From Information Behaviour of Independent Travellers to Requirements for Information System
山西省朔州市怀仁市第一中学2024-2025学年高三上学期摸底考试英语试题
2024~2025学年怀仁一中高三年级摸底考试英语全卷满分150分，考试时间120分钟。
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第一部分听力(共两节，满分30分)第一节(共5小题；每小题1.5分，满分7.5分)听下面5段对话。
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1. Whose birthday is it today?A. Cassie’s.B. John’s.C. Ashley’s.2. What does the man think of Allan’s paintings?A. Funny.B. Terrible.C. So- so.3. What does the woman mean?A. David often eats his words.B. Her party was a success.C. Dr. Andrew put off his lecture.4. How do the speakers sound?A. Fine.B. Relaxed.C. Worried.5. What happened to Josh’s sister yesterday?A. She served the wrong dish.B. She got lost with her brother.C. She failed to behave herself in public.第二节(共15小题；每小题1.5分，满分22.5分)听下面5段对话或独白。
武汉大学新闻学院专业英语题库 有答案喔讲解
Chapter 11.The communication process is initiated（开始）by the:A)message B)receiver C)source D)channel2.The interpretation解释of physical message into a form that has eventual最后的meaning for a receiver is called:A)coding B)recoding C)decoding D)encoding3.Receivers can be:A)a group B)a single person C)an institution机构D)all of these4.An increase in noise _________ message fidelity保真度，精确.A)increases B)decreases C)does not affect D)expands5.In machine-assisted机器辅助interpersonal communication人际传播:A)source and receiver can be separated by time and spaceB)messages can have permanence永久性C)messages can be amplified扩大的or transmitted传输over large distancesD)all of these6.Mass communication refers to the process by which a complex organization with the aid of one or more machines produces and transmits public messages that are directed at large, scattered分散的audiences that are:A)heterogeneous多样性B)homogenous同质的C)related有关联的D)specific 特定特殊7.Message termination is easiest in:A)interpersonal communicationB)mass communicationC)machine-assisted interpersonal communicationD)none of these8.Mass communication organizations:A)have multiple gatekeepersB)require little money to operateC)exist regardless of profitD)are non-competitive9.The following is an example of a media vehicle工具，媒介:A)newspapers and magazines B)radio stations C)TV networks D)All of these10 Disintermediation eliminates theA) source B) middleman C) customer D) seller10.In a communication setting, encoding may take place only once.A)True B)False11.Encoding becomes less important in machine-assisted interpersonal communication.A)True B)False12.Interpersonal communication can occur between two people without being in each other's physical presence.A)True B)False13.The receiver in the machine-assisted setting can be a single person only.A)True B)False14.The term mass media refers to the messages carried to the public by vehicles such as TV, radio, and magazines, and the Internet.A)True B)False15.Examples of user-generated content include YouTube, MySpace, Flickr, and Wikipedia.A)True B)False16.The emerging trends新兴趋势in mass communication are audience segmentation分割, convergence聚合融合, disintermediation非居间化脱媒, increasing audience control, and multiple platforms.A)True B)FalseChapter 21.An advantage of the functional approach功能学说to studying mass communication is that it:A)provides a perspective 远景，观点to examine mass communication relaxation放松缓和B)generates 生成concepts that are helpful in understanding media behaviorC)makes us aware of the diversity of gratifications满意喜悦provided by the mediaD)all of these2.Harmful or negative consequences of the functions of mass media are called:A)afflictions 苦难折磨B)ramifications分叉C)dysfunctions机能障碍D)displacement取代3.Which of the following is an important factor in determining which news medium people find most believable?A)convenience B)comfort C)credibility D)format格式4.The concept representing the idea that if the audience believes you really matter, you will be the focus of media attention, and if you are the focus of media attention, then you really matter is known as:A)hype（皮下注射理论）B)status conferral 地位授予C)primacy/latency首要性/潜伏期D)priming启动效应5.When reading the Washington Post, a person is most likely utilizing利用the ________ function of the media.A)surveillance 监测B)interpretation 解释，翻译C)linkage D)transmission of values6.Telethons, eBay, and chat rooms are examples of:A)surveillance B)linkage C)interpretation D)transmissionics连环画, puzzles游戏拼图, horoscopes星座, games, advice, gossip, humor, and general entertainment account for which percentage of newspaper content?A)6 B)12 C)18 D)248.___________ is a form of diversion.A)stimulation刺激鼓舞B)relaxation放松消遣C)emotional release情绪缓解D)all of these9.Developing feelings of kinship 亲属关系with media characters is known as a __________ relationship.A)social B)parasocial类社会性的C)cathartic泻剂D)paranormal超常的10.The creation of unstable superior不稳定的优势and inferior positions 劣势that are continuously being negotiated 商谈through interpretations解释of meaning is known as:A)culture B)ideology意识形态C)hegemony 霸权D)ascendancy优势，支配地位11.The four categories of the uses and gratifications model are（使用与满足理论的四个方面）:A)cognition认知, diversion转移, sociality utility社会功能, and withdrawal撤退B)function, dysfunction, malfunction, and cognitionC)surveillance, consequences, credibility, and interpretationD)none of these12.The news and information role of the media is known as surveillance.A)True B)False13.The media sometimes consciously try to instill灌输values and behavior in the audience through their portrayal of society社会写照.A)True B)False14.At the individual or micro level, the functional approach is called the uses-and-gratifications model.A)True B)False15.Feminist scholars are more likely to be drawn to the functional approach than to the critical cultural approach.A)True B)False16.The critical/cultural approach is interested in the meaning of media content for audiences.A)True B)False14 The critical/cultural studies approach is based on asking people questions, tabulating their results, and enumerating characteristics of media content.批判研究是基于问人问题,制表结果分析,列举媒体内容的特征A) true B) false15 The critical/cultural approach is more useful than the functional approach in understanding the complicated relationship between mass communication and its audience.批判研究比功能更有用的方法理解大众传播与观众之间的复杂关系A) true B) falseChapter 31.The following is an example of an early form of paper:A)clay tablets 泥版B)papyrus纸莎草C)parchment羊皮纸D)all of these2.During the feudal period封建时期in Europe, bookmaking became centered in:A)libraries B)tax offices C)monasteries修道院D)wineries3.The moveable metal type printing press was developed by:A)Martin Luther B)Samuel Morse C)Matthew Brady D)Johann Gutenberg4.The first medium to use digital communication was:A)radio B)television C)printing press D)telegraph5.The invention of the ____________ led to the development of what we would today call news.A)radio B)television C)printing press D)telegraph6.Which invention was the first to be called "the great annihilator歼灭者of time and space?"A)radio B)television C)printing press D)telegraph occupies more time than any other activity outside of work and sleep with the average set on for:A)four hours a day B)eight hours a day C)twelve hours a day D)sixteen hours a day8.The long-range impact of the motion picture lay mainly in the areas of:A)news and reporting B)business and the law C)entertainment and culture D)all of these9.The first mass medium that brought sports, music, talk, and news into the living room was the:A)telegraph B)radio C)telephone D)newspaper10.The technology behind television received a substantial boost from which war's efforts?A)The Civil War B)WWI C)WWII D)all of these4 Most early books were written inA) Latin B) English C) French D) German7 The inventor that helped the development of photography was:A) Louis Daguerre B) William Fox Talbot C) George Eastman D) All of the above11.Digital technology encodes information such as sound, text, data, graphics, and video into a series of on and off pulses that are usually denoted as ones and twos（应该是0和1）.A)True B)False12.The telegraph was revolutionary because it enabled people to communicate in real time over vast distances.A)True B)False13.Technological determinism 技术决定论is the belief that technology drives historical change.A)True B)False14.The Civil War was the first American war to be photographed intensely.A)True B)False15.The characteristics of mobile media include wireless technology available virtually everywhere, and interconnectivity.A)True B)False16.The seven milestones in the development of human communication are: printing, telegraph and telephone, photography and motion pictures, radio and television, digital media, mobile media, and social media.A)True B)FalseChapter 41.The first American newspaper was:A)the Boston News Letter B)Publick Occurrences both Foreign and DomestickC)New England Courant D)Pennsylvania Gazette2.Benjamin Franklin is credited with:A)starting the Pennsylvania Gazette宾夕法尼亚公报B)running the first editorial cartoonC)demonstrating that journalism could be an honorable profession D)all of these3.The freedom of the press is protected by:A)the First Amendment B)the Fifth AmendmentC)the original Constitution D)the Declaration of Independence4.The first penny press paper, the New York Sun, was popular because it contained:A)political debates and an aggressive editorial policy B)a sports page and a financial pageC)local stories of sex, violence, features, and human interest stories D)all of these5.The Penny Press changed:A)the basis of economic support for newspapers B)the pattern of distributionC)the definition of what constituted news and how it was collected D)all of these6.The idea of a newspaper chain was pioneered by:A)Joseph Pulitzer B)E.W. Scripps C)William Randolph Hearst D)Horace Greeley7.Although the onset of yellow journalism in the U.S. was not the proudest moment in American newspaper history, it did help bring about:A)aggressive reporting and investigative stories B)more enthusiasm and verve in the professionC)the onset of more professional writing D)all of these8.Jazz journalism is characterized by which of the following features?A)most centrally located in New York, B)were tabloid size,C)made lavish浪费的，丰富的use of photographs, D)all of these9.Characteristics of online newspapers include:A)can be continuously updated B)interactive and feature user-generated contentC)limited by newshole sizeD)can be continuously updated and interactive and feature user-generated content.7Although the onset of yellow journalism in the U.S. was not the best moment in American newspaper history, it did help bring aboutA)aggressive reporting and investigative storiesB) the use of layout布局and display devicesC) wide exposure form many prominent突出的authorsD) all of the above8 Jazz journalism is characterized by which of the following featuresA) the use of tabloids B) an abundance 充裕，丰富of photographsC) both A and B D) none of the above9 According to the text, one result of a credibility scandal in newspapers, such as the Jayson Blair saga was thatA) editors refuse to reveal 揭露泄露their ethical guidelines to the publicB) online news reporting becomes more reliableC) newspapers stiffened加强their requirements for quotes引用from unnamed sourcesD) college journalism programs decline to teach ethics to students10 Newspapers are trying to attract more readers byA) using more colorB) creating highlighted synopses概要within long storiesC) printing more lifestyle and fashion featuresD) all of the above10.In journalism, a newshole新闻版面is the amount of news that a paper prints in each edition. It remains the same until the publisher decides to change it.A)True B)False11.Increased competition, credibility crisis危机, and changing social and economic conditions have contributed to the decline 衰退in newspaper circulation流通，发行量.A)True B)False12.In addition to the Internet, newspapers are distributing分散，分配news via mobile media such as Internet-enabled授权，激活cell phones, personal digital assistants (PDAs), and laptops.A)True B)False13.Gannett甘尼特is the biggest newspaper group.A)True B)False14."Blog" is short for "web log" and exists in the "blogosphere."A)True B)False15.A blog is a website that contains an online personal journal with reflections, comments, and hyperlinks.A)True B)False16.A replica复制品edition of a newspaper has the same design as the print edition.A)True B)FalseChapter 51.The number of magazines produced increased from 1860—1900 because of:A)money from investors投资者B)better printing techniquesC)the Postal Act of 1879 邮政法案D)all of these2.A popular magazine that began publishing in the late 1930s and continued to publish until it expired过期失效in 1972 was:A)Look B)Leslies C)The San Francisco Wasp D)all of these3.Between WWI and WWII, the shift in economic development and change in lifestyles influenced the development of the:A)digest文摘B)news magazine C)pictorial magazine 画报D)all of these4.Magazines use their websites for all of the following except:A)to provide additional information about stories B)subscriptions订阅，捐献，服务C)production D)e-commerce电子商务5.According to the text, magazines are distinguished 杰出from other media in that they:A)attract the highest number of consumersB)attract the most specialized audiencesC)give the most in depth news coverageD)provide the most content for the cost6.The magazine industry is divided by the following function categories except:A)production B)distribution C)retail零售D)advertising7.Controlled circulation magazines gain most of their revenue收益from:A)subscriptions订阅B)advertising C)e-commerce D)single-copy sales8.The following division heads report to the circulation director 发行量主管except:A)Managing Editor 总编辑B)Subscription订阅ManagerC)Single-Copy Sales Manager 单份销售D)Subscription Fulfillment Director订阅实现9.In addition to ancillary附属品，助手services such as e-commerce, custom publishing定向出版, and database assistance辅助, which of the following is another basic source of magazine revenue?A)subscriptions B)single-copy sales C)advertising D)all of these10.Data on the total audience for magazines gathered by conducting personal interviews with individuals to get an exposure score风险评分is provided byA)Audit Bureau of Circulation (ABC)B)Business Publication Audit (BPA)C)Mediamark Research Inc (MRI)D)Nielsen/NetRatings11.A magazine's rate base is the number of buyers guaranteed by a magazine.A)True B)False12.Hemispheres, an