CHP0 INTRODUCTION
I2IoT20_Chp1_Instructor_Supplemental_Material
第 1 章：万物皆可互联教材Introduction to the Internet of Things v2.0第 1 章：万物皆可互联Introduction to the Internet of Thingsv2.0 规划指南第 1 章：万物皆可互联Introduction to the Internet of Things v2.0第 1 章 - 章节和目标▪1.1 全数字化转型•说明全数字化转型如何影响企业、行业及日常生活。
•说明全数字化转型如何为创新提供支持。
•说明网络如何为全数字化业务和社会提供平台。
▪ 1.2 连接到物联网的设备•配置物联网设备以连接到网络。
•说明连接的物联网设备呈指数级增长•将设备配置为在物联网中进行通信。
1.1 全数字化转型▪如今，智能设备比人还要多。
•许多人一天 24 小时连接到互联网。
•到 2020 年，每个使用者将平均拥有 6.58 台智能设备。
▪现代全数字化网络让这一切成为可能。
▪全数字化转型是全数字化技术的应用，旨在为企业和行业提供创新舞台。
全数字化转型的演变实验 - 您的“互联”情况实验 - 确定您的年代全数字化转型对业务的影响▪经过适当编程，智能设备可以评估为其提供的数据，并“动态”修改流程和设置。
▪如果提供足够的数据，它们就可以“学习”并根据新的参数来修改自身的代码。
▪智能城市使用传感器来控制许多基础设施系统，如交通流量、停车、用水和水电。
▪无人驾驶汽车配备了许多超声波传感器、摄像头、精密 GPS 和计算机。
全数字化转型智能设备是否可以思考？视频：下载并安装 Packet Tracer实验 - 部署和连接设备▪500 亿个事物提供了数万亿 GB 的数据。
▪网络为互联网和全数字化世界提供了基础。
▪网络可以是小到两台计算机组成的简易网络，也可以是大到连接数百万台设备的超级网络。
▪网络可以通过互联网连接为客户提供产品和服务。
▪互联网是现存最大的网络，能够有效地提供覆盖地球表面的“电子皮肤”。
国际经济与贸易(双语)-教学大纲
《国际经济与贸易》教学大纲课程编号：112602B课程类型：□通识教育必修课□通识教育选修课□专业必修课√专业选修课□学科基础课总学时：32 讲课学时： 32学分：2适用对象：金融学（国际金融英文班）先修课程：经济学、金融学一、教学目标本课程的主要目标：本门课程的教学，旨在使学生了解和掌握《国际经济学》中的主要理论和研究方法，并能灵活运用所学的理论和方法研究和分析国际经济领域的问题和现象，认识现象和问题的本质属性。
Through the teaching of this course, students should know and seize the major theories and inquisitive method of the international economics. Meanwhile, students should be able to research and analyze some problem and phenomena and understand the substantial properties in the field of international economy according to the theories and methods studied in this course.二、教学内容及其与毕业要求的对应关系要求学生掌握国际贸易基本理论、基本知识，了解当代国际贸易的热点问题及发展趋势，把握国际贸易理论研究前沿。
学完本课程后，应达到以下基本要求：1、了解国际贸易理论前沿和发展状况，能够理解和掌握国际贸易基本概念、历史、理论、政策、新趋势和新实践等基本知识，掌握国际贸易基本方法和基本知识；2、了解国际贸易实践，通过案例教学把握国际贸易的实际情况，能够理论联系实际解决问题，具有分析和解决国际贸易实际问题的能力和研究、分析和编写报告的能力；3、使学生能够运用所学知识，正确分析和解释国际贸易问题与现象。
possibility of art of Chemical heat pump technologies
IntroductionState of art of Chemical heat pump (CHP)–Classification of CHPs–Examples:Benefit of CHP–Chips for development of chemical heat pump Challenges to CHP development–Heat storages at middle temperature (100-350o C)–Material improvement for MgO/H2O CHP Funding subjects for CHP developmentContentsIntroductionState of art of Chemical heat pump (CHP)–Classification of CHPs–Examples:Benefit of CHP–Chips for development of chemical heat pump Challenges to CHP development–Heat storages at middle temperature (100-350o C)–Material improvement for MgO/H2O CHP Funding subjects for CHP developmentContentsFe(OH)3Heatoutput TThttp://www.lottekenko. co.jp/products/hokaron /index.html3IntroductionState of art of Chemical heat pump (CHP)–Classification of CHPs–Examples:Benefit of CHP–Chips for development of chemical heat pump Challenges to CHP development–Heat storages at middle temperature (100-350o C)–Material improvement for MgO/H2O CHP Funding subjects for CHP developmentContentsExample of chemical heat pumpMgO + H 2O = Mg(OH)2HydrationDehydrationΔH= −81.0kJ/molHeat outputHeat storage(a) reaction & phase change batch typeKato, Kagakukougaku Ronbunshu , 19 (6), pp. 1213-1216 (1993)Mg(OH)2MgOH2OH2OMgO Mg(OH)2120Forward reaction Backward reaction, : thermal energy, : separation work, : gas flowTable Classification of chemical heat pumps(1) dehydration (2) condensationMg(OH)2H 2OMgOH 2O(1) dehydration (2) condensationMg(OH)2H 2OMgOH 2Ostorage reactionPbO CaCO3CaO PbCO 3CaO CaCO 3IntroductionState of art of Chemical heat pump (CHP)–Classification of CHPs–Examples:Benefit of CHP–Chips for development of chemical heat pump Challenges to CHP development–Heat storages at middle temperature (100-350o C)–Material improvement for MgO/H2O CHP Funding subjects for CHP developmentContentsTemp. Reactor Steam TurbineTT(=2c2dBenefit of chemical heat storage Higher energy density compared withphysical change -> Compact storageLong-term storage as reactants with smallthermal lossOperation temperatures of storage andoutput are variable by choice of reaction conditionsTheoretically!IntroductionState of art of Chemical heat pump (CHP)–Classification of CHPs–Examples:Benefit of CHP–Chips for development of chemical heat pump Challenges to CHP development–Heat storages at middle temperature (100-350o C)–Material improvement for MgO/H2O CHP Funding subjects for CHP developmentContentsHeat sources at middle temperature (100-300o C)–Energy trend of vehiclesDevelopment of chemical composite materials–Chemical heat storage for medium temperature –Survey of chemical reactions for heat storage –Chemical composite materials –Thermo-balance measurementHeat storages at middle temperature(100‐350o C)Plug-in Hybrid PRIUS, PHV, Electric vehicle, EV 37 km/L 2 million JPYICE Hybrid, HV, PRIUS 3rd, HVPHV http://www2.toyota.co.jp/jp/news/09/12/nt09_087.html55 km/L(22 JPY/kWh)4 -10 million JPY400600Temperature [K]MgCO Mg(OH)2NiCl 26NH 328NH 3Silica gel/H Super AC/Ethanol ElithlitorNaOHH 2O Vaporn-Eicosane n-tetraDecane Na 2HPO 412H 2ONa 2SO 412H 2OCaCl 26H 2OHigh-Temp. TargetConventional upper limit Low-Temp.Middle Tmp.Metallic oxide, chloride reactions forchemical heat storageMO+H2O -> M(OH)2MgO+H2O →Mg(OH)2for 350o C CaO+H2O →Ca(OH)2for 550o C CaCl2+n H2O→CaCl2.n H2O for <100o C MO+CO2-> MCO3CaO+CO2→CaCO3for 850o CPbO+CO2→PbCO3for 450o CMCl2+n NH3-> MCl2.n NH3BaCl2+8NH3→BaCl2.8NH3for <100o C2 2.5Inverse temperature,T a r g etIntroductionState of art of Chemical heat pump (CHP)–Classification of CHPs–Examples:Benefit of CHP–Chips for development of chemical heat pump Challenges to CHP development–Heat storages at middle temperature (100-350o C)–Material improvement for MgO/H2O CHP Funding subjects for CHP developmentContentsKey requirements for a design of CHP Close or open cycle?