国际货币与金融经济学03

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《国际金融》第3章 (超星版20160704)

《国际金融》第3章 (超星版20160704)
可自由兑换程度
经常账户下可自由兑换 完全自由兑换
经常账户下的收支实现本币与其他 经常账户与资本与金融账户的各项收支都实 货币的自由兑换 现了自由兑换
国际金融
international finance
8
国际货币(International Currency)
国际金融
international finance


国际金融
international finance
40
【注意】
应区分是标价货币的实际汇率指数还是基准货币的实际汇率指数,以 上公式针对基准货币的实际汇率指数而言。 计算实际汇率指数时采用的是乘除法。计算实际汇率变化率,采用加 减法,上述公式变化为:
Q b / a
S tPat ~ Qt 1 S t 1 at ~ P bt 1 1 1 S t at bt S 0 Pa 0 1 bt Q0 Pb 0
6人民币 80美元 Q 1美元 每件衬衫 0.8 600人民币 每件衬衫
Q的比率为0.8,其含义就是美
国0.8件衬衫相当于中国1件衬 衫。显然,与Q=1相比,Q值 越小,中国衬衫的价格竞争优 势就越弱;Q值越大,中国衬 衫的价格竞争优势就越显著。 国际金融 international finance
第3章 外汇与汇率
江西财经大学 金融学院 汪洋
国际金融
international finance
目录
01 02 03
外汇 汇率 外汇交易
04
05
实际汇率
有效汇率
国际金融
international finance
2
3.1
外汇
国际金融

《国际货币与金融经济学》ppt03

《国际货币与金融经济学》ppt03

9
Changes in Parity Rates
• A devaluation is a situation in which a nation changes the parity value of its currency so that it takes a greater number of domestic currency units to purchase the foreign currency. • A revaluation is a situation in which a nation changes the parity value of its currency so that it takes a greater number of domestic currency units to purchase the forian Agreement
• In an attempt to restore order to the exchange market, 10 leading nations met at the Smithsonian on December 16 and 17, 1971. • The “Smithsonian Agreement” was a new system of exchange-parity values. Although this new system was still a dollar-standard exchange-rate system, the dollar, was still not convertible to gold. • Nixon hailed this agreement as the “most significant monetary agreement in the history of the world.” • Smithsonian Agreement collapsed within 15 months and a de facto system of floating rates emerged.

国际货币与金融的

国际货币与金融的

国际货币与金融的
政治经济分析
《政治经济导论》第十二讲
提要
☐货币与金融
☐汇率体系
☐国际金融危机
☐理论视角
货币与金融
☐货币、国际金融与民族国家
☐国际收支平衡
现金账户(进出口差)
资本帐户(金融流量差)
☐国际收支赤字的应对措施
内部调节:货币政策与财政政策
外部调节:商业政策
直接补缺:国际债务与外汇储备
固定汇率体系
☐英国体系
金本位与自动调节机制
霸主的困境:维持国际、国内的金融平衡体系的问题:通货紧缩的趋势
☐美国体系(至七十年代中)
嵌入性自由主义与国际货币组织
美元与霸主的金融困境
从固定汇率到浮动汇率
浮动汇率体系
☐所谓“浮动”
☐不能相容的三位一体:稳定的汇率、自由的资本流动和独立的宏观经济政策
☐浮动汇率下的国际货币
“美元化”的发展
日元在东亚
欧洲货币体系的整合
国际金融危机
☐金融流动与金融危机
历史上的两次经济大萧条
二战后的金融危机
☐长期金融危机与短期金融危机
债务危机
金融动荡
长期金融危机:债务危机
☐二十世纪八十年代的债务危机
☐债务危机带来的双重问题:
发达国家的金融系统
发展中国家的经济发展
1985年指数
国家外债占国民总产值的百分比
巴西50.3
墨西哥55.2
乌拉圭89.7
智利143.3
玻利维亚176.6
牙买加234.9
摩洛哥136.6
菲律宾89.1。