in-flight magazine, is an example of a controlled circulation magazine.A)True B)False13.Most adults read at least one magazine a month.A)True B)False14.A magazine dummy样本，仿制品is the schedule drawn up to ensure that articles get to the printer in time for the forthcoming issue下期预告.A)True B)False15.Mobile magazines can be read on laptops笔记本电脑, cell phones, and PDAs.A)True B)False16.Magazines publishers have turned their attention to increasing circulation in other countries, targeting trends, and looking for creative ways to deliver magazines electronically.A)True B)False11 Magazine readers are usually loners.A) true B) false12 Benjamin Franklin published the first American magazine.A) true B) false13 Custom publications are often offered for free at business locations.A) true B) false15 Newsletters时事通讯are characterized by their general readership, large circulation, and low prices.A) true B) falseChapter 61.In 1455, the first book Johann Gutenberg printed on a moveable metal type press was a(n):A)dictionary B)encyclopedia 百科全书C)bible圣经D)atlas地图2.The commercialization of publishing was brought about by: P133A)agents negotiating 谈判the best bottom lineB)houses publishing popular works of fictionC)a sluggish萧条economy forcing houses to depend on banksD)all of these3.Digital books are known as:A)MyBooks B)e-books C)iBooks D)digital books4.An advantage of printing on demand按需印刷is: P136A)the elimination消除，除去of expensive production and shipping 运输costsB)publishers can make money on books that sell only a few hundred copiesC)special interest books can now be printed that would have been too expensive to publish with the traditional methodD)all of these5.The book publishing industry is divided into 3 segments:A)publishers出版人, distributors配销商, and retailers零售商B)trade, religious, and professionalC)mail order, college, and audiovisualD)fiction, nonfiction, religious6.The world's largest educational publisher is:A)McGraw Hill B)Time-Warner Publishing C)Pearson Publishing D)Thompson/Wadsworth7.Type style, composition, paper, printing, and binding are the responsibility of which publishing department?A)editorialB)productionC)marketingD)general administration (or business)8.Editors acquire books from the following source:A)agents B)authors C)their own ideas D)all of these9.The main source of publishing income is:A)book sales and subsidiary rights 附属法例B)foreign marketsC)e-commerceD)marketing and editorial production10.The most important form of audience feedback反馈in the book industry comes from:A)BPA B)MRI C)Best-Seller Lists D)Niesen BookScan11.Studies show that book reading is not tied to相关联income or education.A)True B)False12.The paperback平价本boom of the 1880s prompted the adoption of a new copyright law.A)True B)False13.After World War II, expanded leisure闲暇time and more disposable可任意处理的income made book reading a popular means of recreation娱乐.A)True B)False14.Books are one of the most "mass" of the mass media.A)True B)False15.Advances and acquisition rights are two of the big expenses in publishing.A)True B)False16.A recent survey found the biggest increase in literary reading was among 18- to 24-year-olds.A)True B)FalseChapter 71.The first radio station was developed by:A)Heindrich HertzB)Reginald FessendenC)David SarnoffD)Frank Conrad2.The idea to sell broadcasting time on the radio for advertising is credited to:A)A T&T B)RCA C)Westinghouse D)NBC3.The first network was:A)Westinghouse B)AT & T C)NBC D)CBS4.Established by the Radio Act of 1927, the Federal Radio Commission (FRC):A)defined the AM broadcast bandB)standardized channel designationsC)minimized interferenceD)all of these5.Frequency modulation radio (FM) was invented by:A)David SarnoffB)Edwin Howard ArmstrongC)Frank ConradD)Edward R. Murrow6.A characteristic of digital radio broadcasting will be:A)ability to broadcast multiple programs simultaneously同时地B)static-free signals不受静电干扰的信号C)compatibility兼容性with analog模拟signalsD)all of these7.Noncommercial stations are supported by all of the following, except:A)listener donationsB)Corporation for Public Broadcasting (CPB)C)advertisementsD)endowments and grants from foundations8.The person responsible for the sound of the station through music and other material is called the:A)acoustics manager音响B)resonance technician 共振技术C)frequency programmer频率程序员D)program director9.Which source of advertising income represents the largest portion of revenue?A)national ads B)national spot ads C)local ads D)international ads10.The major company that measures radio audiences is:A)BPA B)Arbitron C)MRI D)Nielsen Media Research8The people responsible for the sound of the station through music and other material are part of the following department:A)sales B)program C)news D)engineering9Which source of advertising income represents the largest portion部分of revenue?A)national B)regional C)local D) none of the above11.Many early radio stations were not owned by broadcasters.A)True B)False12.Radio was able to weather经受the Depression with relatively little hardship.A)True B)False13.Radio was not financially affected by the development of television.A)True B)False14.Many conservative保守的talk show hosts have been successful in radio.A)True B)False15.Clear Channel Communications is the largest radio company in terms of advertising revenue.A)True B)False16.The rise of IPods and MP3 players has led to a new form of content called "podcasting."A)True B)False13Radio was unaffected不受影响的by the development of television.A) trueB) false14Many liberal talk show hosts have been successful in radio.A) trueB) false15Infinity is the largest radio company.A) trueB) falseChapter 81.The first disk player 唱片机designed to look like a piece of furniture was the:A)Electro-Magnetic PhonographB)gramophoneC)VictrolaD)phonautograph2.The Beatles are credited with:A)introducing the harmonica 口琴as a rock instrumentB)changing the shape of the music business and American popular cultureC)paving the way for the "British Invasion"铺平道路D)all of these .3.Once the recording industry switched from __________ technology, it became vulnerable to illegal file-sharing.A)broadcast to Internet B)analog to digital 模拟C)broadcast to satellite 卫星D)analog to electronic4.Some of the effects the iPod has had include:A)podcasts 播客B)a cultural impactC)empowering the audience member to take more control of the mass communication experienceD)all these5.The greatest number of total sales in the record industry is accounted for by:A)country B)r&b C)rap D)rock6.The "Talent" category of the recording industry includes all of the following except:A)singers B)sound technicians C)songwriters D)musicians7.Of all the outlets for tape and CD distribution, retail stores and rack jobbers account for which percentage of all sales?A)80 B)60 C)40 D)208.The symbol used in the Billboard charts, the most important channel of feedback in the sound recording industry, is:（答案不一样）A)stars B)triangles 三角铁C)bullets 子弹D)all of these9.Which percentage of households in the country has some means of playing a record唱片, tape 磁带, or CD?A)100 B)90 C)80 D)7010.Buyers under 30 account for the majority of record purchases.A)True B)False11.During the Depression years, sound recording was bolstered 支撑with the help of coin-operated 投币record players called jukeboxes.A)True B)False12.A demonstration 示范tape, or demo, needs to sound as good as the finished product released by the studio.A)True B)False13.The recording industry is one of the most concentrated of all media industries.A)True B)False14.The Billboard charts play an important part in the feedback mechanism for sound recording.A)True B)False15.The four companies that dominate控制the recording industry are UMG, BMG, EMI, and Warner Music.A)True B)False12After the repeal of Prohibition, sound recording was bolstered with the help of coin-operated record players called jukeboxes.A) trueB) false14A new artist generally receives a royalty rate of about 25 per cent of the suggested retail price ofa CD or cassette.A) trueB) False3.Since the beginning of the 21st century, the recording industry has tried to stifle file-sharing services by all the following means exceptA) threatening to sue file sharersB) discouraging artists from using band websitesC) setting up their own digital music servicesD) exploring technical devices that make it difficult to copy files4MP3 is an abbreviation forA) Music Production Audio Layer 3B) Movie Production Group Audio Layer 3C) Motion Pictures Engineering Group Audio Layer 3D) none of the above8In the process of making a CD, the next step after the recording session isA) laying down tracksB) reproducing the masterC) the mixdownD) promotionChapter 91.What happens when a person sees one light source go out while another one close to the original is illuminated照明启发is referred to as:A)phiphenomenon 似动现象B)persistence of vision 持续视觉？C)perception phenomenon D)extra-Sensory Perception 第六感2.The first practical motion picture camera and viewing device was developed by:A)George and Noble JohnsonB)Joseph Niepce and Louis DaguerreC)Thomas Edison and William DicksonD)Reginald Fessenden and Lee De Forest3.The Motion Picture Patents Company (MPPC) was formed in order to:A)create filmmaker bill of rightsB)create new innovations in movie making technologyC)restrict moviemaking to just nine companiesD)censor salacious content4.The first film that featured sound was:A)A Trip to the Moon B)Birth of a NationC)The Great Train Robbery D)The Jazz Singer5.The film industry fought back against television by:A)refusing to advertise their films on televisionB)withholding old films for showing on televisionC)forbidding their stars from appearing on televisionD)all of these6.The main disadvantage of digital distribution is:A)picture and audio qualityB)the loss of "movie feel"C)most theaters are not yet equipped for it due to costD)that filmmakers are against it7.Which division of the film industry is responsible for supplying prints of films to theaters?A)production B)distribution C)exhibition D)postproduction后期制作8.The average shooting schedule for the typical film is:A)30 days B)70 days C)100 days D)130 days9.Frequent moviegoers are usually all of the following except:A)young B)middle class C)married D)from an urban area10.Movie attendance declined drastically剧烈throughout World War II.A)True B)False11.Cinemascope, Panavision宽荧幕电影, and Vistavision全景are credited with saving Hollywood's loss of money to television.A)True B)False12.Revenues from the sale and rental of videocassettes and DVDs, and from pay-per-view and premium cable have been greater than revenues from movie theater admissions.A)True B)False13.Motion pictures are the most expensive media product to produce.A)True B)False14.At some theaters, concession sales represent up to 90 percent of the profits.A)True B)False15.The biggest concern facing the motion picture industry is illegal file sharing.A)True B)FalseChapter 101.In 1945 there were only eight television stations and 8,000 homes with TVs. How many years did it take for there to be 100 stations and 35 million TV households?A)40 B)45 C)35 D)102.Television's early programming structure was modeled after:A)early film newsreels and shortsB)vaudevilleC)radioD)the newspaper3.Until 1956, television programming was always broadcast live from New York or filmed in California. By 1960 most programs had switched to tape. What company developed the videotape?A)DuMont B)Ampex C)UHF D)VHF4.In the __________, television underwent a period now referred to as the golden age of television,with much growth and experimentation including programs such as Ed Sullivan's Toast of the Town, Gunsmoke, and Milton Berle's Texaco Star Theater.A)1950s B)1930s C)1940s D)1920s5.What decade is known for its growing public concern with regard to television programming and its effects?A)1950s B)1980s C)1960s D)1970s6.In the 1960s, network news was praised for its coverage for what events?A)the Civil Rights movementB)the Watergate ScandalC)Women's RightsD)all of these7.Which of the following statements in not true about the VCR?A)it encouraged time shiftingB)it allows the viewer to zap or zip by commercialsC)it allowed viewers to record and view content whenever they chose to do soD)it went virtually ignored by the American public8.Much happened in the 1990s involving television. What did not?A)The Telecommunications Act of 1996B)direct broadcast by satelliteC)the sharp increase in popularity of cable networksD)TiV o reaching 90 percent of the population9.All of the following is true about contemporary broadcast television except:A)audiences continue to growB)advertising dollars are going to the webC)broadcasters are relying more on reality shows and less on scripted showsD)the Big Four broadcast networks have moved to newer distribution channels10.Digital television (DTV) has many advantages including:A)fuzzier pictures, more white noise, and a triangular pictureB)clearer pictures, improved sound, and ability for several simultaneous programs from a single channelC)a more rectangular format and high definition (HDTV) capabilitiesD)none of these11.Big networks are using broadband to offer special-interest content that wouldn't be successful on their broadcast channels.A)True B)False12.PBS, the Public Broadcasting Service, is a form of commercial television.A)True B)False13.When a local station signs a contract to be part of a network, the station becomes an affiliate of that network.A)True B)False14.Stations get programming from three types of sources. Which of the following isn't one of themA)local productionB)cable networksC)network programs。
2022年考研考博-考博英语-中国社会科学院考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷(带答案)试题号：100
