Embedded database application in transportation
从锌置换渣中分段浸出锌、铅、镓和锗
Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China 31(2021) 555−564Hydrometallurgical process for recovery ofZn, Pb, Ga and Ge from Zn refinery residuesShuai RAO1,2,3, Zhi-qiang LIU1,2,3, Dong-xing WANG1,2,3,Hong-yang CAO1,2,3, Wei ZHU1,2,3, Kui-fang ZHANG1,2,3, Jin-zhang TAO1,2,31. Research Institute of Rare Metals, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China;2. State Key Laboratory of Separation and Comprehensive Utilization of Rare Metals,Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China;3. Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Development and Application,Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, ChinaReceived 3 March 2020; accepted 28 October 2020Abstract: Zn, Pb, Ga and Ge were separated and recovered from zinc refinery residues by stepwise leaching. In the first stage, by leaching with H2SO4 media, more than 90% of Zn and 99% of Ga were dissolved, leaving 92% of Ge in the leaching residue. In the second stage, by leaching with HCl media, approximately 99% of Pb and less than 2% of Ge were selectively dissolved. Finally, the remaining 90% of Ge was extracted in 1 mol/L NaOH solution by destroying the correlation between SiO2 and Ge. XRD pattern of the leaching residue demonstrated that ZnSO4·H2O, PbSO4 and SiO2 were removed sequentially through the stepwise leaching. The proposed process achieved high recoveries of Zn, Pb, Ga and Ge, thus presenting a potential industrial application.Key words: zinc refinery residues; gallium; germanium; stepwise leaching1 IntroductionGermanium (Ge) and gallium (Ga) areconsidered as strategic metals in many countriesowing to their wide applications in high-tech fieldssuch as semiconductors, optical fibers and solarcells [1−4]. However, geological and mineralogicalstudies have shown that it is difficult to findindependent deposits enriched with Ga and Ge [5,6].Currently, Ga and Ge are mainly extracted fromnon-ferrous metal residues [7−10] or secondaryresources [11,12]. The ZnS ores located inGuangdong province contain relatively highcontents of Ga and Ge [13,14]. Based on theproperties of the raw material, pressure leaching isapplied to treating the minerals for recovering Zn,Ga and Ge. During pressure leaching, almost allZn, Ga and Ge are dissolved in the leachingsolution. Zinc powder is then used as thereducing agent to remove Pb and Fe during thesubsequent purification procedure. Ga and Ge(0.1−0.5 wt.%) are also enriched in Zn refineryresidues, which usually contain large amounts of Pband Fe [15,16].Currently, Ga and Ge are extracted from zincplant residues by hydrometallurgical methodsowing to high economic benefits and lowenvironment pollution [17−19]. However, since Gaand Ge are closely correlated with Fe and Si, therecoveries of Ga and Ge are relatively low. Duringsulfuric acid leaching, the formation of silica gelresults in a deteriorating filtration performanceand significant loss of Ga and Ge [20]. To avoid theCorresponding author:Zhi-qiangLIU;Tel:+86-20-61086372;E-mail:*****************DOI:10.1016/S1003-6326(21)65517-61003-6326/© 2021 The Nonferrous Metals Society of China. Published by Elsevier Ltd & Science PressShuai RAO, et al/Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China 31(2021) 555−564 556problem, hydrofluoric acid has been supplemented to sulfuric acid solutions to enhance the leaching rates of Ga and Ge [21]. However, the subsequent defluorination procedure constrains its commercial applications. Alkaline leaching has also been proposed to recover Ga and Ge [22]. Although a relatively high recovery of Ga and Ge is obtained, a large amount of sodium hydroxide is consumed owing to the dissolution of Pb and Si [23]. Organic weak acids provide milder leaching conditions than mineral acids; therefore, they exhibit a high selectivity [24]. LIU et al [25] researched the recovery of Ga and Ge from Zn refinery residues using an oxalic acid solution after selectively removing Cu and Zn in a sulfuric acid solution. Although this method can achieve high leaching rates of Ga and Ge, it is difficult to regenerate the leaching agent, resulting in a high production cost. In general, considering environmental conservation and process efficiency, there is no appropriate technology for the comprehensive recovery of valuable metals, including Zn, Pb, Ga and Ge, from Zn refinery residues.In this study, based on the properties of Zn refinery residues, stepwise leaching is proposed for the comprehensive recovery of Zn, Pb, Ga and Ge from Zn refinery residues. Firstly, Zn and Ga are dissolved in a sulfuric acid solution through controlled suitable leaching conditions, leaving behind Ge and Pb in the leaching residue. The resulting leaching solution can be further processed by adjusting the pH of the leaching solution to a weak acid environment for an effective separation of Zn and Ga. Secondly, Pb is selectively removed in a hydrochloric acid solution based on the complexation between Pb2+and Cl−. Moreover, a PbCl2product can be obtained through cooling crystallization. Finally, Ge is effectively extracted in a sodium hydroxide solution by destroying the embedded correlation between Ge and silica. The stepwise leaching method is a novel technology for the effective recovery of valuable metals from Zn refinery residues, with the potential to be applied on an industrial scale.2 Experimental2.1 MaterialsThe Zn refinery residue was obtained from a Zn metallurgy enterprise located in Shaoguan city, Guangdong province, China. Before conducting leaching, the material was dried, grounded and sieved to a particle size below 100 μm. The main elemental content of the residue was determined by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). Table 1 shows that the residue mainly contains Zn, Pb, Fe and Si. The contents of Ga and Ge are 0.15 wt.% and 0.47 wt.%, respectively.Table 1 Main elemental contents of Zn refinery residue (wt.%)Zn Pb Fe Si Ga Ge 5.93 4.18 6.30 12.6 0.15 0.47The main phases of the Zn refinery residue were determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD). As shown in Fig. 1, the main diffraction peaks were related to some obvious phases, including SiO2, ZnSO4·H2O, PbSO4and ZnFe2O4. No other characteristic peaks corresponding to Ga or Ge phases were detected, owing to their low contents.Fig. 1 XRD pattern of Zn refinery residueFigure 2 shows the SEM image and elemental surface scanning images of the Zn refinery residue. The residue was mainly composed of many tiny dark particles representing SiO2. Some large blocky-shaped particles suggesting various phases were also observed. The brightest particle can be viewed as PbSO4, owing to the enrichment of Pb. Similarly, Fe and Zn were concentrated in some gray particles, confirming the presence of ZnFe2O4. The distributions for Ga and Ge were very sparse due to their low contents.Shuai RAO, et al/Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China 31(2021) 555−564 5572.2 Experimental procedureBased on the properties of Zn refinery residue, an environmentally friendly and economical process was proposed for the efficient recovery of Zn, Pb, Ga and Ge. The integrated process flow comprises three procedures, as shown in Fig. 3, namely, Zn and Ga leaching in a H 2SO 4 solution, Pb recovery in a HCl solution, and Ge extraction in a NaOH solution. After Zn and Ga leaching, the pH of the leaching solution was adjusted to weak acid for the separation of Zn and Ga by adding ZnO.During Pb recovery, soluble 24PbClcomplex was transformed into PbCl 2 precipitate through dilution and cooling crystallization. The crystalline mothersolution was regenerated by adding CaCl 2. The pHof the leaching solution obtained from Ge extraction was adjusted to a weak alkaline condition for the separation of Ge and Si by adding HCl. All leaching experiments were performed in a beaker immersed in a water bath with a thermostat, equipped with a magnetic stirrer. All chemical reagents used were analytical grade.Fig. 2 SEM image and main elemental surface scanning images of Zn refinery residueFig. 3 Principal flow sheet for recovering valuable metals from Zn refinery residueShuai RAO, et al/Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China 31(2021) 555−564 5582.3 Analytical methodsThe phases of the material and leaching residue were determined using a Rigaku TTRAX-3 X-ray diffraction instrument (40 kV, 30 mA, 10 (°)/min). The contents of the main elements, including Zn, Pb, Fe, Ga, Ge and Si, were determined using an inductively coupled plasma- atomic emission spectrometer (Thermo Electron IRIS Intrepid II XSP). The morphology and chemical composition of the samples were analyzed through SEM−EDS (SEM, JEOL, Ltd., JSM−6360LV).3 Results and discussion3.1 Zn and Ga leaching in H2SO4 solutionOwing to the formation of Ge−silica gel and PbSO4 precipitate in a H2SO4 solution, sulfuric acid leaching mainly focuses on the leaching efficiency of Zn and Ga. Moreover, the separation of Zn and Ga should also be considered after the leaching is completed. The φ–pH diagram for a Zn−Ga−Fe−H2O system has been depicted using the HSC 6.0. As illustrated in Fig. 4, Zn2+, Ga3+and Fe3+ were predominant under the acidic conditions, suggesting that sulfuric acid was an effective leaching agent to extract Zn and Ga. However, Zn, Ga and Fe each presented a different pH of hydrolysis precipitation. The precipitation of Ga3+and Fe3+in the form of Fe(OH)3and Ga(OH)3could occur at a pH above 3.0, while soluble Zn2+ existed in the solution at a pH below 6.0. Therefore, an effective separation of Zn and Ga could be obtained by adjusting the pH of the leaching solution to be 3.0−6.0.Fig. 4φ–pH diagram for Zn−Ga−Fe−H2O system at 25 °C (α(Zn2+)=1, α(Fe3+)=1, α(Ga3+)=0.01)Based on the above analyses, the effect of sulfuric acid concentration on the leaching process was investigated in detail. The other leaching conditions included a liquid solid ratio of 10 mL/g, reaction temperature of 80 °C, and leaching time of 2 h. As shown in Fig. 5, increasing the sulfuric acid concentration to 2 mol/L improved the leaching rate of Ga significantly. The Ga leaching rate approached 100% in a 2 mol/L H2SO4solution. Moreover, large amounts of Zn and Fe dissolved in the leaching solution, whereas the Ge leaching rate was relatively low due to the formation of Ge−silica gel. Therefore, a suitable sulfuric acid concentration of 2 mol/L should be selected for optimal leaching of Zn and Ga.Fig. 5 Effect of H2SO4 concentration on leaching rates of Zn, Fe, Ga and GeTable 2 lists the main elemental content of the leaching residue obtained in a 2 mol/L H2SO4 solution. It can be seen that Zn, Fe and Ga decreased significantly, whereas Pb, Si and Ge increased in the H2SO4 leaching residue. The XRD pattern of the H2SO4 leaching residue is shown in Fig. 6. Compared with the results in Fig. 1, the characteristic peaks of ZnSO4·H2O disappeared and the remaining phases contained ZnFe2O4, SiO2 and PbSO4. Figure 7 presents the SEM image of the H2SO4 leaching residue. Based on the results of the EDS analyses from Table 3, the blocky-shaped particles given by Spots 1 and 2 were confirmed as PbSO4and ZnFe2O4, respectively. These tiny dark particles (Spots 3, 4, and 5) were viewed as an enriching Si phase. More importantly, these enriching Si particles exhibited a high Ge content.Shuai RAO, et al/Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China 31(2021) 555−564 559Table 2Main elemental contents of leaching residue obtained in 2 mol/L H2SO4 solution (wt.