高40%以上。
实验室检查: 24 h尿VMA、儿茶酚胺,血浆游离儿茶酚胺升高,可乐定试验、酚妥拉明阻滞试验阳性,影像学检查发现肿瘤抢救措施:立即静脉滴注酚妥拉明,控制血压,补充血容量,对症处理,择期手术切除肿瘤。
1.7 糖尿病危象糖尿病未及时诊断或控制不理想,在应激情况下,发生酮症酸中毒、高渗性昏迷和乳酸性酸中毒,即糖尿病危象。
诊断要点:酮症酸中毒为糖尿病患者出现口渴加重、多饮多尿、恶心呕吐、烦躁不安、意识障碍、血糖16. 7~33. 3 mmol /L、血酮体升高、尿酮体强阳性、代谢性酸中毒;高渗性昏迷:严重脱水(皮肤干燥、眼球凹陷、血压下降) 、意识障碍、嗜睡昏迷、血糖≥33. 3 mmol/L、血Na+ > 145mmol/L、BUN及Cr升高、血浆渗透压> 320 mmol/L; 乳酸性酸中毒:意识障碍、谵妄昏迷、血pH值< 7. 20、血HCO3- 明显降低、血乳酸> 5 mmol/L、阴离子间隙> 18 mmol /L。
抢救措施:迅速补充胰岛素。
主张小剂量胰岛素疗法,即5个“5"原则:正规胰岛素50 U加入500 ml生理盐水中,以每小时50 ml的速度持续滴注,相当于5 U /h,使血糖稳定下降,一般下降速度为5 mmol/h;纠正水电解质酸碱平衡紊乱。
乳酸性酸中毒:病因治疗、纠酸。
1.8 低血糖危象系多种病因引起的血糖浓度急速下降,而造成广泛的神经系统受损的内科急症。
诊断要点:存在低血糖危险因素的患者,突然出现交感神经系统过度兴奋症状(冷汗、心悸、饥饿感、面色苍白、手颤) ,脑功能障碍(视物模糊、躁动不安、意识障碍、癫发作、偏瘫失语、昏迷) ,血糖< 2. 8 mmol /L。
抢救措施:立即静脉滴注葡萄糖,必要时应用甘露醇和糖皮质激素。
1.9 低血钾危象系各种原因所造成的血钾严重降低。
诊断要点:肌无力、腱反射下降,血钾< 3. 5 mmol/L,心电图示T波低平、U波增高。
抢救措施:迅速静脉补钾1.10 类癌危象是类癌综合征的严重并发症,一般发生于前肠类癌及尿分泌型组织胺( 5-H IAA) 明显增高( > 200mg/d)的患者。
可自发地发生或由体力活动、麻醉或化疗等诱发。
诊断要点:突然出现严重而普遍的皮肤潮红,常持续数小时至数日;腹泻可明显加重并伴有腹痛;中枢神经系统症状常见,自轻度头晕、眩晕至嗜睡和深度昏迷;常有心血管异常表现,如心动过速、心律紊乱、高血压或严重低血压。
血5-羟色胺( 5-HT)和尿5-H IAA 明显增高、激发试验阳性。
影像学和核素显像检查有助于发现肿瘤。
抢救措施:发现肿瘤者应积极手术;内科治疗可应用生长抑素及类似物、血清素拮抗剂等。
2 神经系统2. 1 颅高压危象又称脑疝危象。
因各种病因引起颅内压急剧增高,导致病情加重,出现脑疝而危及生命的状态。
诊断要点:颅高压三联征(头痛、呕吐和视乳头水肿) 、外展神经麻痹与复视、意识障碍、抽搐、去大脑强直发作、生命指征改变(血压升高、脉搏缓慢、呼吸深而慢、瞳孔不整) 。
脑脊液压力> 200 mm H2O。
抢救措施:积极病因治疗,迅速降颅压,一旦出现脑疝,立即静脉快速滴注或注射脱水剂,必要时手术减压。
2. 2 重症肌无力危象为重症肌无力患者病情加重,急骤发生呼吸肌无力,出现呼吸麻痹,以至不能维持换气功能的危急征象。
分三种类型:肌无力危象、胆碱能危象和反拗危象。