2022年考研考博-考博英语-中国社会科学院考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷（带答案）一.综合题(共15题)1.单选题Russia’s economy — until recently one of the fastest growing in Europe — is in dire straits. Traditional industries such as steel are hurting badly. The decade-long consumer boom has turned into a slump as unemployment soars. The government has cash to spend after years of sensible budget policies, but the central bank will be forced to keep interest rates high as long as inflation is stuck in double digits and trust in the ruble remains shaky.The reversal in Russia’s economic fortunes is particularly pain ful. Since 1998 — the year of Russia’s last financial crisis —the economy has expanded eight-fold. As oil prices rocketed, so did the country’s self-confidence. Not content with presiding over the economic boom, the President Vladimir Putin vowed to resto re his country’s great power status. Talks about a partnership with the West gave way to belligerent statements about a new Cold War. In the summer of 2008, Russian tanks trundled into Georgia. In early 2009, a dispute with neighboring Ukraine led Russia to cut off gas flows, leaving people in some European Union countries freezing and factories idle. Most Europeans want to see Russia stable and well-off. But they also believe that the economic crisis might bring opportunities for a political rapprochement. Some hope that the recession might just make the Russian leadership a little more humble or at least trigger reforms that would make it easier for the E. U. to strengthen trade and investment links.But while Russia’s relations with the U. S. have been th awing since Barack Obama took over the White House, E. U.-Russia relations remain frosty. Talks about a new bilateral treaty on political and economic cooperation have made little headway. Hopes for a free trade agreement between Brussels and Moscow have withered after Russia put its application for membership in the World Trade Organization on ice. E. U. -Russia energy cooperation remains stuck, which increases the risk of yet another gas crisis. Europeans have responded to Moscow’s ideas about constructin g a “new European security architecture” with a distinct lack of enthusiasm. Most importantly, perhaps, Russia is incensed about E. U. efforts to draw the countries that lie between the E. U. and Russia closer into its orbit. Russia has traditionally regarded Ukraine, Belarus, Moldova and other former Soviet states along its border as its “privileged sphere of influence”,in the words of President Dmitry Medvedev. The E. U.’s new “Eastern Partnership” initiative, launched in May, offers these countries econo mic integration and stronger political ties. Although the E. U. has shied away from talking about the prospect of membership,however distant, it hopes to help its eastern neighbors to become richer, more stable and more democratic. This would leave them better equipped to withstand Russian meddling and bullying.Moscow is particularly unhappy about the E. U.’s offer to include Belarus — traditionally a staunch Moscow ally —in the Eastern Partnership, albeit on the condition that Minsk improve its shoddy human-rights record. When the E. U. recently offered a multibillion-dollar loan to help modernize the Ukrainian pipeline system — conduit for 70% of Russian gas sales to Europe 一 Russian leaders were furious. Moscow has also tried to foil European attempts to build stronger energy links with Azerbaijan. Potential for conflict exists in Georgia, where E. U. observers are the only ones left after Russia force Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe and United Nations’ monitors to leave Abkhazia and South Ossetia. Wary of ceding influence to Europe, the Russians have stepped up efforts to maintain their traditional fighting weight in the region. They have given large loans to neighbors hit by the economic crisis and sought to strengthen regional security and economic organizations that tie their neighbors closer to Moscow. They have also taken a more hands-on approach to “frozen conflicts” in Moldova and the Caucasus to keep neighboring governments on their toes.E. U. officials like to insist that its eastern policy does not clash with Russian interests in their common neighborhood. They have asked Russia to take part in some regional initiatives such as an effort to strengthen energy security. So far, though, Russia has refused to play ball. But the E. U. cannot simply pull back and allow Russia to dominate Eastern Europe. It must stick firmly to its objective of helping its neighbors to decide their own destiny. If Europe is to remain credible, there is no other course worth pursuing.1.Which of the following titles would best describe this article?2.Which of the following words best describes the tone of the passage?3.For the author, which of the following adjectives best describes President Putin’s attitude?4.What does the phrase “on their toes” m ean?5.For the author, which of the following should be considered a top priority to ensure peace and stability in Eastern Europe?问题1选项A.Europe and Russia’s Continental Rift.B.Russia’s Geopolitical Role.C.Financial and Economic Mayhem in Russia.D.Crisis Averted between Russia and E .U.问题2选项A.Argumentative.B.Satirical.C.Objective.D.Critical.问题3选项A.Diplomatic.B.Pugnacious.C.Pusillanimous.D.Infantile.问题4选项A.To render neighboring governments impotent.B.To weaken the resolve of the neighboring governments.C.To keep the neighboring governments on a state of constant alert.D.To gain the support of the neighboring governments.问题5选项A.The E.U. should acknowledge Russia’s pan European initiatives.B.Russia’s new se curity and energy initiatives will foster pan European cooperation.C.Russia must agree to promote bilateral, multilateral and regional economic cooperation.D.E.U. should acknowledge Russia’s pan European initiatives.B.Russia’s new security and energy initiatives will foster pan European cooperation.C.Russia must agree to promote bilateral, multilateral and regional economic cooperation.D.E.U. should acknowledge Russia’s pan European initiatives.B.Russia’s new security and energy initiatives will foster pan European cooperation.C.Russia must agree to promote bilateral, multilateral and regional economic cooperation.D.E.U. should acknowledge Russia’s pan European initiatives.B. Russia’s new security and energy initiatives will foster pan European cooperation.C. Russia must agree to promote bilateral, multilateral and regional economic cooperation.D.E.U. should acknowledge Russia’s pan European initiatives.B. Russia’s new security and energy initiatives will foster pan European cooperation.C. Russia must agree to promote bilateral, multilateral and regional economic cooperation.D. Bilateral contacts between Russia and individual E.U. member states reinforce rather than undermine common E .U. objectives.【答案】第1题:A第2题:A第3题:B第4题:C第5题:C【解析】第1题:1.主旨大意题。
初三英语哲学思考问题单选题40题
初三英语哲学思考问题单选题40题1. When we think about the nature of reality, which of the following statements is correct?A. Reality is only what we can see.B. Reality is determined by our thoughts.C. Reality is independent of human perception.D. Reality changes based on our feelings.答案：C。
本题主要考查对现实本质的哲学理解。
选项A 过于局限，现实不仅仅是我们能看到的。
选项B 是主观唯心主义观点，不符合客观事实。
选项C 符合唯物主义观点，现实是独立于人类感知而存在的。
选项D 现实不会仅仅因为我们的感受而改变。
2. What is the essence of philosophy according to the basic concepts?A. The study of history.B. The exploration of science.C. The reflection on fundamental questions of life and existence.D. The analysis of language.答案：C。
哲学的本质是对生命和存在的基本问题进行反思。
选项 A 历史研究并非哲学的本质。
选项 B 科学探索也不是哲学的本质核心。
选项D 语言分析只是哲学的一个方面，而非本质。
3. In the philosophical view, which one is true about truth?A. Truth is relative and changes over time.B. Truth is absolute and never changes.C. Truth depends on personal belief.D. Truth is something that cannot be known.答案：A。
最新2000-考研英语历年真题和答案(英语一)
ui2013年考研英语（一）真题.................................................................................................. 5Section I Use of English5 Section II Reading Comprehension. 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Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)People are, on the whole, poor at considering background information when making individual decisions. At first glance this might seem like a strength that ___1___ the ability to make judgments which are unbiased by ___2___ factors. But Dr Simonton speculated that an inability to consider the big ___3___ was leading decision-makers to be biased by the daily samples of information they were working with. ___4___, he theorized that a judge ___5___ of appearing too soft ___6___crime might be more likely to send someone to prison ___7___he had already sentenced five or six other defendants only to forced community service on that day.To ___8___this idea, they turned their attention to the university-admissions process. In theory, the ___9___ of an applicant should not depend on the few others___10___ randomly for interview during the same day, but Dr Simonton suspected the truth was___11___.He studied the results of 9,323 MBA interviews ___12___ by 31 admissions officers. The interviewers had ___13___ applicants on a scale of one to five. This scale ___14___ numerous factors into consideration. The scores were ___15___ used in conjunction w ith an applicant’s score on the GMAT, a standardized exam which is ___16___out of 800 points, to make a decision on whether to accept him or her.Dr Simonton found if the score of the previous candidate in a daily series of interviewees was 0.75 points or more higher than that of the one ___17___ that, then the score for the next applicantwould___18___ by an average of 0.075 points. This might sound small, but to___19___the effects of such a decrease a candidate would need 30 more GMAT points than would otherwise have been ___20___.1. A grants B submits C transmits D delivers2. A minor B external C crucial D objective3. A issue B vision C picture D moment4. A Above all B On average C In principle D For example5. A fond B fearful C capable D thoughtless6. A in B for C to D on7. A if B until C though D unless8. A. test B. emphasize C. share D. promote9. A. decision B. quality C. status D. success10. A. found B. studied C. chosen D. identified11. A. otherwise B. defensible C. replaceable D. exceptional12. A. inspired B. expressed C. conducted D. secured13. A. assigned B. rated C. matched D. arranged14. A. put B. got C. took D. gave15. A. instead B. then C. ever D. rather16. A. selected B. passed C. marked D. introduced17. A below B after C above D before18. A jump B float C fluctuate D drop19. A achieve B undo C maintain D disregard20. A necessary B possible C promising D helpfulSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1In the 2006 film version of The Devil Wears Prada ,Miranda Priestly, played by Meryl Streep, scolds her unattractive assistant for imagining that high fashion doesn’t affect her, Priestly explains how the deep blue color of the assistant’s sweater descended over the years from fashion shows to departments stores and to the bargain bin in which the poor girl doubtless found her garment.This top-down conception of the fashion business couldn`t be more out of date or at odds with the feverish would described in Overdressed, Elizabeth Cline`s three-year indictment of “fast fashion”. In the last decade or so, advances in technology have allowed mass-market labels such as Zara, H&M, and Uniqlo to react to trends more quickly and anticipate demand more precisely. Quicker turnarounds mean less wasted inventory, more frequent release, and more profit. These labels encourage style-conscious consumers to see clothes as disposable-meant to last only a wash or two, although they don’t advertise that –and to renew their wardrobe every few weeks. By offering on-trend items at dirt-cheap prices, Cline argues, these brands have hijacked fashion cycles, shaking an industry long accustomed to a seasonal pace.The victims of this revolution, of course, are not limited to designers. For H&M to offer a $5.95 knit miniskirt in all its 2,300-pius stores around the world, it must rely on low-wage overseas labor, order in volumes that strain natural resources, and use massive amounts of harmful chemicals.Overdressed is the fashion world`s answer to consumer-activist bestsellers like Michael Pollan`s. The Omnivore`s Dilemma. “Mass-produced clothing ,like fast food, fills a hunger and need, yet is non-durable and wasteful,”Cline argues. Americans, she finds, buy roughly 20 billion garments a year – about 64 items per person – and no matter how much they give away, this excess leads to waste.Towards the end of Overdressed, Cline introduced her ideal, a Brooklyn woman named Sarah Kate Beaumont, who since 2008 has made all of her own clothes –and beautifully. But as Cline is the first to note, it took Beaumont decades to perfect her craft; he r example can’t be knocked off.Though several fast-fashion companies have made efforts to curb their impact on labor and the environment –including H&M, with its green Conscious Collection line –Cline believes lasting change can only be effected by the customer. She exhibits the idealism common to many advocates of sustainability, be it in food or in energy. Vanity is a constant; people will only start shopping more sustainably when they can’t afford not to.21. Priestly criticizes her assistant for her[A] poor bargaining skill.[B] insensitivity to fashion.[C] obsession with high fashion.[D] lack of imagination.22. According to Cline, mass-market labels urge consumers to[A] combat unnecessary waste.[B] shut out the feverish fashion world.[C] resist the influence of advertisements.[D] shop for their garments more frequently.23. The word “indictment”(Line 3, Para.2) is closest in meaning to[A] accusation.[B] enthusiasm.[C] indifference.[D] tolerance.24. Which of the following can be inferred from the last paragraph?[A] Vanity has more often been found in idealists.[B] The fast-fashion industry ignores sustainability.[C] People are more interested in unaffordable garments.[D] Pricing is vital to environment-friendly purchasing.25. What is the subject of the text?[A] Satire on an extravagant lifestyle.[B] Challenge to a high-fashion myth.[C] Criticism of the fast-fashion industry.