北理公共管理乔忠《管理学》考研笔记整理4-育明考研考博

北京理工大学公共管理专业考研复习必备资料-育明考研考博目录一、北京理工大学公共管理专业考研招生情况 (3)二、北京理工大学公共管理专业考研近五年复试分数线（育明考博辅导中心) (4)三、北京理工大学公共管理专业考研专业课参考书（育明考博辅导中心) (5)四、北京理工大学公共管理专业考研资料一本通（目录） (5)五、2015年考研英语(一)真题完整版 (7)一、北京理工大学公共管理专业考研招生情况北京理工大学创办于1940年，前身是诞生于延安的“自然科学院”，是中国共产党创办的第一所理工科高校，是新中国成立以来国家历批次重点建设的大学，首批设立研究生院，首批进入国家“211工程”和“985工程”建设行列，现隶属于工业和信息化部。

历经多年发展，学校已在学科专业、师资队伍、人才培养、科学研究等方面位居中国研究型大学前列，跻身于国内一流理工科大学。

2012年，学校首次进入在全球具有广泛影响力的英国QS世界大学排名“亚洲大学100强”和“世界大学500强”，在入选的19所中国高校中名列第13位。

作为我国改革开放后最早恢复管理教育的高校之一，北京理工大学于1980年成立管理工程系。

为适应我国社会经济及高等教育发展的需要，1992年，管理工程系更名为管理学院，1998年，更名为管理与经济学院。

目前，学院设有9个系，有管理科学与工程、应用经济学、工商管理和公共管理4个一级学科硕士点（包含9个二级学科硕士点）。

学院的王牌专业是管理科学与工程，公共管理（学术型）专业起步较晚，相对发展薄弱，但依托学校理工特色和985优势，发展很快，且形成了自己特有的培养模式，经育明教育统计，北理公管研究生社会认可度高，毕业去向十分多元，以党政机关、国有企业科研院所为主，其公管考研难度在北京地区属中等偏上，每年竞争都比较激烈，同学们一定要早作规划，科学备考。

北京理工大学公管考研具体情况可以咨询育明·斯泰朗考研·张老师扣扣：七七二六、七八、五三七北京理工大学公管考研招生报考统计（育明考博辅导中心)专业招生人数初试科目复试科目120400公共管理2014年10人2015年10人2016年10人包含推免①101思想政治理论②201英语一③635行政管理④871管理学（1）笔试科目:公共政策，政治学（2）面试内容:外语口语听力测试；公共管理及公共政策的基本知识与应用育明·斯泰朗考研·张老师解析：1、北京理工大学公管专业考研的报录比平均在15:1左右，报考北理公管专业报考人数每年约150-200人左右。

2、公共管理专业一共有四个研究方向：01公共政策与国防科技政策02公共事务管理03公共人力资源管理04电子政务3、复试内容包括：外语考查、专业知识笔试、综合面试三部分。

（1）初试外国语为英语的考生①听力、口语测试、外语听力50分，口语测试50分，共占复试成绩的20%。

②专业知识笔试总分100分，占复试成绩的20%，笔试时间2小时。

③综合面试总分100分，占复试成绩的60%。

总成绩（按总成绩录取）考生总成绩＝初试总成绩×50％+（复试成绩×5）×50％4、初试公共课拉开的分差较小，两门专业课拉开的分差非常大。

要进入复试就必须在两门专业课中取得较高的分数。

专业课的复习备考中“信息”和“方向”比单纯的时间投入和努力程度更重要。

5、北理公管2016年初试科目进行重大变革，不再考数学，而是改考管理学，管理学由学院老师命题，进一步增大了学院的自主选拔权，同学们一定要及时跟进招考改革的形势，按照育明专业老师的要求，相应调整复习策略。

