Advanced Pricing-Pricing Formulas Setup Explanation
快消品术语--中英文

这个太实用了!【快消品从业人员必懂的英文销售术语】KA、TG、MT、CR-TT、OTCR、SKU、DC、DSD、OEM、POP、4P、4C、SWOT、FAB、USP……究竟是什么意思?DA(Distribution &Assortment)分销Location:位置Display:陈列Pricing:价格Inventory:库存Merchandising:助销Promotion:促销KA(Key Account):重点客户GKA(Global Key Account):全球性重点客户NKA(National Key Account):全国性重点客户LKA(Local Key Account):地方性重点客户RKA(Retail Key Account ):零售重点客户SM(ShoppingMall):大型购物消费中心简称销品茂HYM(Hypermarket):巨型超级市场,简称大卖场SPM(Supermarket):超级市场,简称超市S—SPM(Small—Supermarket):小型超市M—SPM(Middle-Supermarket):中型超市L-SPM(Large-Supermarket):大型超市C&C(Cash &Carry):仓储式会员店CVS(Convenience Store):便利店GS(Gas Station):加油站便利店DS(Discount Store):折扣店MT(Modern Trade ):现代渠道TT(Tradiditional Trade):传统渠道OT(Organized Trade):现代特殊渠道OP(On Premise ):餐饮渠道HBR(Hotel,Bar,Restaurant):旅馆、酒吧、餐馆等封闭性通路WHS(Wholesaler):批发商2nd tier Ws:二级批发商DT(Distributor):经销商,分销商2ndDT:二级分销商DIST(Distributor System):专营分销商MW(Managed Wholesalers):管制批发商PW(Passive Wholesalers):传统批发商DSD(Direct Store Delivery):店铺直接配送CSTD(Company Sells Third Party Delivers):我销他送DC(Distribution Center):配送中心TPL(Third Party Logistics):第三方物流CRP(Contiuous Replenishment):持续补货CAO(Computer Assisted Ordering):计算机辅助订货PUR(Purchase):进货OOS(Out of Stock):缺货Inventory day:库存天数SKU(Stock Keeping Uint):最小库存计量单位UPC:通用产品编码Bar Code:条形码Slim(Slim):纤细,苗条(包装)TC:铁罐包装AC:铝罐包装TP(TETRA PAK):利乐无菌包装(俗称纸包装) PET:宝特瓶(俗称胶瓶)POSM(Point of Sale Materials):陈列品GE(Gondola End):端架MIT(Marketing Inpact Team):卖场整合性陈列;堆箱TG(Type Genus ):堆头Island Display:堆头式陈列Floor Display:落地割箱陈列Pallet Display:卡板陈列Strip Display:挂条陈列Sidekick Display:侧挂陈列Checkout Display:收银台陈列Cooler Display:冰柜陈列Secondary Display:二次陈列Cross Display:交叉陈列PG(Promotion Girl):促销员P-T(Part—timer):临时工,特指临促POP(Point Of Purchase):门店广告Price discount:特价On-Pack:绑赠Sampling:试吃Road Show:路演,大型户外促销活动DM(Direct Mail ):商场快讯商品广告;邮报PR(Public Relation):公共关系NP(News Paper):报纸杂志AD(Advertisement):广告GRP(Gross Rating Point):毛评点;总收视点(媒介用语)Loyalty:忠诚度Penetration:渗透率Value Share:市场份额A VE(Average):平均数WTD(Weighted):加权NUM(Numeric):数值PP(Previous Period):上期YA(Year Ago):去年同期VOL(Volume):销售量V AL(Value):销售额V AL—PP(Value PP):上期销售额V AL—YA(Value Y A):去年同期销售额YTD(Year To Date ):截至当期的本年累计MTD(Means