–For closed cycleTwo reactors for reactant and productWell airtight reactorIdentification of heat sources for heat pump cycle–High-temperature heat source–Low-temperature heat sourceTo make potential difference of concentration orpressure between two reactors by consuming someworks–Gas-Liquid reaction system: ΔconcentrationSeparation process for reactant and product–Gas-solid reaction system: ΔpressureEnhancement of heat or mass transfer which controlsreaction reactivityCondensation of gasTips for development of new chemical heat pumpTarget temperatures–For 60-80o C: large number of competitive pumps–For 100-200o C: Nichefrontier–For >200 o C: NewCandidate of reaction types–Organic + vapor/gas–Absorption + vapor/gas–Adsorption + vapor/gas–Inorganic + vapor/gasMaterial conditions–safe, environmental friendly, low-cost–Durability–High-performances for reaction, mass diffusion, heat transferFunding to development of new CHP Identification of heat market: matching heatsource, storage and demand: Heat flow conditions, heat sources, heat demand, period, place-> Waste heat recovery, energy saving. Development of reaction systems, and materials:Phase of reaction gas/solid, material designs Reactor design: high reactivity, thermalconductivity, operabilityCHP system design: low-cost, safety, high-reliability -> SimpleConclusionsBenefit!–Chemical heat pump has higher energy density–Long‐term heat storage–Wide temperature rangeDemerit!–Two airtight reactors for closed cycle operation–Make difference of concentration and pressure between the two reactors–Thermal and mass transfer controls reactions and total system operability> Well designed reactor–Durable material and catalyst development Applicability of chemical heat pump–CHP can have potential to brake a market for highertemperature utilizations–Innovative energy materials secure high‐performance of CHPThank you yukitaka@nr.titech.ac.jphttp://www.nr.titech.ac.jp/~yukitaka/。
chp有机化学
Chapter4Russian Organic Chemistry Matures: Emergence of a Russian-Trained Professoriate in Organic Chemistry4.1IntroductionThe rise of the schools of organic chemistry at Kazan’and St.Petersburg proceeded apace during what may be considered the zenith of the science in Russia,the period between1855and1890.The early part of this period is asso-ciated with Butlerov at Kazan’,and with Zinin and Borodin at St.Petersburg. However,in the ensuing decades,the students of these chemists made important contributions that made organic chemistry in Russia the equal of,or superior to that being carried out in the western world.Leicester has made the suggestion that were it not for the conservative(non-native Russian)membership of the Academy of Sciences,the rise of chemistry in Russia would have continued even longer[1]. The elevation of the standard of Russian chemistry during this period was accompanied by the rise of regional universities,but,more especially,by the rise of chemistry at Moscow University,to join the productive programs in St.Petersburg and Kazan’,during the last quarter of the century.4.2St.Petersburg4.2.1The Imperial Medical-Surgical AcademyIn addition to St.Petersburg University and the Imperial Academy,organic chemistry also began toflourish in St.Petersburg during the early part of the nineteenth century at the Petersburg Medical-Surgical Academy.This institution had been founded Tsar Paul in1798as the Army Medical Academy,a place for the education of army doctors.It was renamed the Imperial Medical-Surgical Academy in1808.Although predominantly for the education of physicians,this institution57 D.E.Lewis,Early Russian Organic Chemists and Their Legacy,SpringerBriefs in History of Chemistry,DOI:10.1007/978-3-642-28219-5_4,ÓThe Author(s)2012584Russian Organic Chemistry Matures played an important role in the development of natural and physical sciences in Russia.In1848,Nikolai Zinin had left Kazan’,and had taken up the Chair of Chemistry at the Medical-Surgical Academy.He spent the next quarter century of his career there,retiring from his position in1874.As he had started at Kazan,so he con-tinued at St.Petersburg:During his time at the Medical-Surgical Academy,Zinin made it his job to raise the level of the chemistry laboratories,and he was instrumental in planning a new Institute of Chemistry.Under Zinin,the Medical-Surgical Academy became so well known for chemistry that local wags occa-sionally suggested that it be renamed the Medical-Chemical Academy.4.2.2The Next Generation of Organic Chemistsat St.PetersburgThe rise of chemistry as a significant discipline at St.Petersburg is reasonably attributed to Zinin and Voskresenskii,who educated three of the four individuals to whom may be attributed the consolidation of the position of the science of chemistry in St.Petersburg:Nikolai Aleksandrovich Menshutkin and his friend, Dmitrii Ivanovich Mendeleev,at St.Petersburg University,and Aleksandr Porfir’evich Borodin(Fktrcfylh Gjhabhmtdbx<jhjlby,1834–1887),at the Medical-Surgical Academy.The fourth was Friedrich Konrad Beilstein(Fyodor Fyodorovich Beil’shtein,A/ljh A/ljhjdbx<tqkmintqy,1838–1906),who fol-lowed Mendeleev into the Chair of Chemistry at the Imperial Technical Institute in St.Petersburg.Both Menshutkin and Mendeleev had been students of Voskre-senskii at the St.Petersburg Pedagogical Institute,but Beilstein’s path to a lead-ership position in Russian organic chemistry was significantly different.Even so, the careers of Beilstein and Mendeleev are inextricably linked,so we will treat them together.But we will begin with Menshutkin.4.2.3Nikolai Aleksandrovich MenshutkinOne of Voskresenskii’s earliest students,Nikolai Aleksandrovich Menshutkin[2], became Professor of analytical chemistry at St.Petersburg,and was a pioneer in physical organic chemistry.Menshutkin was born in St.Petersburg to a fairly wealthy trader’s family.At six years of age,he was sent to the best boarding schools in