%)Zn Pb Fe Si Ga Ge 1.49 9.64 1.52 26.1 0.01 1.03Fig. 6 XRD pattern of H2SO4 leaching residueFig. 7 SEM image of H2SO4 leaching residueTable 3 Chemical composition of selected particles shown in Fig. 7 (wt.%)Element Spot 1 Spot 2 Spot 3 Spot 4 Spot 5 O 20.17 27.54 50.98 45.47 45.01S 9.87 − 3.51 − 4.06Zn −27.01 0.6 0.84 2.29Pb 69.69 −−10.87 10.09Fe −41.44 1.82 0.9 2.11Si −0.84 37.15 36.51 30.08Ga −−−−−Ge −0.01 2.02 2.18 2Once the leaching was completed, Ga and Fe were deposited as Ga(OH)3and Fe(OH)3 by adjusting the pH of the leaching solution to 4.0. The resulting ZnSO4 solution could be returned to the Zn recovery procedure, while the precipitate was further treated to extract Ga. The precipitate obtained in this study exhibited an amorphous phase structure, as shown in Fig. 8. The contents of Fe and Ga in the precipitate were 30.08 and 1.00 wt.%, respectively, suggesting that Ga in the precipitate was over five times higher than that in the material.Fig. 8 XRD pattern of precipitate obtained from H2SO4 leaching solution3.2 Pb recovery in HCl solutionAfter selective dissolution of Zn, Ga and Fe, the leaching residue was mainly composed of Pb, Ge and Si. Due to the formation of soluble 24Pb(OH)-complex in an alkaline solution, it was necessary to remove Pb before extracting Ge. Based on the complexation between Pb2+and Cl−, HCl was selected as a suitable leaching agent. The distribution curves of the Pb species with different Cl−concentrations were constructed using the Medusa software. As shown in Fig. 9, PbCl2 precipitate predominated under a relatively low Cl−concentration condition, while an increased Cl−concentration was beneficial for the formation ofsoluble 24PbCl-complex. This suggests that Pb recovery should be conducted under larger leaching agent concentration and higher liquid-to-solid ratio conditions. Therefore, the leaching process was performed with a liquid-to-solid ratio of 20 mL/g at 90 °C for 2 h. Figure 10 shows the effect of HCl concentration on the leaching rates of Pb and Ge. The leaching rate of Pb enhanced with an increasing HCl concentration from 0.5 to 2 mol/L. Almost all of the PbSO4 dissolved in a 2 mol/L HCl solution, with the Ge leaching rate below 2%.Shuai RAO, et al/Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China 31(2021) 555−564 560Fig. 9Distribution of Pb species at different pH for Pb2+−Cl−−H2O system at 25 °CTable 4 lists the main elemental contents of the leaching residue. It can be seen that Ge increased to above 1.37 wt.% in the leaching residue, whereas the content of Pb reduced to below 0.1 wt.%. The main phases of the leaching residue were SiO2 and ZnFe2O4, as shown in Fig. 11. Compared with Fig. 7, Fig. 12 shows that the brightest particles representing the PbSO4 phase were seldom observed. Moreover, there was a close correlation between Ge and Si based on the Ge−Si surface distribution diagram.Fig. 10 Effect of HCl concentration on leaching rates of Pb and GeFig. 11 XRD pattern of HCl leaching residueTable 4 Main elemental contents of leaching residue obtained in 2 mol/L HCl solution (wt.%)Zn Pb Fe Si Ga Ge 1.29 0.078 1.31 30 0.007 1.37Fig. 12 SEM image and Ge−Si surface distribution of leaching residue obtained in 2 mol/L HCl solutionShuai RAO, et al/Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China 31(2021) 555−564 561After completion of the Pb leaching, it is necessary to recover Pb from the leaching solution.A 24PbCl -complex can be transformed into PbCl 2 precipitate by decreasing the reaction temperature and Cl − concentration [26]. Therefore, the leaching solution was processed by dilution and cooling. Then, the PbCl 2 product was obtained by liquid −solid separation. The Pb content in the solution lowered from 4.78 to 1.79 g/L, suggesting that approximately 37.4% of Pb remained in the leaching solution. More than 60% of Pb was recovered in the form of PbCl 2, as shown in Fig. 13. The PbCl 2 product containing 74.3 wt.% Pb exhibited a high purity without any additional characteristic peaks. As shown in Fig. 14, after cooling crystallization, the resultingsolution wasregenerated by adding CaCl 2to remove 24SO -byprecipitation reaction between 24SO - and Ca 2+, allowing for the regenerated solution to be used in the subsequent lead removing procedure.Fig. 13 XRD pattern of PbCl 2 product from HCl leaching solutionFig. 14 XRD pattern of precipitate obtained from regeneration of leaching agent3.3 Extraction of Ge in NaOH solutionTo remove silica −germanium gel, NaOH is used as the leaching agent to effectively extract Ge. Leaching experiments were conducted at 80 °C with a liquid solid ratio of 20 mL/g for 2 h. Figure 15 shows the effect of NaOH concentration on the leaching rates of Ge and Si. An increased NaOH concentration significantly improved the dissolution efficiency of Ge and Si. More than 99% of Ge and 90% of Si were dissolved in 1 mol/L NaOH solution. Table 5 lists the main elemental contents of the NaOH leaching residue. Fe and Zn increased inthe leaching residue, whereas Gedecreased to 0.06%. The XRD pattern, shown in Fig. 16, indicates the main phases of the leaching residue to be SiO 2, ZnS and ZnFe 2O 4. ComparedFig. 15 Effect of NaOH concentration on leaching rates of Si and GeFig. 16 XRD pattern of NaOH leaching residueTable 5 Main elemental contents of leaching residue obtained in 1 mol/L NaOH solution (wt.%) Zn Fe Pb Si Ga Ge 6.817.10.117.690.010.06Shuai RAO, et al/Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China 31(2021) 555−564562 with Fig. 8, new characteristic peaks of ZnS were observed owing to an increased Zn content in the leaching residue. Figure 17 shows the SEM image and main elemental surface distribution of the alkaline leaching residue. The tiny silica − germanium gel particles dissolved entirely, and the remaining particles, including ZnS, ZnFe 2O 4 and SiO 2, were large, preventing adequate dissolution through atmospheric leaching.Fig. 17 SEM image and main elemental surface scanning maps of leaching residueAfter Ge leaching, it is necessary to separate Ge and Si from the leaching solution owing to the dissolution of SiO 2. According to the φ−pH diagram for the Ge −Si −H 2O system in Fig. 18, Ge −silica gel can be destroyed by promoting the formation ofsoluble 3HGeO - and 3SiO(OH)-in an alkaline solution. After the leaching is complete, the precipitation of Si in the form of amorphous silicon dioxide can occur by adjusting the pH to be 6.0−12.0, allowing for an effective separation of Geand Si. Therefore, in this study, the pH of the alkaline leaching solution was adjusted to be 9.0 by adding 2 mol/L HCl. The Si content in the leaching solution lowered to less than 0.3 g/L, as shown in Table 6, allowing for an excellent Ge −Si separation efficiency. Moreover, Zn, Pb and Fe were also adequately removed. The leaching solution could then be used to recover Ge through precipitation or solvent extraction. The white precipitate obtained from the Ge −Si separation procedure was amorphous silicon dioxide and, therefore, no obvious characteristic peaks were observed, as shown in Fig. 19.Fig. 18 φ−pH diagram for Ge −Si −H 2O system at 25 °C (α(Si 4+)=1, α(Ge 4+)=0.01)Table 6 Main elemental contents of leaching solution adjusted to pH 9.0 (mg/L) Zn Pb Fe Si Ga Ge <0.5 <0.5<0.5268.1<0.5254.1Fig. 19 XRD pattern of white precipitate obtained during Ge and Si separationShuai RAO, et al/Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China 31(2021) 555−564 5634 Conclusions(1) More than 90% of Zn and 99% of Ga were leached in a 2 mol/L H2SO4 solution with a liquid–solid ratio of 10 mL/g at 80 °C after 2 h, leaving approximately 92% of Ge in the leaching residue. The content of Ga in the precipitate was over 5 times higher than in the raw material.(2) About 99% of Pb and less than 2% of Ge were dissolved in a 2 mol/L HCl solution with a liquid-to-solid ratio of 20 mL/g at 90 °C for 2 h. A PbCl2 byproduct with a high purity was obtained by cooling crystallization.(3) During alkaline leaching, the remaining 90% of the Ge was extracted in a 1 mol/L NaOH solution with a liquid-to-solid ratio of 20 mL/g at 80 °C for 2 h. An effective Ge−Si separation was conducted by adjusting the pH of the leaching solution to 9.0.AcknowledgmentsThe authors are grateful for the financial supports from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (51804083, 51704081), the National Key Research and Development Project (2018YFC1903104), the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province, China (2019A1515011628), the Science and Technology Planning Project of Guangzhou (201904010106) of China, and Guangdong Academy of Science Doctor Special Program of China (2020GDASYL-0104027, 2019GDASYL-0105079, 2019GDASYL-0302011, 2019GDASYL-0402003).References[1]FTHENAKIS V, WANG Wen-ming, KIM H C. Life cycleinventory analysis of the production of metals used inphotovoltaics [J]. Renewable and Sustainable EnergyReviews, 2009, 13(3): 493−517.[2]CAROLAN D. Recent advances in germanium nanocrystals:Synthesis, optical properties and applications [J]. Progress inMaterials Science, 2017, 90: 128−158.[3]FRENZEL M, MIKOLAJCZAK C, REUTER M A,GUTZMER J. Quantifying the relative availability ofhigh-tech by-product metals−The cases of gallium,germanium and indium [J]. Resources Policy, 2017, 52:327−335.[4]SIONTAS S, LI D, WANG H, A. V. P. S A, ZASLAVSKYA, PACIFICI D. High-performance germanium quantum dotphotodetectors in the visible and near infrared [J]. MaterialsScience in Semiconductor Processing, 2019, 92: 19−27. [5]LU Fang-hai, XIAO Tang-fu, LIN Jian, NING Zeng-ping,LONG Qiong, XIAO Li-hua, HUANG Fang, WANG Wan-kun, XIAO Qing-xiang, LAN Xiao-long, CHEN Hai-yan. Resources and extraction of gallium: A review [J].Hydrometallurgy, 2017, 174: 105−115.