Month to Date):本月到今天为止SPPD(Sales Per Point of Distribution):每点销售额BTL(Below The Line):线下费用ATL(Above The Line):线上费用ABC(Activity based costing):成本动因核算法(又称:巴雷托分析法)U&A(Usage and Attitude):消费态度和行为(市场调查)FGD(Focus Group Discuss):座谈会(市调一种)Store Check:终端调查,铺市率调查CR:销售代表CR-OP:销售代表-餐饮渠道CR-OT:销售代表—现代特殊渠道CR—MT:销售代表-现代渠道CR—TT:销售代表—传统渠道OTCR:现代渠道销售代表WDR:批发拓展代表ADR:客户拓展代表DCR:分销商合约代表DSR:分销商销售代表KSR:大客户销售主任KAM:重点客户经理CDM:渠道拓展经理MDR:市场拓展代表MDE:市场拓展主任MDM:市场拓展经理TMM:通路行销市场经理TDS:区域拓展主任TDM:区域拓展经理LTDM:高级区域拓展经理UM:业务单位经理(大区经理)GM(General Manager):总经理GMDR(General Manager Direct Reports ):总经理直接下属VP(Vice President):副总裁FVP(First Vice President):第一副总裁A VP(Assistant Vice President):副总裁助理CEO(Chief Executive Officer):首席执行官COO(Chief Operations Officer):首席运营官CFO(Chief Financial Officer):首席财务官CIO(Chief Information Officer):首席信息官Director:总监HRD(Human Resource Director):人力资源总监OD(Operations Director):运营总监MD(Marketing Director):市场总监OM(Operations Manager):运营经理PM (Product Manager):产品经理BM(Brand Manager):品牌经理4P(Product、Price、Place、Promotion):4P营销理论(产品、价格、渠道、促销)4C(Customer、Cost、Convenience、Communication):4C营销理论(顾客、成本、便利、沟通)4V(Variation、Versatility、Value、Vibration):4V营销理论(差异化、功能化、附加价值、共鸣)SWOT(Strengths、Weaknesses、Opportunities、Threats):SWOT分析法(优势、劣势、机遇、威胁)FABE(Feature、Advantage、Benefit、Evidence):FABE法则(特性、优点、利益、证据)USP(Unique Selling Propostion):独特销售主张3A(Avalible、Able、Adsire):买得到、买得起、乐得买PDCA(Plan、Do、Check、Action):PDCA循环管理(计划、执行、检查、行动)OEM(Original Equipment Manufacturer):原始设备制造商,俗称“贴牌”ODM(Original Design Manufacturer):原装设计制造商OBM(Own Brand Manufacturer):自有品牌制造商IPO(Initial Public Offering):首次公开募股LOGO:商标Slogan:广告语FMCG(Fast Moving Consumer Goods):快速消费品DCG(Durable Consumer Goods):耐用消费品[微笑]首先将所有术语明示:费用:房租+装修待摊(按12个月待摊)+人员工资+办公物流费用+水电、税务.。
企管-营销管理

高科技市場充滿不可預測的變數,營銷 人員很難對新產品的潛在需求量作出準 確的評估。
高科技產品營銷策略
1. 持續創新、改良及突破 企業必須持續創新及改良產品,加強本 身在市場上的競爭能力。 2. 採用聯盟策略 高科技行業是高風險及高成本的行業, 組成同業聯盟,分擔成本及風險達致專 業分工。
高科技產品營銷策略
建築公司 如何面對建築困境
瑞安建業 轉型發展中國內地房地產及水泥業務 保華德祥 發展海外及國內建築業務 新昌營造 發展中國建築業務 俊和集團 開拓物業管理
網上商店較零售店舖售賣商品之缺點
1. 2. 與傳統零售商比較,以網上商店方式售賣商 品的缺點如下: 網上經營較被動,目標顧客要主動尋找網上 產品資訊,公司花費廣告宣傳網址。 添置電腦設施及聘用電腦人才去處理網站, 涉及經費也不少。 互聯網上作資料傳送,保安問題存在,顧客 付款咭資料易被盜用。 顧客在網上得知產品特式,無法親睹實物及 試驗產品的性能,對產品的信心自然較低。
那些企業需要環保宣傳?