St.Petersburg,and at age10,he was enrolled also at the St.Peter German School; he graduated infirst place from this school in December1857,shortly after his15th birthday.Because he was underage for admission,he was required to pass an examination before he was permitted to enter St.Petersburg University.As a stu-dent in the natural science department of the Physico-mathematical faculty of4.2St.Petersburg59 the university,Menshutkin received his education in inorganic and analytical chemistry from Voskresenskii,and his education in organic chemistry from Nikolai Nikolaevich Sokolov(Ybrjkfq Ybrjkftdbx Cjrjkjd,1826–1877),1for whom].Menshutkin had great respect and affection[3 Array In1862,Menshutkin successfully defended his dissertation for the degree of kandidat and then immediately took a komandirovka to western Europe.He began at the Tübingen laboratory of Adolph Strecker,then moved to the Paris laboratory of Charles Adolphe Wurtz in1864,andfinally to the Marburg laboratory of Hermann Kolbe in1865.He returned to Russia in1866,and immediately wrote up the results of his work on phosphorous acid,receiving the degree of M.Chem.the same year[4].Three years later,he received his Dr.Chem.degree for work on ureides[5].After obtaining his Dr.Chem.degree,Menshutkin was appointed as Extraordinary Professor of Chemistry at St.Petersburg University and ordinary professor in1876.In1879,he was elected Dean of the Physico-mathematical faculty,and he served in this position until1887;in1885he was appointed to the Chair of Organic Chemistry,a position he held until1902.In1893,he was given the title of supernumerary professor.Until1885,Menshutkin had taught analytical chemistry and special courses in organic chemistry,but on assuming the Chair of organic chemistry,he abandoned the teaching of analytical chemistry and devoted himself solely to his specialty.In1902,he was appointed Professor of Chemistry at St.Petersburg Polytechnic Institute,a position he held until his death.During his time at each institution,Menshutkin supervised the construction and equipping of 1Sokolov’s carer at Odessa will be discussed at more length in Chap.5.the chemical laboratories:at the University of St.Petersburg from1890to 1894,and at the St.Petersburg Polytechnic Institute from 1901to 1902.Like his mentors,Menshutkin was one of the founders of the Russian Physical Chemical Society;he served as the editor of its Journal from 1869to 1900,and as president of the society in 1906.Menshutkin died of a stroke in St.Petersburg just three days after his friend,Mendeleev.4.2.3.1The Menshutkin Reaction:Early PhysicalOrganic ChemistryMenshutkin’s lasting contributions to organic chemistry were in the area of physical organic chemistry,where he was a true pioneer.Among his early works were studies of the pyrolyis of amyl acetate,in which he showed the autocatalytic effects of acetic acid,one of the reaction products [6].Menshutkin also published a long series of papers describing the effects of alcohol structure on the ease of esterification [7].From these papers,a general appreciation of the effects of structure on the rates of closely-related chemical reactions arose;Fig.4.1shows a table of data describing the absolute and relative initial rates of esterification of a series of saturated secondary alcohols.Menshutkin’s name has been preserved in the form of the Menshutkin reaction ,which now refers to the quaternization of amines with alkyl ing this reaction,Menshutkin definitively demonstrated the potentially dramatic effect of solvent on reaction rates [8],while,at the same time,he extended his studies of the structural effects of the reactants on the rates of chemical reactions [9].For his pioneering work in physical organic chemistry,Menshutkin received the 1904Lomonosov Prize—the highest award of the Russian Academy of Sciences.N RR RNR R R'Coming out of his kinetic work was Menshutkin’s conviction that no reaction can be studied without considering the influence of the solvent [10],a remarkably 1. Dimethylcarbinol26,53 43,852. Aethylmethylcarbinol22,59 38,103. Hexylmethylcarbinol21,19 34,164. Isopropylmethylcarbinol18,95 31,955. Diäthylcarbinol 16,93 28,86a babsolut :relativ :AnfangegeschwindigkeitFig.4.1Initial rates of esterification of secondary alcohols as reported by Menshutkin604Russian Organic Chemistry Matures4.2St.Petersburg61 modern perspective that was reinforced three decades later by the work of Hughes and Ingold[11]in their studies of reaction mechanisms.(1834-1887)Aleksandr Porfir'evichBorodin4.2.4The Versatile BorodinZinin’s successor to the Chair of Chemistry at the Medical-Surgical Academy washis student,Aleksandr Porfir’evich Borodin.During his brief life,Borodinachieved eminence as both an organic chemist and as a composer[12],although ithas been suggested that the assessment of his accomplishments as a chemist mayhave been inflated[13];the most balanced discussion of Borodin’s chemicalaccomplishments may be that of Rae[14].Borodin was the illegitimate son of a62-year-old Imeretian(Georgian)prince,Luka Stepanovich Gedianov(morecorrectly,Gedevanishvili)(1772–1843),and a Russian mother,the25-year-oldEvdokia Konstantinovna Antonova;he was legitimized by being registered as theson of Porfiry Ionovich Borodin,his father’s valet,making Borodin both hisfather’s biological son and his father’s serf until that same father freed him atage7.His mother stayed close to him throughout his life,although she neverrecognized him as her son;he referred to her as his‘‘aunt.’’Borodin received afine home education,and he had mastered the French,German and English languages by an early age.While growing up,he alsoexhibited a strong interest in the sciences—botany,zoology,and especiallychemistry—and he also discovered music