Adverser
药品不良反应报告处理制度(4篇)

药品不良反应报告处理制度一、目的:为确保人民群众用药的安全、有效,特制订本制度。
二、依据:1、《中华人民共和国药品管理法》及其实施条例。
2、《药品经营质量管理规范》及其实施细则。
3、《药品不良反应报告和监测管理办法》三、职责:1、药房主任负责药品不良反应事件的核查和上报及日常业务指导。
2、药房各员工负责收集和科内汇报药品不良反应的情况。
四、主要内容:1、药房配合医院成立不良反应监测小组,由药房主任兼职负责药品不良反应的监测和报告工作。
2、药房各员工负责收集和科内汇报。
发现用药过程中出现的不良反应,即时向药房主任汇报,同时做好记录,并逐级上报。
3、药房应协助医院有关部门采取有效措施,缓解不良反应给病人的身体损害。
填写《药品不良反应/事件报告表》____小时内上报4、积极配合协助上级主管部门和药品监督管理人员对药品不良反应/事件的调查、核实、处理。
5、对于典型、严重、特别是死亡的药品不良反应/事件,组织医院包括医护有关人员在内,进行讨论,制定措施防止不良反应再次发生。
6、对于使用医疗器械造成的不良反应/事件,也应遵守以上措施,及时上报,采取有效措施,防止不良反应再次发生。
7、逐步开展电子报表,对于用药和医疗器械的不良反应信息及时向医师药师转达,以提高安全用药。
8、对于药品不良反应/事件隐情不报者,根据情节轻重和事件后果给予一定处罚。
药品不良反应报告处理制度(二)一、药品不良反应(adr),主要是指合格药品在正常用法用量情况下出现与用药目的无关的或意外的有害反应。
为促进合理用药,提高药品质量和药物治疗水平,根据《中华人民共和国药品管理法》《药、品不良反应报告与监测管理办法》等有关法律法规,特制定本规定。
二、药品不良反应、医疗器械不良事件的报告范围;1.上市____年以内的药品、医疗器械和列入国家重点监测的药品、医疗器械,引起的所有不良反应(事件)。
2.上市____年以内的药品、医疗器械,引起的严重、罕见的或新的不良反应。
考研英语5500带音标

1. a [ei] art.一(个);每一(个);(同类事物中)任一个2.abandon [ə'bændən] v t.放弃;抛弃,遗弃;离弃,丢弃;3.abdomen [æb'dəumen] n.腹,腹部,下腹(胸部到腿部的部分)4.abatement [ə'beitmənt] n.减税,免税;打折扣,冲销5.abide [ə'baid] vi.(abode,abided)(by) 坚持;遵守;vt.忍受,容忍6.ability [ə'biliti] n.能力;本领;才能,才干;专门技能,天资7.able ['eibl] a.有(能力、时间、知识等)做某事,有本事的8.abnormal [æb'nɔ:məl] a.不正常的,反常的,不规则的, 变态的9.aboard [ə'bɔ:d] ad.&prep.在船(飞机、车)上;ad.上船(飞机、车)10.a bolish [ə'bɔliʃ] vt.废除(法律、习惯等);取消11.a bound [ə'baund] vi.大量存在;(~in,~with)充满,富于12.a bout [ə'baut] ad.在周围;大约 prep.关于;在周围 a.准备13.a bove [ə'bʌv] a.上述的,上面的ad.在上面,在前文prep.在….上面,在..之上,高于14.a broad [ə'brɔ:d] ad.到国外,在国外;在传播,在流传15.a brupt [ə'brʌpt] a.突然的,唐突的,出其不意的;鲁莽的,(行为等)粗鲁无礼的16.a bsence ['æbsəns] n. 缺席,不在场,缺乏,不存在;;缺席的时间或次数17.a bsent ['æbsənt, æb'sent] a.缺席的;缺乏的,不存在的;心不在焉的18.a bsolute ['æbsəlju:t] a.绝对的,完全的;确实的,肯定的19.a bsorb [əb'sɔ:b, -'zɔ:b] vt.吸收(水、光、蒸汽等);学会,掌握;使全神贯注;吞并,兼并20.a bstract ['æbstrækt] a.抽象的n.摘要,文摘,梗概vt.抽取,提取;摘录要点21.a bsurd [əb'sə:d] a.荒谬的,荒诞的,荒唐可笑的;不合理的22.a bundance [ə'bʌndəns] n.丰富,充裕,大量23.a bundant [ə'bʌndənt] a.大量(充足)的;(in)丰富(富裕)的24.a buse [ə'bju:z, ə'bju:s] vt.滥用;虐待,辱骂;诋毁n.滥用;恶习;弊端25.a cademic [,ækə'demik] a.学院的,学术性的;大学的;理论的26.a cademy [ə'kædəmi] n.(高等)专科院校;学术社团,协会,研究院27.a ccelerate [ək'seləreit] v.使加速,使增速,促进 vi.加快,增加28.a ccent "['æksənt, æk'sent]" "n.口音,腔调;重音(符号)vt.重读"29.a ccept [ək'sept] vt.接受,领受;承认,认可,同意 vi.同意,认可30.a cceptable [ək'septəbl] adj.可接受的, 合意的31.a cceptance [ək'septəns] n.接受,接收,验收,接纳;承认,认可32.a ccess ['ækses] n.进入;接入;到达;享用权;入口 vi.存取33.a ccessory [ək'sesəri] "n.附件,配件,附属品;同谋(为全套衣服增加美感的)服饰"34.a ccident ['æksidənt] "n.意外遭遇,事故;意外(因素)"35.a ccidental "[,æksi'dentəl]" a.偶然的;意外的;无意中的36.a cclaim [ə'kleim] v.向…欢呼,公认 n.欢呼,喝彩,称赞37.a ccommodate [ə'kɔmədeit] vt.向…提供住处;对...予以照顾性考虑38.a ccommodation "[ə,kɔmə'deiʃən]" n.(accommodations)住宿,留宿;膳宿供应39.a ccompany [ə'kʌmpəni] v.陪伴,陪同;伴随,和...一起发生,伴奏40.a ccomplish "[ə'kʌmpliʃ, ə'kɔm-]" v.实现(计划等);达到(目的);完成(任务)41.a ccord [ə'kɔ:d] vt.授予,赠与,给予(欢迎、称颂等) vi.&n.一致,符合42.a ccordance [ə'kɔ:dəns] n.一致,和谐,符合43.a ccording to [ə'kɔ:diŋ tu]prep.据/照…(所说、所写);按照…,视…44.a ccordingly [ə'kɔ:diŋli]ad. 因此,从而;相应地,照着办,按照;于是,45.a ccount [ə'kaunt] a.叙述,说明;账目,账户 vi.说明,解释46.a ccountant [ə'kauntənt] n.会计人员,会计师47.a ccumulate [ə'kju:mjuleit] vt. 积累,积聚,堆积, vi.累积,聚积48.a ccuracy ['ækjurəsi] n.准确(性);精确;准确度49.a ccurate ['ækjurət] a. 精确的,准确的;正确无误的50.a ccuse [ə'kju:z] vt.控告,谴责,指责 vi.指控,指责51.a ccustomed [ə'kʌstəmd] a.习惯的;惯常的;适应的(一般作表语)52.a che [eik] vi.痛;哀怜 n.(指连续)疼痛、酸痛53.a chieve [ə'tʃi:v] vt.实现,完成;达到,得到vi.达到预期目的54.a cid ['æsid] "n.酸,酸性物质a.酸的,酸味的;尖酸刻薄的"55.a cknowledge [ək'nɔlidʒ] vt.承认;接受;告知(信件等的)收到;答谢56.a cquaint [ə'kweint] vt.(with)使认识,使了解,使熟悉57.a cquaintance [ə'kweintəns] n.认识,相识,了解;相识的人,熟人58.a cquire [ə'kwaiə] v.取得,获得;学到(知识等);养成(习惯)59.a cquisition "[,ækwi'ziʃən]" n.取得,获得的东西;学到,养成(习惯);60.a cre ['eikə] n.英亩;田地;地产61.a crobat ['ækrəbæt] n.特技演员,杂技演员62.a cross "[ə'krɔs, ə'krɔ:s]" prep.横过,越过;在的对面ad.横过,穿过63.a ct [ækt] v.表演;举动;起作用n.行为,法令;条例,(戏剧的)一幕64.a ction ['ækʃən] n.行动,动作;作用;运转;行为;战斗65.a ctivate ['æktiveit] vt.启动,激活;驱动,驱使;使开始起作用66.a ctive ['æktiv] adj. 积极的,活跃的,敏捷的;在活动中的67.a ctivity [æk'tivəti] n.活动;活力;活性;能动性;68.a ctor ['æktə] n.男演员;演员,行动者69.a ctress ['æktris] n.女演员70.a ctual ['æktʃuəl] a.实际的;现实的,真实的,目前的71.a cute [ə'kju:t] a.剧烈的;敏锐的;成锐角的;尖的,高音的72.a dapt [ə'dæpt] vt.使适应,使适合;改编;改写 vi.适应73.a dd [æd] vt.加;增加(进);进一步说/写 vi.(to)增添74.a ddict [ə'dikt] v.使沉溺;使上瘾 n.沉溺于不良嗜好的人75.a ddition [ə'diʃən] n.加,加法;附加部分,增加(物)76.a dditional [ə'diʃənəl] a.附加的,另外的,额外的77.a ddress [ə'dres] n.住址;致词 v.向...致词;在信封上写姓名78.a dequate ['ædikwit] adj.充足的,足够的;适当的,胜任的79.a dhere [əd'hiə] vi.(to)粘着;坚持,遵守;依附,追随80.a djacent [ə'dʒeisənt] a.(to)(时间上)紧接着的;邻近的,毗邻的81.a djective ['ædʒiktiv] n.形容词 a.形容词的,用作形容词的82.a djoin [ə'dʒɔin] v.临近,靠近;贴近,毗连83.a djust [ə'dʒʌst] vt.调节;整顿,调整 vi.适应(to);使调节84.a dminister [əd'ministə] v.施行,实施;掌管,料理...的事务;给予85.a dministration "[əd,mini'streiʃən]" n.经营,管理;行政,行政机关,管理部门86.a dmire [əd'maiə] "vt.钦佩,赞赏,羡慕;称赞,夸奖"87.a dmission [əd'miʃən] n.允许进入;承认;入场费,入会费,入场券88.a dmit [əd'mit] vt.承认,供认;准许…进入,准许...加入89.a dolescent "[,ædəu'lesənt]" n.青少年 a.青春期的,青少年的90.a dopt [ə'dɔpt] vt.采用,采取(态度等);选定;收养91.a dore [ə'dɔ:] "vt.崇拜,敬慕,爱慕;钟爱,非常喜欢"92.a dult "['ædʌlt, ə'dʌlt]" n.成年人 a.成年的,充分长成的,成熟的93.a dvance "[əd'vɑ:ns, əd'væns]" n.前进,预付vi.前进,进展vt.促进,推进94.a dvanced "[əd'vɑ:nst, -'vænst]" a.超前的,先进的;高级的;开明的;前进的95.a dvantage [əd'vɑ:ntidʒ] n.优点,长处,有利条件;利益,好处96.a dvent ['ædvənt] n.(重要事件等的)到来,来临97.a dventure "[əd'ventʃə, æd-]" n.冒险,冒险活动,奇遇vt.大胆进行98.a dverb ['ædvə:b] n.副词 a.副词的99.a dverse "['ædvə:s, æd'və:s]" a.逆的,相反的;敌对的;不利的;有害的100.advertise ['ædvətaiz] v t.公告,公布;为...做广告 vi.登广告101.advice [əd'vais] n.劝告,忠告,(医生等的)意见102.advisable [əd'vaizəbl] a.,适当的,可取的,明智的103.advise [əd'vaiz] vt.忠告,劝告,建议;通知,告知104.advocate "['ædvəkeit, 'ædvəkət]" n.辩护者,拥护者,鼓吹者vt.拥护,提倡105.aerial ['εəriəl] a.(在或来自)空中的,航空的 n.天线106.aeroplane ['εərəplein] n.(airplane)(英)飞机107.aesthetic [i:s'θetik] a.(esthetic) 艺术的;美术的;美学的;审美的108.affair [ə'fεə] n.[pl.]事情,事件;事务;(个人的)事109.affect "[ə'fekt, 'æfekt]" vt.影响;感动,打动;(疾病)侵袭;n.情感,感情110.affection [ə'fekʃən] n. 感情;喜爱;爱慕之情;疾病,不适111.affiliate [ə'filieit] v.使隶属,使附属于n.附属机构,分公司112.affirm [ə'fə:m] "vt.断言,坚持声称;肯定;证实,确认;" 113.affluent ['æfluənt] a.富裕的,富有的,丰富的,富饶的114.afford [ə'fɔ:d] vt.担负得起(损失、费用、后果等),买得起115.afraid [ə'freid] adj.害怕的,恐惧的;犯愁的,不乐意的116.after "['ɑ:ftə, 'æf-]" prep.在...以后;在...后面 adv.以后,后来117.afternoon "[,ɑ:ftə:'nu:n]" n.下午,午后118.afterward "['ɑ:ftəwəd, 'æf-]" ad.(afterwards)以后,后来119.again "[ə'ɡen, -'ɡein]" ad.再次,另一次;重新;除此,再,更,还120.against "[ə'ɡenst, ə'ɡeinst]" prep.对着,逆;反对;违反;紧靠着;对比121.age [eidʒ] n.年龄;时代;老年;长时间 v.(使)变老122.agency ['eidʒənsi] n.代理(处);代办处;[美](政府的)机关,厅123.agenda [ə'dʒendə] n.