国际货币与金融经济学ch11国际货币体系

国际货币与金融经济学ch11国际货币体系
此时A国出现黄金内流,货币供应量增加, 利率下降;B国出现了黄金外流,货币供应 量下降,利率上升。此时就不存在“第n种 货币”问题,因此也就避免了布雷顿森林 体系下的经济政策的不对称性。
对称性解决方式的现实状态
出现投机危机,要求两国中央银行在外汇市场上 干预时,强势货币国家(布雷顿森林体系中的美 国)一般不愿意增加货币供应量以及降低利率。
国际货币体系
国际货币体系
国际货币体系(international monetary system)又 称国际货币制度
汇率制度的确定,即一国货币与其他货币之间的汇率 应按何种规则确定以及汇率水平如何确定;
国际收支的调节机制,通过该机制的运作能够使各国 公平合理地承担国际收支失衡的调节责任,并使调节 所付出的代价最小;
B国中央银行必须买进B币,卖出A币。这 一干预对货币供应量的影响是对称性的。B 国货币供应量下降,A国货币供应量上升。
B国利率升至i3,而A国利率降至i2。
对称性解决方式的具体体现——金
本位下的自动调节机制
假定A国与B国都将本币钉住黄金,如此A 币与B币相互固定,但是储备货币是黄金, 而不是某个国家的主权货币。
货币需求:MDA= PALA(YA,iA) 货币供给:MSA=RA+DA
货币需求:MDB=PBLB(YB,iB) 货币供给:MSB=RB+DB
非抵补的利率平价条件成立
“n-1”问题的解决:非对称性解决 方式
A国不仅可以决定本国的货币供应量和利率水平, 而且扮演了确定整个体系货币供应量和利率的角 色
当美国逆差不断扩大,对美元能否兑换黄金越发怀疑, 也就是对美元的价值稳定越缺乏信心。
布雷顿森林体系崩溃的理论解释
格雷欣法则

《国际货币与金融经济学》补充章节index

《国际货币与金融经济学》补充章节index

3187-index.pdf
8588
588
INDEX
Balance on merchandise trade, 20 Balance sheets, 209–211 central banks’, 293–297 of the Federal Reserve and the Bank of Japan, 301 Ball Corporation, 105 Banco De Mexico, Web site, 290 Bank for International Settlements, 32, 75, 121, 541 Web site, 98 Bank market structures, 189–190 Bank of Canada, 219 Bank of England effective exchange rates, 47 Web site, 48, 449 Bank of Estonia, Web site, 326 Bank of Japan, 216–217, 219, 292–293, 416 balance sheets, 209–212, 301–304 NET system, 194 Web site, 300 Bank of Mexico, Web site, 437 Bank (origin of word), 192 Bank regulation, 202–204 see also Central banks; International banking; Monetary policy Bankhaus I.D. Herstatt, 182, 197 see also Herstatt risk Banks equity as a percentage of assets in the U.S. (1840–2004), 206 see also Central banks; International banking Base year, 44, 334–335 Basel capital requirements, 205–207 Beggar-thy-neighbor effects, 410, 540 Beige Book, Web site, 375 Bergin, Paul, 531 Bid–ask margin, 41–42 Bid–ask spread, 41 Bid price, 41 Big Mac Index (The Economist), 62 Bilateral exchange rates, 38 Bilateral weights, 45–46 Blair, Tony, 83 Bond performance requirement, 161 Bonds, 359–361 capital losses on bonds with differing maturities, 138 estimates of excess returns on international bond trading, 148–149 market price and discounted present value, 134–136

《国际货币与金融经济学》ppt15

《国际货币与金融经济学》ppt15
Daniels and VanHoose Multinational Pl Market Liberalization
• Advocates of liberalized capital flows argue that unhindered capital flows allow savings to flow to their most productive use, resulting in the development of real resources and higher productivity. • Financial market imperfections, such as those discussed in chapter 7 may result in capital misallocations and financial instability.
Daniels and VanHoose Multinational Policymaking 7
Indicators and Warning Systems
• These perspective on financial crisis led to the development of crisis indication and warning systems. • A financial crisis indicator is a variable that moves in a specific direction prior to a financial crisis. • An early warning system is a mechanism that multinational institutions might use to track financial crisis, thereby warning of future crises.

国际金融3

国际金融3

蒙代尔模型
货币扩张
Ⅰ 逆差/衰退
A
B
Ⅱ 逆差/膨胀
C
Ⅳ 顺差/衰退
Q D E EB
Ⅲ 顺差/膨胀
IB
O 预算增加
IB 曲线和 EB 曲线的斜率都为负,表示当 一种政策扩张时,为达到内部均衡或外部平衡, 另一种政策必须紧缩;或一种政策紧缩时,另 一种政策必须扩 张。 IB 曲线比 EB 曲线更陡峭,是因为蒙代尔 假定,预算对国民 收入、就业等国内经济变量 影响较大,而利率则对国际收支影响较大。
kY M i h
s
式(4-6)式表明:随着产出增加,利率上升;随 着本国货币供给增加,利率下降。反映在i-Y平面 内,LM曲线斜率为正,且随着货币供给增加而右移。
(3)国际收支平衡——BP曲线
国际收支平衡表示为经常账户和资本
账户之和的平衡。BP曲线可以表示为:
第二节 内部均衡和外部平衡相互冲 突的调节原则
一、关于政策协调的“丁伯根原则” 荷兰经济学家简.丁伯根 最早提出了将政策目标和工 具联系在一起的正式模型, 指出要实现几种独立的政策 目标,至少需要相互独立的 几种有效的政策工具。
丁伯根原则的特点
一是假定各种政策工具可以供决策当局集中 控制,从而通过各种工具紧密配合实现政策 目标; 二是没有明确指出哪种工具在调控中侧重哪 种目标的实现。 这两个特点与现实不符。
三元悖论
不可能 三角