early:he learned to play the piano,celloandflute,and by the age of10years he had already composed hisfirst work,thePolka in D minor.624Russian Organic Chemistry Matures In1850,he sat for the admissions examinations for the Medical-Surgical Academy and,despite his relative youth(he was barely16years old),he was accepted as one of the entering students.At the Academy he studied chemistry under Zinin,with whom he continued to the completion of his M.D.degree in 1858.He became Zinin’s favorite student,and was Zinin’s choice to succeed him, but Zinin was disturbed by the time he spent on his music,scolding him with,‘‘Mr.Borodin,it would be better if you gave less thought to writing songs.I have placed all my hopes in you,and want you to be my successor one day.You waste too much time thinking about music.A man cannot serve two masters’’[15]. Although he was a qualified physician,Borodin became ill at the sight of blood,so he never practiced.As an aside,Borodin’s M.D.dissertation had the distinction of being thefirst at St.Petersburg written and defended in Russian rather than Latin.Following his graduation,he traveled to Heidelberg on the advice of his doc-toral mentor,entering the laboratory of Robert Wilhelm Bunsen.Within a year, however,he transferred to the laboratory of Emil Erlenmeyer(the elder).In1860, he attended the Karlsruhe conference as a Russian delegate with Mendeleev;at this conference,the atomic weights of the elements werefinallyfixed,which was absolutely critical to Mendeleev’s successful formulation of the periodic table. Later that year,Borodin traveled with Mendeleev and Zinin to southern Europe. From1860to1861,he was in Italy,where he worked in the laboratory of Sebastiano de Luca and Paolo Tassinari in Pisa.2While in Italy,he met Ekaterina Sergeevna Protopopova,whom he married in St.Petersburg two years later. Ekaterina,whose health was never robust,was herself a musician,and was said to possess‘‘perfect pitch.’’On his return to Russia in1862,Borodin was appointed docent at the Medical-Surgical Academy(meaning that he received no salary,but received a portion of the fees paid by students to attend his lectures);in1864he was appointed Pro-fessor of Chemistry at the Academy.In1872,he helped found courses for women at the Academy,and for much of his professional life he was a strong proponent of the education of women(as an aside,for all Russia’s reputation for being back-ward,the chemistry departments in Russia actually boasted some of the most forward-thinking individuals of the nineteenth century when it came to the edu-cation of women).When the medical education of women was halted a decade later under the regency of Aleksandr III,the blow devastated him.As a professor of chemistry at the Medical-Surgical Academy,Borodin’s teaching load was heavy,even by contemporary standards.Consequently,he found that the demands of his teaching left little time for either chemical research or for 2Paolo Tassinari(1829–1909)was an Italian analytical chemist who took the Chair at Pisa in 1862after a brief appointment to the University of Bologna,where he taught Analytical, Mineralogical,and Metallurgical Chemistry.Sebastiano de Luca(1820–1880)was a student of Piria,in Naples,and a close friend of Stanislao Cannizzarro.Like him,de Luca was of a revolutionary bent.He served with the rebels in the1848revolution,and when their cause failed, he was sentenced to19years imprisonment.He escaped apprehension,andfled to France,where he studied with Berthelot.He returned to Italy in1857,replacing Piria as Chair at Pisa.composition.He wrote that his friends—both in chemistry and music—often wished him poor health,since it was only when he was too ill to teach that he could accomplish anything in the research laboratory or his composing.Borodin’s musical legacy is also significant,and there are numerous biogra-phies of Borodin,the musician.He remains the only chemist to have won a Tony award:his music provided the score for the musical Kismet,which resulted in him winning the Tony award for the best composer of1954—67years after his death! Borodin died suddenly of a cardiac anuerysm at the young age of53years while attending a fancy dress ball organized by the professors of the Medical-Surgical Academy.4.2.4.1Borodin’s ChemistryThe brevity of Borodin’s career means that his chemical accomplishments were few;they were,however,important.In1860his studies were concerned with the chemistry of benzidine,and he has been credited with thefirst studies of he benzidine rearrangement(although Shine has pointed out that Borodin’s contri-bution was not,in fact,in this area[16]).In1861he published an account of the reaction of silver salts of organic acids with molecular bromine[17].CO2Ag BrBrThe reaction results in the oxidation of the carboxylate to the acyl hypobromite, which then undergoes homolysis and loss of carbon dioxide to give the alkyl bromide with one carbon atom less than the starting acid.In what must hold the record for a patent examiner missing prior art,Heinz and Cläre Hunsdiecker were awarded a U.S.patent[18]in1939—78years after its original publication—for the same reaction,and the reaction entered the textbooks as the Hunsdiecker reaction[19].It is only since the1990s that Borodin’s name has been attached to the reaction hefirst discovered.In1862he prepared thefirst organicfluorine compound by the treatment of benzoyl chloride with potassium hydrogenfluoride [20].2In1864,he began a project that lasted a decade,and led to the development of what the French chemist,Charles–Adolphe Wurtz(viewed by most—but not all [13]—historians of chemistry as Borodin’s competitor)called the aldol reaction [21].Despite its longer-term association with the name of Wurtz,Borodin’s pre-cedence for