建築行業使用大量木材,電池生產商 製造的即棄式電池耗用大量金屬,發 電廠產生污濁氣體,上述三類企業應
透過環保宣傳,營造環保形象。
建築公司業務轉型求存
房地產持續不景,建築業面臨前所未有 的困境,建築公司為求生存,尋求出路
1. 轉戰海外市場
2. 多元化業務 3. 業務轉型
建築公司近年應付困境轉型方法
跨國企業投資中國成功案例
跨國企業在大陸投資有不少成功事例,以下 是其中一個案例分析。 可口可樂 可口可樂在初期打入中國內地市場亦曾遭遇困難 1. 早期內地冰箱普及率不及二十萬分之一戶, 可樂在不冰的常溫下比中藥還難喝,普遍大 眾不易接受。 2. 早期飲料及製瓶業要打入中國受到嚴格限制。 3. 內地幅員廣大,配銷系統不健全,直接影響 銷售及服務質素。
BEC中级口语晨读素材

1.1真题及答题思路(Authentic testing items & answer cues)(1)Can you tell me something about yourself?(这是第一部分考试经常出现的一个问题。
面对这样的问题,考生的回答应该包括如下信息:your name, your age, your occupation (or your school and major) and your personality.)Sample answer for your reference:Well, my name is Zhang Peng. I’m twenty-one years old.I’m now studying in Dalian Maritime University towards a bachelor degree (of engineering / of science / of arts), majoring in navigation / marine engineering /physics / English. I think I’m an out-going person; I love making friends.(2)What kind of person would you say you are?(问及个人性格特点的问题也是一个常问见问题。
该问题的各种不同措辞及若干关于个人性格特点描述的常用形容词,详见2.3.1的讲解)Sample answer for your reference:I’m always trying to be optimistic, no matter what kind of difficulty I have met with. And I sup pose I’m confident and positive, always working hard and sparing no effort to achieve my goals. Also I’m a person with a strong will and an independent mind. But that sometimes leads me to being impulsive, not calm enough, which is one of my major drawbacks.(3)Can you tell me something about your friends?(这个问题要求考生描述一下自己的朋友,考生可以考虑从朋友的数量、如何相识、朋友的性格、共同爱好等方面作答。
英语作文-医学护肤品制造行业的价格策略与市场定价

英语作文-医学护肤品制造行业的价格策略与市场定价The Pricing Strategy and Market Pricing in the Medical Skincare Manufacturing Industry。
In the highly competitive medical skincare manufacturing industry, pricing strategy plays a crucial role in determining the success of a product. With the increasing demand for skincare products and the growing awareness of the importance of maintaining healthy skin, manufacturers are faced with the challenge of setting prices that are both profitable and attractive to consumers. This article will explore the various pricing strategies employed by companies in the medical skincare manufacturing industry and the factors that influence market pricing.One of the most common pricing strategies used in the medical skincare manufacturing industry is the cost-based pricing approach. This strategy involves calculating the total cost of manufacturing a product and adding a markup to determine the selling price. The markup is typically based on factors such as desired profit margin, production costs, and market demand. By using this approach, companies ensure that their prices cover all expenses and generate a profit.Another pricing strategy frequently used in the industry is value-based pricing. This approach focuses on the perceived value of a product to the customer rather than the cost of production. Companies utilizing this strategy conduct market research to understand the needs and preferences of their target customers. They then set prices based on the value that