[6]MOSKALYK R R. Review of germanium processingworldwide [J]. Minerals Engineering, 2004, 17(3): 393−402.[7]FRENZEL M, HIRSCH T, GUTZMER J. Gallium,germanium, indium, and other trace and minor elements in sphalerite as a function of deposit type: A meta-analysis [J].Ore Geology Reviews, 2016, 76: 52−78.[8]LU Fang-hai, XIAO Tang-fu, LIN Jian, LI An-jing, LONGQiong, HUANG Fang, XIAO Li-hua, LI Xiang, WANG Jia-wei, XIAO Qing-xiang, CHEN Hai-yan. Recovery of gallium from Bayer red mud through acidic leaching-ion exchange process under normal atmospheric pressure [J].Hydrometallurgy, 2018, 175: 124−132.[9]KUL M, TOPKAYA Y. Recovery of germanium and othervaluable metals from zinc plant residues [J].Hydrometallurgy, 2008, 92(3): 87−94.[10]MACÍAS-MACÍAS K Y, CENICEROS-GÓMEZ A E,GUTIÉRREZ-RUIZ M E, GONZÁLEZ-CHÁVEZ J L, MARTÍNEZ-JARDINES L G. Extraction and recovery of the strategic element gallium from an iron mine tailing [J].Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 2019, 7(2): 102964.[11]ZHOU Jia-zhi, ZHU Neng-wu, LIU Huang-rui, WUPing-xiao, ZHANG Xiao-ping, ZHONG Zu-qi. Recovery of gallium from waste light emitting diodes by oxalic acidic leaching [J]. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 2019, 146: 366−372.[12]CHEN Wei-Sheng, CHANG Bi-Cheng, CHIU Kai-Lun.Recovery of germanium from waste optical fibers by hydrometallurgical method [J]. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 2017, 5(5): 5215−5221.[13]LIU Fu-peng, LIU Zhi-hong, LI Yu-hu, LIU Zhi-yong, LIQi-hou, WEN Da-min. Sulfuric leaching process of zinc powder replacement residue containing gallium and germanium [J]. The Chinese Journal of Nonferrous Metals, 2016, 26(4): 908−918. (in Chinese)[14]LIU Fu-peng, LIU Zhi-hong, LI Yu-hu, LIU Zhi-yong, LIQi-hou. Leaching mechanism of zinc powder replacement residue containing gallium and germanium by high pressure acid leaching [J]. The Chinese Journal of Nonferrous Metals, 2014, 24(4): 1091−1098. (in Chinese)[15]LIU Fu-peng, LIU Zhi-hong, LI Yu-hu, LIU Zhi-yong, LIQi-hou, ZENG Li. Extraction of gallium and germanium from zinc refinery residues by pressure acid leaching [J].Hydrometallurgy, 2016, 164: 313−320.[16]LIU Fu-peng, LIU Zhi-hong, LI Yu-hu, WILSON B P,LUNDSTRÖM M. Recovery and separation of gallium (III) and germanium (IV) from zinc refinery residues: Part I: Leaching and iron (III) removal [J]. Hydrometallurgy, 2017, 169: 564−570.[17]WU Xue-lan, WU Shun-ke, QIN Wen-qing, MA Xi-hong,NIU Yin-jian, LAI Shao-shi, YANG Cong-ren, JIAO Fen, REN Liu-yi. Reductive leaching of gallium from zinc residue [J]. Hydrometallurgy, 2012, 113−114: 195−199.[18]LIANG Duo-qiang, WANG Ji-kun, WANG Yun-hua.Shuai RAO, et al/Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China 31(2021) 555−564 564Difference in dissolution between germanium and zinc during the oxidative pressure leaching of sphalerite [J].Hydrometallurgy, 2009, 95(1): 5−7.[19]ZHANG Li-bo, GUO Wen-qian, PENG Jin-hui, LI Jing, LINGuo, YU Xia. Comparison of ultrasonic-assisted and regular leaching of germanium from by-product of zinc metallurgy [J]. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, 2016, 31: 143−149.[20]HARBUCK D D. Optimization of gallium and germaniumextraction from hydrometallurgical zinc residue [J]. Light Metals, 1989: 984−989.[21]HARBUCK D D. Increasing germanium extraction fromhydrometallurgical zinc residues [J]. Mining, Metallurgy & Exploration, 1993, 10(1): 1−4.[22]TORMA A E. Method of extracting gallium and germanium[J]. Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review, 1991, 3: 235−258.[23]RAO Shuai, WANG Dong-xing, LIU Zhi-qiang, ZHANGKui-fang, CAO Hong-yang, TAO Jin-zhang. Selective extraction of zinc, gallium, and germanium from zinc refinery residue using two stage acid and alkaline leaching [J]. Hydrometallurgy, 2019, 183: 38−44.[24]HURŞIT M, LAÇIN O, SARAÇ H. Dissolution kinetics ofsmithsonite ore as an alternative zinc source with an organic leach reagent [J]. Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers, 2009, 40(1): 6−12.[25]LIU Fu-peng, LIU Zhi-hong, LI Yu-hu, WILSON B P,LUNDSTRÖM M. Extraction of Ga and Ge from zinc refinery residues in H2C2O4solutions containing H2O2 [J].International Journal of Mineral Processing, 2017, 163: 14−23.[26]DING Yun-ji, ZHANG Shen-gen, LIU Bo, LI Bin. Integratedprocess for recycling copper anode slime from electronic waste smelting [J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2017, 165: 48−56.从锌置换渣中分段浸出锌、铅、镓和锗饶帅1,2,3，刘志强1,2,3，王东兴1,2,3，曹洪杨1,2,3，朱薇1,2,3，张魁芳1,2,3，陶进长1,2,31. 广东省科学院稀有金属研究所，广州510650；2. 广东省科学院稀有金属分离与综合利用国家重点实验室，广州510650；3. 广东省科学院广东省稀土开发及应用研究重点实验室，广州510650摘要：采用分段浸出方法从锌置换渣中选择性提取锌、铅、镓和锗。
数据库data base 核心专业词汇+中英对照+解释
·数据（Data）：反映客观世界的事实，并可以区分其特征的符号：字符、数字、文本、声音、图形、图像、图表、图片等，它们是现实世界中客观存在的，可以输入到计算机中进行存储和管理的。
·信息（Information）：由原始数据经加工提炼而成的、用于决定行为、计划或具有一定语义的数据称为信息。
·数据库DB（Data Base）：是现实世界中相互关联的大量数据及数据间关系的集合。
·数据库管理系统DBMS（Data Base Management System）：是对数据库中的数据进行存储和管理的软件系统。
包括存储、管理、检索和控制数据库中数据的各种语言和工具，是一套系统软件。
·数据库系统DBS（Data Base System）：是对数据库和数据库管理系统的总称。
是指相互关联的数据集合与操纵数据的软件工具集合。
DBS = DB+DBMS·数据库应用程序接口API（Application Programming Interface）：是由DBMS为开发应用程序提供的操纵和访问数据库中数据的接口函数、过程或语言。
·数据库应用程序AP（Application Program）：满足某类用户要求的操纵和访问数据库的程序。
·数据仓库（Data Warehouse）一个数据仓库就是一个自带数据库的商业应用系统。
利用现有的数据资源，把数据转换为信息，从中挖掘出知识，提炼成智慧，创造出效益。
·数据发掘（Data Mining）数据发掘可帮助商业用户处理大量存在的数据，以期发现一些"意外的关系"，以便增加市场份额和利润。
·信息发掘（Information Mining）：信息发掘是指在文档、地图、照片、声音和影像之汪洋大海中发现相关信息，即面向内容的检索。
·数据模式（Data Model）：在数据库中，对数据(实体)的描述称为数据库模式。
检测技术与自动化装置专业培养方案
学科、专业代码 081102 名称检测技术与自动化装置
一、本学科主要研究方向及学术队伍
二、培养目标
三、研究生课程学习及学分的根本要求
总学分37 分
其中公共学位课必修 4 门共9 学分专业〔或专业根底〕学位课必修 4 门共11 学分
非学位课须修 5 门共12 学分
教学实践共 2 学分必修环节：论文选题(开题报告)共 1 学分
学术活动和发表论文共 2 学分
五、实践环节〔教学实践或社会实践〕根本要求〔包括时间安排、内容、
工作量、考核方式〕
六、学术活动〔学术交流与学术报告〕环节的根本要求〔包括次数、内容、
七、文献阅读的根本要求
八、学位论文的根本要求。
PB 15 beta new feature testing guidelines(pb15新功能测试指南)
1 New Properties for Graph DataWindow in IDE Two new properties, Palette and Template, are introduced in the Graph DataWindow in PowerBuilder .NET.1.1 Palette property for Graph DataWindowPowerBuilder 15 introduces a new Palette property for the Graph DataWindow for all PowerBuilder .NET targets. It is a brush array. Users can define a Palette property to draw the series of the graph.Click the ellipsis (...) in Palette property. The Palette dialog opens and you can define the palette.1.2 Template property for Graph DataWindowPowerBuilder 15 introduces a new Template property for the Graph DataWindow for all PowerBuilder .NET targets. Use this property to save the Graph DataWindow template to a file or import a file to a Graph DataWindow. It is easy for users to create Graph DataWindows with a unified style, such as font, back color, etc.Click the ellipsis (...) in Template property. The Template dialog opens: click the SaveToFile… button. All property values of the Graph DataWindow are saved to an .XML file.Click LoadFromFile, and then click the Apply button to apply all the properties from the .XML file to the current Graph DataWindow.2 PB15 OData Support Test GuidelinePowerBuilder 15 introduces the OData Service datasource for the DataWindow. To use this new datasource, users can create an OData profile under ODT interface in the Database painter, and then create a DataWindow based on this OData profile.In Beta, you can test the following features:Database painter:∙Create an OData profile based on an OData Service URI.∙Connect the OData profile and check the tables, columns of the tables, and datatype for each column.∙Retrieve data from the table.∙Delete an OData profile.Extended Catalog:∙Create display formats for the string, number, and DateTime datatypes, then use them in columns of various datatypes. Check the display format when retrieving data in Database painter.∙Create edit styles for each style like CheckBox, DropDownListBox, EditMask, RadioButtons, etc. Use them in the columns of a table. Check the display result when retrieving data in the Database painter.∙Create validation rules for the string, number, and DateTime datatypes, then use them in the columns of a table. Check whether the validation rule takes effect when inputting an invalid value in eachcolumn in Database painter.∙Change properties for the columns of a table like comments and label of the header, position, heading, etc. Check whether these properties take effect when retrieving data in Database painter.DataWindow wizard:∙Create a DataWindow using OData profile for each presentation style like Grid, Freeform, Tabular, Crosstab, Group, TreeView, etc.∙Create a DataWindow using OData profile, and set some criteria using retrieval argument(s) in SQL painter when going through the DataWindow wizard.DataWindow painter:∙Switch to SQL painter to change table and columns.∙Switch to SQL painter to change retrieval criteria, use retrieval argument(s) in various datatypes like string, number, DateTime, etc.∙Use DataWindow preview to check the data, check the display format, edit style and validation rule as well if you set them in Database painter or DataWindow painter.Runtime:∙Consume an OData Service which includes various datatypes in runtime.∙Consume an OData Service which requires authentication in runtime.∙Consume an OData Service through firewall.Limitations:∙Since OData Service is not a SQL DataSource, ISQL sessions will not work in the Database painter and embedded SQL statements are not supported in PowerScript.∙Edm.Binary and Edm.DateTimeOffset are not supported.∙Extended catalog information is saved in the registry, so you need to export this information from the registry before uninstall/re-install PowerBuilder 15, otherwise this information will be lost.∙For Edm.DateTime, PowerBuilder can only show 6 digits for the second precision.