discovery of this reaction is unambiguous:hisfirst paper describing 4.2St.Petersburg63the reaction of aldehydes with sodium as the base appeared in two papers pub-lished in1864[22],pre-dating Wurtz’first paper by nearly a decade.Kekulé’sfirst foray into this area appeared in1869[23].Facing competition from these two high-powered competitors,Borodin eventually gave up this line of research.Na+4.2.5Beilstein and MendeleevBy far the most famous Russian chemist of the nineteenth century was Dmitrii Ivanovich Mendeleev,the discoverer of the periodic law.Mendeleev did relatively little,however,in thefield of organic chemistry.An excellent account of his life and seminal work is contained in the book by historian,Mark Gordin[24],to which the reader is referred.Beilstein,on the other hand,may be the best-known organic chemist that most organic chemists know nothing about,to quote Gordin yet again[25].Beilstein’s relationship with Mendeleev was never good,and it became much worse when,in1880,Mendeleev was denied the Chair in Technology at the Imperial Academy of Sciences,missing the majority by a single vote(although an extraordinary majority was actually needed for election),only to have Beilstein elected to the same Chair in1882.And yet,both achieved a high level of scientific eminence:Mendeleev just missed sharing the Nobel Prize for his work on the periodic law,and Beilsteins Handbuch der Organischen Chemie continues to be an important reference work for organic chemists over a hundred years after itsfirst appearance.4.2.5.1Dmitrii Ivanovich MendeleevLike his contemporary,Menshutkin(who actually presented Mendeleev’s land-mark paper on periodic law because Mendeleev himself was ill),Mendeleev learned his chemistry under Voskresenskii at St.Petersburg.In1856,he graduated from the St.Petersburg Pedagogical Institute with the degree of kandidat,and the same year he presented his dissertation for the degree of M.Chem.This allowed him to take up a position as Docent at St.Petersburg University,but his health forced him to move to southern Russia soon thereafter.Mendeleev’s major con-tribution to organic chemistry was his textbook,Organicheskaya Khimiya [Organic Chemistry],which he wrote in1861,and which was based on Gerhardt’s 644Russian Organic Chemistry Matures4.2St.Petersburg65 view of organic chemistry.Despite the rise of the structural theory of organic chemistry,Mendeleev held to the views of Gerhardt throughout his life.In his book,he focused on similarities in the properties of closely related compounds,but took no stand on the newly-emerged theory of chemical structure;he never accepted the existence of atoms.In1862he won the Demidov Prize for this book.4.2.5.2Friedrich Konrad(Fyodor Fyodorovich)BeilsteinBeilstein was born in St.Petersburg to an ethnic German family,and although he spoke Russian,he received all his education in German,first at the St.Petersburg German School,then in Germany itself.Following his education at St.Petersburg, in1853Beilstein was sent,at the age offifteen,to Heidelberg,where he studied two years with Bunsen.In1855,he transferred to Berlin,where he heard lectures by Liebig,and worked under Jolly.Here he completed hisfirst published work,on the diffusion of liquids[26].In1856he returned to Heidelberg,where he met and befriended Hübner and Kekulé,with whom he retained a life-long close friendship.A year after his return to Heidelberg,he moved to Göttingen where,a year later—two days before his twentieth birthday—Beilstein received the Ph.D.for the determination of the structure of murexide[27].Following his graduation,Beilstein spent a year in the Paris laboratory of Adolphe Wurtz,during which time he studied the action of phosphorus penta-chloride on aldehydes[28].This work began a continuing thread in his research career involving chlorination reactions of organic compounds.In1859,he returned to Germany to become Löwig’s assistant at Breslau,but Löwig’s rigid organiza-tion of his research group did not sit well with Beilstein,so when Wöhler offered him a position at Göttingen,he jumped at the chance.In1860,he returned to Göttingen,and here he continued to carry out research into halogenation of organic compounds.At the urging of Wöhler and others,who were loath to see one of Germany’s brightest young stars lost to Russia,the1865offer to Beilstein from St.Petersburg University in1865,was rapidly countered by the Germans.This meant that it was a huge surprise when,just a year later,Beilstein left Germany for Russia to take up a lower-salary appointment as Professor at the much less prestigious St.Petersburg Technological Institute.Here he remained for the rest of his career.In large part, Beilstein’s departure for Russia was prompted by the sudden death of his father, and the needs of his family.That Beilstein viewed the move as permanent is suggested by the fact that,just a year after his return to St.Petersburg,he took the unusual step of giving up his German citizenship and becoming a naturalized Russian subject.As Mendeleev’s successor at the Technological Institute,Beilstein was faced with inadequate laboratories,and with apathetic students who were destined to be engineers,and not scientists.Not only were these students not generally interested in thefiner points of theory in chemistry,but neither were the assistants whom Beilstein had to work with.Oddly enough,he might have been well served by664Russian Organic Chemistry Matures taking a leaf out of Löwig’s book when it came to running his laboratory at the Technological Institute.As it was,his chemical research output dwindled to practically nothing as the burden of his teaching duties,and his remediation of the laboratory consumed all his time.In1880,the Academy failed to elect Mendeleev to the Chair