育明教育针对北京理工大学公管考研开设的辅导课程有：专业课课程班·复试保过班·高端协议班。

每年专业课课程班的平均通过率都在80%以上。

根植育明学校从2006年开始积累的深厚高校资源，整合利用历届育明优秀学员的成功经验与高分资料，为每一位学员构建考研成功的基础保障。

北京理工大学公管考研具体情况可以咨询育明·斯泰朗考研·张老师扣扣：七七二六、七八、五三七二、北京理工大学公共管理专业考研近五年复试分数线（育明考博辅导中心)年份政治英语专业课1专业课2总分2012年55分55分83分83分367分2013年50分50分75分75分350分2014年55分55分83分83分360分2015年50分50分75分75分350分2016年55分55分83分83分370分育明·斯泰朗考研·张老师解析：1、北京理工大学是34所自主划线院线之一，公共管理学公共课和专业课分数线通常比A类国家线高5-10分，总分通常高A线10-15分，部分年份有微调。

2、北理公管复试是直接公布复试分数线和复试名单的，同学们要及时关注，一般是按1:1.5的比例按上线考生初试成绩排名顺次选取，实现差额复试。

所以复试的竞争还是相当激烈的，同学们一定要引起足够重视。

3、如果考生有学术成果，比如在国家级以上的期刊发表论文，或者在大学期间参加过重要的课题，复试会非常有优势。

4、从历年经验来看，北理公管录取的最低分数基本在355左右。

不过每年都有排名靠后的同学成功逆袭，所以名次靠后的同学不要灰心，名次靠前的同学不要掉以轻心。

同学们要按照老师的要求稳扎稳打的走完五轮复习，把初试分数考到自己的最大水平，在复试中才会有优势。

北京理工大学公管考研具体情况可以咨询育明·斯泰朗考研·张老师扣扣：七七二六、七八、五三七三、北京理工大学公共管理专业考研专业课参考书（育明考博辅导中心)科目名称书名作者出版社635行政管理《公共行政管理》第三版彭和平中国人民大学出版社，《管理学(第2版)》2007年乔忠机械工业出版社871管理学《管理学学习指南(第二版)》周毕文北京理工大学出版社育明·斯泰朗考研·张老师解析：1、参考书是理论知识建立所需的载体，如何从参考书抓取核心书目，从核心书目中遴选出重点章节常考的考点，如何高效的研读参考书、建立参考书框架，如何灵活运用参考书中的知识内容来答题，是考生复习的第一阶段最需完成的任务。

2、专业知识的来源也不能局限于对参考书的研读，整个的备考当中考生还需要阅读大量的paper，读哪一些、怎么去读、读完之后应该怎么做，这些也会直接影响到考生的分数。