∙Update operation is not supported in Database painter; it is only supported in DataWindow runtime.2.1 Examples∙Extended catalog∙RuntimeConsume an OData Service from scratch:1)Create an OData profile in Database painter using the URI below, call it odt_test:/OData/OData.svc/2)Right-click odt_test. Select Properties in the context menu to open the OData Profile Setup dialog.Select the OData Extended Catalog check box.3)Connect to odt_test in Database painter. In Extended Attributes view, create a display format forDateTime datatype and input format yyyy-mm-dd hh:mm:ss.4)In Database painter, expand odt_test > Tables > Products > Columns. Right-click ReleaseDate and selectProperties in the context menu. In Properties view, switch to Display tab and use the display format you created in step 3.5)Create a WPF application. Create a DataWindow using OData Service and choose OData profileodt_test, Select the Products table and select all columns in SQL dialog. Call this DataWindow d_test.6)Create a window w_test. Add a DataWindow control and set the data object to d_test. Add this scriptin the window’s open event:SQLCA.DBMS = "ODT"SQLCA.ServerName = "odt_test"SQLCA.DBParm ="ConnectString='URI=/OData/OData.svc/'"connect;dw_1.settransobject(SQLCA)dw_1.retrieve()3 PowerBuilder 15 Native 64-bit Testing Guidelines3.1 Design timePlatform is introduced in the Project painter. You can change the platform to 64-bit, then deploy and run the application on a 64-bit OS.3.2 RuntimeTry all PowerBuilder controls, including properties, functions, and events in a 64-bit applicationAll controls should have the same behavior as a 32-bit application except the RichText control. The RichText control has some differences between 32-bit and 64-bit.Using 64-bit Database driverOLE DB and DIR database interfaces are not supported in 64-bit platforms; all other types of drivers are supported.For WPF 64-bit application, using 64-bit application database driverUsing the 64-bit application database driver, build a WPF application as any CPU and run it on a 64-bit OS.3.3 New datatype – longptrThe longptr datatype is 4 bytes in the 32-bit platform and 8 bytes in the 64-bit platform. In the 32-bit platform, longptr is the same as long; you can continue using long wherever longptr is required in 32-bit applications. In 64-bit applications, however, using long to hold longptr variables will lead to data truncation from 8 bytes to 4 bytes, or memory corruption if you pass a long ref variable when a longptr ref is required. So, if you want to move to 64-bit, please use longptr wherever required. It does no harm to 32-bit.Since PowerBuilder does not have a datatype corresponding to the C++ pointer type, and there are no pointer operations in PowerBuilder, longptr is not a full-fledged PowerBuilder datatype. You can use it to hold/pass window handles, database handles, and other objects that are essentially memory addresses. Doing complex operations on longptr type may not work. If you want to represent/compute 8-byte long integers, use longlong.Unsupported features in native 64-bit application:∙COM+ runtime∙DataWindow Web control for ActiveX∙TabletPC∙PBNI SDK for developing 64-bit PB Extensions∙Machine-code generation∙Application server support4 MDI Docking WindowsThe MDI docking windows feature provides an alternative to the classic MDI feature. It allows opened sheets to be laid out as in the PowerBuilder .NET IDE. The following items can be tested:∙New window types — MDIDock and MDIDockHelp — and the four docking states: Tabbed document, Docked, Floating, and Tabbed Window∙Opening sheets in specific state∙Persisting MDI state∙Use new properties to create a good user experience for the final application4.1 New window types and four docking statesWe are adding two new WindowType values to the Window object: mdidock! and mdidockhelp!. Like mdi! and mdihelp!, respectively, they allow child windows (sheets) to be opened with the OpenSheet functions. But these sheets behave differently: they can dock, float and be tabbed like the windows you see in the PowerBuilder .NET IDE.Your sheets open docked by default. The sheets can be in one of four states:∙Tabbed Document: in PowerBuilder .NET IDE, script editors and window painters are tabbed documents – anything with an entry in the Window menu. See Figure 1.∙Docked: all other windows in PowerBuilder .NET IDE, such as Toolbox, Solution Explorer, etc.∙Floating∙Tabbed Windows: docked windows occupying the same space are tabbed. The tabs appear at the bottom. In the PowerBuilder .NET IDE, the Solution Explorer and Properties window are usuallydocked at the same location and appear as windows in a tabbed group. The main differences withtabbed documents are that tabbed windows have tabs at the bottom and have no correspondingentries in the Windows menu.4.2 Opening sheets in specific stateTo open a sheet at a specific docking location, in a specific tab group, or as a document, use one of the new versions of the OpenSheet function:∙OpenSheetAsDocument∙OpenSheetDocked∙OpenSheetInTabGroup∙OpenSheetWithParmAsDocument∙OpenSheetWithParmDocked∙OpenSheetWithParmInTabGroupOpenSheetInTabGroup and OpenSheetWithParmInTabGroup, as their names suggest, open a sheet in a tab group. Unlike the other OpenSheet functions, these take as one of their arguments not the parent window but a sibling sheet. These sibling sheets must either be docked or be in a tab group.4.2.1 OpenSheetAsDocument / OpenSheetWithParmAsDocumentint OpenSheetAsDocument(ref Window o,Window s,string i)int OpenSheetAsDocument(ref Window o,string n,Window s,string i)int OpenSheetAsDocument(ref Window o,Window s,string i,boolean v)int OpenSheetAsDocument(ref Window o,string n,Window s,string i,boolean v)int OpenSheetWithParmAsDocument(ref Window o,readonly string a,Window s, string i)int OpenSheetWithParmAsDocument(ref Window o,readonly double a,Window s, string i)int OpenSheetWithParmAsDocument(ref Window o,readonly PowerObject a,Window s, string i)int OpenSheetWithParmAsDocument(ref Window o,readonly string a, string n, Window s, string i)int OpenSheetWithParmAsDocument(ref Window o,readonly double a, string n, Window s, string i) int OpenSheetWithParmAsDocument(ref Window o,readonly PowerObject a,string n,Window s,string i) int OpenSheetWithParmAsDocument(ref Window o,readonly string a,Window s,string i,boolean v)int OpenSheetWithParmAsDocument(ref Window o,readonly double a,Window s, string i, boolean v) int OpenSheetWithParmAsDocument(ref Window o,readonly PowerObject a,Window s,string i,boolean v)int OpenSheetWithParmAsDocument(ref Window o,readonly string a,string n,Window s,string i,bool v)int OpenSheetWithParmAsDocument(ref Window o,readonly double a,string n,Window s,string i,bool v)int OpenSheetWithParmAsDocument(ref Window o,readonly PowerObject a,string n,Window s,string i,bool v)The arguments o, s, a and n have the same role as the legacy OpenSheet and OpenSheetWithParm functions.Tabbed Documents in the Visual Studio IDE can be in more than one tab group. We allow this, too. The extratab group can be created interactively by dragging a document tab to the extremities of its tab group. Whenthere is more than one tab group, you can use the s argument to specify in which one to open a sheet. Insteadof specifying the parent window, specify an already open sheet in the tab group where you want to open your new sheet.The i argument is a unique string identifier to identify the sheet, which is used when layout is persisted. See below for how to use this identifier when re-launching your application with your layout restored. (This argument can be an empty or null string if you do not want to restore the layout.)The v argument is an optional argument. When used, it causes a new tab group to be created and your sheet opens in the new tab group. When true, the tab group is vertically aligned. When false, it is horizontally aligned.4.2.2 OpenSheetDocked / OpenSheetWithParmDockedint OpenSheetDocked(ref Window o, Window s, WindowDockPosition e, string i)int OpenSheetDocked(ref Window o, string n, Window s, WindowDockPosition e, string i)int OpenSheetWithParmDocked(ref Window o,readonly string a,Window s,WindowDockPosition e,string i)int OpenSheetWithParmDocked(ref Window o,readonly double a,Window s,WindowDockPosition e,string i)int OpenSheetWithParmDocked(ref Window o,readonly PowerObject a,Window s, WindowDockPosition e, string i )int OpenSheetWithParmDocked(ref Window o,readonly string a,string n,Windows,WindowDockPosition e, string i )int OpenSheetWithParmDocked(ref Window o,readonly double a,string n,Window s, WindowDockPosition e, string i )int OpenSheetWithParmDocked(ref Window o,readonly PowerObject a,string n,Window s, WindowDockPosition e, string i )The new WindowDockPosition enumerated typeWindowDockLeft!WindowDockRight!WindowDockTop!WindowDockBottom!The arguments o, s, a and n have the same role as the legacy OpenSheet and OpenSheetWithParm functions.The i argument is a unique string identifier to identify the sheet, used when layout is persisted. See below for how to use this identifier when re-launching your application with your layout restored. (This argument can be an empty or null string if you do not want to restore the layout.)The e argument specifies where to dock the sheet.4.2.3 OpenSheetInTabGroup / OpenSheetWithParmInTabGroupint OpenSheetInTabGroup(ref Window o, Window s, string i)int OpenSheetInTabGroup(ref Window o, string n, Window s, string i)int OpenSheetWithParmInTabGroup(ref Window o,readonly string a,Window s, string i )int OpenSheetWithParmInTabGroup(ref Window o,readonly double a,Window s, string i )int OpenSheetWithParmInTabGroup(ref Window o,readonly PowerObject a,Window s, string i )int OpenSheetWithParmInTabGroup(ref Window o,readonly string a,string n,Window s, string i ) int OpenSheetWithParmInTabGroup(ref Window o,readonly double a,string n,Window s, string i ) int OpenSheetWithParmInTabGroup(ref Window o,readonly PowerObject a,string n,Window, stringi )The arguments o, a and n have the same role as the legacy OpenSheet and OpenSheetWithParm functions.The s argument is NOT the parent window. It must be a sibling window in either a docked state or in a non-document tab group. The sheet opens in the same tab group. The first sheet opened in a main window cannot be opened using these functions. To create a tab group, open the first sheet as a docked sheet and then usethis sheet as the s argument. The s argument determines in which tab group the newly opened sheet opens. Example: Open dock window and tabbed document window1. Create a window “w_sheet_any” which window type is main!2. Create MDIDock window w_mdidock_dockstate and set any menu in it.3. In “w_mdidock_dockstate” open event , write codes as shown in Figure 1.4. In “w_sheet_any” open event , add following codestring ls_ils_i = Message.stringparmif not isnull(ls_i) and ls_i <> "" thenthis.title = ls_iend if5. Run it. You will get result like Figure 2.Figure 1Figure 24.3 Persisting MDI stateWhen you launch the PowerBuilder .NET IDE, it restores all the open windows at exactly the same position and state as when you closed it. In PowerBuilder 15.0 there is an easy way to get the same thing.The most important thing is to be able to associate a meaningful string ID to each opened sheet. One way is to set it