of Technology [29].The vote of the committee was12-11against,but since a two-thirds majority was required for election,the vote was actually not close,and the outcome was recorded as‘‘Conclusion:not considered elected.’’The ballot that denied Mendeleev even a simple majority was the second vote cast by the chair of the committee(Litke).The decision raised an uproar among Russian scientists and journalists at the time:both placed the blame for Mendeleev’s rejection on the ‘‘German’’party in the Academy.The Secretary of the Russian Physical–Chemical Society,Mendeleev’s friend,Menshutkin,proposed that a letter decrying the Academy’s action be sent to the newspapers.All the major organic chemists in St.Petersburg signed the letter—except one.Beilstein’s refusal to sign the letter of protest was because he felt that this action was inappropriate,and that the correct forum for dissent was in the form of an address at the next meeting of the Physical–Chemical Society lauding Mendeleev,and criticizing the Academy’s actions.This may have,indeed,been the more prudent and more intellectual course of action,but his position was viewed as disloyalty by the‘‘Russian’’faction,and from this time on,Beilstein was placed squarely,if unjustly,in the‘‘German’’faction.It led to the destruction of his friendship with Butlerov,whose move to St.Petersburg Beilstein had instigated;Beilstein had been instrumental in seeing that Butlerov was appointed to his professorship in the imperial capital.Two years later,the relationship between the two completed its descent into total rancor,when Beilstein himself was elected to the same Chair of Technology that had been denied to Mendeleev. The committee may have elected Beilstein to the Chair by the required two-thirds majority,but Butlerov used the required two-thirds vote at the general assembly of the Academy to block his confirmation:Beilstein’s appointment to the Chair of technology was not confirmed until after Butlerov’s death.Beilstein died in October,2006,becoming thefirst of three chemical giants of Russia to pass in the space of three months:he was followed in January1907by his nemesis,Mendeleev,and then by Menshutkin.Unlike the latter two,however, Beilstein’s passing was given scant attention in Russian circles.4.2.6Beilstein’s LegacyBeilstein’s original research contributions were relatively scant.His studies in Wurtz’laboratory had shown that aldehydes react with phosphorus pentahalides to give alkylidene halides.In1866,he reported that the chlorination of benzyl chloride gave different results,depending of the temperature of the reaction:at high temperatures,side chain halogenation dominated,while at lowertemperatures,nuclear substitution occurred [30].It was not until the discovery of free radicals by Gomberg [31],over three decades later,and the emergence of free radical reactions in papers by Kharasch [32],and Hey and Waters [33]that the likely reason for the change—a change of mechanism from ionic to free radical—could be proposed.As part of his studies on halogenation,Beilstein devised the elegantly simple Beilstein flame test for halogens using copper wire [34].2Beilstein’s greatest and most lasting contribution on the discipline,however,was his Handbuch .He began the Handbuch as a textbook in organic chemistry,but it quickly developed into an encyclopedia of organic compounds and their prop-erties.The work involved was monumental,especially since Beilstein insisted that every literature reference be checked before inclusion in the Handbuch .He literally read every reference in the first edition,himself.When it appeared,the Handbuch appeared in German because of the small market for a work in Russian:a German-language edition would sell many more copies and be read far more widely than a Russian-language edition.Beilstein’s decision,however,was seen by his fellow Russian chemists as further evidence of his ‘‘German-ness.’’The judgment was grossly unfair:as editor of the Zeitschrift für Chemie ,Beilstein had gone to great lengths to see that Russian chemistry was presented to the world in the best possible light—even the text-book of his nemesis,Mendeleev.But Russia had spurned him,so Beilstein naturally looked for a more collegial partner for the continuation of his life’s work:he turned to the Deutsche Chemische Gesellschaft instead of the Russkiiskoe Fizicheskoe -khimicheskoe Obshchestvo [Russian Physical–Chemical Society]when it came time to choose a professional body to continue his work after he was gone.4.3The Rise of Organic Chemistry at MoscowBy the middle of the nineteenth century,Russian organic chemistry was poised to enter into an explosive growth phase.Zinin,Klaus and Butlerov had founded a vibrant school of chemistry at Kazan’,and Voskresenskii’s students at St.Petersburg,Menshutkin and Mendeleev,along with Beilstein at the Techno-logical Institute,had established the foundations of a strong school of chemistry in the imperial capital.The third major location for organic chemistry in Russia—Moscow—was the next to begin the development of a Russian school of organic chemistry.4.2St.Petersburg 67684Russian Organic Chemistry Matures Moscow University was founded in1755by decree of the Empress Elizaveta Petrovna,following the suggestion of Academician Mikhail Lomonosov to Count Shuvalov—a court favorite and the Empress’lover—that a university should be founded in the city.As had been the case at the other major universities in Russia, chemistry at Moscow was initially taught by foreign professors—the inaugural Professor of Chemistry was Johann Kerstens,who had obtained his M.D.at Halle in1749.Kerstens remained at Moscow until1770,when he left Russia.Under the foreign Professors of Chemistry,chemistry at Moscow failed to advance as