议事日程,记事册124.agent ['eidʒənt] n.代理人;代理商;产生作用的人或事物125.aggravate ['æɡrəveit] "vt.加重(剧),使恶化;激怒,使恼火"126.aggressive [ə'ɡresiv] a.侵略的,好斗的,有进取心的,敢作敢为的127.agitate ['ædʒiteit] v.摇动(液体);使焦虑不安;困扰;鼓动128.ago [ə'ɡəu] ad.(常和一般过去时的动词连用)以前,…前129.agony ['æɡəni] n.(精神或肉体的)极大痛苦,创伤130.agree [ə'ɡri:] vi.答应,赞同;适合,一致;商定,约定131.agreeable [ə'ɡri:əbl] a.符合的;一致的;欣然同意的;令人愉快的132.agreement [ə'ɡri:mənt] n.协定;协议;契约;达成协议;同意,一致133.agriculture ['æɡrikʌltʃə] n.农业,农艺,农耕134.ahead [ə'hed] ad.在前面(头);向(朝)前;提前135.aid [eid] n.援助,救护;助手,辅助物 vi.援助,救援136.aim [eim] n.目的;瞄准 vi.(at)目的在于 vt.把…瞄准137.air [εə] n.空气;(复数)神气 vt.(使)通风;晾干138.air-conditioning n.空调设备,空调系统139.aircraft ['εəkrɑ:ft] n.飞机,飞船,飞行器140.airline ['εəlain] n.(飞机)航线 a.(飞机)航线的141.airport ['εəpɔ:t] n.机场,航空站,航空港142.aisle [ail] n.(教堂、教室、戏院等里的)过道,通道143.alarm [ə'lɑ:m] n.惊恐;警报(器) vt.惊动,惊吓;向…报警144.album ['ælbəm] "n.(同一表演者的)集锦密纹唱片;集邮册,相册"145.alcohol ['ælkəhɔl] n.酒精,乙醇;含酒精的饮料146.alert [ə'lə:t] a.机警的,警觉的;机灵的 vt.使…警觉147.alien ['eiljən] n.外侨,外国人;外星人 a.外国的;相异的148.alike [ə'laik] a.同样的,相像的ad.一样地;同程度地149.alive [ə'laiv] a.活着的;存在的;活跃的;(to)敏感的150.all [ɔ:l] a.全部的;非常的 ad.完全地,很 pron.全部151.allege [ə'ledʒ] v.断言,宣称;指控152.alleviate [ə'li:vieit] v.减轻,缓和,缓解(痛苦等)153.alliance [ə'laiəns] n.同盟,同盟国;结盟,联姻154.allocate ['æləukeit] v.分配,分派;拨给;划归155.allow [ə'lau] vt.允许,准许;承认;给予;(for)考虑到156.allowance [ə'lauəns] n.补贴,津贴;零用钱;减价,折扣;允许157.alloy "['ælɔi, ə'lɔi]" n.合金vt.将…铸成合金158.ally "['ælai, ə'lai]" n.同盟者,同盟国,vt.使结盟;与…有关联159.almost ['ɔ:lməust] adv.几乎,差不多160.alone [ə'ləun] a.单独的,孤独的 ad.单独地,独自地;仅仅161.along [ə'lɔŋ]ad.向前;和...一起,一同 prep.沿着,顺着162.alongside [ə'lɔŋ'said] ad.在旁边 prep.和...在一起;在...旁边163.aloud [ə'laud] adv.出声地,大声地164.alphabet ['ælfəbit] n.字母表;初步,入门165.already [ɔ:l'redi] ad.已,已经,早已166.also ['ɔ:lsəu] ad.而且(也),此外(还);同样地167.alter ['ɔ:ltə] vt.改变,更改;改做(衣服) vi.改变,变化168.alternate ['ɔ:ltəneit] a.交替的,轮流的 v.(使)交替,(使)轮流169.alternative [ɔ:l'tə:nətiv] n.二选一;供选择的东西;取舍a.二选一的170.although [ɔ:l'ðəu] conj.尽管,虽然...但是171.altitude ['æltitju:d] n.高度,海拔;[pl.]高处,高地172.altogether "[,ɔ:ltə'ɡeðə]" ad.完全,总之,全部地;总共;总而言之173.aluminum [ə'lju:minəm] n.(aluminium)铝174.always "['ɔ:lweiz, -wiz]" ad.总是,无例外地;永远,始终175.amateur "['æmətə, ,æmə'tə:]" a.&n.业余(水平)的(运动员、艺术家等)176.amaze [ə'meiz] vt.使惊奇,使惊愕;使困惑 vi.表现出惊奇177.ambassador [æm'bæsədə] n.大使;特使,(派驻国际组织的)代表178.ambiguous [æm'biɡjuəs] a.引起歧义的,模棱两可的,含糊不清的179.ambition [æm'biʃən] n.对(成功、权力等)的强烈欲望,野心;雄心180.ambitious [æm'biʃəs] a.有抱负的,雄心勃勃的;有野心的181.ambulance ['æmbjuləns] n.救护车,救护船,救护飞机182.amend [ə'mend] vt.修改,修订,改进183.amiable ['eimjəbl] a.和蔼可亲的,亲切的,友善的184.amid [ə'mid] prep.在…中间,在…之中,被…围绕185.among [ə'mʌŋ]prep.在…之中;在一群(组)之中;于…之间186.amount [ə'maunt] "n.总数,数量;数额 v.共计;等同,接近(to)" 187.ample ['æmpl] a.充分的,富裕的;宽敞的,宽大的188.amplifier ['æmplifaiə] n.放大器,扩大器189.amplify ['æmplifai] v t.放大,增强;详述,详加解说190.amuse [ə'mju:z] vt.向…提供娱乐,使…消遣;引人发笑191.analogue ['ænəlɔɡ] n.类似物;相似体;模拟192.analogy [ə'nælədʒi] n.类似,相似,类比,类推193.analyse ['ænəlaiz] vt.(analyze)分析,分解194.analysis [ə'næləsis] n.(pl.analyses)分析;分解195.analytic "[,ænə'litik,-kəl]" a.(analytical)分析的;分解的196.ancestor ['ænsestə] n.祖宗,祖先;原型,先驱197.anchor ['æŋkə] n./v.锚;危难时可依靠的人或物;用锚泊船198.ancient ['einʃənt] a.古代的,古老的,古式的199.and "[强 ænd, 弱ənd, ən]" conj.和,与,而且;那么;接连,又200.anecdote ['ænikdəut] n.轶事,趣闻,短故事201.angel ['eindʒəl] n.天使,安琪儿202.anger ['æŋɡə] n.愤怒,气愤 vt.使发怒,激怒 vi.发怒203.angle ['æŋɡl] n.角,角度 v.钓鱼;(采用各种方法)取得204.angry ['æŋɡri] a.生气的,愤怒的;(天气)风雨交加的205.anguish ['æŋɡwiʃ] n.(尤指心灵上的)极度痛苦,烦恼206.animal ['æniməl] n.动物,野兽,牲畜 a.动物的,野兽的207.ankle ['æŋkl]n.足踝,踝关节208.anniversary "[,æni'və:səri]" n.周年,周年纪念日209.announce [ə'nauns] v.正式宣布;发表;通告;广播(电台节目)210.annoy [ə'nɔi] vt.使恼怒,使生气;打扰 vi.招人讨厌211.annual ['ænjuəl] a.每年的,一年生的 n.年刊;一年生植物212.anonymous [ə'nɔniməs] a.匿名的,无名的,姓氏不明的213.another [ə'nʌðə] a.另一个,又,再 pron.另一个,类似的一个214.answer "['ɑ:nsə, 'æn-]" vt.回答,答复,答案v.回答,答复,响应215.ant [ænt] n.蚁;蚂蚁216.antenna [æn'tenə] n.(无线电或电视的)天线217.anticipate [æn'tisipeit] vt.预料;期望;预先考虑;抢先;提前使用218.antique [æn'ti:k] a.古式的,过时的n.有价值的古物,古董219.anxiety [æŋ'zaiəti] n.挂念,焦虑,焦急,忧虑;渴望,热望220.anxious ['ænkʃəs] a.焦虑的,担心的;急于(得到的),渴望的221.any ['eni] "a.(用于否定句、疑问句等)什么,一些;任何的"222.anybody "['eni,bɔdi]" pron.(否定句)任何人;(肯定句)随便哪个人223.anyhow ['enihau] ad.不管怎么说,无论如何;不论用何种方法224.anyone ['eniwʌn] pron.(用于疑问句,否定式)任何人225.anything ['eniθiŋ]pron.任何东西(事物);无论什么东西(事物)226.anyway ['eniwei] ad.不管怎么说,无论如何;不论以何种方式227.anywhere ['enihwεə] ad.无论哪里;(用于否定、疑问等)任何地方228.apart [ə'pɑ:t] ad.分离,离开,隔开 a.分离的,分隔的229.apartment [ə'pɑ:tmənt] n.[英]房间,套间;[美]公寓230.apologise [ə'pɔlədʒaiz] "v.(to,for)道歉,认错"231.apology [ə'pɔlədʒi] n.道歉,认错,辩解,辩护232.appal [ə'pɔ:l] v.使惊骇,使恐怖233.apparatus "[,æpə'reitəs]" n.器械,器具,仪器;机构,组织234.apparent [ə'pærənt] "a.表面上的,貌似真实的;显然的,明明白白的"235.appeal [ə'pi:l] vi.呼吁,恳求;申诉 n.呼吁;申诉;吸引力236.appear [ə'piə] vi.出现;出场;问世;仿佛;出版,发表237.appearance[ə'piərəns] n.出现,露面;外表;(在会议等)作短暂露面238.appendix [ə'pendiks] n.附录,附属物;阑尾,盲肠239.appetite ['æpitait] n.食欲,胃口;欲望,性欲;爱好,趣味240.applaud [ə'plɔ:d] vt.鼓掌欢迎;赞同 vi.鼓掌欢迎,欢呼241.applause [ə'plɔ:z] n.鼓掌;喝彩;夸奖,赞扬242.apple ['æpl] n.苹果,苹果树243.appliance [ə'plaiəns] n.电器;器械,装置;应用,适用244.applicable "['æplikəbl, ə'plikə-]" "a.可应用(实施)的;适当的,合适的"245.application "[,æpli'keiʃən]" n.申请,请求,申请书;应用,实施,实用性246.apply [ə'plai] vi.(以书面形式)申请;请求 vt.应用;实施247.appoint [ə'pɔint] vt.任命,委派;指定,约定(时间、地点等) 248.appointment [ə'pɔintmənt] "n.约会,约定;任命,委派;委任的职位"249.appraisal [ə'preizəl] n.对...作出的评价;评价,鉴定,评估250.appreciate [ə'pri:ʃieit] v t.为...表示感激,感谢;欣赏,赏识,评价251.approach [ə'prəutʃ] "v.靠近,接近n.接近;途径,入门;方式,方法"252.appropriate [ə'prəuprieit] "a.适当的,恰当的,特有的 vt.拨给,挪用,盗用"253.approval [ə'pru:vəl] n.批准,通过;赞成,同意254.approve [ə'pru:v] v.(of)赞成,赞许,同意;批准,审议,通过255.approximate a.近似的 vi.(to)接近256.April (名)四月257.apt [æpt] a.恰当的,适当的;易于…的,有…倾向的258.arbitrary ['ɑ:bitrəri] a.任意的,任性的,主观的;专断的,武断的259.arch [ɑ:tʃ] n.拱门,桥拱洞 v.拱起,(使)变成弓形260.architect ['ɑ:kitekt] n.建筑师;设计师;缔造者;创造者261.architecture ['ɑ:kitektʃə] n.建筑,建筑学;建筑式样或风格,建筑物262.area ['εəriə] n.面积;地区,地域;领域,范围263.argue ['ɑɡju:] vi.辩论,争论 vt.辩论,论证;说服,劝说264.argument ['ɑ:ɡjumənt] n.争论(吵),辩论;理由;论证265.arise [ə'raiz] v.出现,发生;(from)由…引起,由…产生266.arithmetic [ə'riθmətik] n.算术,四则运算267.arm [ɑ:m] n.手臂,扶手,臂状物 v.武装;配备 n.武器268.army ['ɑ:mi] n.军队,陆军,军;大群,大批269.around [ə'raund] ad.在...周围,到处 prep.在..四周(或附近) 270.arouse [ə'rəuz] vt.引起;激起;唤起;唤醒271.arrange [ə'reindʒ] v.安排,筹划;整理,使有条理,排列,布置272.array [ə'rei] n.大量;排列;盛装 v.列阵;装扮;排列273.arrest [ə'rest] n.逮捕,拘留,扣留vt.逮捕,拘留,扣留;阻止;吸引274.arrival [ə'raivəl] n.到达,到来;到达者,到达物275.arrive [ə'raiv] vi.到达;(时间、事件)到来,发生;达到276.arrogant ['ærəɡənt] a.傲慢的,自大的277.arrow ['ærəu] n.箭,矢,箭头符号;箭状物;278.art [ɑ:t] n.艺术,美术;技术,技艺;文科,人文科学279.artery ['ɑ:təri] n.