as an argument in new OpenSheet functions; another is to set it using the new SetSheetID function.The MDI state is stored in the registry using the new SaveDockingState function that you should call when your application is closed.4.3.1 SetSheetIDIf the user did not set the ID in the new OpenSheet functions (empty or null string as ID), he can do it using the SetSheetID function. It is also a way to change the ID.int SetSheetID(string i)The i argument is the ID.For example:window win[]opensheetdocked(win[1], this, WindowDockLeft!, "")win[1].SetSheetID(“11111” )4.3.2 SaveDockingStateThis function stores the MDI state in the registry (HKEY_CURRENT_USER\SOFTWARE\...). This is a method of the Window object.integer SaveDockingState(string r)The r argument is the registry key.If no entry for the key exists in the registry, one will be created. Existing keys are overwritten.4.3.3 CommitDocking / LoadDockingStateWhen your application launches, three new functions help you restore your sheets.LoadDockingState fills two equal-sized arrays. One is an array of type names of persisted sheets. The other is the corresponding IDs. For these persisted sheets, new functions are introduced to open them: OpenSheetFromDockingState (and OpenSheetWithParmFromDockingState). When all persisted sheets are open, the CommitDocking function does the work of arranging everything in place and making them visible.integer CommitDocking()integer LoadDockingState(string r, ref string w[], ref string i[])The r argument is the registry key.The w argument is an array of window type names of child windows persisted.The i argument is an array of IDs of child windows persisted.4.3.4 OpenSheetFromDockingState / OpenSheetWithParmFromDockingStateint OpenSheetFromDockingState (ref Window o, Window p, string i)int OpenSheetFromDockingState (ref Window o, string n, Window p, string i)int OpenSheetWithParmFromDockingState(ref Window o,readonly string a,Window p, string i )int OpenSheetWithParmFromDockingState(ref Window o,readonly double a, Window p, string i )int OpenSheetWithParmFromDockingState(ref Window o,readonly PowerObject a,Window p, string i ) int OpenSheetWithParmFromDockingState(ref Window o,readonly string a,string n,Window p,stringi)int OpenSheetWithParmFromDockingState(ref Window o,readonly double a,string n,Window p, stringi)int OpenSheetWithParmFromDockingState(ref Window o,readonly PowerObject a,string n,Window p,string i)The arguments o, p, a and n have the same role as the legacy OpenSheet and OpenSheetWithParm functions. The i argument is the ID of the persisted sheet.Example: 1. Save all sheets in registerinteger li_rtnstring is_register = "Sybase\PowerBuilder\Examples\Docking\"li_rtn = this.SaveDockingState( is_register )2. Restore all sheetsstring s1[], s2[]string is_register = "Sybase\PowerBuilder\Examples\Docking\"integer li_start, li_end, li_i, li_rtnli_rtn = LoadDockingState(is_register,s1,s2)window lw_windowli_start = lowerbound(s1)li_end = upperbound(s2)for li_i = li_start to li_endopenSheetFromDockingState(lw_window,s1[li_i], this, s2[li_i])nextCommitDocking()4.4 Use new properties to create a good user experience for the finalapplicationTo give you more control over the look and feel of your final application, there will be new properties to allow you to specify:∙The colors of active and inactive Title bars: horizontal/vertical gradients optional∙The colors of the area behind tabs: horizontal/vertical gradients optional∙The colors of the tabs: active/inactive/mouseover (deferring to theme colors is also an option)∙The shape of the tabs∙The location of the close button for the tabs∙Whether to show all the tabs (squeezed) or scroll themIf you create window with type MDIDock or MDIDockHelp, you will get new Docking property tab page in the Properties view of PowerBuilder Classic IDE. All new properties can be set in this tab page. You can also set them in your code.In the Docking tab, you can change the Property Set value to set related properties for TabbedDocument or TabbedWindow.∙TabbedDocumentTabShape / TabbedWindowTabShapeValue: 1. Windowdocktabsingslanted!2. Windowdocktabslanted!3. Windowdocktabrangular!Description: By changing this selection, you can set shape of tab like following picturesfor example: 1.2.∙TabbedWindowTabCloseButton / TabbedDocumentTabCloseButtonValue: 1. WindowDockTabCloseButtonNone!2. WindowDockTabCloseButtonOnActive!3. WindowDockTabCloseButtonShared!Description: By changing this selection, you can set close button display typefor example: 1. WindowDockTabCloseButtonOnActive2. WindowDockTabCloseButtonShared∙TabbedWindowTabIcon / TabbedDocumentTabIconDescription : display window icon or not∙TabbedWindowTabScroll / TabbedDocumentTabScrollDescription : display scroll arrow button on tab page or notfor example : following picture display scroll arrow button∙TabbedWindowTabColorsUseTheme / TabbedDocumentTabColorsUseThemeDescription : use window’s theme or user definedfor example : if this option not checked, user can set tab colors which include three states( active, inactive,mouseover) and three kinds of color( BackColor, GradientBackColor, TextColor)In the Docking tab, if the TabbedWindowTabColorsUseTheme or TabbedDocumentTabColorsUseTheme check boxes are unchecked, you can change the selection of Property Set (Tab State) to choose which tab state color you want to set: active, inactive, or mouseover.∙TabbedWindowActiveTabBackColor / TabbedDocumentActiveTabBackColor∙TabbedWindowActiveTabGradientBackColor / TabbedDocumentActiveTabGradientBackColor∙TabbedWindowActiveTabTextColor / TabbedDocumentActiveTabTextColor∙TabbedWindowInActiveTabBackColor / TabbedDocumentInActiveTabBackColor∙TabbedWindowInActiveTabGradientBackColor / TabbedDocumentInActiveTabGradientBackColor ∙TabbedWindowInActiveTabTextColor / TabbedDocumentInActiveTabTextColor∙TabbedWindowMouseoverTabBackColor / TabbedDocumentMouseoverTabBackColor∙TabbedWindowMouseoverTabGradientBackColor /TabbedDocumentMouseoverTabGradientBackColor∙TabbedWindowMouseoverTabTextColor / TabbedDocumentMouseoverTabTextColor for example :1. Inactive color :2. MouseOver Color3. Active color∙TabbedWindowTabsAreaColor / TabbedDocumentTabsAreaColor∙TabbedWindowTabsAreaGradientColor / TabbedDocumentTabsAreaGradientColor∙TabbedWindowTabsAreaGradientVert / TabbedDocumentTabsAreaGradientVertfor example : 1. Area color of TabbedDocumentIn the Docking tab, you can change the selection of Property Set (Title Bar State) to choose which title bar state color you want to set: active or inactive.∙TitleBarActiveColor / TitleBarInActiveColor∙TitleBarActiveGradientColor / TitleBarInActiveGradientColor∙TitleBarActiveGradientVert / TitleBarInActiveGradientVert∙TitleBarActiveaTextColor / TitleBarInActiveTextColorfor example: 1. Color of active title bar2. Color of inactive title barWindowDockOptionsValues:1.WindowDockOptionAll!2.WindowDockOptionTabbedDocumentOnly!3.WindowDockOptionDockedOnly!4.WindowDockOptionFloatOnly!5.WindowDockOptionTabbedDocumentAndDockedOnly!6.WindowDockOptionTabbedDocumentAndFloatOnly!7.WindowDockOptionDockedAndFloatOnly!Description: A property will be introduced on child windows to control what states to allow on that window.For example, if you set a sheet’s property WindowDockOption toWindowDockOptionTabbedDocumentAndFloatOnly!, its state can’t be docked as following picture when opening it in MDIDock or MDIDockHelp window.。
国际机票GDS运价常用指令和术语
国际机票GDS运价常用指令和术语一、常用指令：1）指令XS FSD CITYPAIR/DATE/CZ/X查询运价。
例如，要查询4月21日始发CTU-CAN-CDG-NCE往返运价，在系统中2）翻页请用 XS FSPN；在XSFSD指令之后，查行程可以用指令XS FSL+序号；查限制条件可用指令 XS FSN+序号3）根据客人时间及行程要求，直接在系统中订座，然后QTE:/CZ。
然后可以用指令XS FSQ+序号，查运价的适用二、术语（条款）00、TITLE/APPLICATION运价适用 01、ELIGIBILITY乘机者/购买者03、SEASONALITY季节 04、FLIGHT APPLICATION航班适用条件06、MINIMUM STAY最短停留时间 07、MAXIMUM STAY最长停留时间09、TRANSFERS转机 10、PERMITTED COMBINATIONS运价组合12、SURCHARGES 附加费用 13、ACCOMPANIED TRAVEL陪同旅行15、SALES RESTRICTIONS销售限制 16、PENALTIES-CHANGES/CANCEL变更和退票费用18、TICKET ENDORSEMENT客票的签注 19、CHILDREN/INFANT DISCOUNTS儿童/婴儿折扣21、AGENT DISCOUNTS代理人折扣 22、OTHER DISCOUNTS其它折扣26、GROUPS团队27、TOURS旅游代码29、DEPOSITS保证金31、VOLUNTARY CHANGES自愿变更00、TITLE/APPLICATION运价适用例如，03 QAPSA /ADVP 3D/ 2210/Q/ 2D. 1M/ /SE02R00.TITLE/APPLICATIONFARE CLS EXPLANATION BOOK CODES-------- ---------------------- ----------QAPSA REGULAR APEX FARES QFOR ROUND TRIP FARES常规往返程预购价格FARE TYPE CODE XAPNO BOOKING CODE EXCEPTIONS FOR CARRIER - USE PRIMERULE - 008/SE02SPECIAL ECONOMY FAREAPPLICATIONAREATHESE FARES APPLYBETWEEN AREA 3 AND AREA 3.三区之间旅行价格CLASS OF SERVICETHESE FARES APPLY FOR ECONOMY CLASS SERVICE.TYPES OF TRANSPORTATIONFARES GOVERNED BY THIS RULE CAN BE USED TO CREATEONE-WAY/ROUND-TRIP/OPEN-JAW JOURNEYS.例如，01 ALXHKAC / 5500/A/ . 3M/14APR 06JUL/7500R00.TITLE/APPLICATIONFARE CLS EXPLANATION BOOK CODES-------- ---------------------- ----------ALXHKAC BASIC SEASON MIDWEEK ROUND TRIP INSTANT APURCHASE FARES淡季周中即购票往返价格BETWEEN AREA 3 AND AREA 1 FOR ROUND TRIP FARESFARE TYPE CODE XPXNO BOOKING CODE EXCEPTIONS FOR CARRIER - USE PRIMERULE - 003/7500AC SPECIAL FARES BETWEEN AREA 1 AND AREA 3 // POS NON CAAPPLICATIONAREATHESE FARES APPLYBETWEEN CANADA AND AREA 3. 加拿大与三区之间价格CLASS OF SERVICETHESE FARES APPLY FOR ECONOMY CLASS SERVICE.TYPES OF TRANSPORTATIONTHIS RULE GOVERNS ROUND-TRIP FARES.FARES GOVERNED BY THIS RULE CAN BE USED TO CREATEROUND-TRIP/CIRCLE-TRIP/SINGLE OPEN-JAW JOURNEYS.THESE FARES MAY BE USED FOR INDIVIDUAL AND GROUPINCLUSIVE TOURS.CAPACITY LIMITATIONSTHE CARRIER SHALL LIMIT THE NUMBER OF PASSENGERS CARRIEDON ANY ONE FLIGHT AT FARES GOVERNED BY THIS RULE AND SUCHFARES WILL NOT NECESSARILY BE AVAILABLE ON ALL FLIGHTS.THE NUMBER OF SEATS WHICH THE CARRIER SHALL MAKEAVAILABLE ON A GIVEN FLIGHT WILL BE DETERMINED BY THECARRIERS BEST JUDGMENT01、ELIGIBILITY乘机者/购买者例如，01 VLHKST / 5050= 10100/V/ . /11FEB 04JUN/6650R01.ELIGIBILITYVALID FOR STUDENT.学生价格例如，05 NKXVFRCN / 5980/N/ 1M. 6M/02MAY 21JUN/602501.ELIGIBILITYVALID FOR ADULT RESIDENT OF CHINA.中国公民价格NOTE -THESE FARES APPLY TO MAINLAND CHINA RESIDENTSTRAVELING TO THE UNITED STATES TO VISIT FRIENDSAND RELATIVES.中国公民访友价格----BUSINESS TRAVEL IS NOT PERMITTED.商务旅游不适用----CORPORATE VOLUME DISCOUNT IS NOT APPLICABLE.例如，13 BKOXMY / 1220 /B/ .12M/03APR 18SEP/M165R01.ELIGIBILITYNOTE -INFANT NOT APPLY.婴儿不适用02、DAY/TIME 日期/时间例如，02 VLXHKR / 12390/V/ . 3M/01FEB 11JUN/5815R02.DAY/TIMEPERMITTED MON THROUGH THU ON EACH TRANSPACIFIC SECTOR.每个跨洋段适用于周一至周四03、SEASONALITY季节例如，02 VLXHKR / 12390/V/ . 3M/01FEB 11JUN/5815R03.SEASONALITYPERMITTED 15JAN THROUGH 22JAN OR 01FEB THROUGH 11JUN OR08SEP THROUGH 13DEC OR 24DEC THROUGH 30DEC ON THE OUTBOUNDTRANSPACIFIC SECTOR. 去程跨洋段适用于15-22JAN，01FEB-11JUN，08SEP-13DEC，24-30DEC出发04、FLIGHT APPLICATION航班适用条件例如，02 VLXHKR / 12390/V/ . 