北京理工大学公管考研具体情况可以咨询育明·斯泰朗考研·张老师扣扣：七七二六、七八、五三七斯泰朗公管扣扣群：三零七八九六一七七，微信群：bigeststrong四、北京理工大学公共管理专业考研资料一本通（目录）1、北京理工大学公共管理考研出题规律深度解析①报录比及相关数据统计②参考书及章节重点解析③出题趋势及命题规律④就业情况简介⑤历年育明成功学员及辅导简介2、2009-2016年北京理工大学公共管理考研真题汇总①2016年北京理工大学公管考研真题②2015年北京理工大学公管考研真题③2014年北京理工大学公管考研真题④2013年北京理工大学公管考研真题⑤2012年北京理工大学公管考研真题⑥2011年北京理工大学公管考研真题⑦2010年北京理工大学公管考研真题⑧2009年北京理工大学公管考研真题3、2009-2016年北京理工大学公共管理考研真题解析①2016年北京理工大学公管考研真题标准答案②2015年北京理工大学公管考研真题标准答案③2014年北京理工大学公管考研真题标准答案④2013年北京理工大学公管考研真题标准答案⑤2012年北京理工大学公管考研真题标准答案⑥2011年北京理工大学公管考研真题标准答案⑦2010年北京理工大学公管考研真题标准答案⑧2009年北京理工大学公管考研真题标准答案4、2014-2016年北京理工大学公共管理考研复试问题汇总①2016年复试问题汇总②2015年复试问题汇总③2014年复试问题汇总5、复试经验及指导6、2016年北京理工大学公共管理考研背诵版笔记①彭和平《公共行政管理》笔记②乔忠《管理学(第2版)》笔记③周毕文《管理学学习指南(第二版)》笔记④核心要点串讲7、出题人题源论文精编与课件8、常考热点专题汇总（共30专题）专题一：行政审批制度改革专题二：公务员薪酬改革专题三：国企及事业单位改革专题四：依法行政与法治政府建设专题五：反腐败及廉政建设专题六：新常态下政府职能社会职能与经济职能转型专题七：政府信息化建设与网络治理专题八：公共财政改革及地方债务问题及对策专题九：大数据环境下政策评价与决策支持专题十：统筹社会保障体系建设及养老问题专题十一：网络监督问题及电子政务专题十二：官员考核及选择方式专题十三：行政伦理及官德考核专题十四：社会组织发展问题、对策专题十五：政府公共危机应对及能力提升·········专题三十：政府与市场关系：市场决定性作用9、模拟押题试卷①2016年专业一专业二模拟押题卷一②2016年专业一专业二模拟押题卷二③2016年专业一专业二模拟押题卷三④2016年小班专享专业一专业二模拟押题卷⑤2016年一对一专享专业一专业二模拟押题卷⑥2016年状元集训营绝密版专业一专业二模拟押题卷北京理工大学公管考研具体情况可以咨询育明·斯泰朗考研·张老师扣扣：七七二六、七八、五三七斯泰朗公管扣扣群：三零七八九六一七七，微信群：bigeststrong五、2015年考研英语(一)真题完整版Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET.(10points)Though not biologically related,friends are as“related”as fourth cousins,sharing about1%of genes.That is_(1)_a study,published from the University of California and Yale University in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,has__(2)_.The study is a genome-wide analysis conducted_(3)__1,932unique subjects which__(4)__pairs of unrelated friends and unrelated strangers.The same people were used in both_(5)_.While1%may seem_(6)_,it is not so to a geneticist.As James Fowler,professor of medical genetics at UC San Diego,says,“Most people do not even_(7)_their fourth cousins but somehow manage to select as friends the people who_(8)_our kin.”The study_(9)_found that the genes for smell were something shared in friends but not genes for immunity.Why this similarity exists in smell genes is difficult to explain,for now,_(10)_,as the team suggests,it draws us to similar environments but there is more_(11)_it. There could be many mechanisms working together that_(12)_us in choosing genetically similar friends_(13)_”functional Kinship”of being friends with_(14)_!One of the remarkable findings of the study was the similar genes seem to beevolution_(15)_than other genes Studying this could help_(16)_why human evolution picked pace in the last30,000years,with social environment being a major_(17)_factor.The findings do not simply explain people’s_(18)_to befriend those ofsimilar_(19)_backgrounds,say the researchers.Though all the subjects were drawn from a population of European extraction,care was taken to_(20)_that all subjects,friends and strangers,were taken from the same population.1.[A]when[B]why[C]how[D]what2.[A]defended[B]concluded[C]withdrawn[D]advised3.[A]for[B]with[C]on[D]by4.[A]compared[B]sought[C]separated[D]connected5.[A]tests[B]objects[C]samples[D]examples6.[A]insignificant[B]unexpected[C]unbelievable[D]incredible7.[A]visit[B]miss[C]seek[D]know8.[A]resemble[B]influence[C]favor[D]surpass9.[A]again[B]also[C]instead[D]thus10.[A]Meanwhile[B]Furthermore[C]Likewise[D]Perhaps11.[A]about[B]to[C]from[D]like12.[A]drive[B]observe[C]confuse[D]limit13.[A]according to[B]rather than[C]regardless of[D]along with14.[A]chances[B]responses[C]missions[D]benefits15.[A]later[B]slower[C]faster[D]earlier16.[A]forecast[B]remember[C]understand[D]express17.[A]unpredictable[B]contributory[C]controllable[D]disruptive18.[A]endeavor[B]decision[C]arrangement[D]tendency19.[A]political[B]religious[C]ethnic[D]economic20.[A]see[B]show[C]prove[D]tellSection II Reading ComprehensionSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B, C or D.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET.(40points)Text1King Juan Carlos of Spain once insisted“kings don’t abdicate,they dare in their sleep.”But embarrassing scandals and the popularity of the republican left in the recentEuro-elections have forced him to eat his words and stand down.So,does the Spanish crisis suggest that monarchy is seeing its last days?Does that mean the writing is on the wall for all European royals,with their magnificent uniforms and majestic lifestyle?The Spanish case provides arguments both for and against monarchy.When public opinion is particularly polarised,as it was following the end of the Franco regime,monarchs can rise above“mere”politics and“embody”a spirit of national unity.It is this apparent transcendence of politics that explains monarchs’continuing popularity polarized.And also,the Middle East excepted,Europe is the most monarch-infested region in the world,with10kingdoms(not