[D] Exposure of a mass-market secret.Text 2An old saying has it that half of all advertising budgets are wasted-the trouble is, no one knows which half. In the internet age, at least in theory, this fraction can be much reduced. By watching what people search for, click on and say online, compani es can aim “behavioral” ads at those most likely to buy.In the past couple of weeks a quarrel has illustrated the value to advertisers of such fine-grained information: Should advertisers assume that people are happy to be tracked and sent behavioral ads? Or should they have explicit permission?In December 2010 America's Federal Trade Commission (FTC) proposed adding a "do not track "(DNT) option to internet browsers ,so that users could tell advertisers that they did not want to be followed .Microsoft's Internet Explorer and Apple's Safari both offer DNT ;Google's Chrome is due to do so this year. In February the FTC and Digital Advertising Alliance (DAA) agreed that the industry would get cracking on responding to DNT requests.On May 31st Microsoft Set off the row: It said that Internet Explorer 10, the version due to appear windows 8, would have DNT as a default.It is not yet clear how advertisers will respond. Getting a DNT signal does not oblige anyone to stop tracking, although some companies have promised to do so. Unable to tell whether someone really objects to behavioral ads or whether they are sticking w ith Microsoft’s default, some may ignore a DNT signal and press on anyway.Also unclear is why Microsoft has gone it alone. After all, it has an ad business too, which it says will comply with DNT requests, though it is still working out how. If it is trying to upset Google, which relies almost wholly on default will become the norm. DNT does not seem an obviously huge selling point for windows 8-though the firm has compared some of its other products favorably with Google's on that count before. Brendon Lynch, MMicrosoft's chief privacy officer, blogged: "we believe consumers should have more control." Could it really be that simple?26. It is suggested in paragraph 1 that “behavioral”ads help advertisers to:[A] ease competition among themselves[B] lower their operational costs[C] avoid complaints from consumers[D] provide better online services27. “The industry”(Line 6,Para.3) refers to:[A] online advertisers[B] e-commerce conductors[C] digital information analysis[D] internet browser developers28. Bob Liodice holds that setting DNT as a default[A] many cut the number of junk ads[B] fails to affect the ad industry[C] will not benefit consumers[D] goes against human nature29. which of the following is true according to Paragraph.6?[A] DNT may not serve its intended purpose[B] Advertisers are willing to implement DNT[C] DNT is losing its popularity among consumers[D] Advertisers are obliged to offer behavioral ads30. The author's attitude towards what Brendon Lynch said in his blog is one of:[A] indulgence[B] understanding[C] appreciation[D] skepticismText 3Up until a few decades ago, our visions of the future were largely - though by no means uniformly - glowingly positive. Science and technology would cure all the ills of humanity, leading tolives of fulfillment and opportunity for all.Now utopia has grown unfashionable, as we have gained a deeper appreciation of the range of threats facing us, from asteroid strike to epidemic flu and to climate change. You might even be tempted to assume that humanity has little future to look forward to.But such gloominess is misplaced. The fossil record shows that many species have endured for millions of years - so why shouldn't we? Take a broader look at our species' place in the universe, and it becomes clear that we have an excellent chance of surviving for tens, if not hundreds, of thousands of years . Look up Homo sapiens in the "Red List" of threatened species of the International Union for the Conversation of Nature (IUCN) ,and you will read: "Listed as Least Concern as the species is very widely distributed, adaptable, currently increasing, and there are no major threats resulting in an overall population decline."So what does our deep future hold? A growing number of researchers and organizations are now thinking seriously about that question. For example, the Long Now Foundation has its flagship project a medical clock that is designed to still be marking time thousands of years hence.Perhaps willfully, it may be easier to think about such lengthy timescales than about the more immediate future. The potential evolution of today's technology, and its social consequences, is dazzlingly complicated, and it's perhaps best left to science fiction writers and futurologists to explore the many possibilities we can envisage. That's one reason why we have launched Arc, a new publication dedicated to the near future.But take a longer view and there is a surprising amount that we can say with considerable assurance. As so often, the past holds the key to the future: we have now identified enough of the long-term patterns shaping the history of the planet, and our species, to make evidence-based forecasts about the situations in which our descendants will find themselves.This long perspective makes the pessimistic view of our prospects seem more likely to be a passing fad. To be sure, the future is not all rosy. But we are now knowledgeable enough to reduce many of the risks that threatened the existence of earlier humans, and to improve the lot of those to come.31. Our vision of the future used to be inspired by[A] our desire for lives of fulfillment[B] our faith in science and technology[C] our awareness of potential risks[D] our belief in equal opportunity32. The IUCN`s “Red List”suggest that human being are[A] a sustained species[B] a threaten to the environment[C] the world`s dominant power[D] a misplaced race33. Which of the following is true according to Paragraph 5?[A] Arc helps limit the scope of futurological studies.[B] Technology offers solutions to social problem.[C] The interest in science fiction is on the rise.[D] Our Immediate future is hard to conceive.34. To ensure the future of mankind, it is crucial to[A] explore our planet`s abundant resources[B] adopt an optimistic view of the world[C] draw on our experience from the past[D] curb our ambition to reshape history35. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A] Uncertainty about Our Future[B] Evolution of the Human Species[C] The Ever-bright Prospects of Mankind[D] Science, Technology and HumanityText 4On a five to three vote, the Supreme Court knocked out much of Arizona's immigration law Monday-a modest policy victory for the Obama Administration. But on the more important matter of the Constitution, the decision was an 8-0 defeat for the federal government and the states.In Arizona, United States, the majority overturned three of the four contested provisions of Arizona's controversial plan to have state and local police enforce federal immigrations law. The Constitutional principles that Washington alone has the power to "establish a uniform Rule of naturalization" and that federal laws precede state laws are noncontroversial. Arizona had attempted to fashion state police that ran to the existing federal ones.Justice Anthony Kennedy, joined by Chief Justice John Roberts and the Court's liberals, ruled that the state flew too close to the federal sun. On the overturned provisions the majority held the congress had deliberately "occupied the field" and Arizona had thus intruded on the federal's privileged powersHowever, the Justices said that Arizona police would be allowed to verify the legal status of people who come in contact with law enforcement. That`s because Congress has always envisioned joint federal-state immigration enforcement and explicitly encourages state officers to share information and cooperate with federal colleagues.Two of the three objecting Justice-Samuel Alito and Clarence Thomas-agreed with this Constitutional logic but disagreed about which Arizona rules conflicted with the federal statute. The only major objection came from Justice Antonin Scalia, who offered an even more robust defense of state privileges going back to the alien and Sedition Acts.The 8-0 objection to President Obama turns on what Justice Samuel Alito describes in his objection as “a shocking assertion of federal executive power”. The White House argued the Arizona`s laws conflicted with its enforcement priorities, even if state laws complied with federal statutes to the letter. In effect, the White House claimed that it could invalidate any otherwise legitimate state law that it disagrees with.Some powers do belong exclusively to the federal government, and control of citizenship and the borders is among them. But if Congress wanted to prevent states from using their own resources to check immigration status. It never did so. The administration was in essence asserting that because it didn't want to carry out Congress's immigration wishes, no state should be allowed to do so either. Every Justice rightly rejected this remarkable claim.36. Three provisions of Arizona`s plan were overturned because they[A] deprived the federal police of Constitutional powers.[B] disturbed the power balance between different states.[C] overstepped the authority of federal immigration law.[D] contradicted both the federal and state policies.37. On which of the following did the Justices agree, according to Paragraph4?[A] Federal officers` duty to withhold immigrants` information.[B] States` independence from federal immigration law.[C] States` legitimate role in immigration enforcement.[D] Congress`s intervention in immigration enforcement.38. It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that the Alien and Sedition Acts[A] violated the Constitution.[B] undermined the states` interests.[C] supported the federal statute.[D] stood in favor of the states.39. The White House claims that its power of enforcement[A] Outweighs that held by the states.[B] is dependent on the states` support.[C] is established by federal statutes.[D] rarely goes against state laws.40. What can be learned from the last paragraph?[A] Immigration issues are usually decided by Congress.[B] Justices intended to check the power of the Administration.[C] Justices wanted to strengthen its coordination with Congress.[D] The Administration is dominant over immigration issues.Part BDirections:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.（10 points）The social sciences are flourishing. As of 2005, there were almost half a million professional socialscientists from all fields in the world, working both inside and outside academia. According to the World Social Science Report 2010, the number of social-science students worldwide has swollen by about 11% every year since 2000.Yet this enormous resource in not contributing enough to today`s global challenges including climate change, security, sustainable development and health.(41)______Humanity has the necessary agro-technological tools to eradicate hunger , from genetically engineered crops to artificial fertilizers . Here, too, the problems are social: the organization and distribution of food, wealth and prosperity.(42)____This is a shame—the community should be grasping the opportunity to raise its influence in the real world. To paraphrase the great social scientist Joseph Schumpeter: there is no radical innovation without creative destruction.Today, the social sciences are largely focused on disciplinary problems and internal scholarly debates, rather than on topics with external impact.Analyses reveal that the number of papers including the keywords “environmental changed”or “climate change”have increased rapidly since 2004,(43)____When social scientists do tackle practical issues, their scope is often local: Belgium is interested mainly in the effects of poverty on Belgium for example .And whether the community’s work contributes much to an overall accumulation of knowledge is doubtful.The problem is not necessarily the amount of available funding (44)____this is an adequate amount so long as it is aimed in the right direction. Social scientists who complain about a lack of funding should not expect more in today`s economic climate.The trick is to direct these funds better. The European Union Framework funding programs have long had a category specifically targeted at social scientists. This year, it was proposed that system bechanged: Horizon 2020, a new program to be enacted in 2014, would not have such a category. This has resulted in protests from social scientists. But the intention is not to neglect social science; rather, the complete opposite. (45)____That should create more collaborative endeavors and help to develop projects aimed directly at solving global problems.[A] It could be that we are evolving two communities of social scientists: one that is discipline-oriented and publishing in highly specialized journals, and one that is problem-oriented and publishing elsewhere, such as policy briefs.[B] However, the numbers are still small: in 2010, about 1,600 of the100,000 social-sciences papers published globally included one of these keywords.[C] The idea is to force social to integrate their work with other categories, including health and demographic change food security, marine research and the bio-economy, clear, efficient energy; and inclusive, innovative and secure societies.[D] The solution is to change the mindset of the academic community, and what it considers to be its main goal. Global challenges and social innovation ought to receive much more attention from scientists, especially the young ones.[E] These issues all have root causes in human behavior. All require behavioral change and social innovations, as well as technological development. Stemming climate change, for example, is as much about changing consumption patterns and promoting tax acceptance as it is about developing clean energy.[F] Despite these factors, many social scientists seem reluctant to tackle such problems. And in Europe, some are up in arms over a proposal to drop a specific funding category for social-science research and to integrate it within cross-cutting topics of sustainable development.[G] During the late 1990s , national spending on social sciences and the humanities as apercentage of all research and development funds-including government, higher education, non-profit and corporate -varied from around 4% to 25%; in most European nations , it is about 15%. Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points) It is speculated that gardens arise from a basic need in the individuals who made them: the need for creative expression. There is no doubt that gardens evidence an impossible urge to create, express, fashion, and beautify and that self-expression is a basic human urge; (46) Yet when one looks at the photographs of the garden created by the homeless, it strikes one that, for all their diversity of styles, these gardens speak of various other fundamental urges, beyond that of decoration and creative expression.One of these urges had to do with creating a state of peace in the midst of turbulence, a “still point of the turning world,”to borrow a phrase from T. S. Eliot. (47)A sacred place of peace, however crude it may be, is a distinctly human need, as opposed to shelter, which is a distinctly animal need. This distinction is so much so that where the latter is lacking, as it is for these unlikely gardens, the former becomes all the more urgent. Composure is a state of mind made possible by the structuring of one’s relation to one’s environment. (48) The gardens of the homeless which are in effect homeless gardens introduce from into an urban environment where it either didn’t exist or was not discernible as such. In so doing they give composure to a segment of the inarticulate environment in which they take their stand.Another urge or need that these gardens appear to respond to, or to arise from is so intrinsic that we are barely ever conscious of its abiding claims on us. When we are deprived of green, of plants, of trees, (49) most of us give into a demoralization of spirit which we usually blame on some。