3M/01FEB 11JUN/5815R04.FLIGHT APPLICATIONTHE FARE COMPONENT MUST INCLUDE TRAVEL VIA TRANSPACIFICSECTORS ONONE OR MORE OF THE FOLLOWINGUA FLIGHTS 0001 THROUGH 1699.跨洋段航班适用于UA0001-1699ANDIF THE FARE COMPONENT INCLUDES TRAVEL WITHIN THE UNITEDSTATES美国境内航班适用于UA0001-1699，UA2830-3899，UA4900-4999，UA5200-8099THEN THAT TRAVEL MUST BE ONONE OR MORE OF THE FOLLOWINGUA FLIGHTS 0001 THROUGH 1699UA FLIGHTS 2830 THROUGH 3899UA FLIGHTS 4900 THROUGH 4999UA FLIGHTS 5200 THROUGH 8099.05、ADVANCE RES/TICKETING订座/出票例如，02 VLXHKR / 12390/V/ . 3M/01FEB 11JUN/5815R05.ADVANCE RES/TICKETINGRESERVATIONS ARE REQUIRED FOR ALL SECTORS.全程必须预订好位子WAITLIST AND STANDBY NOT PERMITTED. 不可候补状态WHEN RESERVATIONS ARE MADE AT LEAST 22 DAYS BEFOREDEPARTURE TICKETING MUST BE COMPLETED WITHIN 14 DAYS AFTERRESERVATIONS ARE MADE.航班起飞前22天预订位子，须在预订好位子后14天内出票OR - RESERVATIONS ARE REQUIRED FOR ALL SECTORS.WHEN RESERVATIONS ARE MADE AT LEAST 14 DAYS BEFOREDEPARTURE TICKETING MUST BE COMPLETED WITHIN 7 DAYSAFTER RESERVATIONS ARE MADE.航班起飞前14天预订位子，须在预订好位子后7天内出票 OR - RESERVATIONS ARE REQUIRED FOR ALL SECTORS.WHEN RESERVATIONS ARE MADE AT LEAST 4 DAYS BEFOREDEPARTURE TICKETING MUST BE COMPLETED WITHIN 3 DAYSAFTER RESERVATIONS ARE MADE.航班起飞前4天预订位子，须在预订好位子后3天内出票 OR - RESERVATIONS ARE REQUIRED FOR ALL SECTORS.TICKETING MUST BE COMPLETED WITHIN 24 HOURS AFTERRESERVATIONS ARE MADE. 航班起飞前3天内预订位子，须在预订好位子后24小时内出票 NOTE -OPEN SEGMENTS NOT PERMITTED. 不可出OPEN票TICKETS MUST ONLY BE ISSUED ON UA 016 TICKET STOCKTHESE FARES APPLY ONLY WHEN PURCHASED PRIOR TOCOMMENCEMENT OF TRAVEL.NOTIFICATION OF THE TICKET NUMBER MUST BE VIA ATKNA OR TKNM.例如，01 VABSA /ADVP 5D/ 1800/V/ 3D.15D/ /SE03R05.ADVANCE RES/TICKETINGRESERVATIONS ARE REQUIRED FOR ALL SECTORS.全程必须预订好位子TICKETING MUST BE COMPLETED AT LEAST 5 DAYS BEFOREDEPARTURE.至少离航班起飞前5天出票06、MINIMUM STAY最短停留时间例如，01 VABSA /ADVP 5D/ 1800/V/ 3D.15D/ /SE03R06.MINIMUM STAYTRAVEL FROM LAST INTERNATIONAL STOPOVER MUST COMMENCE NOEARLIER THAN 3 DAYS AFTER DEPARTURE OF THE FIRSTINTERNATIONAL SECTOR. 回程出发地需至少停留3天例如，03 VNCBB / 6240/V/....12M/ /ECN606.MINIMUM STAYTRAVEL FROM LAST STOPOVER MUST COMMENCE NO EARLIER THAN 6DAYS AFTER DEPARTURE FROM FARE ORIGINOR - TRAVEL FROM LAST STOPOVER MUST COMMENCE NO EARLIERTHAN 1201AM ON THE FIRST SUN AFTER DEPARTURE FROMFARE ORIGIN. 回程出发地需至少停留6天或过第一个周日凌晨0：0007、MAXIMUM STAY最长停留时间例如，01 VABSA /ADVP 5D/ 1800/V/ 3D.15D/ /SE03R07.MAXIMUM STAYTRAVEL FROM LAST INTERNATIONAL STOPOVER MUST COMMENCE NOLATER THAN 15 DAYS AFTER DEPARTURE OF THE FIRSTINTERNATIONAL SECTOR. 回程出发地最长停留15天例如，03 VNCBB / 6240/V/....12M/ /ECN607.MAXIMUM STAYTRAVEL FROM LAST INTERNATIONAL STOPOVER MUST COMMENCE NOLATER THAN 12 MONTHS AFTER DEPARTURE FROM FARE ORIGIN.回程出发地最长停留12个月 NOTE -THE NUMBER OF MONTHS COUNTING FROM THE DAY OFDEPARTURE /I.E. INCLUDING DATE OF DEPARTURE/.---------------------------------------------IF DESIRED RETURN FLIGHT CANNOT BE BOOKED AS DATEIS OUTSIDE SYSTEM BOOKING RANGE OF 360 DAYSIN ADVANCE AN ALTERNATIVE FLIGHT MUST BE BOOKEDFOR TICKET ISSUANCE.ANY LATER REBOOKING TO DESIREDDATE -WITHIN MAXIMUM VALIDITY- IS ONLY POSSIBLE IFPERMITTED BY FARE NOTE AND REQUIRES REBOOKING FEEIF APPLICABLE.08、STOPOVERS中途分程例如，01 QLSXHK / 4050/Q/ SU.12M/11JAN 24JUN/5227R08.STOPOVERSNO STOPOVERS PERMITTED.不允许中途分程例如，10 TLSXHK / 8460/T/ 3D.12M/11JAN 24JUN/5221R08.STOPOVERS1 FREE STOPOVER PERMITTED.允许一次中途分程例如，08.STOPOVERS<< UNLIMITED STOPOVERS PERMITTED. 允许无限制中途分程09、TRANSFERS转机例如，09.TRANSFERSUNLIMITED TRANSFERS PERMITTED AT NO CHARGE允许转机，无需收费FARE BREAK AND EMBEDDED SURFACE SECTORS PERMITTED ONTHE FARE COMPONENT 允许缺口10、PERMITTED COMBINATIONS运价组合例如，10.PERMITTED COMBINATIONS 允许运价组合FARES MAY BE COMBINED ON A HALF ROUND TRIP BASIS WITHANY FARE FOR ANY CARRIER IN ANY RULE AND TARIFF TO FORMROUND TRIPS/CIRCLE TRIPS.使用1/2RT相加组合ADD-ONS PERMITTED.END-ON-ENDEND-ON-END COMBINATIONS PERMITTED. VALIDATE ALL FARECOMPONENTS.NOTE -SIDE TRIP COMBINATIONS PERMITTED.OPEN JAWS 缺口FARES MAY BE COMBINED ON A HALF ROUND TRIP BASIS-TO FORM SINGLE OR DOUBLE OPEN JAWS THAT CONSIST OF NOMORE THAN 2 INTERNATIONAL FARE COMPONENTS. ORIGIN OPENSEGMENT MUST BE WITHIN ONE COUNTRY.A MAXIMUM OF 2 INTERNATIONAL FARE COMPONENTS PERMITTEDPROVIDED -WHEN THE OPEN JAW OCCURS AS FOLLOWS -THE OPEN SEGMENT MUST BE-BETWEEN AREA 3 AND AREA 2/BETWEEN AREA 3 AND AREA 1 ORWITHIN AREA 3-COMBINATIONS ARE WITH ANY FARE FOR ANY CARRIER IN ANYRULE IN ANY TARIFF.11、BLACKOUT DATES除外日期例如，01 VAB3MCN /ADVP 45D/ 5200/V/ . 3M/ /1310R11.BLACKOUT DATESOUTBOUND -去程跨洋段不适用于01-31JAN09，20JUN-03OCT09TRAVEL IS NOT PERMITTED 01JAN 09 THROUGH 31JAN 09 FORDEPARTURE OF OUTBOUND TRANSPACIFIC SECTOROR - TRAVEL IS NOT PERMITTED 20JUN 09 THROUGH 03OCT 09.12、SURCHARGES 附加费用例如，12.SURCHARGESNO SURCHARGE REQUIREMENTS.无附加费用13、ACCOMPANIED TRAVEL陪同旅行例如，13.ACCOMPANIED TRAVELACCOMPANIED TRAVEL NOT REQUIRED. 无需陪同旅行14、TRAVEL RESTRICTIONS旅行限制例如，14.TRAVEL RESTRICTIONS**VALID FOR TRAVEL COMMENCING ON/AFTER 01APR2009.在2009年4月1日或之后出发有效15、SALES RESTRICTIONS销售限制例如，01 NLRCEA1 / 4180/N* 3D.60D/11JAN 24JUN/339715.SALES RESTRICTIONSTICKETS MAY NOT BE ISSUED BY PTA. EXTENSION OF TICKETVALIDITY IS NOT PERMITTED.客票不可延期TICKETS MAY ONLY BE SOLD IN HONG KONG SAR/PHILIPPINES/INDONESIA/MACAU SAR/TAIWAN, PROVINCE OF/CHINA.限在香港/菲律宾/印尼/澳门/台湾销售 NOTE -TICKETS MUST BE ISSUED ON THE STOCK OF QF/BA.例如，01 QLRCUK9 / 125.00/Q* SU.12M/22APR 21JUN/236615.SALES RESTRICTIONS** TICKETS MUST BE ISSUED ON/BEFORE 31MAY 09.客票必须在09年5月31日或之前出票有效 EXTENSION OF TICKET VALIDITY IS NOT PERMITTED.例如，01 TAPR1M / 550.00/T/ . 1M/ -5011R15.SALES RESTRICTIONSTICKETS MAY ONLY BE SOLD IN THE UNITED STATES.只限在美国销售例如，15.SALES RESTRICTIONS**TICKETS MUST BE ISSUED ON/BEFORE 31DEC 09.客票必须在09年12月31日或之前出票有效NOTE - GENERAL RULE DOES NOT APPLYTICKETS MUST BE ISSUED ON EITHER THE PLATE OR STOCK OF MHAND MAY ONLY BE SOLD IN CHINA/HONG KONG SAR 限在中国大陆或香港销售TICKETS MAY BE ISSUED BY PTA.FARES MAY ONLY BE SOLD BY TRAVEL AGENTS.只限旅行社销售OR - FARES MAY ONLY BE SOLD BY MH.TICKETS MUST BE ISSUED ON EITHER THE PLATE OR STOCKOF MH AND MAY ONLY BE SOLD IN AREA 1/AREA 2/AREA 3.SALE IS RESTRICTED TO SPECIFIC AGENTS. 指定代理销售NOTE -PTA - PREPAID TICKET ADVICE预付款通知书IF TICKET ISSUED AGAINST PTA CMA AN ADMINISTRATIVEFEE OF CNY 110 APPLIES PER PNRNOTE - PTA SURCHARGE IS A NON REFUNDABLEADMINISTRATIVE FEE WHICH APPLIES WHEN TICKET ISISSUED AGAINST PTA.CHILD/INFANT DISCOUNT DOES NOT APPLY.OR - SALE IS RESTRICTED TO SPECIFIC AGENTS.例如，15.SALES RESTRICTIONS<< NOTE -<< ADVERTISING AND SALES - NO RESTRICTIONS. 无销售限制<< SALES -<< SHALL INCLUDE THE ISSUANCE OF TICKETS AND<< MISCELLANEOUS CHARGES ORDERS -MCO- 旅费证/<< MULTIPLE PURPOSE DOCUMENTS -MPDS- AND<< PREPAID TICKET ADVICES -PTAS-.预付款通知书<< ADVERTISING -<< ANY LIMITATIONS ON ADVERTISING SHALL NOT<< PRECLUDE THE QUOTING OF SUCH FARES IN COMPANY<< TARIFFS AND SYSTEM TIMETABLES AND AIR GUIDES.<< EXTENSION OF VALIDITY -<< A CARRIER MAY WITHOUT ADDITIONAL COLLECTION OF<< FARE EXTEND THE VALIDITY OF THE TICKET OF A<< PASSENGER WHO IS PREVENTED FROM TRAVELLING<< WITHIN THE PERIOD OF VALIDITY OF HIS TICKET.16、PENALTIES-CHANGES/CANCEL变更和退票费用例如，01 SLLFHK / 1900/S/ .14D/13APR 16JUL/HK11R16.PENALTIES-CHANGES/CANCELNOTE - GENERAL RULE DOES NOT APPLYNOTE -FLIGHT CHANGE BEFORE/AFTER DEPARTURE - HKD 300 PERPAX PER EACH CHANGE OF FLIGHT RSERVATION. 出发前或出发后，每人每次改期收费HKD300REFUND ADMIN FEE - NON REFUNDABLE不可退票NO SHOW FEE -HKD 500 误机费HKD500LOST TICKET FEE - HKD 300例如，03 VL3MRTPX / 6000/V/ . 3M/16FEB 28SEP/CN40R16.PENALTIES-CHANGES/CANCELCANCELLATIONSBEFORE DEPARTURE出发前CHARGE CNY 500.0 FOR REFUND. 退票收CNY500NOTE -REFUND CHARGE --CNY 500 PER FULLY UNUSED TICKET 整张机票没使用过退票费CNY500--------------------------------------------------NON-REFUNDABLE FOR REISSUE FEE换开票收费不可退--------------------------------------------------NO DISCOUNT APPLICABLE TO REFUND CHARGE--------------------------------------------------ALL REFUND MUST APPLIED WITHIN ONE YEAR FROM THEDATE OF TICKET ISSUANCE.从出票日开始算1年内办理退票--------------------------------------------------AFTER DEPARTURE 出发后TICKET IS NON-REFUNDABLE. 不可退票NOTE -NO REFUND FOR PARTIALLY USED TICKETS.不可部分退票CHANGES 改期CHANGES PERMITTED FOR REISSUE/REVALIDATION.NOTE -DATE CHANGE IS ALLOWED WITHIN SAME BOOKING CLASSAND WITHIN TICKET VALIDITY机票有效期内同等舱位允许改期--------------------------------------------------CHARGE CNY500 -- PER E-TICKET REISSUED TO PAPERTICKET. REISSUED MUST BE MADE BY CX OR KA OFFICE.--------------------------------------------------ADMINSTRATION FEE CNY500 SHOULD BE ADDED ON TOPOF FARE DIFFERENCE FOR VALIDITY EXTENSION.REISSUED MUST BE MADE BY CX OR KA OFFICE ONLY.在CX或KA办事处换开客票收取行政费CNY500 --------------------------------------------------REBOOKING--CHANGES TO HIGH SEASONCHARGE APPLICABLE FARE DIFFERENCE PLUS REBOOKINGFEE CNY500淡季改为旺季，除了收季节差额外，还要收CNY500手续费CHANGES TO LOW SEASONNO REFUND 旺季改为淡季，不退差额ALL CHANGES MUST BE MADE PRIOR TO THE DEPARTUREDATE OF TICKETED FLIGHT.所有更改必须在机票原航班日前之前办理--------------------------------------------------REROUTING IS NOT PERMITTED.不可改行程17、HIP/MILEAGE EXCEPTIONS较高点检查例如，17.HIP/MILEAGE EXCEPTIONSHIGHER INTERMEDIATE RULE APPLIES.需较高点检查IF A DOMESTIC RULE THIS CATEGORY HAS NO APPLICATION.例如，01 SLLFHK / 1900/S/ .14D/13APR 16JUL/HK11R17.HIP/MILEAGE EXCEPTIONSNOTE - GENERAL RULE DOES NOT APPLYTHE HIGHER INTERMEDIATE POINT RULE DOES NOT APPLY FORSTOPOVERS.无需较高点检查18、TICKET ENDORSEMENT客票的签注例如，01 SLLFHK / 1900/S/ .14D/13APR 16JUL/HK11R18.TICKET ENDORSEMENTNOTE - GENERAL RULE DOES NOT APPLYTHE ORIGINAL AND THE REISSUED TICKET MUST BE ANNOTATED -MH OP FLT ONLY NON-REFUND - AND - SUBJ TO NO SHOW/CHNGFEE- IN THE ENDORSEMENT BOX. 出票时签转栏注明“MH OP FLT ONLY NON-REFUND”和NO SHOW、CHANGE的费19、CHILDREN/INFANT DISCOUNTS儿童/婴儿折扣例如，19.CHILDREN/INFANT DISCOUNTSORIGINATING CHINA, EXCLUDING HONG KONG SAR AND MACAO SAR -AN ACCOMPANIED CHILD 2-11 YEARS OF AGE - CHARGE 75PERCENT OF THE FARE.2-11岁有成人陪伴的儿童价格为成人价格75%TICKET DESIGNATOR- CH AND PERCENT OF DISCOUNTMUST BE ACCOMPANIED ON ALL FLIGHTS BY ADULT 12 OROLDER.OR - AN UNACCOMPANIED CHILD 2-11 YEARS OF AGE - CHARGE100 PERCENT OF THE FARE.2-11岁无成人陪伴的儿童价格为成人价格OR - AN INFANT UNDER 2 YEARS OF AGE AND NOT OCCUPYING ASEAT - CHARGE 10 PERCENT OF THE FARE. 未满2岁婴儿不占座位，价格为成人10%TICKET DESIGNATOR- IN AND PERCENT OF DISCOUNTMUST BE ACCOMPANIED ON ALL FLIGHTS BY ADULT 12 OROLDER.OR - AN INFANT UNDER 2 YEARS OF AGE AND OCCUPYING A SEAT- CHARGE 75 PERCENT OF THE FARE.未满2岁婴儿占座位，价格为成人75%TICKET DESIGNATOR- IN AND PERCENT OF DISCOUNTMUST BE ACCOMPANIED ON ALL FLIGHTS BY ADULT 12 OROLDER.OR -NOTE -UNACCOMPANIED INFANT UNDER 2 YEARS -TRAVEL NOT PERMITTED AT THIS FARE.