动脉;干线,要道280.article ['ɑ:tikəl] n.文章,论文;条款,条文;物件;冠词281.articulate [ɑ:'tikjulət] a.善于表达的;口齿清晰的;有关节相连的 v.清楚地讲话282.artificial "[,ɑ:ti'fiʃəl]" a.人工的,人造的,人为的;虚伪的,做作的283.artist ['ɑ:tist] n.艺术家,美术家;(某方面的)能手284.artistic [ɑ:'tistik] a.艺术(家)的,美术(家)的;善于艺术创作的285.as ad.同样地 conj.由于;像...一样 prep.作为;如同;因为286.ascend [ə'send] vi.渐渐上升,升高vt.攀登,登上287.ascertain [ə'send] vt. 查明,确定,弄清288.ash [æʃ] n.灰,灰末;(pl.)骨灰;(pl.)废墟289.ashamed [ə'ʃeimd] a.羞愧的,惭愧的,羞耻的,害臊的290.ashore [ə'ʃɔ:] ad.上岸;在岸上,向岸上291.aside [ə'said] ad.在旁边,到一边 n.旁白;离题的话292.ask "[ɑ:sk, æsk]" vt.问,询问;请求,要求;邀请,约请293.asleep [ə'sli:p] a.睡觉,睡着的(用作表语),熟睡的294.aspect ['æspekt] "n. 外表,方面, 样子, 面貌, (问题等的) " 295.aspire [ə'spaiə] vi.(to,after)渴望,追求,有志于296.assassinate [ə'sæsineit] vt.暗杀,行刺;中伤297.assault [ə'sɔ:lt] v.猛烈地攻击,袭击 n.突然而猛烈的攻击298.assemble [ə'sembl] vt.集合,召集;装配,组装;收集vi.集合,聚集299.assembly [ə'sembli] n.集合;会议;装配;(美)洲议会的众议院300.assert [ə'sə:t] "vt.断言,宣称;坚持;维护;主张(权利、权威等)"301.assess [ə'ses] vt.(为征税)评估(财产、收入) ;评价;征税;302.asset ['æset] "n.(pl.)资产,财产;优点,长处;有价值的人或物;天赋"303.assign [ə'sain] vt. 分配,派给,;选定,指定(时间、地点等) 304.assignment[ə'sainmənt] n.分配,指派;(指定的)作业,(分派的)任务305.assimilate [ə'simileit] vt.吸收,消化;使同化 vi.被吸收;被同化306.assist [ə'sist] vt.协助,帮助,促进 vi.帮忙,参加307.assistance [ə'sistəns] n. 协助;帮助;援助;;308.assistant [ə'sistənt] a.帮助的,辅助的 n.助手,助教;辅助物309.associate [ə'səuʃieit] v t.联想;交往;联合;n.伙伴,合伙人;a副的;.联合的310.association "[ə,səusi'eiʃən]" n.联盟,协会,社团;交往,联合;联想311.assume "[ə'sju:m, ə'su:m]" vt.假装;假定,设想;承担;呈现,采取312.assumption [ə'sʌmpʃən] n.假定,设想;采取;承担;推测;假装313.assurance [ə'ʃuərəns] "n.保证,担保;确信,断言;信心,信念"314.assure [ə'ʃuə] vt.使确信,使放心;(of)向…保证/担保315.astonish [ə'stɔniʃ] vt.使惊讶,使吃惊316.astronaut ['æstrənɔ:t] n.宇航员,太空人,太空旅行者317.astronomy [ə'strɔnəmi] n.天文学318.at "[强æt, 弱ət]" prep.[表示价格、速度等]以,达;在..方面319.athlete ['æθli:t] n.运动员,体育家,身强力壮的人320.atmosphere "['ætmə,sfiə]" n.大气(层);空气;气氛,环境;大气压321.atom ['ætəm] n.原子;微粒,微量322.attach [ə'tætʃ] v.系,贴,装,连接;使依恋;使附属,使成为一部分323.attack [ə'tæk] v./n.攻击,抨击;着手,开始 n.(病)发作324.attain [ə'tein] vt.达到;完成;获得 vi.达到325.attempt [ə'tempt] vt.企图,试图 n.努力,尝试,企图326.attend [ə'tend] vt.出席,参加;照顾,护理 vi.注意;侍奉327.attendance [ə'tendəns] n.出席;出席人数;护理,照料328.attendant [ə'tendənt] n.陪从;出席人;服务员 a.出席的;伴随的329.attention [ə'tenʃən] n.注意,注意力;立正;特别照顾;照料330.attitude "['ætitju:d, -tu:d]" "n.态度,看法(to, toward, about);姿势"331.attorney [ə'tə:ni] n.(业务或法律事务上的)代理人;辩护律师332.attract [ə'trækt] "vt.引起的注意(或兴趣等),吸引;引起;激起"333.attractive [ə'træktiv] a.吸引人的,引人注意的;漂亮的,迷人的334.attribute "[ə'tribju:t, 'ætribju:t]" "v.(to)把…归因于,归属于;认为…是…所为 n.属性,品质,特征"335.auction ['ɔ:kʃən] n./vt.拍卖336.audience ['ɔ:diəns] n.听众,观众,读者;见面,会见337.audio ['ɔ:diəu] n./a.音频(响)(的);声音(的),听觉(的)338.audit ['ɔ:dit] v.审计;查帐;核对;旁听339.auditorium "[,ɔ:di'tɔ:riəm]" n.观众席,听众席;会堂,礼堂340.augment "[ɔ:ɡ'ment, 'ɔ:gmənt]" v t.(使)增大,增加,增长,扩张341.August [ɔ:'ɡʌst] n.8月342.aunt "[ɑ:nt, ænt]" n.姨母,姑母,伯母,婶母,舅母,阿姨343.aural ['ɔ:rəl] a.听觉的,听力的344.authentic [ɔ:'θentik]a.真的,真正的;可靠的,可信的,有根据的345.author ['ɔ:θə] n.作者,作家,著作人;创始人,发起人346.authority [ɔ:'θɔrəti] n.权力,权威;权威人士;(pl.)官方,当局347.auto ['ɔ:təu] n.(automobile)(口语)汽车348.automatic "[,ɔ:tə'mætik]" a.自动(装置)的;无意识的;n.自动机械349.automation"[,ɔ:tə'meiʃən]" n.自动,自动化,自动操作350.autonomy [ɔ:'tɔnəmi] n.自治,自治权;351.autumn ['ɔ:təm] n.秋,秋季;成熟期,渐衰期352.auxiliary [ɔ:ɡ'ziljəri] a.辅助的,补助的,支援的 n.辅助者,辅助设备353.avail [ə'veil] "n.[一般用于否定句或疑问句中]效用,利益"354.available [ə'veiləbl] a.(用于物)可利用的;可得到的;可见到的,接受采访的355.avenue ['ævənju:] n.林荫路,大街;(比喻)途径,渠道,方法356.average ['ævəridʒ] "n.平均,平均数 a.平均的;普通的 v.平均" 357.avert [ə'və:t] v.防止,避免;转移(目光、注意力等)358.aviation "[,eivi'eiʃən]" n.航空,航空学;飞机制造业359.avoid [ə'vɔid] vt.防止,避免;逃避,避开360.await [ə'weit] vt.等候,期待;(事情等)降临于361.awake [ə'weik] a.醒着的 vt.唤醒,使觉醒 vi.醒来,醒悟到362.award [ə'wɔ:d] "vt.授予,给予;判定 n.奖,奖金,回报;仲裁" 363.aware [ə'wεə] a.知道的,意识到的;364.away [ə'wei] ad.在远处;离开;渐渐远去;一直;去掉365.awe [ɔ:] n.敬畏,惊惧vt.使敬畏,使惊惧366.awful ['ɔ:ful] a.极度的,极坏的;威严的,可怕的367.awkward ['ɔ:kwəd] a.笨拙的;尴尬的;使用不便的;难处理的368.axe [æks] n.(ax)斧子;削减 vt.用斧子削或砍,消减369.axis ['æksis] n.轴,轴线,中心线;坐标轴,基准线370.baby ['beibi] n.婴儿;年龄最小的人;小动物 a.婴儿似的371.bachelor ['bætʃələ] n.单身汉;(亦作B-)学士(学位)372.back [bæk] a.后面的 ad.向后 v.倒退;支持 n.背;后面373.background ['bækɡraund] "n.背景,经历;幕后"374.backward ['bækwəd] "a.向后的,倒行的;迟钝的 ad.向后,朝反方向" 375.bacon ['beikən] "n.咸猪肉,熏猪肉"376.bacterium [bæk'tiəriəm] n.(pl.)bacteria 细菌377.bad [bæd] a.坏的;低劣的;不舒服的;腐败的;严重的378.badge ['bædʒ] "n.徽章,像章;标记;象征;记号"379.badly ['bædli] ad.非常,严重地;坏地,差地,拙劣地380.badminton ['bædmintən] n.羽毛球381.bag [bæɡ] n.袋,提包 v.把…装入袋中;猎杀;占有382.baggage ['bæɡidʒ] n.行李383.bait [beit] n.饵,引诱物 vt.用饵引诱;折磨,奚落384.bake [beik] "v.烤,烘,焙;烧硬,焙干"385.balance ['bæləns] "v.称,(使)平衡 n.天平;平衡,均衡;差额,余款" 386.balcony ['bælkəni] n.阳台;(电影院等的)楼厅,楼座387.bald [bɔ:ld] "a.秃的,秃头的"388.ball [bɔ:l] n.球(状物);(正式的)舞会vt.把…捏成球状389.ballet "['bælei, bæ'lei]" n.芭蕾舞,芭蕾舞剧;芭蕾舞团390.balloon [bə'lu:n] "n.气球,飞船;a.气球状的 v.乘坐气球;膨胀"391.ballot ['bælət] n.(不记名)投票;投票总数;投票权 vi.投票392.ban [bæn] "v.取缔,查禁;(from)禁止 n.禁止,禁令"393.banana "[bə'nɑ:nə, -'næ-]" n.香蕉394.band [bænd] "n.条,带;乐队;波段;一群,一伙 v.缚,绑扎"395.bandage ['bændidʒ] n.绷带 v.用绷带扎缚396.bang [bæŋ]"n.砰砰的声音;猛击 v.砰地关上,猛撞,猛击"397.bank [bæŋk]"n.银行;岸,堤;vi.存入(经营)银行;信赖"398.bankrupt ['bæŋkrʌpt] a.破产的;彻底缺乏的vt.使破产n.破产者399.banner ['bænə] n.旗(帜)400.banquet ['bæŋkwit] n.(正式的)宴会 vi.参加宴会 vt.宴情401.bar [bɑ:] "n.条,杆,闩;酒吧;栅,障碍(物) v.闩上,阻拦"402.barbecue ['bɑ:bikju:] n.烤肉;烤肉用的台架 vt.炙烤(肉等)403.barber ['bɑ:bə] n.理发师 vt.为…理发修整 vi.当理发师404.bare [bεə] "a.赤裸的,空的;稀少的,仅有的 v.露出,暴露"405.barely ['bεəli] "ad.赤裸裸地,无遮蔽地;仅仅,勉强,几乎没有" 406.bargain ['bɑ:ɡin] "n.廉价货;交易,契约,合同 v.议价,成交" 407.bark [bɑ:k] vi.(狗等)吠,叫n.吠声,叫声;树皮408.barn [bɑ:n] "n.谷仓,仓库 vt.把…贮存入仓"409.barrel ['bærəl] "n.桶;枪管,炮管"410.barren ['bærən] a.贫瘠的;不育的;(植物)不结果的;无用的411.barrier ['bæriə] "n.栅栏,屏障;障碍(物) vt.把…关入栅栏" 412.base [beis] "n.基础,底部;根据地 v.(on)把…基于"413.baseball ['beisbɔ:l] n.棒球414.basement ['beismənt] "n.建筑物的底部,地下室,地窖"415.basic ['beisik] "a.基本的,基础的"416.basin ['beisən] "n.盆,脸盆;内海,盆地"417.basis ['beisis] "n.基础,根据"418.basket "['bɑ:skit, 'bæs-]" n.筐,篮,篓419.basketball "['bɑ:skitbɔ:l, 'bæs-]" n.篮球,篮球运动420.bat [bæt] "n.球拍,球棒,短棒;蝙蝠"421.batch [bætʃ] "n.一批,一组,一群"422.bath [bɑ:θ/bæθ] "n.沐浴,洗澡;浴室(池,盆) v.(给…)洗澡" 423.bathe [beið] "v.游泳,洗澡,浸,弄湿"424.bathroom ['bɑ:θrum] "n.浴室;盥洗室,卫生间"425.battery ['bætəri] n.电池(组);(器具等的)一组,一套;炮兵连426.battle ['bætl] "n.战役,战斗;斗争 v.战斗,斗争,搏斗"427.bay [bei] "n.海湾,(港)湾"428.be "[强bi:, 弱bi]" v.(就)是,等于;(存)在;到达,来到,发生429.beach [bi:tʃ] "n.海滩,湖滩,河滩"430.beam [bi:m] "n.(横)梁,桁条;(光线的)束,柱 v.微笑"431.bean [bi:n] "n.豆;菜豆,蚕豆"432.bear [bεə] "n.熊 v.忍受,容忍;负担;结果实,生子女"433.beard [biəd] n.胡须434.bearing ['bεəriŋ]n.轴承;忍受;关系,影响;举止;方向435.beast [bi:st] "n.