counting Vatican City and Andorra).But unliketheir absolutist counterparts in the Gulf and Asia,most royal families have survived because they allow voters to avoid the difficult search for a non-controversial but respected public figure.Even so,kings and queens undoubtedly have a downside.Symbolic of national unity as they claim to be,their very history—and sometimes the way they behave today–embodies outdated and indefensible privileges and inequalities.At a time when Thomas Piketty and other economists are warning of rising inequality and the increasing power of inherited wealth, it is bizarre that wealthy aristocratic families should still be the symbolic heart of modern democratic states.The most successful monarchies strive to abandon or hide their old aristocratic ways. Princes and princesses have day-jobs and ride bicycles,not horses(or helicopters).Even so,these are wealthy families who party with the international1%,and media intrusiveness makes it increasingly difficult to maintain the right image.While Europe’s monarchies will no doubt be smart enough to survive for some time to come, it is the British royals who have most to fear from the Spanish example.It is only the Queen who has preserved the monarchy’s reputation with her rather ordinary (if well-heeled)granny style.The danger will come with Charles,who has both an expensive taste of lifestyle and a pretty hierarchical view of the world.He has failed to understand that monarchies have largely survived because they provide a service–as non-controversial and non-political heads of state.Charles ought to know that as English history shows,it is kings,not republicans,who are the monarchy’s worst enemies.21.According to the first two Paragraphs,King Juan Carlos of Spain[A]used turn enjoy high public support[B]was unpopular among European royals[C]cased his relationship with his rivals[D]ended his reign in embarrassment22.Monarchs are kept as heads of state in Europe mostly[A]owing to their undoubted and respectable status[B]to achieve a balance between tradition and reality[C]to give voter more public figures to look up to[D]due to their everlasting political embodiment23.Which of the following is shown to be odd,according to Paragraph4?[A]Aristocrats’excessive reliance on inherited wealth[B]The role of the nobility in modern democracies[C]The simple lifestyle of the aristocratic families[D]The nobility’s adherence to their privileges24.The British royals“have most to fear”because Charles[A]takes a rough line on political issues[B]fails to change his lifestyle as advised[C]takes republicans as his potential allies[D]fails to adapt himself to his future role25.Which of the following is the best title of the text?[A]Carlos,Glory and Disgrace Combined[B]Charles,Anxious to Succeed to the Throne[C]Carlos,a Lesson for All European Monarchs[D]Charles,Slow to React to the Coming ThreatsTEXT2Just how much does the Constitution protect your digital data?The Supreme Cpurt will now consider whether police can search the contents of a mobile phone without a warrant if the phone is on or around a person during an arrest.California has asked the justices to refrain from a sweeping ruling,particularly one that upsets the old assumptions that authorities may search through the possessions of suspects at the time of their arrest.It is hard,the state argues,for judges to assess the implications of new and rapidly changing technologies.The court would be recklessly modest if it followed California’s advice.Enough of the implications are discernable,even obvious,so that the justice can and should provide updated guidelines to police,lawyers and defendants.They should start by discarding California’s lame argument that exploring the contents of a smartphone-a vast storehouse of digital information is similar to say,going through a suspect’s purse.The court has ruled that police don't violate the Fourth Amendment when they go through the wallet or porcketbook,of an arrestee without a warrant.But exploring one’s smartphone is more like entering his or her home.A smartphone may contain an arrestee’s reading history,financial history,medical history and comprehensive records of recent correspondence.The development of“cloud computing.”meanwhile,has made that exploration so much the easier.But the justices should not swallow California’s argument whole.New,disruptive technology sometimes demands novel applications of the Constitution’s protections.Orin Kerr, a law professor,compares the explosion and accessibility of digital information in the21st century with the establishment of automobile use as a digital necessity of life in the20th: The justices had to specify novel rules for the new personal domain of the passenger car then; they must sort out how the Fourth Amendment applies to digital information now.26.The Supreme court,will work out whether,during an arrest,it is legitimate to[A]search for suspects’mobile phones without a warrant.