2024年同等学力申硕英语考试真题及答案
2024年同等学力申硕英语考试真题及答案全文共10篇示例，供读者参考篇1Title: The 2024 Graduate Entrance Examination for English (Same Level as Primary School Students)Hello everyone! Today, I want to share with you the questions and answers for the 2024 Graduate Entrance Examination in English, which is at the same level as what we study in primary school. Let's have some fun and test our English skills together!Question 1:Fill in the blank with the correct words:My father __________ (cook) delicious meals for us every Sunday.Answer: cooksQuestion 2:Choose the correct answer:She __________ (is/are) painting a beautiful picture in the art class.Answer: isQuestion 3:Rewrite the sentence in the past tense:I play with my friends in the park every evening.Answer: I played with my friends in the park every evening.Question 4:Fill in the blank with the correct preposition:We are going __________ (to/on) a picnic this weekend.Answer: onQuestion 5:Complete the sentence with the correct form of the verb:She __________ (study) hard for her exams tomorrow.Answer: is studyingThese are just a few examples of the questions you may encounter in the 2024 Graduate Entrance Examination in English. Remember to study hard and practice your English skills everyday. Good luck to all the future test-takers! Let's keep learning and growing together. Have fun!篇2Title: 2024 Same Level of Education Examination for Master's Degree in English Exam Questions and AnswersHey guys! I'm here to help you prepare for the 2024 Same Level of Education Examination for Master's Degree in English. I have the questions and answers for you, so let's get started!Part 1: Reading ComprehensionQuestion 1:What is the main idea of the passage?A) The importance of learning EnglishB) The benefits of studying abroadC) The history of the English languageD) The impact of technology on language learningAnswer: A) The importance of learning EnglishQuestion 2:According to the passage, why is English considered a global language?A) Because it is easy to learnB) Because it is spoken by people all over the worldC) Because it is the official language of many countriesD) Because it is the most beautiful languageAnswer: B) Because it is spoken by people all over the worldQuestion 3:What does the author suggest about the future of English as a global language?A) It will become less importantB) It will continue to grow in importanceC) It will be replaced by another languageD) It will only be spoken in a few countriesAnswer: B) It will continue to grow in importancePart 2: Grammar and VocabularyQuestion 4:Choose the correct form of the verb to complete the sentence: "She _____ (to study) English for ten years."A) studiesB) studiedC) has studiedD) will studyAnswer: C) has studiedQuestion 5:Which of the following is a synonym for the word "difficult"?A) easyB) hardC) simpleD) challengingAnswer: D) challengingQuestion 6:Choose the correct preposition to fill in the blank: "I am interested _____ learning new languages."A) inB) atC) onD) byAnswer: A) inPart 3: WritingQuestion 7:Write a short paragraph explaining why it is important to learn English in today's world.Answer:Learning English is important in today's world because it is a global language spoken by millions of people around the world. It opens up opportunities for communication, travel, and career advancement. By learning English, we can connect with people from different cultures, access a wealth of information on the internet, and compete in the global job market. In short, learning English is a valuable skill that can enhance our personal and professional lives.That's it for the 2024 Same Level of Education Examination for Master's Degree in English. I hope you found these questionsand answers helpful for your preparation. Good luck, and happy studying!篇3Title: The 2024 Same-Level Admissions Exam for a Master's Degree in EnglishHello everyone! Today, I'm going to share with you the questions and answers for the 2024 same-level admissions exam for a master's degree in English. Let's get started!Question 1: Reading ComprehensionRead the passage below and answer the questions that follow.Passage: In recent years, technology has changed the way we communicate with each other. Social media platforms like Facebook and Twitter have become popular ways to stay connected with friends and family. However, many people argue that these platforms can also lead to feelings of isolation and loneliness.Question 1: What are some of the ways in which technology has changed communication in recent years?Answer: Technology has changed communication by providing new platforms like social media to connect with others.Question 2: What are some of the possible negative effects of using social media platforms?Answer: Some possible negative effects of using social media platforms include feelings of isolation and loneliness.Question 2: Listening ComprehensionListen to the audio clip below and answer the questions that follow.(Audio clip: a conversation between two friends discussing their plans for the weekend)Question 1: What are the friends planning to do this weekend?Answer: The friends are planning to go to the beach this weekend.Question 2: Why does one of the friends suggest going to a movie instead?Answer: One of the friends suggests going to a movie instead because it might rain at the beach.That's all for the questions and answers for the 2024same-level admissions exam for a master's degree in English. I hope this helps you prepare for your exam. Good luck, everyone!篇4Hello everyone! Today, I'm going to share with you the real questions and answers for the 2024 same level graduate entrance exam in English. Are you ready? Let's get started!Question 1:Read the passage below and answer the questions that follow.Passage:In the year 2024, people relied heavily on artificial intelligence for various aspects of their daily lives. Robots could be seen everywhere, from serving in restaurants to assisting with household chores. While many welcomed this technological advancement, others worried about the impact it would have on society.Questions:1. What did people rely on heavily in 2024?2. Where could robots be seen in 2024?3. How did some people feel about the use of artificial intelligence in society?Answers:1. People relied heavily on artificial intelligence in 2024.2. Robots could be seen everywhere in 2024.3. Some people welcomed the technological advancement, while others were worried about its impact on society.Question 2:Read the sentences below and choose the correct word to complete each sentence.1. I _____ my homework when the power went out.a) was doingb) doc) did2. My sister is _____ than me.a) more tallb) tallestc) taller3. Could you please _____ me the salt?a) passb) passedc) passingAnswers:1. a) was doing2. c) taller3. a) passI hope you found these questions and answers helpful for your exam preparation. Good luck and keep studying hard!篇5Title: 2024 Entrance Exam for Master's Degree in English (TESOL) - A Park Taron's ExperienceHey guys, I wanna tell you about my experience taking the entrance exam for the Master's Degree in English (TESOL) in 2024. It was super cool and I wanna share the questions and answers with you guys!Question 1: Define the term "TESOL" and explain its significance in today's world.Answer:TESOL stands for Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages. It's super important because there are lots of people around the world who want to learn English to communicate with others and improve their lives. TESOL teachers help them learn English in fun and exciting ways!Question 2: Discuss the role of technology in language learning and teaching.Answer:Technology is so cool for learning languages! We can use apps, videos, and games to practice English and improve our skills. Teachers can also use technology to make their lessons more interesting and interactive.Question 3: How can teachers create an inclusive and diverse learning environment in the English language classroom?Answer:Teachers can include activities and materials that represent different cultures and backgrounds. They can also encouragestudents to share their own experiences and stories in the classroom. This way, everyone feels welcome and valued.Question 4: Describe a lesson plan you would use to teach English to young learners.Answer:I would start the lesson with a fun song or game to get the kids excited. Then, I would introduce some new words and phrases using flashcards or puppets. We would practice speaking, listening, and writing in English through activities like role-plays and storytelling.Overall, the exam was a blast and I had so much fun answering the questions. I hope this helps you guys prepare for your own exams in the future. Good luck and keep studying hard!篇6Oh my goodness! The 2024 postgraduate entrance exam for the same academic qualification is going to happen soon! Are you ready to rock it? Let's take a sneak peek at the English exam questions and answers!Part 1: Listening comprehensionQuestion 1:Listen to the following conversation and choose the correct answer.A: Did you finish your homework?B: No, I forgot to bring it home!A: Oh no, don't worry. You can do it now.Question 2:Listen to the following passage and fill in the blanks.The (1)______ is an important tool for communication. It helps us to connect with others and share our thoughts and feelings. Without it, we would be lost in a world of silence.Part 2: Reading comprehensionQuestion 1:Read the following passage and answer the questions.The importance of education cannot be overstated. It is the key to a better future for individuals and societies alike. Without education, we would not have the knowledge and skills to succeed in life.Question 2:Read the following passage and fill in the blanks.Learning a new language can be challenging, but it is also (1)______. It opens up new opportunities and allows us to communicate with people from different cultures.Part 3: WritingQuestion:Write a short essay (200-300 words) on the topic: "My dream job". Describe what your dream job is, why you are passionate about it, and how you plan to achieve it.Answer:My dream job is to become a teacher. I have always loved helping others learn and grow, and being a teacher would allow me to do just that. I am passionate about education and believe that every child deserves a quality education. I plan to achieve my dream by studying hard and gaining the necessary qualifications to become a teacher. I want to inspire and empower students to reach their full potential and make a positive impact on the world.So there you have it, the 2024 postgraduate entrance exam for the same academic qualification in English! Good luck, and may the odds be ever in your favor!篇7Title: 2024 Same Level English Postgraduate Entrance Exam Questions and AnswersHey guys, are you ready for the 2024 Same Level English Postgraduate Entrance Exam? Here are the questions and answers to help you prepare:Question 1:Fill in the blanks with the correct prepositions:1. I am interested _____ studying abroad.2. She is good _____ English.3. The party is ______ Saturday.Answer:1. in2. at3. onQuestion 2:Choose the correct answer:1. The boy _____ playing video games.a) likesb) likec) likings2. He _____ play basketball every Sunday.a) doesn'tb) don'tc) doesn'tsAnswer:1. a) likes2. a) doesn'tQuestion 3:Write a short paragraph about your favorite hobby and why you enjoy it.Answer:My favorite hobby is drawing. I love drawing because it allows me to be creative and express myself. I enjoy using different colors and exploring new techniques to create beautifulartwork. Drawing relaxes me and makes me happy. It is a great way to spend my free time.Question 4:Translate the following sentence into English:。
社会认知 Social Cognition(中英文)
Chapter 3 Social Cognition（社会认知）
1. The manner in which we interpret, analyze, remember, and use information about the social world. （我们解释、分析、记忆和使用社会世界信息的方式） 2. The study of how people form inferences from the social information in the environment.（研究人们如何 根据环境中的社会信息形成推理）
I. Social inference 2. Making judgments（做判断） Integrating information into judgments: The human judgment process does not closely follow the principles of a rational model. However, human decision makers have great faith in their abilities to make decisions.(人们的判断过程并不严格遵循 理性模型的原理。然而人类决策者非常相信他们做决策的能力） Social judgments are usually based on incomplete information （社会判断通常基于不完全的信息）. Judgments of covariation（共变判断）: Covariation means what goes with what in social life. Framing effects（表述效应）: Terms used to calculate decision alternatives strongly influence people’s judgments. Motivation influences the direction, accuracy of judgment（动机影 响判断的方向和准确性）. Inference is strongly influenced by emotion（情绪也影响推论过 程）.