无成人陪伴的婴儿不适用20、TOUR CONDUCTOR DISCOUNTS领队折扣例如，20.TOUR CONDUCTOR DISCOUNTS<< NOTE -<< PERMITTED.21、AGENT DISCOUNTS代理人折扣例如，21.AGENT DISCOUNTS<< NOTE -<< PERMITTED.22、OTHER DISCOUNTS其它折扣例如，22.OTHER DISCOUNTSNO OTHER DISCOUNTS PERMITTED.23、MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS 其他条款例如，01 LLAPHK / 4800/L/ SU.21D/11JAN 24JUN/5226R23.MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS<< NOTE -<< THE FARE THAT APPLIES ON THE DATE OF PURCHASE<< IS ONLY VALID FOR THE ENTIRE ITINERARY AND THE<< SPECIFIC TRAVEL DATES MENTIONED ON THE TICKET.<< ANY MODIFICATION MAY REQUIRE THE PAYMENT OF AN<< ADDITIONAL AMOUNT.<< FULL AND SEQUENTIAL USE OF FLIGHT COUPONS- 客票必须按顺序使用<< THE TICKET/ OR ELECTRONIC TICKET / IS NOT VALID<< IF THE FIRST COUPON HAS NOT BEEN USED AND WILL NOT<< BE HONORED IF ALL THE COUPONS ARE NOT USED IN<< THE SEQUENCE PROVIDED IN THE TICKET / OR ELECTRONIC TICKET / . 例如，01 ALXHKAC / 5500/A/ . 3M/14APR 06JUL/7500R23.MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS<< NOTE -<< THE CHARGE FOR LOST TICKETS IS AS FOLLOWS--<< USD 75.00<< CAD 100.00<< EUR 100.00例如，02 MOX / 122.00= 244.00/M/ . 2M/ /DM33R23.MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONSNOTE -A. FARE SHOWN AT THE FARES PAGES INCLUDES5 PERCENT AT ALL POINT OF SALES.代理费5%B. NO SALES COMMISSION FOR TICKET SOLD /ISSUEDAT GA OFFICE. 在GA办事处出票无代理费例如，01 TAPSALE /ADVP 7D/ 1000/T* 2D. 8D/01APR 14DEC/RP3D23.MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONSNOTE -NO MILEAGE ACCRUAL不可累积里程例如，23.MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONSNO MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS.26、GROUPS团队例如，03 Y / 110.00= 220.00/Y/ . / /DM32R 26.GROUPSNOTE -NO RESTRICTION.例如，26.GROUPSNO GROUP PROVISIONS.27、TOURS旅游代码例如，01 NLEE1M / 261.00/N/ . 1M/01APR 14JUN/ID05R 27.TOURSNOTE -FOR TRAVEL BETWEN 01 APRIL 2009-31 MARCH 2010 -TOUR CODE - RZP1002909 出票时，TC项打“RZP1002909”例如，27.TOURSNO TOUR PROVISIONS. 无TC项例如，03 VL3MRTPX / 6000/V/ . 3M/16FEB 28SEP/CN40R 27.TOURSNOTE -XYZ6100FF530 出票时，TC项打“ XYZ6100FF530”28、VISIT ANOTHER COUNTRY适用其他国家例如，03 Y / 110.00= 220.00/Y/ . / /DM32R 28.VISIT ANOTHER COUNTRYNO VISIT ANOTHER COUNTRY PROVISIONS APPLY.29、DEPOSITS保证金例如，01 Y / 4460/Y/ . / /KA01 29.DEPOSITSNOTE -APPLICABLE- APPLY TO AIRLINE FOR DETAIL.例如，03 Y / 110.00= 220.00/Y/ . / /DM32R 29.DEPOSITSNOTE -NO RESTRICTION.例如，29.DEPOSITSNO DEPOSIT REQUIREMENTS.31、VOLUNTARY CHANGES自愿变更例如，01 ALXHKAC / 5500/A/ . 3M/14APR 06JUL/7500R31.VOLUNTARY CHANGESIN THE EVENT OF CHANGES TO TICKETED FLIGHTSBEFORE DEPARTURE OF JOURNEY AND WITHIN TKT VALIDITYCERTAIN DOMESTIC REISSUE PROVISIONS MAY BE OVERRIDDEN BYTHOSE OF ANY CARRIERS INTERNATIONAL FARESCHARGE CAD 50.00 OR HIGHEST FEE OF ANY CHANGED FARE机票有效期内航班起飞前改期收费CAD50（必须 COMPONENT WITHIN JOURNEY ANDREPRICE USING CURRENTLY TKTD FAREPROVIDED ALL OF THE FOLLOWING CONDITIONS ARE MET-1. NO CHANGE TO STOPOVERS AND CONNECTIONS/1ST FLIGHTCOUPON/FARE BREAKS2. AC FARES ARE USED3. PRIVATE TARIFFS ARE INCLUDED4. ALL RULE AND BOOKING CODE PROVISIONS ARE MET5. VALIDATE ADVANCE RES REQUIREMENTS WHEN BOOKINGDATE KNOWN6. ADV RES IS MEASURED FROM ORIGINAL TKT DATE TODEPARTURE OF FARE COMPONENTOR -REPRICE USING FARES IN EFFECT WHEN TKT WAS ISSUEDPROVIDED ALL OF THE FOLLOWING CONDITIONS ARE MET-1. NO CHANGE TO 1ST FLIGHT COUPON2. AC FARES ARE USED3. PRIVATE TARIFFS ARE INCLUDED4. ALL RULE AND BOOKING CODE PROVISIONS ARE MET5. VALIDATE ADVANCE RES REQUIREMENTS WHEN BOOKINGDATE KNOWN6. ADV RES IS MEASURED FROM ORIGINAL TKT DATE TODEPARTURE OF FARE COMPONENTOR -REPRICE USING FARES IN EFFECT TODAYPROVIDED ALL OF THE FOLLOWING CONDITIONS ARE MET-1. AC FARES ARE USED2. PRIVATE TARIFFS ARE INCLUDED3. VALIDATE ADVANCE RES REQUIREMENTS WHEN BOOKINGDATE KNOWN4. ADV RES IS MEASURED FROM REISSUE DATE TO DEPARTUREOF FARE COMPONENTWHEN CHANGE RESULTS IN LOWER FARE IGNORE RESIDUAL THENADD-COLLECTENDORSEMENT BOX- HIGHER NON-REF AMOUNT.OR -BEFORE DEPARTURE OF JOURNEY AND WITHIN TKT VALIDITYCHANGES NOT PERMITTED/REFUND TKT-ANY REMAINING AMT WILLAPPLY TO NEW TKTPROVIDED ALL OF THE FOLLOWING CONDITIONS ARE MET-1. CHANGE IS AFTER ORIGINAL SCHEDULED FLIGHT.OR -BEFORE DEPARTURE OF JOURNEY AND WITHIN TKT VALIDITYCHANGES NOT PERMITTED/REFUND TKT-ANY REMAINING AMT WILLAPPLY TO NEW TKT.IN THE EVENT OF CHANGES TO TICKETED FLIGHTSAFTER DEPARTURE OF JOURNEY AND WITHIN TKT VALIDITYCERTAIN DOMESTIC REISSUE PROVISIONS MAY BE OVERRIDDEN BYTHOSE OF AC INTERNATIONAL FARESCHARGE CAD 50.00 OR HIGHEST FEE OF ANY CHANGED FARE机票有效期内航班起飞后改期收费CAD50（必须 COMPONENT WITHIN JOURNEY - CATEGORY 19 DISCOUNT APPLIESANDREPRICE USING CURRENTLY TKTD FAREPROVIDED ALL OF THE FOLLOWING CONDITIONS ARE MET-1. NO CHANGE TO STOPOVERS AND CONNECTIONS/1ST FLIGHTCOUPON/FARE BREAKS2. FULLY FLOWN FARE NOT REPRICED TO FURTHER POINT3. AC FARES ARE USED4. PRIVATE TARIFFS ARE INCLUDED5. ALL RULE AND BOOKING CODE PROVISIONS ARE MET6. VALIDATE ADVANCE RES REQUIREMENTS WHEN BOOKINGDATE KNOWN7. ADV RES IS MEASURED FROM ORIGINAL TKT DATE TODEPARTURE OF FARE COMPONENTOR -REPRICE USING FARES IN EFFECT WHEN TKT WAS ISSUEDPROVIDED ALL OF THE FOLLOWING CONDITIONS ARE MET-1. FULLY FLOWN FARE NOT REPRICED TO FURTHER POINT2. AC FARES ARE USED3. PRIVATE TARIFFS ARE INCLUDED4. ALL RULE AND BOOKING CODE PROVISIONS ARE MET5. VALIDATE ADVANCE RES REQUIREMENTS WHEN BOOKINGDATE KNOWN6. ADV RES IS MEASURED FROM ORIGINAL TKT DATE TODEPARTURE OF FARE COMPONENTWHEN CHANGE RESULTS IN LOWER FARE IGNORE RESIDUAL THENADD-COLLECTENDORSEMENT BOX- HIGHER NON-REF AMOUNT.35、NEGOTIATED FARES协议价例如，01 LRCN7 / 2300/L/ SU. 1M/03OCT 31MAY/4100R35.NEGOTIATED FARESSALE IS RESTRICTED TO SPECIFIC AGENTS 指定代理销售例如，03 VL3MRTPX / 6000/V/ . 3M/16FEB 28SEP/CN40R35.NEGOTIATED FARESIF ADULT. THIS FARE IS VALID FOR A SPECIFIED ACCOUNT CODE.CONTACT CARRIER FOR DETAILS. 须与航空公司确认SALE IS RESTRICTED TO SPECIFIC AGENTSIF YOUTH CONFIRMED. THIS FARE IS VALID FOR A SPECIFIEDACCOUNT CODE. CONTACT CARRIER FOR DETAILS.SALE IS RESTRICTED TO SPECIFIC AGENTSCE往返运价，在系统中输入：XS FSD CTUNCE/21APR/CZ/X可用指令 XS FSN+序号//I或XS FSN+序号//条款号；查订座舱位及适用航班号限制条件请用XS FXS序号/航线和承运+序号，查运价的适用条件；如出现“*ATTN VERIFY BOOKING CLASS SEE FSS”或“NO FARES/RBD/CARRIER”这句话02、DAY/TIME 日期/时间05、ADVANCE RES/TICKETING订座/出票08、STOPOVERS中途分程11、BLACKOUT DATES除外日期14、TRAVEL RESTRICTIONS旅行限制17、HIP/MILEAGE EXCEPTIONS较高点检查20、TOUR CONDUCTOR DISCOUNTS领队折扣23、MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS其他条款28、VISIT ANOTHER COUNTRY适用其他国家35、NEGOTIATED FARES协议价周四30DEC出发内出票内出票内出票销售效效期收费HKD300收取行政费CNY500和NO SHOW、CHANGE的费用改期收费CAD50（必须满足以下条件）改期收费CAD50（必须满足以下条件）用XS FXS序号/航线和承运人，如：XS FXS18/WUH#CCZCAN #CCZLAX#CDLATLFARES/RBD/CARRIER”这句话，说明所使用的运价需要根据提示修改定座舱位，这时可以用XS FSS+序号查订座舱位及FSS+序号查订座舱位及适用航班号限制条件；用XS FSG+序号查条款。
【论文笔记】：2020-TMM-DeepManifold-to-ManifoldTrans。。。
【论⽂笔记】：2020-TMM-DeepManifold-to-ManifoldTrans。
问题：基于⾻架的动作识别，深度流形-流形⽹络。
研究现状总结：为了处理基于奇异值分解矩阵表⽰的动作识别，需要对黎曼流形进⾏特征学习和降维，以降低奇异值分解运算中的计算成本，同时提⾼识别性能。
然⽽，标准的特征学习或欧⽒空间中的降维操作，例如卷积、递归单元和激活函数，不能直接使⽤，因为它们可能破坏黎曼结构，这导致SPD矩阵的原始分布的失真。
为了解决这个问题，提出了许多⽅法，例如流形到流形的变换和⼏何感知⽅法，来寻找黎曼结构上⽤于降维的最佳SPD嵌⼊矩阵。
最近，黄等⼈[20]采⽤深度学习技术，通过设计双线性映射(BiMap)层和特征值校正(ReEig)层，提出了⼀个黎曼⽹络来从SPD矩阵中学习更多的判别特征。
除了执⾏降维操作之外，还值得注意的是，当处理顺序数据时，时间动态信息对于减少单个矩阵描述符(例如，协⽅差)的模糊⾮常有⽤。
递归学习和卷积神经⽹络⽅法已经成功地证明了这⼀点。
然⽽，这些⽅法是在欧⼏⾥德距离度量下开发的。
对于流形学习问题，传统的欧⽒距离度量将不再适⽤，因此需要开发新的学习⽅法，例如在流形上设计特殊点扩散描述符。
为此，有⼏个关键问题需要解决:1)如何对保持流形的SPD矩阵进⾏局部卷积滤波？2)如何沿着黎曼流形进⾏递归学习，从⽽对时间动⼒学进⾏建模？3)如何在度量的计算过程中避免计算代价⾼昂的SVD，以降低计算成本？⽅法：受深度学习的最新进展，特别是最近⽂献[20]中提出的SPD矩阵的深度神经⽹络体系结构的激励，本⽂提出了黎曼流形下的深度流形到流形变换⽹络(DMT⽹络)⽅法来解决上述三个主要问题。
特别地，我们在DMT⽹络模型中设计了SPD卷积层⽤于SPD矩阵的局部卷积滤波，其中我们强制卷积滤波器是SPD矩阵，使得卷积结果也是SPD矩阵。
本⽂还论证了流形上SPD 卷积滤波的可⾏性。
此外，我们还设计了⼀个⾮线性激活层，只需要执⾏元素级操作，不需要SVD操作。
英语翻译论文题目
目的论在化妆品商标翻译中的运用
On C-E Translation of Tourist Promotion Materials From Perspective of Skopostheorie目的论视角下旅游宣传材料的汉英翻译
The Cultural Connotation and E-C Translation of English Plant Words英语植物词汇的文化内涵与汉译
A Research on the Theory of Zero Translation零翻译漫谈
Polymorphic Transformation Mechanism of Translation Units翻译单位的多元性转换机制
An Analysis of Common Errors and the Standard Translation of Office Signs办公室标示语翻译中常见错误的分析及翻译规范
A Comparative Study of the Two English Versions of Teahouse《茶馆》两个英译本的比较研究
On Translation of Long and Complicated Sentences in The Call of The Wild谈《野性的呼唤》中英文复杂长句的翻译
Characteristics of English Cosmetics Directions and Translation英文化妆品说明书的特点及翻译
Translation of Communication in Business English商务英语中交流的特点及翻译
智能小车控制器毕业论文中英文资料外文翻译文献
毕业论文中英文资料外文翻译文献Design of an Intelligent Car ControllerBased on Embedded PlatformAbstract: The paper presents a design of an intelligent car controller using embedded ARM7 chips as core component. Modular method has been applied in the design of the hardware; the paper focuses on layout of tracking circuit for the car and design ideas for the software. The experiment result proves that the designed intelligent car is stable in operation and good in tracking performance.Keywords: ARM Intelligent Tracking1 、IntroductionIn the 21st century, with development of science and technology, researches on intelligent car and its correlative techniques have become the focus in this field. Aiming to enhance practical ability，innovation, and teamwork performance of college students across the country, theEducation Department sponsored National Undergraduate Intelligent Car Contest. Based on the background, the paper introduces the design of multifunctional intelligent car controller on embedded platform, including design of hardware circuit and software implementation for key functional modules.2、Design of hardwareBy function and application, the controlling platform for the intelligent car is divided into several modules as shown below.2.1 Design of core moduleAT91SAM7S256 microprocessor produced by ATMEL has been adopted for the controller of the car, which a 32-bit low-power RISC microprocessor chip based on ARM7 TDMI-S core, and embedded with 64KB SARM, 256KB high-speed Flash and JTAG port for downloading or debugging of the program. As the core component of the car, the microprocessor plays a key role in controlling all running statuses of the car. PWM generating module inside it can be change duty cycle of outputted square wave by programming, and thus change the voltage loaded on the DC motor, which is amplified to control the revolution speed of the motor. The ports PA0, PA1, PA2 and PA3 of the PWM module respectively control the DC motor and the steering motor to perform functions such as go forward, retreat and turn etc.2.2 Design of power moduleThe car is powered by four AA dry batteries. The voltage is outputted through low-Noise LDO regulator MIC5209-3.3 to supply power for ARM7 chips and peripheral circuits. The working current of MIC5209-3.3 is as high as 500mA. When input voltage is above 3.5V, the module of MIC5209-3.3 can output stable voltage of 3.3V and achieve low power consumption. 