[B]check suspects’phone contents without being authorized.[C]prevent suspects from deleting their phone contents.[D]prohibit suspects from using their mobile phones.27.The author’s attitude toward California’s argument is one of[A]tolerance.[B]indifference.[C]disapproval.[D]cautiousness.28.The author believes that exploring one’s phone content is comparable to[A]getting into one’s residence.[B]handing one’s historical records.[C]scanning one’s correspondences.[D]going through one’s wallet.29.In Paragraph5and6,the author shows his concern that[A]principles are hard to be clearly expressed.[B]the court is giving police less room for action.[C]phones are used to store sensitive information.[D]citizens’privacy is not effective protected.30.Orin Kerr’s comparison is quoted to indicate that(A)the Constitution should be implemented flexibly.(B)New technology requires reinterpretation of the Constitution.(C)California’s argument violates principles of the Constitution.(D)Principles of the Constitution should never be altered.Text3The journal Science is adding an extra round of statistical checks to its peer-review process,editor-in-chief Marcia McNutt announced today.The policy follows similar efforts from other journals,after widespread concern that basic mistakes in data analysis are contributing to the irreproducibility of many published research findings.“Readers must have confidence in the conclusions published in our journal,”writes McNutt in an editorial.Working with the American Statistical Association,the journal has appointed seven experts to a statistics board of reviewing editors(SBoRE).Manu will be flagged up for additional scrutiny by the journal’s internal editors,or by its existing Board of Reviewing Editors or by outside peer reviewers.The SBoRE panel will then find external statisticians to review these manus.Asked whether any particular papers had impelled the change,McNutt said:“The creation of the‘statistics board’was motivated by concerns broadly with the application ofstatistics and data analysis in scientific research and is part of Science’s overall drive to increase reproducibility in the research we publish.”Giovanni Parmigiani,a biostatistician at the Harvard School of Public Health,a member of the SBoRE group,says he expects the board to“play primarily an advisory role.”He agreed to join because he“found the foresight behind the establishment of the SBoRE to be novel, unique and likely to have a lasting impact.This impact will not only be through the publications in Science itself,but hopefully through a larger group of publishing places that may want to model their approach after Science.”31、It can be learned from Paragraph I that[A]Science intends to simplify its peer-review process.[B]journals are strengthening their statistical checks.[C]few journals are blamed for mistakes in data analysis.[D]lack of data analysis is common in research projects.32、The phrase“flagged up”(Para.2)is the closest in meaning to[A]found.[B]revised.[C]marked[D]stored33、Giovanni Parmigiani believes that the establishment of the SBoRE may[A]pose a threat to all its peers[B]meet with strong opposition[C]increase Science’s circulation.[D]set an example for other journals34、David Vaux holds that what Science is doing nowA.adds to researchers’worklosd.B.diminishes the role of reviewers.C.has room for further improvement.D.is to fail in the foreseeable future.35.Which of the following is the best title of the text?A.Science Joins Push to Screen Statistics in PapersB.Professional Statisticians Deserve More RespectC.Data Analysis Finds Its Way onto Editors’DesksD.Statisticians Are Coming Back with ScienceText4Two years ago,Rupert Murdoch’s daughter,Elisabeth,spoke of the“unsettling dearth of integrity across so many of our institutions”.Integrity had collapsed,she argued,because of a collective acceptance that the only“sorting mechanism”in society should be profit and the market.But“it’s us,human beings,we the people who create the society we want, not profit”.Driving her point home,she continued:“It’s increasingly apparent that the absence of purpose,of a moral language within government,media or business could become one of the most dangerous goals for capitalism and freedom.”This same absence of moral purpose was wounding companies such as News International,she thought,making it more likely that it would lose its way as it had with widespread illegal telephone hacking.As the hacking trial concludes—finding guilty one ex-editor of the News of the World, Andy Coulson,for conspiring to hack phones,and finding his predecessor,Rebekah Brooks, innocent of the