兽,牲畜;凶残的人,举止粗鲁的人"436.beat [bi:t] n.敲打;(心脏等)跳动 v.打败;(心脏等)跳动437.beautiful ['bju:tiful] a.美的,美丽的;出色的,完美的438.beauty ['bju:ti] n.美,美丽;美人,美丽的事物439.because [bi'kɔz] conj.因为,由于440.become [bi'kʌm] vi.变成,开始变得vt.适合,同…相称441.bed [bed] "n.床,床位;(苗)床,坛;河床,(湖、海的)底"442.bee [bi:] n.蜂,蜜蜂;忙碌的人443.beef [bi:f] n.牛肉444.beer [biə] n.啤酒445.before [bi'fɔ:] "prep.(指时间)在…以前,在..前面,在..之前" 446.beforehand[bi'fɔ:hænd] "ad.预先,事先"447.beg [beɡ] vt.请求,乞求 vi.恳请,行乞448.begin [bi'ɡin] "v.(began,begun)开始,着手"449.beginning [bi'ɡiniŋ]n.开始,开端;起源,早期阶段450.behalf [bi'hɑ:f] n.利益451.behave [bi'heiv] "v.举止,举动,表现;运转,开动"452.behavior [bi'heivjə] "n.(behaviour)行为,举止;(机器等)运转情况" 453.behind [bi'haind] prep.在...的背后,(遗留)在..后面;落后于454.being ['bi:ŋ]"n.生物,生命,存在;"455.belief [bi'li:f] n.信任,相信,信念;信仰,信条456.believe [bi'li:v] vt.相信,认为 vi.相信,信任,信奉457.bell [bel] "n.钟,铃"458.belly ['beli] n.肚子,腹部;(像肚子一样)鼓起的部分,膛459.belong [bi'lɔŋ]"v.(to)属于,附属,隶属;应归入(类别,范畴等)" 460.beloved "[bi'lʌvid, -'lʌvd]" "a./n.受爱戴的,敬爱的;爱人,被心爱的人"461.below [bi'ləu] prep.在…下面,在…以下 ad.在下面,向下462.belt [belt] "n.(皮)带,腰带;地带"463.bench [bentʃ] "n.长凳,条凳;(工作)台,座"464.bend [bend] "v.(使)弯曲;屈从,屈服 n.弯曲(处),曲折处"465.beneath [bi'ni:θ] "prep.在…下边,在…之下 ad.在下方"466.beneficial "[,beni'fiʃəl]" "a.(to)有利的,有益的"467.benefit ['benifit] "n.利益,好处,恩惠 v.有益于;(from,by)受益" 468.benign [bi'nain] "a.(病)良性的,(气候)良好的,仁慈的,和蔼的" 469.beside [bi'said] prep.在...旁边,在...附近;和...相比470.besides [bi'saidz] ad.此外;并且 prep.于…之外;除…以外471.best [best] a.最好的(good和well最高级) ad.最好地;最472.bet [bet] "v.赌,打赌 n.打赌,赌注"473.betray [bi'trei] "v.背叛,出卖;暴露,流露,泄露"474.better [betə] a.较好的 ad.更好(地) v.改良 n.较佳者475.between [bi'twi:n] prep.在…之间,在(两者)之间 ad.在中间476.beverage ['bevəridʒ] n.(水,酒等之外的)饮料477.beware [bi'wεə] "v.当心,谨防"478.bewilder [bi'wildə] "v.使迷惑,难住"479.beyond [bi'jɔnd] prep.在(或向)...的那边,远于;超出;480.bias ['baiəs] "n./v.(使有)偏见,偏心,偏袒"481.Bible n.圣经482.bibliography "[,bibli'ɔɡrəfi]" n.(有关某一专题的)书目;参考书目483.bicycle ['baisikl] n.(bike)自行车 vi.骑自行车484.bid [bid] "v.祝愿;命令,吩咐;报价,投标 n.出众,投标"485.big [biɡ] a.大的;重要的;宽宏大量的;大受欢迎的486.bill [bil] "n.账单;招贴,广告;(人员,职称等的)表;钞票"487.billion ['biljən] "num./n.(美)十亿,(英)万亿"488.bin [bin] n.(贮藏食物等用的)箱子489.bind [baind] "v.捆,绑,包括,束缚"490.biography [bai'ɔɡrəfi] n.传记;传记文学491.biology [bai'ɔlədʒi] n.生物学492.bird [bə:d] n.鸟,雀;女人;嘘声493.birth [bɑ:θ] n.出生,诞生;出身,血统;起源;出现494.birthday ['bə:θdei]n.生日;(成方)纪念日495.biscuit ['biskit] "n.饼干,点心"496.bit [bit] "n.一点,一些;小块,少量;片刻; [计]位,比特"497.bite [bait] "v./n.咬,叮 n.一口"498.bitter ['bitə] "a.(有)苦(味)的;痛苦的,厉害的"arre [bi'zɑ:] adj.异乎寻常的,稀奇古怪的500.black [blæk] a.黑(色)的;黑暗的 n.黑(色);黑暗;黑人。
临床试验常见英文缩写

临床试验常见英文缩写ADR(Adverse drug reacti on)不良反应AE(Adverse e vent)不良事件SAE(S eri ous Adverse E vent)严重不良事件CRF(Case re port form/case record form)病例报告表CRO(C ontract resea rch organi zation)合同研究组织EC(Ethi cs C ommittee)伦理委员会GCP(Good cli nical practi ce)药品临床试验管理规范EDC(Elect ronic data ca pt ure)电子数据采集IB(Inves tiga tor's Brochure)研究者手册ND (Not D one) 未做NA (Not Applica ble) 不适用UK (Unknown) 未知PI(Pri ncipal investi gat or )主要研究者Sub-I(Sub-investi gat or) 助理研究者QA(Qualit y ass urance) 质量保证QC(Quality control) 质量控制SDV(S ource data veri ficati on)原始资料核对SD(S ource data)原始数据SD(S ource document ) 原始文件SFDA 国家食品药品监督管理局SOP(Sta ndard operating proce dure) 标准操作规程IRB 机构审查委员会ICF(Informe d C onse nt Form) 知情同意书TMF(trial mast er file)研究管理文件夹临床试验常见英文单词A•Active control ,AC阳性对照,活性对照阳性对照,活性对照•Adverse drug rea cti on ,ADR药物不良反应药物不良反应•Adverse e ve nt ,AE不良事件•Approval批准•Assista nt i nvesti gat or 助理研究者•Audi t 稽查•Audi t re port稽查报告•Audi tor 稽查员B•Bias偏性,偏倚•Bla nk control空白对照•Bli nding/masking 盲法,设盲•Bl ock 层C•Case hist ory 病历•Case re port form/case record form ,CRF 病例报告表,病例记录表•Clini cal st udy 临床研究•Clini cal t rial 临床试验•Clini cal t rial a pplicati on ,CTA 临床试验申请•Clini cal t rial e xempti on ,CT X 临床试验免责•Clini cal t rial prot ocol ,CT P 临床试验方案•Clini cal t rial/st udy re port临床试验报告•COA(药品检测报告)•Co-i nvesti gator 合作研究者•Comparis on 对照•Complia nce依从性•Computer-assiste d t rial desi gn ,CATD计算机辅助试验设计•Contra ct research organi zati on ,CR O 合同研究组织•Contra ct/agreeme nt协议/合同•Coordi nati ng committee协调委员会•Coordi nati ng investi gat or 协调研究者•Cross-over study 交叉研究•Cure 痊愈•CTRB 临床试验文件夹D•Docume ntati on 记录/文件•Dose-reacti on relati on 剂量—反应关系•Double bli nding 双盲•Double dummy te chni que双盲双模拟技术E•Electronic data ca pt ure ,EDC电子数据采集系统•Electronic data processi ng ,EDP 电子数据处理系统•Endpoi nt crite ria/meas ure ment 终点指标•Essential docume ntati on 必需文件•Exce llent显效•Excl usi on cri teria排除标准F•Fail ure无效,失败•Fi nal report总结报告•Fi nal point 终点•Force d titra tion 强制滴定G&H•Global全球•Generi c drug 通用名药•Good clini cal practice ,GC P 药物临床试验质量管理规定•Good manufact ure practice ,GMP 药品生产质量管理规范•Good non-cli nical labora tory practi ce ,GLP 药物非临床研究质量管理规范•Health economi c e valuati on ,HEV健康经济学评价•Hypot hesis tes ting 假设检验I•Improve me nt好转•Incl usion criteria 入选标准•Inde pe ndent et hics committ ee ,IEE独立伦理委员会•Informati on gathe ring 信息收集•Informe d conse nt form ,ICF 知情同意书•Informe d conse nt ,IC 知情同意•Initial meeti ng 启动会议•Inspe cti on 视察/检查•Institution i ns pecti on 机构检查•Institutional revie w board ,IBR 机构审查委员会•Intenti on t o treat意向治疗•Interacti ve voice res ponse s yste m ,IVRS互动式语音应答系统•Interna tional C onfere nce on Harmonizati on ,ICH国际协调会议•Investi gati onal new drug ,IND新药临床研究•Investi gati onal product试验药物•Investi gat or 研究者•Investi gat or’s brochure ,IB 研究者手册L•Local局部M&N•Marketi ng approval/aut horizati on 上市许可证•Matche d pair 匹配配对•M onit or 监查员•M onit ori ng 监查•M onit ori ng re port监查报告•Mul ti-center t rial 多中心试验•Ne w che mical entit y ,NCE新化学实体•Ne w drug appli cati on ,NDA 新药申请•Non-clini cal st udy 非临床研究O•Obe die nce依从性•Opti onal titrati on 随意滴定•Ori gi nal me dical record 原始医疗记录•Outcome结果•Outcome assess me nt结果指标评价•Outcome meas ure ment结果指标P•Patie nt file病人指标•Patie nt hist ory 病历•Pla cebo 安慰剂•Pla cebo cont rol安慰剂对照•Pre cli nical s tudy 临床前研究•Pri nci ple investi gat or ,PI 主要研究者•Product li ce nse ,PL 产品许可证•Prot ocol试验方案•Prot ocol ame ndment方案补正Q&R•Qualit y ass urance ,QA 质量保证•Qualit y ass urance unit ,QAU 质量保证部门•Qualit y control ,QC 质量控制•Randomi zati on 随机•Regulat or y a uthorit ies ,RA 监督管理部门•Repl icati on 可重复•Run i n 准备期S•Sample size样本量,样本大小•Seri ous a dve rse e vent ,SAE严重不良事件•Seri ous a dve rse rea cti on ,SAR严重不良反应•Seri ous ness严重性•Se verit y 严重程度•Si mpl e ra ndomizati on 简单随机•Single blindi ng 单盲•Site a udit试验机构稽查•S ource data ,SD原始数据•S ource data veri fi cati on ,SD V 原始数据核准•S ource document ,SD 原始文件•S pons or 申办者•S pons or-investi gat or 申办研究者•Standard operati ng proce dure ,S OP 标准操作规程•Statisti cal