华师大网络教育公共英语三平时作业答案
大项 1 of 6 - Part I Vocabulary and Structure 20.0 得分1.0 得分题目 1 of 50They were _________ leave their country.A.requiredpelledC.madeD.forced to答案关键: D1.0 得分题目 2 of 50The police haven’t been able to __________the mysterious bank robbery.A.solveB.solutionC.answerD.settle with答案关键: A1.0 得分题目 3 of 50Children learn from their ________.A.weaknessesB.faultsC.mistakesD.responses答案关键: C1.0 得分题目 4 of 50Neither of us __________ to undertake the responsibility.A.were wantingB.wantsC.wantD.have wanted答案关键: B1.0 得分题目 5 of 50He __________ live in the country than in the city.A.prefersB.has betterC.likes toD.would rather答案关键: D1.0 得分题目 6 of 50It is important that you __________ immediate action in this matter.A.would takeB.could takeC.should takeD.took答案关键: C1.0 得分题目7 of 50You will be __________ if you hide in that cave.A.safeB.noisyC.securityD.living答案关键:A1.0 得分题目8 of 50Madam Curie is a very famous __________.A.heroB.scienceC.scientificD.scientist答案关键:D1.0 得分题目9 of 50“I’m afraid I can’t come after all.” “Well, in that __________ I’m not going either.”A.matterB.situationC.occasionD.case答案关键:D1.0 得分题目10 of 50Your composition is almost perfect __________ a few spelling mistakes.A.except forB.exceptC.butD.besides答案关键:A1.0 得分题目11 of 50I haven’t seen you for quite some time. What __________ lately?A.did you doB.were you doingC.have you been doingD.had you done答案关键: C1.0 得分题目12 of 50__________ was the center of our planetary system was difficult concept to grasp in the Middle Ages.A.It was the sun and not the earthB.Being the sun and not the earthC.That the sun and not the earthD.The sun and not the earth答案关键: C1.0 得分题目13 of 50Mr. Brown is a very __________ speaker.A.currentB.forcefulC.driftingD.continental答案关键: B1.0 得分题目14 of 50She __________ her voice on the phone.A.pretendedB.disguisedC.coveredD.wrapped答案关键: B1.0 得分题目15 of 50The young lady __________ for help when a man robbed her of her bag.A.burstB.crashedC.clippedD.screamed答案关键:D1.0 得分题目16 of 50Your picture is good __________ some of the colours.A.besidesB.in addition toC.exceptD.except for答案关键: D1.0 得分题目17 of 50It is not a popular belief. __________, I think it is true.A.NeverthelessB.As a resultC.In effectD.In fact答案关键: A1.0 得分题目18 of 50Mary couldn’t open the front door because she __________ the key.A.has forgottenB.was forgettingC.had forgottenD.forgets答案关键: C1.0 得分题目19 of 50The relation between the two countries is __________ of improvement.A.ableB.canC.capableD.like答案关键:C1.0 得分题目20 of 50The FBI has __________ the criminal to Chicago.A.afterB.searchedC.tracedD.run答案关键:C大项 2 of 6 - Part II Use of English 10.0 得分1.0 得分题目21 of 50--Thank you for your nice gifts.--_____________________A.I'm glad you like it.B.No thanks.C.It's very kind of you.D.I'm sorry to hear that.答案关键: A1.0 得分题目22 of 50--Could I borrow your car for a few days？--_____A.Yes, you may borrow.B.Yes, go on.C.Sure, here you are. Enjoy your journey.D.It doesn't matter.答案关键: C1.0 得分题目23 of 50--I missed yesterday's football final.-- _____________________A.It's a good idea.B.What a pity!C.Remember to bring it next time.D.I'm glad to hear that.答案关键: B1.0 得分题目24 of 50--How soon will your father fly to New York?--_____________________A.At 7.00 am.st week.C.In three days.D.Twice a year.答案关键: C1.0 得分题目25 of 50--Hi, haven't seen you for ages! You look fine.-- _______. You look well, too.A.GreatB.ThanksC.Oh, noD.Not at all答案关键:B1.0 得分题目26 of 50-- Would you be able to go to the party?--______.A.I don't expectB.I'm afraid notC.I don't think soD.I believe not答案关键: B1.0 得分题目27 of 50-- You speak English well.-- _________.A.Thank you for saying soB.I don't think soC.No, I don't speak well enoughD.Certainly答案关键: A1.0 得分题目28 of 50-- Well done, Jim. You did very well in the high jump.-- _________.A.I'm glad to hear thatB.That's rightC.Thank youD.The same to you答案关键: C1.0 得分题目29 of 50--Will you please give the note to him?-- ______________.A.Certainly, I'll give it to himB.No, please notC.Sorry, I don'tD.Yes, please do答案关键: A1.0 得分题目30 of 50--What is your eldest sister like?-- ______________.A.She is happyB.She is illC.She is tallD.She is at home答案关键: C大项 3 of 6 - Part III Reading Comprehension (1) 5.0 得分The world is so bright with color everywhere we turn that it’s hard to imagine that other creatures don’t see it as we do. But how can we find out whether animals can see color when they can’t tell us?Scientists have done many experiments to get the answer. The bee has been the subject ofhundreds of these tests, because we have been curious to know whether the bee tells flowers apart by their colors. In one of those tests, a bit of syrup was put in front of a blue card, and no syrup in front of a red card. After a while, the bees would come to the blue card, no matter where it was placed, and even if it had no syrup in front of it. This proved they could tell colors apart.The animal that is probably closest of all to man as a friend, the dog, is color-blind! So far all experiments that have been done prove that the dog can’t tell one color from another. Many times when we think the dog is responding to a color, he is really responding to some other clue or sign—smell, size, shape. Dog lovers should not b e too disappointed by this because the dog’s sense of smell is so great that it probably compensates for the inability to see in color.The reason for color-blindness in some animals is connected with the fact that most of them hunt by night and don’t depend on color, and also that they themselves are usually dull in color, so it isn’t important in their lives.1.0 得分题目31 of 50It’s difficult for humans to imagine that ________.A.man cannot see all colorsB.other animals have bad eyesightC.some animals are color-blindD.bees are color-blind答案关键: C1.0 得分题目32 of 50Scientists have found that bees can see colors by ________.A.observing bees natural habitsB.being extremely curious about beesC.doing hundreds of tests involving beesD.watching bees’ behavior around flowers答案关键: C1.0 得分题目33 of 50In one test involving bees, the bees ________.A.learned to always go to a blue cardB.were only attracted to syrupC.went to both red and blue cardsD.could not see the difference between red and blue答案关键: A1.0 得分题目34 of 50According to the passage, which of these statements is true?A.Dogs can sometimes respond to colors.B.Dog lovers are sometimes disappointed by their pets.C.A dog’s ability to smell is very good.D.It is inconvenient for dogs to be color-blind.答案关键: A1.0 得分题目35 of 50One reason that some animals are color-blind is that ________.A.their eyesight is very poorB.they sleep during the dayC.they don’t depend on lightD.they don’t rely on color答案关键: D大项 4 of 6 - Reading Comprehension (2) 5.0 得分Have you ever suddenly felt that someone you knew was in trouble—and he was? Have you ever dreamed something that came true later? Maybe you have ESP(超感官知觉).ESP stands for Extrasensory Perception. It may be called a sixth sense. It seems to let people know about events before they happen, or events that are happening some distance away.Here’s an example: A woman was ironing clothes. Suddenly she screamed “My father is dead! I sawhim sitting in the chair!” Just then, a telegram came. The woman’s father had died of a heart attack. He had died sitting in a chair.There are thousands of stories like this one on record. Scientists are studying them to find out what’s behind these strange mental messages. Here’s another example—one of hundreds of dreams that have come true:A man dreamed he was walking along a road when a horse and carriage came by. The driver said, “There’s room for one more.” The man felt the driver was Death, so he ran away. The next day, the man was getting on a crowded bus. The bus driver said, “There’s room for one more.” Then the man saw th at the driver’s face was the same face he had seen in the dream. He wouldn’t get on the bus. As the bus drove off, it crashed and burst into flames. Everyone was killed!Some people say stories like these are lies or “coincidences”. Others, including some scientists, say that ESP is real. From studies of ESP, we may someday learn more about the human mind.1.0 得分题目36 of 50The best title for this passage is ________.A.The Human MindB.A Big LieC.A Horrible DreamD.A Sixth Sense答案关键: D1.0 得分题目37 of 50ESP lets people know ________.A.about their dreamsB.about events after they happenC.about events before they happenD.about heart attacks答案关键: C1.0 得分题目38 of 50The studies of ESP could be an important way to ________.A.understand the human mindB.predict deathC.understand the five sensesD.avoid accidents答案关键: A1.0 得分题目39 of 50The example of the man shows an ability to ________.A.avoid traffic accidentsB.judge the good and evil of a personC.know about events that are happening some distance awayD.sense a danger that will actually happen later on答案关键: D1.0 得分题目40 of 50In this passage, “coincidences” probably means ________.A.things which do not happenB.things which happen by accident without necessary connectionC.things which are only dreamsD.things dreamed of only by sick people答案关键: B大项 5 of 6 - Reading Comprehension (3) 5.0 得分“Equal pay for equal work” is a phrase used by the American women who complain about what they feel is unjust treatment by society. Clearly it is unfair, they say, for women to be paid less than men for the same work.People who hold the opposite view (mainly men) have an answer to this. They say that men have more responsibilities than women: a married man is expected to earn money to support his familyand to make the important family decisions, and therefore it is right for men to be paid more. There are some people who hold even stronger views than this and are against married women working at all. When wives go out to work, they say, the home and children are neglected. If women are encouraged by equal pay to take full-time jobs, they will be unable to do the things they are best at doing: making a comfortable home and bringing up children. They will have to give up their traditional position in society.This is exactly what they want to give up, the women who disagree say. They want to escape from the limited place which society expects them to fill, and to have freedom to choose between a career or home life, or a mixture of the tow. Women have the right not only to equal pay but also to equal opportunities.These women have expressed their opinion forcefully by using the famous statement about human rights made in the American Declaration of Independence in 1776:”all men are created equal.” They point out that the meaning of this sentence was “all human beings are created equal.”1.0 得分题目41 of 50The women use the phrase “equal pay for equal work” to make an appeal that __________.A.men should be paid less than womenB.women’s work should not be harder than men’sC.women’s rates of pay should not differ from men’sD.men should be kinder to women at work.答案关键: C1.0 得分题目42 of 50Some people are against married women working at all because they say that __________.A.women are only suited to working at homeB.men cannot take care of childrenC.women will not take good care of their homes and childrenD.all men will lose their traditional role in society答案关键: C1.0 得分题目43 of 50People who disagree with “equal pay for equal work” believe that __________.A.men have to do more in the home than womenB.men have to work much harder than womenC.men can earn money more easily than womenD.men’s responsibilities are different from women’s答案关键: D1.0 得分题目44 of 50The women who disagree say that __________.A.women need opportunities to get out of the house more oftenB.women want more freedom in deciding the kind of life they leadC.women are no longer interested in taking care of their homesD.If women are given equal pay, their opportunities will be greater答案关键: B1.0 得分题目45 of 50The women use the statement “all men are created equal” to show that __________.A.a basic principle of American society is that men and women are equalB.the position of women has improved a little in modern timesC.men and women had equal power in early American societyernments always consider men’s tight more important than women’s答案关键: A大项 6 of 6 - Reading Comprehension (4) 5.0 得分We have known for a long time that flowers of different plants open and close at different times of day. This is so familiar that there seems to be no need to ask the reason for it. Yet no one really understands why flowers open and close like this at particular times. The process is not as simple as we might think, as recent experiments have shown. In one experiment, flowers were kept in constant darkness. We might expect that the flowers, without any information about the time of day,did not open as they normally do. In fact, they continued to open at their usual time. This suggests that they have some mysterious way of knowing the time. Their sense of time does not depend on information from the outside would; it is, so to speak, inside them, a kind of “inner clock”.This discovery may not seem to be very important. However, it was later found that not just plants but animals--- including man--- have this “inner clock” which controls the working of their bodies and influences their activities. Human beings, then, are also influenced by this mysterious power. Whether we wish it or not, it affects such things in our life as our need for sleep, our need for food, and our ability to concentrate.In the past, this did not matter very much because people lived in natural conditions. In the modern world, things are different: now there are spacemen, airplane pilots and, in ordinary life, a lot of people who have to work at night. It could be very useful, then, to know more about the “inner clock”.1.0 得分题目46 of 50Why do flowers open and close at different times?A.It depends on the time of day.B.They open and close automatically.C.It depends on the amount of light they have.D.Nobody has really a clear understanding why.答案关键: D1.0 得分题目47 of 50According to the passage, the “inner clock” __________.A.was an unimportant discoveryB.is only found in animalsC.is now clearly understoodD.has an effect on human life答案关键: D1.0 得分题目48 of 50Further study of the “inner clock” will be useful because __________.A.for many people today, living conditions are unnaturalB.we do not yet understand plants and animals well enoughC.the number of astronauts and airplanes pilots is rapidly increasingD.we should try to live more naturally than we do now答案关键: A1.0 得分题目49 of 50According to the passage, a recent experiment showed that __________.A.different flowers open and close at different times of dayB.for their opening and closing, flowers do not need information from the outside wouldC.flowers are influenced by weak light even when they are in a dark roomD.flowers can be used for telling the time答案关键: B1.0 得分题目50 of 50Which of the following statements about man’s “inner clock” is NOT true?A.It affects our ability to think clearly.B.It influences our eating and sleeping habits.C.It depends on information from the outside world.D.It is an important discovery.答案关键: C。