customers attach to their products. By emphasizing the benefits and results that their skincare products provide, companies can justify higher prices and differentiate themselves from competitors.In addition to cost-based and value-based pricing, companies in the medical skincare manufacturing industry also employ competitive pricing strategies. This involves settingprices based on the prices charged by competitors. By closely monitoring the pricing strategies of their rivals, companies can adjust their own prices to stay competitive in the market. However, it is important to note that simply matching the prices of competitors may not always be the most effective strategy. Companies should consider factors such as product quality, brand reputation, and unique selling propositions when determining their pricing strategy.Market pricing in the medical skincare manufacturing industry is influenced by several factors. Firstly, the cost of raw materials and manufacturing processes directly impacts the pricing of skincare products. Companies must carefully manage their supply chain and production costs to ensure that prices remain competitive. Additionally, market demand and consumer purchasing power play a significant role in determining pricing. Companies must conduct market research to identify the price range that their target customers are willing to pay for skincare products. Economic factors such as inflation and exchange rates also affect market pricing, as they can impact the cost of production and distribution.In conclusion, the pricing strategy and market pricing in the medical skincare manufacturing industry are critical factors in determining the success of a product. Companies employ various strategies such as cost-based pricing, value-based pricing, and competitive pricing to set prices that are both profitable and attractive to consumers. Market pricing is influenced by factors such as raw material costs, market demand, consumer purchasing power, and economic conditions. By carefully considering these factors and implementing effective pricing strategies, companies can position themselves competitively in the market and achieve success in the medical skincare manufacturing industry.。
风险投资与商业计划-PPT精选

形式产品的 变迁
纯平
清晰度是唯 一 等离子
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11.3 产品组合
企业产品组合是指企业生产销售的全部产品, 由全部产品线和产品项目组成。
广度是产品组 广 度 合中包含的产
品线总数
深度 深度是指产品组合的平均长度
2020材/5/3料1 11-4
长度是指产品组合中 长 度 包含的产品项目总数
相关性 相关性是指个产品线的 最终用途、生产条件、 分销渠道或其它方面相 互关联的程度
风险投资从某种意义上说是风险投资家一种 主动承担风险的行为。
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2
风险投资投资的目的何在?
“风险企业邀人投资或加盟,就象向离过婚的女 人求婚,而不像和女孩子初恋。双方各有打算, 仅靠空口许诺是无济于事的。”
——美国一著名风险投资家
风险投资之养猪理论
(养孩子还是养猪?)
全球的风险投资家都是“养猪”专业户;
竞争、供求变化
供不应求:核心产品 供过于求:形式、附加产品
2020/5/31 消费者并不同等看待产品三个层次的需求
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11.1 产品整体
11.1.3 产 品演进
核心产品
引入期
衰 退
生命
成 熟
期
周期
期
附加产品
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成长期
形式产品 材料11-235
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电视机的变迁
黑白