a nalysis plan ,S AP 统计分析计划•Study a udit研究稽查•Subgroup 亚组•Sub-investi gat or 助理研究者•Subje ct受试者•Subje ct diary 受试者日记•Subje ct e nroll ment受试者入选•Subje ct e nroll ment l og 受试者入选表•Subje ct i de nti ficati on code ,S IC受试者识别代码•Subje ct re cruit ment受试者招募•Subje ct s cree ning l og 受试者筛选表•System audit系统稽查T&U•Trial e rr or 试验误差•Trial maste r file试验总档案•Trial objective试验目的•Trial si te 试验场所•Tri ple bli nding 三盲•Unbli ndi ng 破盲•Une xpe cte d a dverse e ve nt ,UAE预料外不良事件V&W•Varia bilit y 变异•Visual anal ogy scale直观类比打分法•Vul nera ble subject 弱势受试者•Was h-out清洗期•Well-bei ng 福利,健康EDC 系统常见英文缩写•1.SCR (screeni ng) 筛选•2.DOV (date of visit) 访视第一天•3.ELIG ( ELIGIBILITY ) 入排合格•4.DEM ( DEM OGRAPHY )人口统计学•5.MEDS X (me dical hist ory) 既往史•MH X1 : CANCER RELATED C URRENT MEDIC AL CONDIT IONS该肿瘤手术史及肿瘤相关症状•MH X2 : NON-CANCER RE LATED MEDICAL C ONDITIONS•与该肿瘤无关的病史•6.VS /V ITALS ( V ITAL S IGNS ) 生命体征•7.ECOG/PS体能评分note:后面具体讲解•8. EC G : 12-LE AD EC G 心电图•9. ECH O ( ECH OCARD IOGRAM ) 超声心动图•10. H AEMA ( LOCAL LABORAT ORY –HAEM ATOLOGY )血常规•11. C HEM ( LOC AL LABORAT ORY–CLINICAL CHEM ISTRY )血生化•12. URIN ( uri ne ) 尿常规•13. C1 ( C ycle1 ) 第一周期•14. WD : E nd of T hera py/D ISCONTINUAT ION 结束治疗(停止用药)•15. FU ( Foll ow-up ) 随访•16.CMED( C ONCOM ITANT MED ICAT IONS ) 伴随药物•17. AE ( NON-SERIOUS ADVERSE EVENTS ) 不良事件•18. S AE ( SER IOUS ADVERSE E VENTS ) 严重不良事件•19. E OS( E nd of St udy ) 结束研究:肿瘤以病人死亡事件为准•20. UNS ( Unsche dule d Visit ) 不预期访问•21.ND (Not D one) 未做•22. NA (Not Appli cable) 不适用• (Unknown) 未知临床试验常见语句描述一. 临床试验过程描述1)一般描述:1. Subje ct was diagnosed wit h XX i n S ept ember, 2010, and ha d XX s urgery i n De ce mbe r, 2010.患者于2010 年9 月确诊XX 疾病,于2010 年12 月行XX 术。
adverse 和 averse 的用法区别

有些单词的拼写差很多意思却相近,如之前的movement 和locomotion,有些单词发音一样,意思却完全不同,如之前的 bare 和bear,有的单词拼写基本上一样,却没什么关联,如adverse 和averse,后者比前者少一个字母“d“,两者都是形容词。
一、adverse 意为”不利的,有害的,反面的“,例如:Adverse conditions including rain, snow, ice and fog affect your visibility.雨、雪、冰和雾等不利条件会影响能见度。
He is not responsible for the adverse events in your life.他对你生活中的不良事件不负责任。
They have attracted strong adverse criticism.他们已招致强烈非难。
This drug is known to have adverse side effects.众所周知,这种药具有不良副作用。
它的同义词有hostile, unfavourable 和harmful,例如:Hostile:They endured adverse weather conditions.他们经受了恶劣的天气条件。
Unfavorable:Your decision will have an adverse impact.你的决定将产生不利影响。
Harmful:Strong coffee has an adverse effect on me.浓咖啡对我有不良影响。
二、averse 意为”不喜欢;不想做;反对做“,后面通常跟介词to,例如:Are you averse to hunting?你反对打猎吗?The company staff are averse to change.公司职员不愿改变。
I mentioned it to Kate and she wasn't averse to the idea.我向凯特提起这个想法,她不反对。
PETS5词汇表

Aa(an) art.一,一个,每个;(同类事物中的)任何一个abandon n.放任v.放弃;抛弃;离弃abbreviate vt.缩写,略写abbreviation n.缩写词,缩写形式;缩写,略写abdomen n.腹(部)(包括胃、肠及消化器官)abide v.遵守,服从;承受;忍受ability n.能力,本领;才能,技能able adj.能(够),会;能干的;聪明的abnormal adj.不正常的,反常的aboard adv.在船(飞机、车上);上船(飞机、车)prep.在船(飞机、火车)上,上船(飞机、火车等)abolish v.废除;消除abolition n.废除;废除奴隶制度abound vi.大量存在;丰富,富于;充足,充满about prep.关于,对于,涉及;在…周围(附近) above prep.在…之上(上面);(数目、价格等)大于;高于abreast adv. 并肩,并排abridge vt. 缩短;减少…篇幅;节略abroad adv.出国,在国外abrupt adj.突然的;出其不意的;陡峭的;(举止、言谈等)唐突的;鲁莽的absence n.缺席,不在;缺席的时间,外出期;缺乏,不存在absent adj.缺席的,不在的;缺乏的absolute adj.十足的;完全的,绝对的;专制的absorb vt.吸收,汲取;吸引absorption n.吸收;专心abstract adj.抽象的n.摘要,梗概vt.提练,取出absurd adj.愚蠢的;荒唐的abundance n.充裕,丰富abundant adj.大量的,充足的;丰富的,富裕的abuse v.辱骂;滥用;虐待n.辱骂;滥用;虐待academic adj.院校的;学术的;纯理论的academy n.学院,大学,研究院accelerate v.加速;促进acceleration n.加速;促进;加速,加速度accent n.重音;口音accept v.承认;接受acceptable adj.可接受的;受欢迎的acceptance n.接受;赞同,承认access n.进入;接近(或进入、享用)的机会;通道accessory adj.附属的n.附件accident n.故事;意外事件accidental adj.意外的;偶然的accommodate v.容纳;向…提供;使适应,顺应accommodation(s) n.住宿accompany vt.陪同,陪伴;为…伴奏;伴随,和…一起发生accomplish vt.完成;做成功accord vi.相符合,相一致vt.(正式)授予,给与n.一致,符合,和谐accordance n.一致;依照,依据according(to) prep.根据…,按照;据…所说,按…所载accordingly adv.因此;相应地account n.账(目,户);叙述,说明vi.说明,解释(原因等)accountant n.会计师,会计员accumulate v.堆积;积累;积聚accuracy n.准确(性);精确(性)accurate adj.准确的,精确的;正确无误的accuse v.控告;指责accustom v.使习惯accustomed adj.习惯的ace n.A纸牌;(在某一方面)成绩超群的人,佼佼者adj.第一流的,杰出的ache n. & v.疼痛achieve v.实现,完成;达到,得到acid adj.酸的,酸味的;尖刻的,刻薄的n.酸,酸性物质acknowledge vt.承认;接受;答谢,鸣谢;表示注意到acquaint v.使认识;使了解acquaintance n.相识的人,熟人;相识;熟悉acquire v. 取得,得到;学到acquisition n.获得;得到的东西或人acre n.英亩;土地,耕地,地产;大量acrobat n.杂技演员;立场观点善变的人across prep.横穿,穿过;在…对面act n.行为,做事v.扮演,行动,起作用acting adj.代理的n.(尤指舞台上或影片中)表演的艺术,演技action n.行动;行为;作用activate v.使活动起来;使开始起作用active adj.积极的,活跃的,起作用的,主动的activity n.活动;活跃,能动性actor n.男演员actress n.女演员actual adj.实际的,真实的,事实上的acupuncture n.针刺,针刺疗法acute adj.严重的;尖锐的,敏锐的;剧烈的,厉害的AD(=A.D.) 公元ad(=advertisement) n.广告adapt v.(使)适应,适合;改编,改写adaptation n.改编本;改编,改写;适应add v.加,增加addict vt.使沉溺于…的嗜好,对…有瘾n.入迷的人,有瘾的人addiction n.沉溺,癖好addition n.(增)加,加法;增加(物)additional adj.附加的,另外的,额外的address n.地址,住址;演说,讲话v.在(信封和包裹上)写姓名地址,向…作正式讲话,对…发表演说,称呼adequate adj.充分的,足够的;恰当的;差强人意的,勉强的adhere vi.胶着,粘附;坚持adjacent adj.(与to连用)邻近,毗连的vt.与……相连vi.靠近,毗连着adjective n.形容词adj.形容词的adjoin v.邻近;与…相接adjourn vt.休(会),延(期);(常幽默)(在一起吃东西、交谈、争论的群人为了休息而)变换地方adjust v.调节,改变…以适应;校正,调整administer(=administrate)vt.管理(公司、政府事务等),支配;实施,执行;给予,派给;给…服药;主持…的仪式vi.帮助,照料;执行(受托人的)职责;处理事务administration n.管理;行政机关;(总统制国家)政府admirable adj.值得羡慕的,可敬佩的;绝好的admiration n.赞赏,钦佩;令人赞美的人或物admire v.钦佩,欣赏;称赞,夸奖;想要,喜欢;惊讶,惊异admission n.进入;入场券,门票费;承认,供认admit v.承认,供认;准许…进入,接纳adolescent adj.青春期的n.青少年adopt v.收养;采用,采纳;正式通过adoption n.采取;正式通过;收养adore vt.崇拜;敬爱,敬重,爱慕adult adj. 成年的,已成熟的n. 成年人advance v.前进,进展;推进,促进;把…提前n.前进,进展advanced adj.先进的,高级的,前进的;现代(化)的advantage n.有利条件,优点;好处,利益advantageous adj.有利的;有益的adventure n.冒险(性),冒险活动;异乎寻常的经历,奇遇adverb n.(复数adverbs[-z])(语法)副词adverbial adj.状语的,副词的n.状语adverse adj.不友好的,敌对的;不利的,有害的;(方向上)逆的,(位置上)相反的advertise(=advertize) v.做广告advice n.劝告,忠告,意见advisable adj.适当的;明智的;可取的advise v.劝告,忠告,向…提供意见;建议;通知adviser n.顾问advisory adj.(有能力或义务提供)劝告的,(供)咨询的advocate n.辩护律师;拥护者,提倡者v.拥护;提倡;主张aerial adj.航空的,空中的aeronautics n.航空学;飞行术,飞行学aerospace n.太空;宇宙空间affair n.事情,事件;事务;(个人的)事affect v.影响;感动affection n.喜爱;慈爱;钟爱之情,感情affectionate adj.表示爱的,充满深情的,温柔亲切的affiliate vt.使隶属(或附属)于,使成为会员n.成员,附属机构,分公司affirm v.断言,声言;确认;陈述affirmative adj.肯定的,积极的,乐观的n.肯定词;肯定的陈述afflict vt.使(身体或精神)受痛苦,折磨affluent adj.富裕的,富足的;充裕的,富饶的afford v.买得起,负担得起;提供,给予afraid adj.恐惧的,害怕的;遗憾的,恐怕Africa n.非洲African n.非洲人adj.非洲(人)的after prep. 在…以后,在…后面adv. 以后,后来conj. 在…后afternoon n.下午afterward(s) adv.后来;以后again adv.再一次,又一次;(回)到原处(或原来状态等);而且,再则against prep.逆,反对,违反;倚在,紧靠着;以…为背景(或衬托);为…作防备(或准备);以…为抵御(或抵抗)对象;…而…;在…的对面age n.年龄;成年,老年;寿命;时代,时期;很长一段时间v.(使)显老;(使)变陈旧;(使)老化agency n.媒介;代理处agenda n.议程agent n.