same charge—the wider issue of dearth of integrity still stands.Journalists are known to have hacked the phones of up to5,500people.This is hacking on an industrial scale,as was acknowledged by Glenn Mulcaire,the man hired by the News of the World in2001 to be the point person for phone hacking.Others await trial.This saga still unfolds.In many respects,the dearth of moral purpose frames not only the fact of such widespread phone hacking but the terms on which the trial took place.One of the astonishing revelations was how little Rebekah Brooks knew of what went on in her newsroom,how little she thought to ask and the fact that she never inquired how the stories arrived.The core of her successful defence was that she knew nothing.In today’s world,it has become normal that well-paid executives should not be accountable for what happens in the organisations that they run.Perhaps we should not be so surprised. For a generation,the collective doctrine has been that the sorting mechanism of society should be profit.The words that have mattered are efficiency,flexibility,shareholder value, business-friendly,wealth generation,sales,impact and,in newspapers,circulation.Words degraded to the margin have been justice,fairness,tolerance,proportionality and accountability.The purpose of editing the News of the World was not to promote reader understanding, to be fair in what was written or to betray any common humanity.It was to ruin lives in the quest for circulation and impact.Ms Brooks may or may not have had suspicions about how her journalists got their stories,but she asked no questions,gave no instructions—nor received traceable,recorded answers.36.Accordign to the first two paragraphs,Elisabeth was upset by(A)the consequences of the current sorting mechanism.(B)companies’financial loss due to immoral practices(C)governmental ineffectiveness on moral issues.(D)the wide misuse of integrity among institutions.37.It can be inferred from Paragraph3that(A)Glenn Mulcaire may deny phone hacking as a crime.(B)more journalists may be found guilty of phone hacking.(C)Andy Coulson should be held innocent of the charge.(D)phone hacking will be accepted on certain occasions.38.The author believes that Rebekah Brooks’s defence(A)revealed a cunning personality.(B)centered on trivial issues.(C)was hardly convincing.(D)was part of a conspiracy.39.The author holds that the current collective doctrine shows(A)generally distorted values.(B)unfair wealth distribution.(C)a marginalized lifestyle.(D)a rigid moral code.40Which of the following is suggested in the last paragraph?(A)The quality of writings is of primary importance.(B)Common humanity is central to news reporting.(C)Moral awareness matters in editing a newspaper.(D)Journalists need stricter industrial regulations.Part BDirections:In the following text,some sentences have been removed.For Questions41-45,choose the most suitable one from the fist A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET.(10points)How does your reading proceed?Clearly you try to comprehend,in the sense of identifying meanings for individual words and working out relationships between them,drawing on your explicit knowledge of English grammar(41)______you begin to infer a context for the text, for instance,by making decisions about what kind of speech event is involved:who is making the utterance,to whom,when and where.The ways of reading indicated here are without doubt kinds of of comprehension.But they show comprehension to consist not just passive assimilation but of active engagement inference and problem-solving.You infer information you feel the writer has invited you to grasp by presenting you with specific evidence and cues(42)_______Conceived in this way,comprehension will not follow exactly the same track for each reader. What is in question is not the retrieval of an absolute,fixed or“true”meaning that can be read off and clocked for accuracy,or some timeless relation of the text to the world.(43)_______Such background material inevitably reflects who we are,(44)_______This doesn’t, however,make interpretation merely relative or even pointless.Precisely because readers from different historical periods,places and social experiences produce different but overlapping readings of the same words on the page-including for texts that engage with fundamental human concerns-debates about texts can play an important role in social discussion of beliefs and values.How we read a given text also depends to some extent on our particular interest in reading it.