稳定的汇率制度、资金的完全流动、独立的货 币政策这三个目标就如同一个三角形的三个顶点, 政府不能同时实现这三个目标,而只能在选择其 中两个的同时放弃另外一个,这便被称为“三元 悖论”,上述表述这个关系的三角形便被称为 “克鲁格曼三角”。 例如,在1944年至1973年的“布雷顿森林体系” 中,各国“货币政策的独立性”和“汇率的稳定 性”得到实现,但“资本流动”受到严格限制。 而1973年以后,“货币政策独立性”和“资本自 由流动”得以实现,但“汇率稳定”不复存在。 “永恒的三角形”的妙处,在于它提供了一个一 目了然地划分国际经济体系各形态的方法。

《国际货币与金融经济学》ppt04

《国际货币与金融经济学》ppt04

FN S 12 100
S N
9
Example
• For example, suppose the spot rate is 1.4926 (SFr/$) and the 3-month forward rate is 1.4887. • The forward premium on the Swiss franc is: [(1.4887-1.4926)/1.4926]•(12/3)•100 = -1.05%
11
The Forward Rate as a Predictor
• Because the forward rate is determined by the supply of and demand for the future delivery of a currency, it may convey information about the future spot rate. • Many empirical studies indicate that there is some comovement between the forward and spot rate. • The co-movement is less than one-to-one; thus the forward rate has limited ability in forecasting the future spot exchange rate.
10
Premium versus Discount
• Note that in this example, the exchange rate is expressed as SFr/$, i.e., the Swiss franc price of the dollar. • Because the forward price of the dollar is less than the spot price of the dollar, we say that the dollar is selling at a discount. • Likewise, we say that the Swiss franc is selling at a premium.
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ts
• Monetary Order: A set of laws and regulations that establishes the framework within which individuals conduct and settle transactions. • Exchange-Rate System: A set of rules that determine the international value of a nation’s currency. • Convertibility: The ability to freely exchange a currency for a reserve commodity or reserve currency.
3
The Gold Standard
• Pegging the value of each currency to gold, established an exchange rate system by indirectly establishing exchange rates. • The mint parity rates could be used to determine the exchange rate.
2
The Gold Standard
• Came into effect in the mid-1870s when most of the major economies unilaterally pegged to gold. • Nations fixed the value of their currency relative to gold via a mint parity rate. • Established the convertibility of a currency for gold. • Gold parity rates determined the exchange rate between currencies.
7
The International Monetary Fund
• A multinational organization of more than 180 member nations that seeks to encourage global growth. • The IMF attempts to promote
5
Gold Standard: Costs and Benefits
• The gold standard promoted long-run stability of nation’s money stock and long-run stability of real output, prices, and the exchange rate. • It can be very costly to maintain a gold standard because of significant resource costs, such as mining and transportation costs. • The political costs of maintaining the gold standard became too significant for nations such as the United Kingdom. By 1936 most nations had left the gold standard.
INTERNATIONAL MONETARY AND FINANCIAL ECONOMICS Third Edition
Exchange Rate Systems
Past to Present
Joseph P. Daniels David D. VanHoose
Copyright © South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.
– The International Monetary Fund – The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, or “World Bank” – The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, or “GATT” – The Bretton Woods Exchange Rate System
– international monetary cooperation – effective exchange rate arrangements
• The IMF provides
– temporary and long-term financial for countries experiencing balance-of-payments difficulties – surveillance of macroeconomic conditions and policies.
6
The Bretton Woods Agreement
• The 1944 conference was originally named the “International Monetary and Financial Conference of the United and Associated Nations,” but became better known as the Bretton Woods Conference. • This conference established:
4
Gold Standard and Exchange Values
• Pegging the value of each currency to gold established an exchange rate system. • The mint parity rates determined the exchange value between two currencies.
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