代理人;代理商aggravate v.加剧,使恶化;(口)使惹恼,激怒aggress v.攻击;侵犯aggressive adj.侵犯的,侵略的;活跃有为的,积极进取的agitate v.鼓动,煽动,搅动(液体等);使激动,使狂躁不安ago adv.以前,…之前agonize(=agonise) vi.感到极度痛苦,烦恼vt.使极度痛苦,折磨agony n.痛苦,苦恼agree v.同意,赞同;答应;相符;适合agreeable adj.令人愉快的;准备同意的agreement n.协定,协议;同意;一致agricultural adj.农业的agriculture n.农业;农学ahead adv.在前面;向前aid n.援助,救护;助手,辅助物,辅助设备v.帮助,援助,救援ail vt.使受病痛,使苦恼vi.感到不舒服,生病ailment n.疾病(尤指微恙),病痛;失调aim vi.瞄准,针对;目的在于,旨在n.目标,目的;瞄准,对准air n.空气,大气;天空中v.通风,晾干,使公开aircraft n.航空器;飞机;飞船airline n.航线;航空公司airmail n.航空邮政;航空邮件airplane(=areoplane) n.飞机airport n.机场,航空站airway n.(矿井的)风道,风巷;(肺的)气道,(麻醉时把空气导入肺部用的)导气管;航空路线,航路airy adj.通风的;虚幻的,不真实;轻快的,轻盈的;(贬义)无实质的,空虚的aisle n.(教堂、礼堂、剧院、课堂等处)座席间的纵直通道,走道;(教堂的)耳堂,侧廊roll in the aisles(剧院的观众)笑得不可开交ajar adv. & adj.(不用在名词前)(指门)未完全关上(的),半开着(的),半开半闭(的);不协调(的),不一致(的)alarm n.惊恐,惊慌;警报v.使惊恐,惊动,惊吓;向…报警album n.贴照片、邮票、简报、图片等之簿册;唱片,唱片集alcohol n.酒精;含酒精的饮料ale n.牙酒(啤酒之一种,尤指颜色淡者(比一般啤酒含更多的酒精));(英国乡村的)麦芽酒节alert adj.惊醒的,警觉的n.警报;警戒(状态),戒备(状态)v.使警觉algebra n.代数alien adj.外国的;相异的n.外侨alight不用在名词前vi.(从马背、飞机、或车上等处)下来;(雪花等)飘落,(阳光)射下,(鸟、飞机等)飞落;忽然发现,偶然碰见adv. & adj.燃烧着(的),点亮着(的)alike adj.相同的,很像的adv.相同地,一样地alive adj.活着的;有活力的,活跃的all adj.所有的,一切的;整个的,全部的;极度的,尽量的adv.完全地,很n.全体;一切allege v.断言,宣称alleviate v.使(痛苦等)易于忍受,减轻,缓和alley n.小巷,后街,弄;(花园里两边有树篱的)小径;(九柱戏或保龄球的)球道a blind alley死胡同;没有前途的职业up sb.’s alley 配某人胃口的;与某人才能相称的alliance n.联合;联盟allied adj.联合的,同盟的allocate v.分配,配给;把…划归allow v.允许,准许;让…得到,许可;allowance n.允许,准许;津贴;折扣alloy n.合金ally n.同盟者,同盟国v.结成同盟almond n.杏仁,扁桃(树),巴旦杏(树);类似扁桃的果子,类似扁桃树的树;杏仁状的东西;杏仁色,淡黄褐色adj.杏仁制的;杏仁味的;杏仁状(或色的)almost adv.几乎;差不多alms n.布施,施舍alone adj.单独的,孤独的;单单,仅adv.单独地,独自地;仅仅,只along adv.向前;一起,一道prep.沿着alongside adv.并排地prep.在…旁边;靠着aloud adv.出声地,大声地alphabet n.字母表;初级;入门alphabetic(al) adj.依字母顺序的;字母的already adv.已经also adv.同样,也,而且alter v.变样;改动,改变alteration n.改变,变更alternate adj.轮流的;交替的;预备的n.代理人,替换物v.交替,轮流alternative adj.两者挑一的;选择的n.替换物,取舍;选择的余地although conj.虽然;尽管altitude n.高度(海拔);高处altogether adv.完全,全部地;总共;总之aluminum(=aluminium) n.铝always adv.总是;始终,一直am v.be动词的第一人称单数现在式A.M.(=a.m.) abbr.上午;午前amateur adj.业余的n.业余爱好者;非专业人员amaze vt.使惊奇,使惊愕,使惊叹ambassador n.大使amber n.琥珀;琥珀色,黄色,黄褐色;(指挥交通的)黄灯,(舞台)黄色聚光灯adj.琥珀制的,琥珀似的;琥珀色的ambiguity n.含糊不清,不明确,歧义,模棱两可,可作多种解释;意义含糊不清的词句,模棱两可的话,可作多种解释的词句ambiguous adj.模棱两可的ambition n.雄心,野心,抱负;企望得到的东西ambitious adj.有野心的;劲头十足的ambulance n.救护车;野战医院amend v.改正;修正;修改vt.a mends (复数)改正;make~(因…而)赔偿,赔罪America n.美洲;美国American adj.美洲(人)的,美国(人)的n.美洲人;美国人amiable adj.和蔼可亲的;友善的;亲切的;令人愉悦的amid prep.在…中间,在…之中ammunition n.弹药,军火;(喻)炮弹(指可用来攻击别人或为自己辩护的材料、依据等)among(st) prep.在…之中,在…中间amount n.数量,总额vi.合计,总共达;等于ampere n.安培(电流单位)ample adj.充分的,充裕的;宽敞的,宽大的,指人高大的,丰满的amplifier n.放大器amplify vt.引申;详述;使充分详尽;增强,放大(声音);扩大;使加大amuse vt.使开心,使发笑;给…提供娱乐amusement n.(C)娱乐,消遣;(U)开心,愉悦,乐趣an art.用在元音字母前代替不定代词analog(ue) n.类似物,类似情况analogy n.类似;比拟;类推法analysis n.分析;解析analytic(al) adj.分析的;解析的analyze(=analyse) v.分析,分解;解析anarchy n.无政府(状态),(由于无政府而产生的)政治混乱,无法无天;无政府主义;无秩序,混乱ancestor n.祖先;祖宗ancestry n.(总称)祖先,列祖列宗;世系,血统anchor n.锚;给人安全感之物(或人),精神支柱v.抛锚,停留;固定,扎根ancient adj.古代的;古老的n.古时的人;老年人and conj.和angel n.天使;可爱的人anger n.怒;愤怒v.使发怒;激怒angle n.角;角度angry adj.愤怒的,生气的;(风、雨等)狂暴的anguish n.(心灵)极大的痛苦vt.使痛苦animal n.动物adj.动物的,动物制成的animate adj.有生命的,活泼的vt.使有活力;给…以生命;激励,鼓励animated adj.栩栩如生的;能活动的;动画片(的)ankle n.踝;踝节部annihilate vt.歼灭,彻底击溃;取消,使无效anniversary adj.周年的n.周年纪念日announce v.宣布,宣告;声称,述说announcer n.宣告者,播音员,报幕员annoy v.使生气,使烦恼annoyance n.恼怒,烦恼;打扰,骚扰;使人烦恼的事情,讨厌的东西(或人)annual adj.每年的;年度的n.年报;年鉴anonymous adj.无名的;匿名的;不知名的another adj.又一的,再一的;另一的,别的pron.再一个,另一个answer n.回答,复信;答案,解决办法v.回答;答复ant n.蚁antagonism n.对抗;敌对antagonist n.对手;对抗者;敌手Antarctic adj.南极的;南极圈的n.南极区;南极圈antecedent n.前世,前情;(语)先行词;(常作antecedents)经历,履历,学历,祖先;前身adj.先时的,先前的;先行的antenna n.(动)触角;天线anthem n.圣歌,赞美诗;任何赞美的歌曲anthropology n.人类学anticipate v.预期,预料,期待;抢先antique adj.古时的,古老的;古罗马的,古希腊的;(经营)古董的n.古玩,古董antiquity n.古代,古老;古代人,古人;(常作antiquities)古迹,古代风俗antonym n.反义词anxiety n.焦虑,挂念,担心,不安;渴望anxious adj.忧虑的,担心的,焦急的;渴望的any adj.一些,什么;任何的,任一的pron.无论哪个,无论哪些;一个,一些anybody pron.任何人anyhow adv.不管怎么说;无论如何anyone pron.任何人anything pron.任何事情;任何东西anytime adv.任何时候,无论何时anyway adv.无论如何;至少anywhere adv.任何地方,无论哪里;随便什么地方apart adv.拆开;分离,分开;相距,相隔apartment n.一套(公寓)房间ape n.类人猿;模仿者apologize(=apologise) v.道歉;认错apology n.[C]道歉;认错apostrophe n.撇号(即’)省字号;所有格符号apparatus n.仪器,设备;器官apparel vt.(文语)穿衣;(尤指)盛装n.(尤指精致或特别的)衣服;外表,外观apparent adj.明显的,清楚的,显而易见的;表面上的appeal n.要求,呼吁;感染力appear v.出现,露面,来到;看来好像,似乎;出版,发表appearance n.出现,出场,露面;外观,外貌,外表appendix n.(书末的)附录;阑尾appetite n.食欲,胃口;欲望,爱好,要求appetizer(=appetiser)n.(餐前的)开胃小吃(或饮料);(喻)吊起胃口的东西applaud v.喝彩,称赞;鼓掌applause n.鼓掌;欢呼;喝彩;称赞apple n.苹果appliance n.设备;器械;装置;适用;应用applicable adj.能应用的;可适用的;适当的applicant n.申请人application n.应用,适用;申请书,申请;施用,敷用;涂抹apply v.适用,适合;应用,运用;敷用,涂抹appoint v.任命,委任;约定;下定,制令(法律等);装备,布置appointment n.约定,约会;任命,选派;委派的职位;设备,陈设appraisal n.鉴定;评价;估价appreciable adj.可估计的;(大得)可以看到(或感觉到)的appreciate vt.感激;鉴赏,欣赏,赏识;明白,充分了解apprehension n.忧虑,担心;理解,领悟apprentice n.学徒;初学者,生手vt.使…当学徒approach vt.靠近,接近,临近;对付,处理n.接近,靠近;方法,途径,态度appropriate adj.恰当的,相称的approval n.赞同;批准approve v.称许,赞成;通过,批准approximate adj.大概的;近似的vt.接近,近似;使接近(to)vi.接近(to)approximately adv.近似地;大约地apricot n.杏;杏黄April n.四月apron n.围裙;停机坪;(舞)台口;(汽车的)回车场apt adj.易于…的;聪明的,善于…的;恰当的be apt to 易于…的aptitude n.倾向,习性;天资,才能Arabia n.阿拉伯半岛(亚洲西南部)Arabian adj.阿拉伯的n.[C]阿拉伯人Arabic n.阿拉伯语adj.阿拉伯人的,阿拉伯语的;阿拉伯(半岛)的;阿拉伯字母的,阿拉伯数字的arable adj.适于耕种的,可开垦的n.可耕地;耕地arbitrary adj.专横的,武断的;任意的,随心所欲的;专制的arbitrate vi.进行仲裁,作出公断vt.裁决,公断arc n.弧;弧形物vt.循弧线行进;成弧形arch n.[C]拱,拱门,弓形结构v.(使)成弓形;用拱连接archaeologist n.考古学家archaeology n.考古学;(总称)古代文物,古代文化遗址archaic adj.过时的,已不通用的;古代的,原始的;过时的,陈旧的archbishop n.大主教,主教长architect n.建筑师,设计师;设计者,策划者architecture n.建筑学,建筑式样;结构archive n.(常作archives)档案馆,档案室;档案,公文,记录vt.把…存(归)档arctic adj.北极的;极为寒冷的n.[单数]北极;北极地区ardent adj.热切的,热烈的;炽热的,高热的;燃烧的are v.be的现在式第一、第二、第三人称复数area n.面积;地区,区域;领域,范围arena n.(古罗马圆形剧场中曲之)竞技场;围起来供表演娱乐的场所;(竞赛或搏斗的)场所argue vi.争论,争吵,争辩vt.辩论;极力说服argument n.辩论,争论;论据,论点arid adj.(气候、地区等)干燥的;不毛的,贫瘠的;枯燥的,无生气的;无趣味的arise v.起来,升起;出现;由…引起;起床aristocrat n.(一个)贵族;有贵族气派(或观点)的人;(同类事物中)胜过其他者aristocratic adj.(属于)贵族的;有贵族气派的;主张贵族统治的arithmetic n.算术学;算术arm n.臂,前肢;[常用复数]武器v.武装,装备armament n.(常作armaments)(一国的)军备,军事力量;(战舰、飞机等之)武器及装甲armchair n.扶手椅;(坐在扶手椅里所作的)空想,想象adj.空想的,不切实际的;假想身临其境的,非亲身经历的armistice n.停战,休战armo(u)r n.盔甲;潜水服,甲壳;(总称)(军舰、飞机、坦克等的)装甲;(总称)装甲部队,装甲(兵)vt.为…装甲,给…穿盔甲;为…提供防御arms n.武器,兵种army n.[C]陆军,[总称]军队around prep.在…四周,围绕;在…各处,遍及adv.在周围,到处;附近arouse v.唤醒,惊醒;引起,激起arrange v.整理,分类;安排;商定,约定array n.排列,队形;显眼的一系列;大量v.整队,排列arrest v.& n.(U)逮捕,扣留arrival n.(U)到达,抵达;(C)到达者或物arrive v.