it had at Kazan’and St.Petersburg,but that situation changed in the second half of the nineteenth century.In1873,a graduate of Kazan’University,Vladimir Vasil’evich Markovnikov(Dkflbvbh Dfcbkmtdbx Vfhrjdybrjd,1838–1904)[35],was appointed to the Chair of Chemistry at Moscow University.4.3.1Vladimir Vasil’evich MarkovnikovMarkovnikov was one of the most colorful and eminent Russian organic chemists of the nineteenth century.He was born to a lieutenant of Chasseurs in Chernorech, a village near Nizhni-Novgorod,and raised in the village of Knyaginino,where his father had inherited an estate.He entered the Gymnasium at age10,and eight years later,in1856,he entered Kazan’University as a student in the Financial Division of the Judicial Faculty.At the time that Markovnikov was a student in economic science at Kazan’, students in this course of study were required to take two years of chemistry,as part of a cameral system of education.3Hisfirst inclination was to study tech-nology,which was taught at the time by Modest Yakovlevich Kittary(Vjltcn Zrjdktdbx Rbnnfhs,1825–1880).4Kittary’s departure for Moscow in1859led to 3Cameralism was an economic theory prevalent in eighteenth-century Germany.It basically advocated a strong public administration to oversee a centralized,industrial economy.The goals of cameralism were to maximize the efficiency in the ways the state could acquire wealth,and also with the best ways to use that wealth.As Russia moved into the nineteenth century,its industrialization(although slow)led to the belief that the ideas of cameralism would provide the framework to allow the government to ensure that Russia would have a sufficient number of technologically literate bureaucrats to move the nation forward.4Modest Yakovlevich Kittary graduated with the degree of Doctor of Natural Science from Kazan’university in1844,and in1853he was appointed to the Chair of Technology at Kazan’University,where he founded the Kazan’Economic Society and edited itsfirst newsletter.He quickly accumulated a cadre of young technologists,and set about improving the practices in local industry.One of the major Kazan’industries to benefit from Kittary’s influence was the Krestovnikov Brothers’plant,which made soap and glycerin pure enough for export.In1857, Kittary moved to Moscow University as Chair of the Department of Technology that had been established at the urging of local merchants.He remained here as an active educator until his retirement from the university in1879.Through his writing on aspects of industrial chemistry and technology,Kittary had a major influence on the development of Russian industry during the nineteenth century.。
PhotoIntroduction
42
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Ch001 Introduction
The Origins
Software Engineers have always employed software architectures Very often without realizing it! Address issues identified by researchers and practitioners Essential software engineering difficulties Unique characteristics of programming-in-the-large Need for software reuse Many ideas originated in other (non-computing) domains
9
Software Architecture
Foundations, Theory, and Practice
Design and Architecture
Design is an activity that pervades software development It is an activity that creates part of a system’s architecture Typically in the traditional Design Phase decisions concern A system’s structure Identification of its primary components Their interconnections Architecture denotes the set of principal design decisions about a system That is more than just structure
possibility of art of Chemical heat pump technologies(中文版)
IntroductionState of art of Chemical heat pump (CHP)–Classification of CHPs–Examples:Benefit of CHP–Chips for development of chemical heat pump Challenges to CHP development–Heat storages at middle temperature (100-350o C)–Material improvement for MgO/H2O CHP Funding subjects for CHP developmentContentsIntroductionState of art of Chemical heat pump (CHP)–Classification of CHPs–Examples:Benefit of CHP–Chips for development of chemical heat pump Challenges to CHP development–Heat storages at middle temperature (100-350o C)–Material improvement for MgO/H2O CHP Funding subjects for CHP developmentContentsFe(OH)3Heatoutput TThttp://www.lottekenko. co.jp/products/hokaron /index.html3IntroductionState of art of Chemical heat pump (CHP)–Classification of CHPs–Examples:Benefit of CHP–Chips for development of chemical heat pump Challenges to CHP development–Heat storages at middle temperature (100-350o C)–Material improvement for MgO/H2O CHP Funding subjects for CHP developmentContentsExample of chemical heat pumpMgO + H 2O = Mg(OH)2HydrationDehydrationΔH= −81.0kJ/molHeat outputHeat storage(a) reaction & phase change batch typeKato, Kagakukougaku Ronbunshu , 19 (6), pp. 1213-1216 (1993)Mg(OH)2MgOH2OH2OMgO Mg(OH)2120Forward reactionBackwardreaction (c), : thermal energy, : separation work, : gas flowTable Classification of chemical heat pumps(1) dehydration (2) condensationMg(OH)2H 2OMgOH 2O(1) dehydration (2) condensationMg(OH)2H 2OMgOH 2Ostorage reactionPbO CaCO3CaO PbCO 3CaO CaCO 3IntroductionState of art of Chemical heat pump (CHP)–Classification of CHPs–Examples:Benefit of CHP–Chips for development of chemical heat pump Challenges to CHP development–Heat storages at middle temperature (100-350o C)–Material improvement for MgO/H2O CHP Funding subjects for CHP developmentContentsTemp. Reactor Steam TurbineTT(=2c2dBenefit of chemical heat storage Higher energy density compared withphysical change -> Compact storageLong-term storage as reactants with smallthermal lossOperation temperatures of storage andoutput are variable by choice of reaction conditionsTheoretically!IntroductionState of art of Chemical heat pump (CHP)–Classification