2.3 Temperature detection ModuleMono-line digital temperature sensor DS18B20 is used to detect temperature in the car. The measure range is from -55℃ to +125℃, with increment of 0.5℃. It is low in power consumption and small in size, occupying only one I/O port.2.4 Auto tracking module2.4.1 Principles for tracking of intelligent carTracking means that the car goes along the two-centimeter-wide black guide line on the white floor. Infrared acquisition and camera shooting acquisition are commonly used for it.Infrared acquisition: Taking advantage of the feature that infrared light can change its reflective quality according to object surface of various colors. During running the car continuously sends infrared light to the ground, which will, either be reflected back by the white floor and received by the receiving tube in the car, or be absorbed by the black guide line and thus missed by the receiving tube. By this means the black guide line is positioned to identify the path for the car.Camera shooting acquisition: In certain resolution sample the image by interlaced scanning. When scanning a point, image sensor transfers the gray threshold into corresponding voltage which will be outputted via video signal port. As the car achieves auto tracking by recognizing the black guide line on the track, the image processing is a process of extracting the destination guide line. The task of image processing program is to identify the dots in the black-and-white image and filter noise, record dot positions relative to the image, and finally, by algorithm of control strategy, realize tracking and turning of the car along the guide line.2.4.2 Installation of tracking infrared probeChoosing proper detection method and sensor is the important factor to achieve tracking. Here we choose infrared acquisition. Correct installation of device is also a decisive factor for accomplishment of tracking circuit. In terms of simplicity, easiness, practicality and reliability, four infrared probes need be installed on the front chassis of the car to fulfill two-staged directional correction control to enhance the reliability of tracking. Four tracking sensors have been fixed, all in one line, among which L1 and R1 are primary sensors for direction control; L2 and R2 are secondary sensors. The distance between the two ipsilateral sensors should nor be more than width of the black direction control. When the car is running, the black guide line is always kept right between the two primary sensors L1 and L2. When the car goes off the black line, the primary sensors detect it, and thus the ARM7 chip detect level jump and execute the pre-prepared correction program to navigate the car back onto the track. The secondary sensors are actually a back-up for the primary. Once the car offsets the track for inertia, beyond the reach of detection of the primary probes, the secondary perform to correct the motion of the car, so as to ensure the reliability of tracking.3 Design of softwareThe software is developed in C language in Keil Uvision3 IDE, debugged and downloaded in J-Link ARM emulator. J-Link is a JTAG emulator which was brought out by SEGGER in USA to support emulation chips with ARM core. It works with IDEs such as IAREWARM, ADS, Keil, WINARM, and RealView, supports all ARM7/ARM9 core chips simulation, and seamlessly connects with various IDE by RDI interface. Easy to operate and to connect to, it is the most practical tool for study and development of ARM.The key for the design of software lies in the control process of tracking. The sensors are equipped with E3F-DS10C4 integrated infrared probes with photoelectric switch. There are only three wires（power wire, ground wire, and signal wire）at the output pin of the module. Connect the signal wire to I/O port of ARM7 chip, and execute enquiry check. Low level will be detected for the black guide line, while high level for the white floor. According to the principles stated above, flows of the algorithm for control tracking of the car. Two-stage control method is adopted to ensure the car’s adherence to the black guide line, and the effect is satisdied.4 Debugging of the finished carBased on the design scheme presented above, finish making of PCB board for hardware circuit of the car, welding of components, and debugging and downloading of the software. Test the car for several times on the track made of white KT board in the middle of which a two-centimeter-wide black guide line is pasted. The results have showed that, the car runs steadily even at a high speed along straight black guide line. When around the curve, if control the speed properly, the car goes smoothly as well. Two pieces of experience as shown below: (1)E3F-DS10C4 photoelectric sensor should be fixed as close tothe ground as possible to minimize the interference of environmental light to it. Vertical height of the sensor had better be 5~8mm. Too far distance from the ground causes weak reflective signal and unstable output of up level signal;too close distance may damage the sensor and intensify the effect of diffuse reflection.(2)Due to common DC motor adopted for it, the control of thecar is not accurate and stable enough to perform a break turn unless several same photoelectric sensors are added to the bottom of the car.5 ConclusionIntelligent car is a front subject which has synthesized many other subjects and has a widely-applied prospect. It particularly helps to develop the present Chinese undergraduates’ imagination, practical abilities, team awareness, and hi-tech innovation capacity.References[1] Wu Binghua, Huang Weihua, Cheng Lei among others, Systematic Design of Intelligent Car Based on Route Identification [J]. Application of Electronic Technique, 2007(3): 80-83.[2] Wang Chaoyi, Wang Yihuai. Design of Control System of Auto Tracking Car Based on Infrared Sensor [J]; Computer and Automation Techniques, 2008, 34(11):60-62[3] Li Yi, Lu Ren Yi, & Wu Tian. Intelligence Tracking Car [J]. Electronic Techniques, 2008, 45(1): 39-41[4] Wen Quangang, Principles and Application of Embedded System Interface [M]. Beijing: Aeronautics and Astronautics University Press, 2009[5] G.C.Hua, F.C.Lee. Soft-switching technique in PWM converter[J]. IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics 995.42(6):595-603.Author BiographyLiu Gang: (1963-) male, senior engineer, received his Bachelor’s degree from Beijing University of Aeronautics & astronautics in 1991, main research direction: computer measurement and control technology ete基于嵌入式平台的智能小车控制器的设计摘要：本论文介绍了智能小车控制器的设计方案。
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Embedded database application in
transportation
Embedded database definition is due to its unique mode of operation its name. In embedded systems, the database operations with timing constraints of the characteristics of the database system used in embedded systems known as the embedded database.
Embedded software system is reflected in a variety of data management can establish a reliable, efficient, stable management,
embedded database which came into being. Embedded database environment: This database is embedded into the application process, eliminating client-server configuration with the associated overhead. Is actually a lightweight embedded database, in operation, they require less memory. They are used to streamline the code written for embedded devices, its faster, better results. Embedded operating mode allows the embedded database through SQL to easily manage application data, rather than relying on the original text file. Also provides
zero-configuration embedded database operating mode, so that one can be enabled and running a snapshot. Use: widely used embedded database, such as for consumer electronics, mobile computing devices, enterprise real-time management applications, network storage and management, and a variety of special equipment. There are many embedded database, but we often use is PROGRE, Sq lite, Empress (commercial databases), extreme db, Firebird, mSQL, etc. But we are using Sq lite. We study and life in many parts of the application of this software.
We study the transport of the course is aimed at vehicles on the road to the object of study. Embedded database applications in transportation was a lot. Such as car navigation, car crash test device, engine monitoring devices, intelligent transportation applications, road test the system. Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) mainly by the traffic information collection, traffic monitoring, traffic control, information dissemination and communication five major subsystems. Run a variety of information is the basis of ITS, and embedded systems play an important role. Police is the use of electronic embedded systems, when the vehicle ran a red light, the sense coil sensor signal to the vehicle detector is triggered, and send a signal to the embedded system, the signal controller issued a "red light" signal is also sent to the computer Another signal, both with the embedded system sends a control signal to the camera. Camera
movements, image capture illegal vehicles. When the vehicle passes through the detection coil, embedded systems testing speed, running red lights while recording time. Due to the embedded system processor speed is high, he can meet the requirements of high-speed processing of image data. Embedded systems can be digitized gray-scale image of the vehicle,
the vehicle color extraction and identification, to classify the type of license plate, vehicle identification characters. Character recognition system, including vehicle binary image conversion, image difference, filtering and smoothing, the license plate location and rotation, cutting character, character recognition, extraction and recognition of license plate color and license plate classification modules. Illegal vehicle speed and color, red light time, illegal vehicle type and license plate character recognition through other information, from embedded systems to send data signals to the wireless access device. Wireless access devices to the data to Internet, Internet traffic to pass then the data management system for data centers. Traffic management systems can receive timely information on illegal vehicles. Through this example we can clearly understand the transport of embedded applications. Embedded database
plays a vital role.
Embedded database is widely used in transportation, in almost all electronic products are applied. To bring a lot of convenience. In-vehicle navigation have specific results. Can bring convenience to people's travel. Embedded database is an embedded system, the main part of the main
city, plays a vital role.。