到达,到来;来临arrogant adj.傲慢的,自大的arrow n.箭;箭号;箭状物art n.美术,艺术;技术,技艺;文科article n.文章,论文;(物品)的一件,物品,商品;条款,条文articulate adj.接合起来的;发音清晰的;表达力强的,能说话的artificial adj.人造的;人工的;假的artist n.艺术家;美术家artistic(al) adj.艺术的;艺术家的;艺术性强的as conj.当…的时候,随着…;照…的方式,如同;因为,由于;为了;尽管,虽然;prep.像…;作为,如同adv.同样,一样ascend v.上升,生高;登,攀登;追溯ascertain v.查明;弄清;确定ash n.灰(烬)ashamed adj.惭愧的;羞耻的;害臊的ashore adv.在岸上;在陆上;登陆ashtray n.烟灰缸,烟灰盘Asia n.亚洲Asain adj.亚洲的,亚洲人的n.亚洲人aside adv.到(向)一边;在旁边ask v.问;询问;请求;要求(得到)索(价)asleep adj.睡着的aspect n.模样,面貌;方位,方向;方面;(动词的)体aspiration n.强烈的愿望,志向,抱负;渴望达到的目的;送气音aspire vi.渴望;追求;有志于aspirin n.阿司匹林,乙酰水杨酸ass n.驴;傻瓜,固执的人;(美俚)屁股assassinate vt.暗杀,行刺;诋毁,糟踏(名誉等)assault n.& v.攻击,袭击assemble vt.聚集,集合;装配,组装收集vi.集合聚集assembly n.集会,集合,会议;装配;与会者assert v.断言,宣称,维护assess vt.估计;估算;估价;评估;评价;向…征税;罚款(on);估定(税款等的)数额(in,at)assessment n.估价;被估定的金额;评价,估计;看法assign v.分配,指定;转让;委派n.分配者;委派者;(权利的)转让人;让与人assignment n.分配,指定;(分派的)任务assimilate v.吸收(食物、思想、文化);同化(民族、语言等);把…比作assist v.帮助,援助;出席assistance n.帮助;援助assistant n.助手;助理;助教associate adj.合伙的;副的n.合伙人;同事v.交往,结交;使发生联系,联想association n.协会,团体;联合,合作,交往;联想assort vt.把…分类;把…归为一类assume vt.假定,设想;承担,采取assumption n.假定,设想;承担assurance n.确信,把握;保证,承诺,担保;保险,人寿保险;自信assure vt.使确信,使有信心;保证,担保asterisk n.星号(即*);星状物vt.加星号于astonish v.使惊讶astronaut n.宇航员astronomer n.天文学家astronomical adj.天文学的,天文的,天体的;极巨大的astronomy n.天文学at prep.在…里,在…上,靠近…;向,朝;[时间上]在;从事于,忙于;在…方面atheistic(al) adj.无神论的athlete n.运动员Atlantic adj.大西洋的n.[单数]大西洋atlas n.地图册atmosphere n.大气,空气;大气层;气氛,环境atmospheric adj.大气的;空气的;大气所引起的;有…气氛的atom n.原子atomic adj.(关于)原子的;原子能的;极微小的attach v.缚,系,贴;附加;隶属attaché n.(外交使团的)专员;(使馆、公使馆的)随员attack v.攻击,进攻,抨击n.攻击,进攻,抨击;(疾病)发作;开始attain vt.(长期努力后)达到,获得attempt n.企图,尝试,努力v.企图,试图,试图做attend v.出席,参加;看管,照料,关心attendance n.到场,出席;出席人数;伺候,照料attendant adj.在场的,出席的;伴随的n.待者;仆人;服务人员attention n.注意,关心;立正姿势,立正口令attentive adj.注意的,留心的;关心的,体贴的attic n.顶楼;阁楼attire vt.穿着;装扮n.服饰;衣服attitude n.态度,看法;姿势,姿态attorney n.代理人;律师(类)attract v.吸引;引起…的注意;引起(兴趣或好感等)attraction n.吸引;诱惑;吸引力;引力attractive adj.迷人的;有吸引力的attribute vt.把…归于;认为是…的结果n.属性,品质,特征auction n.拍卖;叫牌vt.拍卖audible adj.听得见的audience n.听众,观众,读者audio adj.音频的;声音的,放音的n.音频信号;音响装置auditorium n.听众席,观众席;(美)会堂,礼堂augment v.扩大;增加(正式)August n.八月(略作Aug.)aunt n.姑母;姨母;伯母;婶母;舅母aural adj.听觉的,听力的Australia n.澳大利亚Australian adj.澳大利亚的n.澳大利亚人authentic adj.可靠的,可信的;真的,逼真的authenticity n.可靠性,真实性;(口)真诚author n.作者;著者,创始人;发起人authority n.权力,职权;权威;当局,官方authorize(=authorise) vt.授权,委托;批准,许可autobiography n.自传automate vt.使自动化vi.自动化,采用自动化技术automatic adj.自动的;习惯性的;不经思考的;无意识的n.自动手枪;有自动装置的汽车automation(=auto)n.自动化automobile(=auto) n.汽车autumn n.秋天auxiliary adj.辅助的;附属的n.助手avail n.效用;利益v.有利于;有益于available adj.可用的,可得到的;可会见的,可交谈的avenge vt.为…报复;替(受害者)报仇;报仇,报复vi.报复,报仇avenue n.林荫道;大街average adj.平均的;平常的;普通的n.平均数;平均avert v.避免,防止;转移,挡开aviation n.飞行;航空;航空工业;飞行技术;航空学aviator n.飞行员avoid v.避免,回避,躲开;防止发生await v.等待着;等候awake adj.醒着的v.醒,(使)觉醒,唤醒;意识到awaken vi.醒;觉醒vt.唤醒;使觉醒;激起award n.奖,奖品vt.授予,奖给aware adj.[表]意识到的,知道的away adv.远离,离开;离…多远(多久);消失,用完awe n.敬畏vt.使敬畏;使惊叹awful adj.令人恐惧的,可怕的;威严的;很坏的,糟糕的awfully adv.非常,很,令人敬畏地awkward adj.使用不便的;笨拙的,不熟练的;尴尬的ax(e) n.斧子axis n.轴;轴线azure adj.天蓝色的;浅蓝色的;蔚蓝色的Bbabble vi.(婴儿)呀呀学语,(成人)模糊不清的说;唠叨;吐露秘密;潺潺作声vt.含糊不清地说;唠唠叨叨地说;脱口泄露n.儿语,模糊不清的话;胡言乱语,蠢话;嘈杂的谈话声;潺潺声baby n.婴儿;幼畜,雏鸟;年龄最小的人baby-sit vi.代人临时照看小孩bachelor n.单身男子;[亦作B-]学士,学士学位back n.背面,背部;后部,后面;朝后面,在后面v. 使后退;支持backbone n.脊柱;山脊;骨干,支柱;骨气,毅力background n.出身背景,经历;背景资料;后景,背景;花色的底子backup n.退却;后备人员(物品),备份adj.后援的,辅助的;伴奏的,伴唱的;后备的backward(s) adv.在后;向后;倒;逆bacon n.咸猪肉;熏猪肉bacterium([复数.]bacteria) n.细菌bad adj.坏的,差的;恶的,邪恶的;严重的,厉害的;不利的,不好的;腐败的,腐烂的badge n.徽章;标记,象征badly adv.坏,差;邪恶地,罪恶地;不利地,有害地;严重地,非常badminton n.羽毛球baffle vt.使困惑;难住vi.徒作挣扎bag n.书包,提包;口袋baggage n.行李bail n.保释,保释金vt.保释(某人);托付(财物);(从船里)往外舀(水)帮某人脱离困境bait n.诱饵;诱惑物vt.装饵于;引诱,诱惑bake v.烘,焙,烤bakery n.面包房,糕饼店(=bakery)balance v.使平衡,均衡n.天平,秤;平衡,均衡;差额;结余,余款balcony n.阳台;(戏院、电影院的)楼座bald adj.秃的;无毛的;无叶的ball n.球,球状物;(正规的)大型舞会ballad n.民谣,民歌;流行抒情歌曲,情歌ballet n.芭蕾舞;芭蕾舞(曲、剧、团)balloon n.吹气球ballot n.选举票;(the ballot)不记名投票的选举;(the ballot)投票权;投票;投票数;投票记录vi.投票bamboo n.竹;竹茎(可制家具等)ban v.(以官方明令)禁止,取缔n.禁止,禁令banana n. 香蕉band n.带,条;条纹;乐队;波段;群,伙,帮bandage n.绷带v.用绷带包扎bandit n.强盗;土匪bang n.猛击;猛撞;砰砰的声音v.猛敲;猛撞;砰地关上或敲打banish vt.放逐,驱逐出境;开除,赶走;摒弃,消除,忘却bank n.银行,库;堤,岸vt.把钱存入银行bankrupt adj.破产的;缺乏(某种美德)v.使破产bankruptcy n.破产;无偿付能力banner n.旗(帜);横幅banquet n.(有演说的)宴会;(褒义)盛宴,佳肴vt.宴请vi.赴宴;痛饮bar n.条;杆;棒;酒吧间v.阻挡;拦住barbarous adj.野蛮的, 残暴的, 粗野的, (声音)刺耳的, 沙哑的barbecue n.烤肉用的台架;烤肉;烤肉野餐vt.(尤指在户外)烧烤(肉类)barber n.理发师v.为…理发剃须bare adj.赤裸的,光秃的,空的;稀少的,微小的,仅有的;最低限度的barely adv.赤裸裸的;公开地;仅仅;勉强;几乎没bargain n.(买卖等双方的)协定,交易;特价商品,便宜的东西v.讲价,讨价还价barge n.平底载货船,驳船;画舫vi.笨重缓慢地移动;鲁莽冲撞bark v.吠叫n.吠声,狗叫声barley adv.贫乏地;仅仅,几乎不barn n.谷仓;牲口棚;空荡荡的大房子baron n.(英国)男爵(上院爵位最低的议员);(美;常结合式)(商业上的)巨头,大亨barrel n.桶;枪管,炮管barren adj.不孕的;(土地等)贫瘠的;沉闷无趣的;无益的;没有的n.(一块)瘠地barrier n.栅栏;屏障;关卡base n.基础底部baseball n.棒球basement n.地下室basic adj.基础的;基本的;根本的basin n.盆,脸盆;盆地,流域basis n.基础;主干;根据basket n.筐,篮,篓basketball n. 篮球bastard n.私生子;孬品;讨厌鬼,坏蛋;家伙adj.私生的;野种的,品质低劣的;(外形)异样的,尺码特殊的;类似而较差的bat n.蝙蝠;球拍;球棒v.用棒球(拍)打球batch n.一次产量;一批,一群,一组bath n.洗澡,浴;浴缸,浴室bathe v.洗澡,给…洗澡bathroom n.浴室;厕所batter vt.(以连续猛击)捣毁;(用炮火)轰击;重创,连续打击;磨损,损坏vi.连续猛击battery n.电池(组);炮兵连;一批,一连串battle n.战役,战斗;奋斗,斗争v.战斗,斗争battleship n.战列舰(主炮威力最大的主力战斗舰,目前已被淘汰)bay n.海湾baza(a)r n.(东方国家的)市集;商店集中区;(英语系国家)义卖BC(=B.C.) abbr.公元前be v.[与动词的现在分词连用,构成进行时态];[与及物动词的过去分词连用,构成被动语态];是,成为;发生,存在,有;[用于祈使句]要,得beach n.海滩,沙滩beacon n.烽火,信号;(设于岸边引导或警告船员的)信号灯;引导之人或物;航标,灯塔bead n.有孔之小珠;珠状物,滴vt.饰以珠;覆以小珠beak n.(鸟的)喙;鹰钩鼻;(尤指中小学的)校长beam n.(光线的)束,柱梁v.微笑,发光bean n.[常用复数]豆,菜豆,蚕豆bear n. 熊;粗鲁的人,笨拙的人v.(过去式bore,过去分词born或borne)忍受;承担,负担;支撑,承受;生(孩子),结(果实)beard n.胡须beast n.兽,牲畜;凶残的人;兽性beat vt.打,敲;打败,做得更好vi.打,敲;(心脏等)跳动beautiful adj.美丽的,美好的beauty n.美丽,优美;美人,美的东西because conj. 因为beckon vt.(以点头或打手势),召唤;引诱become(became, become) vi.变得,变成vt.适宜,同…相称bed n.床;花坛;河床,矿床,路基,坟墓bedroom n.卧室,寝室bee n.蜜蜂beef n. 牛肉beeper n.发嘟嘟声的东西;(无线电)携带式呼叫器;BP机,传呼机beer n.啤酒beet n.甜菜;甜菜根;糖萝卜beetle n.甲虫;类似甲虫的昆虫;大木槌vi.(指人)迅速离去before prep. & conj.在…以前adv.以前,从前beforehand adv.预先,事先;提前地,超前地adj.[一般作表语]预先准备好的,提前的beg v.乞讨,乞求;请求,恳求beggar n.乞丐begin v.(过去式began;过去分词begun)开始beginner n.生手;初学者;创始人beginning n.开始,开端;(常用复)早期阶段,萌芽阶段at the beginning of 从一开始,当初,起初beguile vt.欺骗,诱骗;消磨(时间),消遣;迷住,使…着谜behalf n.利益;支持(in behalf of 代表…)behave v.举止;行为;为人behavio(u)r n.举止;表现;行为behind prep. 在…后面;迟于,落后于adv. 在后,迟,慢being prep.存在,生存;生物,人belief n.相信,信任;信条,信仰believe vt.相信;认为vi.相信;信任;奉承bell n. 钟;铃belong to 属于,是…的成员bellow vi.牛鸣,吼叫;以低沉的声音吼出vt.大声喊出belly n.肚子,腹部;腹状物belong v.属于,是…的成员;应归于,应被放在某处beloved adj.[用作表语]为…所爱的;[用作定语]被热爱的below prep.在…下面(下方),紧靠着…底下belt n.腰带,皮带;地带,地区bench n.长凳,长椅bend v.(过去式bent或bended,过去分词bent或bended)弯曲;俯身beneath prep.在…下方;低于beneficial adj.有益的;有利的benefit n.利益,好处;退休金,津贴,救济金,保险抚恤金v.获益;对…有利benevolence n.仁心;善心benign adj.和蔼的,慈祥的,善良的,温和的;(指疾病)无危险的,良性的;吉利的,走运的bent adj弯的,弯曲的;下决心…的n.嗜好,倾向(用作单数)benumb vt.使麻木berry n.浆果(包括草莓、葡萄)beside prep.在…旁边,在…附近;与…相比besides adv.而且,此外(还)prep.除…(之外)还;与…相比较besiege vt.围攻,包围;(以问题、信件、请求等)提问,质询best adj. & adv. 最好的(地)n.最好的人(东西等)do one's best 尽自己最大的努力all the best (祝酒、告别等时说)祝一切顺利bestow vt.把…赠与,把…给予;使用,利用bet n.打赌;赌注,赌金v.赌,打赌betray v.出卖,背叛;泄漏(秘密),暴露;辜负better adj.更好的;(健康等)好转的adv.更好地v.改进,改善,提高between prep.在(两者)之间adv.当中,中间beverage n.(正式)(水、药、酒等出外之)饮料(包括茶、酒、奶、汽水等)beware v.小心;注意bewilder v.迷惑;使…茫然beyond prep.在(或向)…的那边adv.在更远处,在那边biannual adj.两年一次的,两年的bias n.偏见,成见;偏好,嗜好v.使有偏见Bible n.圣经bibliography n.文献目录;参考书目bicycle(=bike) n.自行车bid n.出价;投标v.出价,投标;命令,吩咐;祝,表示,向…说(再现、。