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From Information Behaviour of Independent Travellers to Requirements for Information SystemsMarco PrestipinoDepartment of InformaticsUniversity of Zurich, SwitzerlandMarco.prestipino@access.unizh.chAbstractThe complexity and dynamic nature of travelling offers many opportunities for technological support. But printed guidebooks remain the typical companion, despite many weaknesses. Therefore, interviews with independent travellers were conducted. Results indicate the need to support dynamic changes of trip data and communication in networks as an important source of information for travellers. While knowledge created by planning trips and collected during travel is typically only accessible to close friends after returning, virtual communities offer the possibility to immediately share information and provide tailoring through a powerful social interface. But their technological support typically lacks structure and personalization. The paper concludes by proposing requirements for a tool for individual trip planning based on collaboratively created information and personal information spaces.Keywords: Information needs, virtual communities, trip diary1IntroductionTravellers face complex information needs, ranging from destination choices and itinerary planning to information needs arising spontaneously during travel and being determined by unpredictable circumstances. This is even more pronounced on self-organized individual tours of independent travellers (e.g. Backpackers), where itinerary and activities are completely free to be chosen. The objects of the information need may be thousands of miles away, involving an unknown language, environment and culture. Information needs of travellers are characterized by highly dynamic and individual factors, e.g. perceived attractive sites, weather conditions, prices, transportation, accommodation, appointments.Guidebooks, still the most popular travel-specific information product, cannot serve needs of this complexity. The may contain outdated information due to time-consuming production and distribution processes. A few episodes collected by the author during a recent (October 2004) visit to Brazil illustrate the problem of outdated information products (the guidebook used was the Rough Guide to Brazil (Cleary, 2003)): When looking for the recommended Hostel Dois Continentes in SãoLuís, it turns out to have ceased existence 2 years before and the premises had been turned into an expensive hotel; Arriving at Fortaleza Airport, he looked in vain for the direct bus to the beach areas described in the guidebook. According to the tourism information officer at the airport, this connection had not been served for almost three years.A guidebook’s reader does not know how information was gathered and selected, and which assumptions underlie the recommendations. Trip itineraries, hotels etc. might be perceived to differ strongly from the description given because the traveller’s preferences do not match the ones of the person giving the recommendation. It lies in the eye of the beholder what the terms “beautiful” or “difficult” mean. As an example, a traveller interviewed by the author recalled that after having been travelling through New Zealand for two months with a guidebook, he realized that sights described therein as “picturesque” always turned out to be boring. Clearly, his preferences differed from the one of the guidebook’s authors, but because the guidebook is written in a neutral way (it caters to a large audience), the traveller could only realize this after longer usage. In personal communication this can be quickly clarified: one can ask a question to clarify or find out what a description means and what the preferences of the person are. One interviewee told that she considers the background of the person giving her advice, e.g. she asks if the person experienced the country personally.Guidebooks, due to their very popularity, may invoke an adverse effect on their recommended venues, as these are literally swamped by travellers, deteriorating the attracting features (remoteness, prices, service quality). The business model for printed guidebooks is only profitable with update cycles of several years, too long to reflect such changes. Electronic communication and collaboration and the availability of mobile devices enable the creation of new information systems which may overcome these weaknesses, but little is know about the help independent travellers require.2Background and related workWe distinguish three phases to describe the process of travelling: preparation before a trip, travelling, and post-travel activities. Before going on a trip, a traveller decides where to go and what to do. In the preparation phase she is typically at home, has excellent access to information sources (e.g. books, internet, travel agencies) and a working knowledge of how to access them and acts in a known environment speaking her language. But information is dispersed through various media, and the traveller needs to retrieve and integrate it with little support by technology. She may for example write her plans on a piece of paper, memorize it or annotate a guidebook. These solutions create isolated collections of information, which are difficult tochange or share. Thus it is also difficult to get support from other people on these plans, as they must be physical available to them. She also may not be aware of her real information needs, e.g. she may forget to check for national holidays or recommended health precautions. During her trip, ad-hoc information needs arise, e.g. about transportation or accommodation. But access to information sources may be more difficult, as the traveller may not speak the language of the country, communication media may not be available and also time is much more valuable. Access is much more dependent on language proficiency and often restricted to persons in the immediate vicinity. So far, there is little specific support of this phase through information technology. Mobile phone networks, internet access points (internet cafes) and location data (GPS) are often available, but again all the burden of retrieving and organizing information is on the user. Travellers are naturally mobile users and may profit from the ability of using location data for information retrieval. Technology could help meeting locals or other travellers spontaneously based on shared interests, e.g. to do a tour requiring a minimum number of participants.While touring, the user learns a lot about the country and this information and experiences may be of high interest to other travellers. But it is burdensome to share information with other people, especially with persons outside one’s personal network. After the trip, travellers want to share experiences and keep their memories using artefacts like pictures, notes etc. She may externalize her experiences for herself and for others to see, e.g. by creating a personal diary. But some episodes and experiences may already be forgotten and the extra effort required is considerable. Research projects related to supporting travellers with information mostly address Human-Computer-Interaction issues and route plotting. The goals of Tellmaris, an EU-funded project, are “to evaluate the usability of 3D maps provided on mobile computers for access to tourist information, and to explore how such maps can help tourists to make better decisions when travelling and planning their holiday” (Laakso, Gjesdal & Sulebak, 2003). CRUMPET (Poslad et al., 2001) provides location based services, e.g. showing directions to reach a location, but adds group features like analyzing preferences of a group's members and then proposing a nearby restaurant. Cheverst et al. (2000) developed GUIDE, a context-aware electronic guide using preferences to give recommendations, but concluded that “designers need to be careful when deciding to preempt the information requirements of users based on current context. For example, when we restricted the information available to visitors, such that they could only access information on the attractions at their current location, some visitors became frustrated because they could not query the system on things visible in the distance.”These systems mediate impersonal information in a more convenient way, i.e. using a mobile device and filtering information according to a user’s location and a small set of specified preferences. The proposed solution is an interaction between a human user and an information product. These information products are consumed autonomously and obviously cannot provide intellectually tailored information matching the individual information need, preferences and situation of the user. Instead the user has to specify his information need using some query mechanism, which is then used for automatic retrieval. No query mechanism achieves the expressiveness and fine distinctions of human language. Most users lack the ability to use even simple query languages or retrieval tools (Jansen et al., 2000).The approaches do not take into consideration that travellers are consumers and at the same time producers of information. Travellers value experience of others: Freyer (Freyer, 2001) found that more than 38,1% of travellers use experience of friends in the preparation phase. Case (Case 2002, p.289) concludes in his survey on human information seeking research: “Empirical research tells us that many people use formal sources rarely, relying instead on informal sources such as friends and family […] Formal systems will never be able to satisfy most information needs”.Watson et al. (Watson et al.,2003) discuss opportunities for information support for travellers, but do not provide empirical data supporting their position. While usage of a specific technology, such as web search engines (e.g. Mitsche, 2005) or recommendation systems (e.g. Jeng and Fesenmaier, 2002) has been studied, there is a lack of empirical investigation about how well current information products are suited, although no improvement is possible without such studies. Current web based systems use generic communication tools developed for other goals than trip planning (Prestipino, 2005). Following the contextual design (Beyer and Holtzblatt, 1998) approach to systems design, the first goal is to understand how users act in real life and what problems they encounter and how they go about solving those problems rather than to analyse how users would use a given system.The following chapter presents the methodology used to collect interview data from travellers while the results are discussed in Chapter four. Chapter five presents requirements for an information system for independent travellers derived from the interview results. Chapter five concludes by giving a brief outlook.3Methodology and data collectionInformation behaviour encompasses information seeking and unintentional information acquisition as well as activities such as sharing, storing or transforminginformation. Considering Wilson's (Wilson, 2000) global model we are specifically interested in the sources and strategies used in the phase of “Information seeking behaviour” and the habits of the “Information Processing and Use”. This research strives for a deeper understanding of independent travellers’ information behaviour in order to generate requirements for future systems. Therefore, explorative semi-structured interviews were chosen as appropriate method, allowing travellers to describe unrestricted. The questions for this cross-sectional study concerned all three phases of travelling. From a previous brainstorming session with five neutral (paid) subjects, literature review, analysis of guidebooks and discussion boards the following assumptions were formulated: travellers have information needs and use information sources to fulfil those needs; they need a way of taking information along, e.g. memorizing, using a guidebook or taking notes. While touring, they have to deal with ad-hoc information needs. They collect information which they may share or organize after their trip. This outcome was then used as the basis for formulating the questions used in the interviews:•What information needs do independent travellers have? This question was used to get subjects started and help them remember their trips for subsequentquestions•Which information sources do they use?•Do they prepare a stable plan of their trip or does the tour evolve dynamically based on events and new information?•How do they take information along?•What ad-hoc information needs are most prominent?•How do they solve ad-hoc information needs?•Do they share experiences after a trip?