of CHPs–Examples:Benefit of CHP–Chips for development of chemical heat pump Challenges to CHP development–Heat storages at middle temperature (100-350o C)–Material improvement for MgO/H2O CHP Funding subjects for CHP developmentContentsHeat sources at middle temperature (100-300o C)–Energy trend of vehiclesDevelopment of chemical composite materials–Chemical heat storage for medium temperature –Survey of chemical reactions for heat storage –Chemical composite materials –Thermo-balance measurementHeat storages at middle temperature(100‐350o C)Plug-in Hybrid PRIUS, PHV, Electric vehicle, EV 37 km/L 2 million JPYICE Hybrid, HV, PRIUS 3rd, HVPHV http://www2.toyota.co.jp/jp/news/09/12/nt09_087.html55 km/L(22 JPY/kWh)4 -10 million JPY400600Temperature [K]MgCO Mg(OH)2NiCl 26NH 328NH 3Silica gel/H Super AC/Ethanol ElithlitorNaOHH 2O VaporNa 2HPO 412H 2O Na 2SO 412H 2O CaCl 26H 2OHigh-Temp. TargetConventional upper limit Low-Temp.Middle Tmp.二十烷MO+H 2O -> M(OH)2MgO+H 2O →Mg(OH)2for 350oC CaO+H 2O →Ca(OH)2for 550oC CaCl 2+n H 2O →CaCl 2.n H 2O for <100o C MO+CO 2-> MCO3CaO+CO 2→CaCO 3for 850oC PbO+CO 2→PbCO 3for 450o C MCl 2+n NH 3-> MCl 2.n NH3BaCl 2+8NH 3→BaCl 2.8NH 3for <100o C金属氧化物和氯化物的化学热储存2 2.5T ar g et 温度的倒数Ｍｇ（ＯＨ）Mg -25-20-15-10-50150200250300350M a s s c h a n g e [w t %]Temperature [o C]2.J. Ryu, R. Takahashi, N. Hirao and Y. Kato; J. Chem. Eng. 复合的影响0.5Ni Ni(OH)0.52化学复合和（ＯＨ）物理混合的分解曲线2－Mg 0.5Ni 0.5(OH)2280o C. Mg 0.5Ni 0.5(OH)2的分解温度是附图IntroductionState of art of Chemical heat pump (CHP)–Classification of CHPs–Examples:Benefit of CHP–Chips for development of chemical heat pump Challenges to CHP development–Heat storages at middle temperature (100-350o C)–Material improvement for MgO/H2O CHP Funding subjects for CHP developmentContentsΔΔ化学传热泵设计的关键要求密闭循环体系？还是敞开体系？密闭循环体系为反应物和生成物准备两个反应釜好的密闭反应釜热泵循环的热源的选择高温热源低温热源为了使两个反应釜出现不同浓度和压力，需要做一些工作气－液反应体系：Ｃ反应物与生成物的分离气－固体系：Ｐ加强影响反应活性的传质和传热气体的冷凝–For 60-80o –For 100-200o–For >200o新型化学热泵发展的建议目标温度Ｃ 大量的化学热泵Ｃ 特定的需求Ｃ 处于开发中反应类型有机物＋气体物理吸附＋气体化学吸收＋气体无机物＋气体材料应具备的条件安全、环保、低价耐用反应活性、传质、传热的高效性Air-tightSeparat ion Heat exchan ger Heat exchan ger Highcost part <boiling temp of gas phase material<decomposition temp <boiling temp of vapor phase material Wide Temp. rangehighhighmediu mlowMasstransfe r high High LowLowThermal conducti vity highSide-reaction high lowDurability of materials lowmediu m high high Energy densitys/g Adsorption + vapor/gas s/g Inorganic + vapor/gas L/gOrganic + vapor/gas L/g Absorption + vapor/gasPhaseReaction types反应类型和材料的发展：气固反应的相、材料设计新型化学热泵的发展的要求热的选择：热源、热储存和需求的匹配，如热流动状况、周期、位置等。
chp0 经济管课程介绍
经济管理北京航空航天大学2016-2017年度春季学期学 时：32 学时适用班级：140611，140612，140613，140614，140615，140616，140617授课教师：刘 天 亮Email ：liutianliang@ 办公室：新主楼A1042房间经济与管理——学科与学习的意义n技术不能解决所有问题：软件危机；军事行动；房价；投资；通货膨胀；GDP ；就业失业……n大部分人一生不可能从事一辈子的技术工作，即便是职业科学家，也需要承担管理工作，费米 pk 爱因斯坦……n北航对学生培养的期望：要成为行业或社会的领袖与领军人物，对经济管理知识有着迫切的需求……课程内容（15章，32学时）n 第01章 经济学概述（1学时）n 第02章 微观市场机制分析（2学时）n 第03章 生产决策与市场结构（3学时）n第04章 宏观经济分析（3学时）n第一篇：经济学原理9学时n 第05章 管理学概述（1学时） n 第06章 管理的职能（2学时）n第07章 企业与企业管理（2学时）n第二篇：管理学原理5学时课程内容续（15章，32学时）n 第08章 生产系统结构与战略（2学时）n 第09章 产品设计（1学时）n 第10章 流程设计（1学时）n 第11章 库存与生产计划（2学时）n第12章 供应链管理（2学时）n第13章 质量管理（2学时）n第三篇：生产运作管理10学时n 第14章 项目管理原理（3学时）n第15章 项目经济评价（3学时）n第四篇：项目与经济评价6学时课程特点n涉及经济、管理诸多领域：内容多、范围广、知识容量大n理论概括性强、技术方法简洁实用n定性、定量相结合n结合实例讲授学习要求上课时间 第1-16周周三q第一节：14:00~14:50q第二节：14:55~15:45充分理解、熟练掌握讲授内容熟练掌握基本的概念和原理熟练掌握课上例题和课后习题考核安排n成绩评定方式：ü平时成绩（作业+课堂参与）ü期末考试（闭卷）成绩n主要测试学生对基础理论和实践的知识掌握程度ü具体题型可以设计为：选择题、填空题、判断题、简答题、计算分析题等。
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现代化理论 theory of modernization
重建现代化理论 theory of remodernization
后现代化理论 theory of post-modernization
1.西方社会学理论的发展脉络
工业化理论阶段：
（1）代表人物：孔德、斯宾塞、迪尔凯姆 （2）主题：确立工业秩序、推进工业化进程 （3）提出的问题：失范、分化、凝聚、整合、团结、 权威、秩序 （4）核心概念：秩序与稳定
1.西方社会学理论的发展脉络
重建现代化理论阶段：
（1）代表人物：哈贝马斯 （2）举起反后现代主义的大旗：不主张全盘否定现代化的社 会结构和理论以及已经建立而正在解构的现代理性，而是主 张对其进行去弊扬利的改造 （3）方法：在日常生活世界中建立新的交往理性和现代秩序
2.西方社会学理论的历史传统
（1）英国功利主义的传统
以 人 物 为 序
现代理论 MODERN THEORY
第8章 冲突论 第9章 交换论 第10章 互动论 第11章 批判论 第12章 现代理论的终结与当代转向
以 流 派 为 序
学习要求 1.史论结合
自然科学的概论与人文学科的学科史\思想史
2.能力要求
文科生的基本能力:创新能力、表达能力、批判意识
3.科研要求
“理论是灰色的,生活之树长青” “事实是抽象的,真理才是具体的” “经验是短暂的,理论是持久的” “实际的东西是昏暗的,理论的东西才是明了的”
西方社会学理论的立场、观点与视野 1.立场
时间:物理时间(公元2006年9月)与历史时间(农业社会向工业社会转型) 空间:东方大国及东中西部的概念差异
2.观点
西方社会学理论
WESTERN SOCIOLOGICAL THEORY
课程导论
INTRODUCTION OF COURSE
华中师范大学社会学系 徐晓军
20069～20071
课程介绍 & 理论概述
《西方社会学理论》课程介绍
西方社会学理论的地位 西方社会学理论的立场、 观点与视野 参考书目 课程体系 学习要求
2.选择阅读书目：
周晓虹：《西方社会学：历史与体系》，南京大学出版社2002年版 杨善华：《当代西方社会学理论》，北京大学出版社1999年版 刘少杰：《后现代西方社会学理论》，社会科学文献出版社2002年版 苏国勋、刘小枫：《二十世纪西方社会理论文选》（四卷本），上海 三联书店2005年版 RITZER & GOODMAN: CLASSICAL SOCIOLOGICAL THEORY,北大出版社2004 RITZER & GOODMAN: MODERN SOCIOLOGICAL THEORY,北大出版社2004
（2）法国大革命后的实证主义传统
（3）德国的历史主义传统
（4）美国的实用主义
3.西方社会学理论的发展趋势
（1）宏观与微观的整合 （2）能动性与结构的整合 （3）理论的综合
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1.西方社会学理论的发展脉络
现代化理论阶段：
（1）代表人物：韦伯、齐美尔、库利、米德、索罗金
（2）主题：确立工业秩序、推进工业化进程
（3）核心概念：秩序与稳定基础上的功能与效率
1.西方社会学理论的发展脉络
后现代化理论阶段：
（1）代表人物：贝尔以及其它学科的一些人物 （2）三个概念间的联系与区别 前工业社会（采集社会和农业社会）主要矛盾为人类与自 然界的动植物之间的互动以及人类与土地互动 工业社会（资本主义前期）主要矛盾为人类与机器的互动 后工业社会主要矛盾为处理人与人之间的关系 前二者都是人与自然的关系，前者为直接，后者为间接， 第三是处理的人与人的关系 （3）主要观点：去中心、没有结构
TURNER:THE STRUTURE OF SOCIOLOGICAL THEORY,北大出版社2004
课程体系
导 论 INTRODUCTION 古典理论 CLASSICAL THEORY
西方社会学理论课程介绍 西方社会学理论概述 第1章 孔德的实证论 第2章 斯宾塞的社会进化论 第3章 齐美尔的形式社会学 第4章 迪尔凯姆的社会学主义 第5章 韦伯的理解社会学 第6章 古典理论的终结与四大范式的形成 第7章 功能论
立场与观点：“立场决定观点”与“观点体现立场” 话语权：用什么语话体系解读事实
3.视野
整体化：“调查是局部的”（中国的国际分工） 历史化：“放入历史背景中去”（短任制） 理论化：“西方的概念体系”与“社会学的本土化”（经济）
参考书目 1.必须阅读书目：
侯均生：《西方社会学理论教程》，南开大学出版社2005版 沃特斯：《现代社会学理论》，华夏出版社2000年版
西方社会学理论的地位 1.国际地位
“十月革命一声炮响给我们送来了马克思主义” “必须将马列主义与中国实践相结合”
2.专业地位（Broaden our horizons, sharpen our observational
skills, and strengthen our analytical capabilities)
不鼓励科研，但要求做读书札记
4.纪律要求
迟到 \ 预习 \ 作业 \ 笔记 \ 互动 \ 双语
1.西方社会学理论的 发展脉络
2.西方社会学理论的 历史传统
西方社会学理论 概 述
3.西方社会学理论的 发展趋势
1.西方社会学理论的发展脉络
工业化理论 theory of industrialization