(45)_______such dimensions of read suggest-as others introduced later in the book will also do-that we bring an implicit(often unacknowledged)agenda to any act of reading.It doesn’t then necessarily follow that one kind of reading is fuller,more advanced or more worthwhile than another.Ideally,different kinds of reading inform each other,and act as useful reference points for and counterbalances to one another.Together,they make up the reading component of your overall literacy or relationship to your surrounding textual environment.[A]Are we studying that text and trying to respond in a way that fulfils the requirement of a given course?Reading it simply for pleasure?Skimming it for information?Ways of reading on a train or in bed are likely to differ considerably from reading in a seminar room.[B]Factors such as the place and period in which we are reading,our gender ethnicity, age and social class will encourage us towards certain interpretation but at the same time obscure or even close off others.[C]If you are unfamiliar with words or idioms,you guess at their meaning,using clues presented in the contest.On the assumption that they will become relevant later,you make a mental note of discourse entities as well as possible links between them.[D]In effect,you try to reconstruct the likely meanings or effects that any given sentence, image or reference might have had:These might be the ones the author intended.[E]You make further inferences,for instance,about how the test may be significant to you,or about its validity—inferences that form the basis of a personal response for which the author will inevitably be far less responsible.[F]In plays，novels and narrative poems,characters speak as constructs created by the author,not necessarily as mouthpieces for the author’s own thoughts.[G]Rather,we ascribe meanings to test on the basis of interaction between what we might call textual and contextual material:between kinds of organization or patterning we perceive in a text’s formal structures(so especially its language structures)and various kinds of background,social knowledge,belief and attitude that we bring to the text.Section III TranslationDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET.(10points) Within the span of a hundred years,in the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries,a tide of emigration—one of the great folk wanderings of history—swept from Europe to America.46)This movement,driven by powerful and diverse motivations,built a nation out of a wilderness and,by its nature,shaped the character and destiny of an uncharted continent.47)The United States is the product of two principal forces-the immigration of European peoples with their varied ideas,customs,and national characteristics and the impact of a new country which modified these traits.Of necessity,colonial America was a projection ofEurope.Across the Atlantic came successive groups of Englishmen,Frenchmen,Germans,Scots, Irishmen,Dutchmen,Swedes,and many others who attempted to transplant their habits and traditions to the new world.48)But,the force of geographic conditions peculiar to America,the interplay of the varied national groups upon one another,and the sheer difficulty of maintaining old-world ways in a raw,new continent caused significant changes.These changes were gradual and at first scarcely visible.But the result was a new social pattern which,although it resembled European society in many ways,had a character that was distinctly American.49)The first shiploads of immigrants bound for the territory which is now the United States crossed the Atlantic more than a hundred years after the15th-and16th-century explorations of North America.In the meantime,thriving Spanish colonies had been established in Mexico,the West Indies,and South America.These travelers to North America came in small, unmercifully overcrowded craft.During their six-to twelve-week voyage,they subsisted on barely enough food allotted to them.Many of the ship were lost in storms,many passengers died of disease,and infants rarely survived the journey.Sometimes storms blew the vessels far off their course,and often calm brought unbearably long delay.“To the anxious travelers the sight of the American shore brought almost inexpressible relief.”said one recorder of events,“The air at twelve leagues’distance smelt as sweet as a new-blown garden.”The colonists’first glimpse of the new land was a sight of dense woods.50)The virgin forest with its richness and variety of trees was a veritable real treasure-house which extended from Maine all the way down to Georgia.Here was abundant fuel and lumber.Here was the raw material of houses and furniture,ships and potash,dyes and naval stores.Section IV WritingPart A51.Directions:You are going to host a club reading session.Write an email of about100words recommending a book to the club members.You should state reasons for your recommendation.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not sign your own name at the end of the e Li Ming instead.。