核心产品的 变迁
纯钛金月饼
价
格
上包 涨装
豪 华
口味变化不大
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1111.1.产1品.整2体 消费者对产品层次关注
的变化规律
消费者收入水平
定价方法英文

定价方法英文定价方法是指企业在市场上销售产品或提供服务时所采用的价格策略。
正确选择合适的定价方法可以帮助企业提高销售额、增加市场份额,并实现盈利最大化。
本文将介绍几种常见的定价方法及其优缺点。
1. 成本加成定价方法(Cost-plus pricing):该方法是根据产品或服务的生产成本加上一个预期的利润率来确定价格。
优点是简单易懂,容易计算,并能确保盈利。
缺点是忽略了市场需求和竞争状况,可能导致价格偏高或偏低。
2. 市场导向定价方法(Market-oriented pricing):该方法是根据市场需求和竞争对手的定价来决定自己的价格。
通过调查市场需求和竞争情况,企业可以根据消费者对产品的价值做出定价决策。
优点是能够充分考虑市场需求和竞争状况,确保价格具有市场竞争力。
缺点是市场导向调研较为繁琐,需要投入一定的人力和物力。
3. 差异化定价方法(Differentiated pricing):该方法是根据不同的顾客群体或市场细分来制定不同的定价策略。
根据顾客群体对产品价值的不同认知,可以通过高端产品线的定价来提高品牌形象和利润,通过低价产品吸引更多的市场份额。
优点是能够根据不同市场细分制定个性化的价格策略,最大限度地满足不同顾客的需求。
缺点是需要进行消费者调研和市场细分,并且需要灵活的供应链管理。
4. 时价定价方法(Dynamic pricing):该方法是根据市场供求关系和实时数据来调整价格。
通过将价格与需求和供应的动态变化相结合,企业可以在不同的时间段设定不同的价格。
优点是能够根据市场的实时情况做出灵活的定价决策,提高销售效率。
缺点是对于消费者来说,价格的变动可能导致不稳定感,同时需要有强大的数据分析和市场监测能力。
5. 留守固定定价方法(Penetration pricing):该方法是低价销售产品或服务,以尽快占领市场份额。
通过提供具有竞争力的价格,企业可以吸引更多的顾客,并根据需求进行产品提升和调整价格。
国外IPO定价方式经验借鉴

国外IPO定价方式经验借鉴随着中国资本市场的不断发展和对外开放,越来越多的公司选择通过IPO来融资。
而IPO的定价问题是一个十分重要的环节。
为了更好地借鉴国外经验,下面将就国外IPO定价方式的经验进行介绍。
首先,除了传统的基本面定价法(fundamental pricing)之外,还有一些相对较新的定价方式。
其中一种是市场定价法(market-based pricing),即根据市场需求和供给来确定股票的价格。
这一方法在美国较为常见,一般是通过散户投资者和机构投资者的需求来确定定价。
部分公司也会采用随机定价法(Dutch auction),即将股票价格放在一定范围内悬挂出来,投资者通过竞价来确定价格。
这种方式在美国Google公司的IPO中得到了较好的应用,许多投资者因此获得了更多的认购股份。
其次,国外IPO定价还兼注重与公司业务相关的因素,如盈利情况、商业模式、市场竞争环境等。
这一方面需要投资者对公司的业务进行深入了解,尤其是对新兴行业或高科技行业的公司。
例如,在美国互联网公司Facebook的IPO中,投资者就需要关注其商业模式是否可持续、广告收入占比等因素。
此外,也需要研究和分析同行业比较公司的盈利情况和估值,从而更全面地了解公司的估值水平。
最后,还需要考虑市场风险因素。
IPO是一个高风险的投资方式,由于股票在上市后初期常常出现大幅波动,因此投资者需要考虑公司的风险因素和管理能力。
此外,也需要考虑宏观经济因素的影响,如通货膨胀、利率、政策变动等。
在市场变化快速的情况下,投资者需要及时进行风险控制和调整,以确保投资回报率。
综上所述,国外IPO定价方式可以提供一些有益的经验对我们的投资决策有所启示。
尤其是在新兴行业或高科技行业的公司IPO中,需要更注重商业模式、市场竞争环境和公司盈利情况等因素的研究,以充分考虑公司业务的风险和收益概率。
同时,需要综合考虑市场风险因素,以确保投资回报率。
CFA一级笔记-第八部分 固定收益证券

CFA一级考试知识点第八部分固定收益证券债券五类主要发行人超国家组织supranational organizations,收回贷款和成员国股金还款主权(国家)政府sovereign/national governments,税收、印钞还款非主权(地方)政府non-sovereign/local governments(美国各州),地方税收、融资、收费。
准政府机构quasi-governments entities(房利美、房地美)公司(金融机构、非金融机构)经营现金流还款Maturity到期时间、tenor剩余到期时间小于一年是货币市场证券、大于一年是资本市场证券、没有明确到期时间是永续债券。
计算票息需要考虑付息频率,未明确的默认半年一次付息。
双币种债券dual-currency bonds支付票息时用A货币,支付本金时用B货币。
外汇期权债券currency option bongds给予投资人选择权,可以选择本金或利息币种。
本金偿还形式子弹型债券bullet bond,本金在最后支付。
也称为plain vanilla bond(香草计划债券)摊销性债券amortizing bond,分为完全摊销和部分摊销。
偿债基金条款sinking found provision,也是提前收回本金的方式,债券发行方在存续期间定期提前偿还部分本金,例如每年偿还本金初始发行额的6%。
票息支付形式固定票息债券fixed-rate coupon bonds,零息债券会折价发行,面值与发行价之差就是利息,零息债券也称为纯贴现债券pure discount bond。
梯升债券step – up coupon bonds票息上升递延债券deferred coupon bonds/split coupon bonds,期初几年不支付,后期才开始支付票息。
(前期资金紧张或研发型项目)实物支持债券payment-in-kind/PIK coupon bonds票息不是现金,而是实物。
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Create Price Formulas
GET_CUSTOM_PRICE
The Reqd Flag check box is currently not used by the pricing engine except if you are using custom code for tracking formula line information. If you are using custom code for this purpose, then select the Reqd Flag check box.