adverse词根词缀

adverse词根词缀
adverse是一个常见的英文单词,意思是“不利的、不顺的”。
它的词根来源于拉丁语adversus,意思是“对立的、相反的”。
在英语中,很多以ad-开头的单词都有相似的含义,如adversity(逆境)、admonish(警告)、addict(上瘾)等。
除了词根ad-以外,还有一些常见的词缀也和adverse有关系。
比如,-verse是一个表示“相反的、反转的”词缀,如reverse(相反的)、averse(反感的)。
另外,-verse也可以表示“涉及到、关于”的意思,如universe(宇宙)、diverse(多样的)。
还有一个常见的词缀是-vert,表示“转向、改变方向”,如convert (转化)、advert(注意、宣传)。
从这个词缀可以看出,adverse所表示的不利状态往往是由于某种转变、改变所引起的。
总之,了解一些常用的词根、词缀对于学习英语单词有很大的帮助,因为它们可以帮助我们推测出单词的含义,同时也能够提高我们的词汇量和语言水平。
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《药品不良反应报告处理制度》

《药品不良反应报告处理制度》一、概念1、药品不良反应(英文简称adr)是指合格药品在正常用法用量情况下出现的与用药目的无关或意外的有害反应。
2、新的药品不良反应是指药品说明书中未载明的不良反应。
3、药品严重不良反应是指因服用药品引起以下损害情形之一的反应;(1)引起死亡;(2)致癌、致畸、致出生缺陷;(3)对生命有危险并能够导致人体永久的或显著的伤残;(4)以器管功能产生永久损伤;(5)导致住院或住院时间延长。
二、目的及依据为加强对医院药品的安全监管,规范药品不良反应报告的管理,确保用药安全有效,根据《中华人民共和国药品管理法》、《药品不良反应报告和监测管理办法》(局令第7号),制定本制度。
三、适应范围本医院所有品种产生不良反应的信息管理四、职责分配1、质控部是医院药品不良反应信息的综合处理部门,负责收集、分析、管理、上报药品的不良反应信息。
2、药房是药品不良反应信息记录、跟踪、报告的责任部门。
五、制度内容1、药品不良反应实行逐级、定期报告制度,必要时可以越级报告。
2、药房收集到药品的不良反应信息,应当及时填报药品“药品不良反应/事件报告表”,上报质控部。
3、质控部应指定专(兼)职人员负责药品的不良反应报告和监测工作,发现可能与用药有关的不良反应应详细记录、调查、分析、评价、处理,并填写“药品不良反应/事件报告表”,及时向上级报告。
4、“药品不良反应/事件报告表”的填报内容应真实、完整、准确。
5、药品不良反应的报告范围:(1)新药监测期内的药品应报告该药品发生的所有不良反应;新药监测期已满的药品,报告该药品引起的严重的,新的不良反应。
(2)进口药品自首次获准进口之日起5年内,报告该进口药品发生的所有不良反应;满5年的,报告该进口药品发生的新的和严重的不良反应。
6、发现群体不良反应,质控部应填写“药品群体不良反应/事件报告表”并立即向县食品药品监督管理局、卫生局以及药品不良反应监测中心报告。
7、发生药品不良反应隐去不报者,根据情节轻重予以处罚。
上海人力资源管理师三级英语单词带英标

1 Absence [ˈæbsəns]缺席2 Acceptability [əkˌseptə'bɪlətɪ]可接受性3 Achievement test [əˈtʃivmənt][test] 成就测试4 Action plan[ˈækʃən][plæn] 行动计划5 Adverse impact [ˈædvɜrs][ˈɪmˌpækt]负面影响6 Allowance[əˈlaʊəns]津贴,补助7 Announcement [əˈnaʊnsmənt] 公告8 Applicant [ˈæplɪkənt]求职者9 Application [ˌæplɪˈkeʃən]申请10 Appraisal[əˈprezəl] 评价,评估11 Appoint[əˈpɔɪnt]任命12 Arbitration [ˌɑrbɪˈtreɪʃn]仲裁13 Assessment center [əˈsɛsmənt] [ˈsɛntɚ] 评价中心14 Assessment criteria 评价准则,评估标准[əˈsesmənt][kraɪˈtɪərɪə]15 Authority [əˈθɔrəti]权威16 Audiovisual instruction 视听教学[ˌɔdioˈvɪʒuəl][ɪnˈstrʌkʃən]17 Audit approach [ˈɔdɪt][əˈproʊtʃ]审计法18 Balanced scorecard 平衡计分卡[ˈbælənst] [ˈskɔrkɑrd]19 Bargaining-impasse [ˈbɑrgənɪŋ][ˈɪmpæs] 谈判僵局20 Behavior modeling [bɪˈhevjɚ]['mɒdəlɪŋ]行为模拟21 Behavior-based program 行为改变计划22 Benchmarks [ˈbentʃˌmɑ:ks] 基准23 Benefit [ˈbɛnəfɪt]福利24 Bonus [ˈboʊnəs] 奖金25 Business planning 企业规划26 Candidate [ˈkændɪdət]申请求职者,候选人27 Career anchor[kəˈrɪr][ˈæŋkɚ]职业锚28 Career counseling [kəˈrɪr][’kaʊnsəlɪŋ]职业咨询29 Career curves [kəˈrɪr][’kɜvz]职业曲线30 Career development 职业发展31 career planning 职业生涯规划32 Cognitive ability [ˈkɑgnətɪv][əˈbɪlɪti]认知能力33 Commitment [kəˈmɪtmənt]承诺,义务34 Communication skill 沟通技巧35 Compensable factor [kəm’pensəbəl][ˈfæktɚ]报酬要素36 Compensation [ˌkɑmpenˈseɪʃn]报酬,补偿37 Competency assessment 能力评估[ˈkɑmpɪtənsi][əˈsɛsmənt]38 Competency model [ˈkɑmpɪtənsi][ˈmɑdl]能力模型39 Competitive advantage 竞争优势[kəmˈpɛtɪtɪv][ədˈvæntɪdʒ]40 Compromise [ˈkɑmprəmaɪz]妥协41 Concentration strategy 集中战略[ˌkɑnsnˈtreɪʃn][ˈstrætədʒi]42 Consultation [ˌkɑnslˈteɪʃn] 商量,请教43 Continuous learning[kənˈtɪnjuəs][ˈlɜrnɪŋ]持续学习44 Coordination training 合作培训[koʊˌɔrdɪˈneɪʃn][ˈtrenɪŋ]45 Core competencies [kɔr ] [ˈkɑmpɪtəns]核心竞争力46 Cost structure [kɔst][ˈstrʌktʃɚ]成本结构47 Critical incident method 关键事件法[ˈkrɪtɪkəl][ˈɪnsɪdənt ][ˈmɛθəd]48 Cross—cultural preparation 跨文化准备[krɔs] [ˈkʌltʃərəl][ˌprɛpəˈreʃən]49 Cross-training 交叉培训50 Cultural environment 文化环境[ˈkʌltʃərəl][ɪnˈvaɪrənmənt]51 Cultural shock [ˈkʌltʃərəl] [ʃɒk]文化冲击52 Customer appraisal 顾客评估[ˈkʌstəmə][ əˈpreizəl]53 Data flow diagram 数据流程图[ˈdeitə] [fləu] [ˈdaiəɡræm]54 Decentralization [ˌdi:ˌsentrəlaɪ’zeɪʃn]分散化55 Decision making [diˈsiʒən] [ˈmeɪkɪŋ]决策56 Deficiency [dɪˈfɪʃnsi]缺乏57 Delayering [ˌdi:’leɪərɪŋ]扁平化58 Demand forecasting[diˈmɑ:nd ] [ˈfɔ:kɑ:stiŋ]需求预测59 Depression [dɪˈpreʃn]沮丧60 Development planning system 开发规划系统61 Differential piece rate 差额计件工资[ˌdɪfəˈrenʃl][pi:s][reɪt]62 direct compensation 直接薪酬[dəˈrekt][ˌkɒmpenˈseɪʃn]63 Direct costs 直接成本64 Dismiss [dɪsˈmɪs]解雇65 Disparate treatment 差别性对待[ˈdɪspərɪt ]ˈ[tritmənt]66 Diversity training 多元化培训[dɪˈvɜ:sɪti:]ˈ[treiniŋ]67 Dividends ['dɪvɪdendz] 红利68 Discrimination [dɪˌskrɪmɪˈneɪʃn] 歧视69 Downsizing [’daʊnsaɪzɪŋ]精简70 Downward move [ˈdaʊnwəd][mu:v]降级71 earnings[ˈɜ:nɪŋz]所得,收入72 Efficiency wage theory 效率工资理论[ɪˈfɪʃnsi][weɪdʒ][ˈθɪəri]73 Efficiency [ɪˈfɪʃnsi] 效率74 Egalitarian [iˌgælɪˈteəriən]平等主义75 Employee empowerment 员工授权[ɪmˈplɔɪi:] [ɪm'paʊəmənt]76 Employee leasing [ɪmˈplɔɪi:] [li:sɪŋ]员工租借77 Employee survey research 雇员调查与研究[ɪmˈplɔɪi:][ˈsɜ:veɪ][rɪˈsɜ:tʃ]78 Entrepreneur [ˌɒntrəprəˈnɜ:(r)]企业家79 Equal employment opportunity (EEO) 公平就业机会[ˈi:kwəl ][imˈplɔimənt ]ˌ[ɔpəˈtju:niti]80 Exit interview [ˈeksit] [ˈintəvju:]离职面谈81 Expatriate [ˌeksˈpætriət] 外派雇员82 Expert system [ˈekspə:t ][ˈsistəm]专家系统83 Explicit knowledge [iksˈplisit][ˈnɔlidʒ]显性知识84 External growth strategy 外边成长战略[ɪkˈstɜ:nl][grəʊθ][ˈstrætədʒi]85 External labor market 外部劳动力市场86 employer of choice plan 首选雇主方案87 Face to face discussion 当面讨论88 Factor comparison system 因素比较法[ˈfæktə] [kəmˈpærisən ] [ˈsistəm]89 flexibility plan [ˌfleksə’bɪlətɪ][plæn] 弹性计划90 Flextime [’fl ekstaɪm]弹性工作制91 Flowchart [’fləʊˌtʃɑ:t] 流程图92 Formal education programs 正规教育计划[ˈfɔ:ml][ˌedʒuˈkeɪʃn][p'rəʊɡræmz]93 Frame of reference [freim][ɔv][ˈrefrəns]参照系94 Functional job analysis, FJA 职能工作分析[ˈfʌŋkʃənl][dʒɔb] [ əˈnæləsis]95 Gain sharing plan 收益分享计划[ɡein] [ˈʃɛəriŋ ] [plæn]96 Goal and timetable 目标和时间表97 Group mentoring program 群体指导计划[gru:p][ˈmenˌtɔ:ɪŋ][ˈprəʊgræm]98 group order ranking 小组排序法99 Head hunter [hed][ˈhʌntə(r)]猎头100 Healthy and safety 健康安全101 High—performance work systems 高绩效工作系统102 Hourly rate [ˈaