ICANN 20 by程家禄

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The Growth of Number and Percentage of Internet Host
Mo01/1997 01/1998 01/1999 01/2000 01/2001 01/2002 01/2003
gTLD* No. % 1622747 34 3456435 36 5829176 36 14005613 47.2 21742617 50.3 42685540 59.0 68514456 62.5 93617371 63.5 103654125 60.4
Source: Zook (2000) 'Internet Metrics: Using Host and Domain Name Counts to Map the Internet', Telecommunications Policy 24:613-20.
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ccTLDs
Comparing to other TLDs, ccTLD is not a result of deliberative consideration or discussion. On the contrast, they were an afterthought, According to Postel: the country code TLDs were pretty much an afterthought to a different process of coming up with the original generic TLDs. A comment was made that some people might want to have names specific to their own country, and it was pointed out that a convenient list of country codes existed (ISO 3166). Cited from Mueller (1998:93).
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Domain Name System
• Features:
■ ■ ■
Universal address system Uniqueness of the name of Domain Tree-like hierarchical system
• gTLD & ccTLD
RFC 920 – Domain Requirement (1982) Using the name of categories of different aggregations of similar organizations and "free of undesirable semantics."
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ccTLDs
However, it is important is not because it is used in the Internet as the country code top-level domain identifiers (ccTLDs), but it decides which country or geographical territory can have its own ccTLD. In sort, it decides which territory can be appeared in cyberspace. RFC 1591, published in 1994: The IANA is not in the business of deciding what is and what is not a country. The selection of the ISO 3166 list as a basis for country code top-level domain names was made with the knowledge that ISO has a procedure for determining which entities should be and should not be on that list.
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ccTLDs
Number of ccTLDs Created Per Year
Ye a rs 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 A fric a 0 0 0 0 0 2 3 1 8 4 10 10 20 1 1 0 A s ia P a c 1 3 2 2 2 5 1 5 3 9 10 12 18 1 2 1 E u ro p e 1 5 5 5 2 2 0 7 9 6 6 5 1 0 0 0 L a tin A C 0 0 1 0 4 2 17 3 2 3 4 3 6 0 0 0 N o rth A 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 C re a te d 3 8 9 7 8 11 22 16 23 22 30 30 47 2 3 1 To ta l 3 11 20 27 35 46 68 84 107 129 159 189 236 238 241 242
Overview
• • • • • • •
What is The Internet? Domain Name System ccTLD ICANN ICANN 2.0 ccNSO The Future of ccTLDs
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What is the Internet?
According to U.S. Federal Networking Council (FNC), "Internet" refers to the global information system that -(i) is logically linked together by a globally unique address space based on the Internet Protocol (IP) or its subsequent extensions/follow-ons; (ii) is able to support communications using the Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) suite or its subsequent extensions/follow-ons, and/or other IPcompatible protocols; and (iii) provides, uses or makes accessible, either publicly or privately, high level services layered on the communications and related infrastructure described herein.
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ccTLDs
Furthermore, The IANA's policy is to create new ccTLDs only when they are listed on the ISO 3166-1 list. About ISO 3166-1 list, it was written: The only way to enter a new country name into ISO 3166-1 is to have it registered in one of the following two sources: ● United Nations Terminology Bulletin Country Names or ● Country and Region Codes for Statistical Use of the UN Statistics Division To be listed in the bulletin Country Names you must either be ● a member country of the United Nations, ● a member of one of its specialized agencies or ● a party to the Statute of the International Court of Justice. The list of names in the code of the UN Statistics Division is based on the Bulletin Country Names and other UN sources.
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The Growth rate of Internet Host
70 65 60 55 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 1995
gTLD
Total ccTLD
US only gTLD
1996
1997
1998
1999
7
2000
2001
2002
2003
Percentage of the world's domains in the top twenty-five counties
Unknown No. % 0 0 0 0 0 0 20417 0.1 96914 0.2 146830 0.2 141337 0.1 232496 0.2 236291 0.1
Total 4851843 9472224 16146360 29669611 43229694 72398092 109574429 147344723 171638297
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Domain Name System
• Importance:
A set of distributed databases containing IP address and their corresponding domain name. From technical point of view, DNS is not a crucial pivot in the development of Internet. From conceptual point of view, DNS is not a new concept in computer science neither. Furthermore, from purely technical point of view, Internet still can work even without DNS. However, for some historical reasons, today, if domain name servers crashed suddenly, then most of communication via Internet will be impossible.