Note: The concurrent program Build Formula Package should be run if a new formula expression is created
பைடு நூலகம்
A formula can contain any of the following:
• • • • Parentheses: for example, (and) Mathematical operators: for example, +, -, /, and * Built-in functions: for example, NVL, SQRT, and MOD Operands: Operands are step numbers about which you provide more detail. You can use as many step numbers as you need, up to the limit of the field. You can repeat a step number in a formula, for example, 1+2*2.
Create Price Formulas
• Factor List: A list of factors that you can link to multiple pricing attributes or a range of these attributes. The pricing engine evaluates the formula, then chooses one of these factors depending into which range the actual pricing attribute of the item falls. For example, a step in the formula may have different factors defined for different ranges of glass thickness: a glass with thickness between 0.1 and 0.3 mm has a factor of 3 and a glass with thickness between 0.4 and 0.8 mm has a factor of 5. The pricing engine determines which factor qualifies when it evaluates an order and applies this factor in the formula calculation. You can also relate multiple factor conditions. For example, if the base pricing attribute for glass thickness is between 0.1 and 0.3 mm AND the length of the glass is between 0.5 and 2 m, apply the factor of 3 OR if the base pricing attribute for glass thickness is between 0.4 and 0.8 mm AND the length of the glass is between 0.5 and 2 m, apply the factor of 5. • Modifier Value: Uses the value that is entered in the Value field from the Advanced Pricing - Define Modifier window > Discounts/Charges tab. • Numeric Constant: A numeric value . • Price List Line: The price of the item in a specific line of a specific price list. • Pricing Attribute: The absolute value of a pricing attribute (such as thickness or height) of an item. Pricing attributes are characteristics of products and services that you can specify when the characteristics help to determine the price of a product or service. Distance, age of a related product, customer class, product family group, and level of service are examples of pricing attributes. You can specify one or a combination of pricing attributes and assign them to a product or service. At order entry time, the pricing engine evaluates the attributes you have specified during formula setup to calculate the price.
Create Price Formulas
Define factor list details
If the Formula Type is Factor List, click Factors in the Advanced Pricing - Pricing Formulas window to display the Factors window. Enter the Adjustment Factor. An adjustment factor enables you to adjust the price based on the options selected. For example, if you are selling cars, you could use adjustment factors to adjust the price based on the car options the customer chooses: • If the car options are Standard then the price is multiplied by 1 (factor=1) • If the car options are Business then the price is multiplied by 1.5 (factor=1.5) • If the car options are Deluxe then the price is multiplied by 2 (factor=2) If the cars you are selling are second hand, you probably want to adjust the price further based on the age of the car. For example: • If the car is between 0.0 and 1.0 years old, the price is multiplied by 1. • If the car is between 1.1 and 3.0 years old, the price is multiplied by 0.8. • If the car is older than 3.0 years, the price is multiplied by 0.6.
You can set up and update formulas and formula lines in the Advanced Pricing Pricing Formulas window. A formula is a valid mathematical expression used to determine the list prices of items and the discounts applied to those items. The formula lines provide details about each part of the formula.
Oracle 11i10
Applications for your Industry Information for your Business
Order Management
Advanced Pricing
Pricing Formulas 2007.10.11
Create Price Formulas
Create Price Formulas
GET_CUSTOM_PRICE
The following diagram illustrates the GET_CUSTOM_PRICE function. It shows several formulas which reference price lists and discounts. When the pricing engine evaluates a formula, it passes the formula, price list, and discount information to GET_CUSTOM_PRICE. GET_CUSTOM_PRICE returns a value, the pricing engine uses that value to calculate the formula and returns the formula value to the calling application.