•How do they deal with their memories and souvenirs? Are there any problems?All questions in the exact phrasing can be found in the annex. We conducted one-to-one interviews lasting approximately an hour with seventeen unpaid persons between 20 and 30 years, eight males and nine females. It was assumed that this age group includes a major share of independent travellers. All participants were highly educated (college education or higher). The nationality of participants was mostly German and Swiss. Interviewees were recruited through different channels:•An announcement on a web page mainly visited by residents of the Zurich area, • A mailing list addressing Swiss students planning to spend a part of their study abroad or already having been abroad,•Contacting a random sample of members of a large online community about travellingWe deliberately chose these channels to recruit travellers with at least basicknowledge of internet and computer usage, as the goal was developing requirements for a tool supporting users with at least basic internet knowledge, extending their possibility beyond generic tools like Blogs. The focus was not on designing a tool for computer-illiterate users. Analyzing this group would also allow detecting patterns of innovative information behaviour using IT, e.g. electronic maps.In three cases, a personal interview was not possible, and subjects were interviewed over the phone. Subjects were first asked about their travel experience to make sure they had already been on self-organized trips. The interviewer posed each question and the subjects would answer freely. The interviewees were instructed to answers the questions based on what they had done in the past, not to theorize what they might do in the future. The interviewer would take notes, which were also shown to the subjects in order to avoid misunderstandings. When the subject had finished his answer, the interviewer would specifically ask for certain standardized arguments that had not already been touched. This was done in order to avoid important points just being forgotten, as subjects could talk freely about their experiences in the course of the interview. E.g. when asking for information sources, the standardized sources friends, guidebooks, internet, literature, contact to locals, discussion boards. Thus the subjects could still bring up their personal, possibly new arguments. The standardized arguments were deduced from a pre-test of the interview with 25 persons. It is obvious that the sample is not representative for the totality of independent travellers. This is acceptable as our goal is not to generate general assertions about information behaviour but to formulate requirements based on user needs and experiences.4Results4.1Information Sources used in the preparation phaseWhen asked about the information sources typically used when preparing a trip, sixteen of seventeen interviewees replied they ask friends, often declaring it their most important source (see table 1). Eleven subjects use internet search engines, while the guidebook is surprisingly seldom used for preparation.Table 1. Which information sources do you use when preparing a trip? (Multipleoptions possible)Asking friends 16Use a Guidebook 2Search the internet 11Use other literature 5Contact locals 6Ask in discussion boards 2Travel agency 3One subject described an innovative way of planning using the only recently available detailed satellite images provided for free by Google Earth (/): he scans the images to identify interesting landscapes.Another subject’s main preparation activity consisted in getting contacts to locals(using internet communities) he would then call and meet.Result 1: Personal networks are the most frequently used information source when preparing a trip4.2Stability of travel plansFifteen of seventeen subjects change their route often while travelling (cf. table 2).Often they just have a vague idea of the itinerary when departing. The most prominent factors influencing route changes were: meeting people on the trip and spending time with them at one place or travelling with them, and how attractive aplace was considered once there. Several subjects said they purposely intend to meetand travel with other (unknown) people.Table 2. Do you change your itinerary often while travelling?Yes 15No 1Don’t know 1Result 2: Independent travellers mostly have no detailed outline of their trip, theiritinerary varies.4.3How do travellers take information along?A central question for the design of an information system is what users can do withthe retrieved information. Thus we asked how travellers take information along (cf.table 3).Table 3. How do you take personal information along? (Multiple answers possible)Paper 10Annotate guidebook 5Digital medium 1Memorize 5Personalized maps 1The need for flexibility and integration of many sources leads to the frequent usage ofpaper. A disadvantage of personal notes, annotated guidebooks and memorizedinformation is that this information may never be used again by others. Digitalportable media (PDAs, mobile phones) are only used by one person.Result 3: Independent travellers prefer a low-effort, high-flexibility approach fortaking information along.4.4Which information sources were used when faced with ad-hocinformation needs?During the trip, information gathering is very different than in the preparation phase(see introduction), as the traveller has to deal with a foreign environment: access toinformation sources may be much more cumbersome, complicated or even impossible. On the other hand, he is able to draw on the first-hand experience oflocals and other travellers. Almost all subjects talk to other persons on the street or inthe accommodation (cf. table 4).Table 4. Which information sources do you use while travelling? (Multiple answerspossible)Ask locals & other travellers 16Use a guidebook 2Search the Internet 12Tourist information 5Bookstore 6E-Mail 2Travel agency 3Many interviewees said they would deliberately seek out youth hostels because therethey can easily meet other travellers with similar preferences and valuable experienceto draw on. One subject would almost entirely rely on searching the internet, lookingfor access as soon as arriving to a new city. The subject looking for contacts to localsin the preparation phase (see above) would mainly use his cellular phone to call hislocal contacts or friends at home. Again, the guidebook was mentioned seldom.Result 4: While touring, direct communication is the most important way of acquiring information. The Internet is an accepted and frequently used information source.4.5Is experience shared after a trip?All interviewees share their experience with friends and relatives, typically byshowing pictures and story-telling. Besides, they also act as experts for people in theirpersonal network, i.e. friends and friends of friends can obtain information whengoing to a location known to them. Only one of the interviewees shared his experiences with a general audience (through his web page). This indicates that experiences of many travellers are only available in social networks and never makeit into a guidebook or web page. Information quality for travellers could substantiallybe increased if these experiences could be untied from close personal networks andmade available to a larger audience.Result 5: Travellers share their experience with friends and acquaintances, buthardly with other people. Valuable information never gets disseminated.When asked about what problems they had in the post-trip phase, eight subjects stated they wished to keep more memories from forgetting, especially to reminisce and share emotions. Sharing the moments of a trip with travel companions is also seen as valuable distributed memory. One subject explained: “when travelling alone or just with short time travel companions you never meet again, you are likely to forget all the small beautiful episodes, you can not talk to another person and reminisce together and say “do you remember that night out, with that silly person…”. Another subject said she had once travelled with a person taking a lot of pictures of often very ordinary things, and that obtaining those pictures turned out to be an important help to remember feelings and episodes.Result 6: Independent travellers are often unable to share experiences of their trips with other people and access memories of people they meet or travelled with.5Requirements and design propositions for travellers’ information supportWe propose the following requirements for a support system for independent travellers (table five summarizes the findings from the interviews and requirements): The system must allow for cooperation, e.g. through the possibility to pose questions and allowing users to comment, add or edit the on information provided by another user. As personal networks are an important source, the system must support and also extend those networks by allowing a larger audience to collaborate. Virtual Communities (Rheingold, 1993) fulfil these requirements, although they provide mainly communication support. On the internet numerous large and long-lived communities about travelling exist, so obviously those communities serve a need and create some benefit for their users. As an example, Thorn Tree1, the online discussion space of guidebook publisher Lonely Planet, receives around 5000 written contributions per day. There is evidence that communities may serve as effective information systems for travellers (Prestipino 2004; Prestipino & Schwabe, 2005). Virtual communities extend a traveller’s personal network to possibly thousands of people. The community provides a “natural language” interface to their knowledge allowing for refinement and clarification of the real information need (cf. Belkin, 1982). Community members may point to existing information or tailor information, matching the actual information need, and proactively give information the inquirer did not ask for. Virtual communities constitute an transparent information market where experts pick questions they are able and motivated to answer. We propose to use these communities as information sources for an information system. The system shall allow travellers to plan a trip and make data available beyond personal networks.The system must provide users with a personal information space: Personalization refers to the user being able to create a personal information space. A forum does not offer good personalization features: it is not possible to edit, annotate or rearrange the information. Also, it would be socially awkward to start a thread meant for personal use, and the user would have little control about the thread in terms of altering information or structure. He would also have no possibility to restrict other users of posting into this thread which might or might not be welcome. It also refers to the possibilities of using available resources for ones personal situation, e.g. linking to information objects offered by the system.1 /The personal information space should allow for easy integration of information sources, e.g. copying content from discussions, other users’ personal spaces and the shared knowledge base or bookmarking contacts or external sources. Integrated content should still be connected to the original source, i.e. if a user copied or bookmarked a wiki page or discussion he should be notified if that information changes. The system should provide travel-specific information structure and functionality, such as the ability to define a route and add information to certain points on a route. Personal trip plans in turn become a source for other users and thus enhance the available knowledge base. It is also much easier for other users to comment or answer information needs of a traveller if they get the complete information about his trip instead of just a questionThe system should support reminiscing and documentation of past trips: a user should not need to create his documentation from scratch after he used the tool. The tool should allow to arrange trips in certain structures (trip plans, time, place) and to integrate pictures and additional descriptions. It should be possible to publish these trip descriptions.Users must be able to retrieve public information from other users’ personal information spaces using navigation structures or key-word retrieval. Trip plans of other travellers may be an excellent information source, providing much more information than single discussions in forums. The system must provide search facilities and structure by which a user can navigate to desired information (e.g. by location).The system must connect the personal information space to a larger community information space, such that the user can pose questions and browse structures information created by a community. Virtual Communities typically use web based discussion spaces. Information is created, structured and archived in discussion trees. This feature makes it easy to participate in ongoing discussions but does not allow for structure. While electronic retrieval may support full-text search for a certain piece of information, a well-designed structure is much more suitable for a systematic knowledge acquisition. A well-designed book has little redundancy; the content is described in a way that later pieces of knowledge build on prior pieces; and the content is structured in a way that is didactically and aesthetically appealing. Typical guidebooks have to find a compromise to support search for specific information and to give an overview over the general information. They address both information needs in different book sections.In discussion spaces, valuable information may never be written because it was not asked and the potential writer thus did not find a location to share his knowledge. Several threads might deal with the same topic, fragmenting information. Threads themselves lack structure, as they mimic a discussion transcript, i.e. it is often required to read the whole thread. Because of the different granularity of information in thread topics and individual posts and the lack of structure on both levels it is difficult to find or maintain information. Outdated information can only be corrected by adding another post, thereby increasing the problem of structure. Lists do not convey hierarchical relations between threads. We therefore propose a tightly interlinked combination of a discussion space with a collaborative knowledge base. Users may search the knowledge base, ask questions or collaborate on the knowledge base. Unsolicited information and the outcome of discussions can then be added to the shared material as homogenous texts, such that it can be corrected and updated easily.The concept of open collaboration using shared material has recently received much attention, especially Wikis, and its most prominent example Wikipedia. A Wiki is a set of web pages offered as shared material: anyone is allowed to create or edit a page. The success of Wikipedia shows that, given an increasing amount of people connected to the internet and easy-to-use collaboration software, professional authors are not necessary to create information products, nor are commercial editors and publishers. But while stand-alone wikis may well provide free guidebooks, we argue those guidebooks will share some of the disadvantages of printed guidebooks: they do not provide individualized information, and do not support personalization.The system must support flexible planning and fast rearrangement of the information space: As the trip often is not outlined beforehand or may change during the trip, the system must allow a user to change his route definition effortlessly and without loosing previously entered information. As paper is the most frequently used way of taking information along, it should always be possible to print the information collected.The system should connect the user with other users, e.g. by showing users nearby or with similar trip plans. Thus, ad-hoc communication and coordination is possible, e.g.a person who is in the same city may be willing to join a traveller or may have expert knowledge on this city. The system should support communication between users. This may be the ability to send asynchronous messages but also the provision of chat facilities and Voice-over IP telephony.。