肌无力危象:为抗胆碱酯酶药物剂量不足,疾病控制不理想,继续进展,肌无力症状突出,注射新斯的明或腾喜龙后症状可缓解;胆碱能危象:系抗胆碱酯酶药物过量造成,常有短时间内应用过量抗胆碱酯酶药物史,除肌无力症状外,尚有胆碱能中毒症状(瞳孔缩小、出汗、肉跳、流口水、腹痛或腹泻) ,用阿托品后症状可好转,而用腾喜龙后症状加重或无变化;反拗危象:又称无反应性危象,患者病情突然加重、抗胆碱酯酶药物失效,原因不明,应用新斯的明、腾喜龙、阿托品均无效。
抢救措施:保持呼吸道通畅,适时气管插管正压呼吸;干涸疗法(即在气管插管正压给氧控制呼吸的条件下,立即停用一切抗胆碱酯酶药) ;大剂量激素疗法;血浆置换疗法;控制感染消除诱因。
2. 3 少动危象为帕金森病患者出现的一种严重运动障碍,表现为长时间不能动,可能由于纹状体多巴胺释放耗竭所致。
治疗主要是给予足量的多巴胺制剂。
2. 4 动眼危象是肌张力障碍的一种类型,多见于脑炎后震颤麻痹患者和抗精神病药物治疗过程中,是一种发作性两眼向上或向一侧窜动的不自主眼肌痉挛动作,少数患者尚可出现调节辐辏障碍,垂直性(向上、向下)凝视麻痹等,个别脑炎后患者尚可出现发作性眼睑痉挛。
治疗措施及时应用足量抗胆碱药和补充多巴胺。
3 血液系统3. 1 溶血危象是某些诱因使慢性溶血性疾病患者的红细胞大量破坏的一种临床危急状况。
诊断要点:有慢性溶血病史的患者,突发寒战高热、腰背疼痛、少尿无尿、出血倾向、贫血加重、黄疸加深、血压下降、肝脾明显肿大。
实验室检查提示:红细胞破坏增加(血红蛋白代谢产物增加、血浆血红蛋白含量增加、红细胞寿命缩短、红细胞系代偿性增生) 。
抢救措施:立即应用糖皮质激素、输血、防治肾功能衰竭(尽早应用甘露醇、呋塞米) ,去除病因及诱因。
3. 2 出血危象是指由于血管因素、血小板量或质的异常及血液凝固障碍等引起的、来势迅猛的大出血或出血不止,发生休克、昏迷而危及生命的现象。
原有出凝血功能障碍的患者,突然出现持续性出血(皮肤粘膜、关节、内脏或轻微外伤手术后出血不止) 。
实验室检查:常规项目(血小板计数及出、凝血时间和血块收缩时间、毛细血管脆性试验)异常、凝血因子初筛试验异常。
抢救措施:血管因素所致的出血应立即局部止血、予以降低毛细血管脆性药物;血小板因素所致的出血,予以糖皮质激素、输血小板;凝血因子缺乏所致的出血则应补充所缺少的凝血因子。
3. 3 血小板危象是指患者血小板数量发生急剧改变( < 30 ×109 或>正常3倍,即> 750 ×109 /L)和/或血小板功能显著异常时,出现自发的严重出血,危及生命诊断要点:原有血小板数量和/或质量异常的患者,意外地、自发地出现皮下及粘膜出血,胃肠道、呼吸道、泌尿生殖道或外伤手术后出血不止,严重者肾上腺皮质、颅内亦可出血。
实验室检查:血小板显著减少、毛细血管脆性试验阳性、出血时间延长、血小板粘附试验及血小板聚集试验异常、血块退缩不良。
抢救措施:在积极治疗原发病的基础上,立即输新鲜血和/或血小板悬液,应用糖皮质激素或免疫抑制剂、止血剂,必要时行脾切除术3. 4 再生障碍危象由于某些原因导致造血功能突然停滞,贫血迅速加重。
诊断要点:突然出现的贫血和乏力加剧,并有发热、恶心呕吐、面色苍白、软弱、脉搏加快、血压下降。
实验室检查见贫血、全血细胞减少,骨髓象红系细胞成熟障碍。
抢救措施:积极控制感染,立即停用可疑药物;适当输血、补充叶酸和复方维生素B;病情严重者,可给予造血细胞生长因子。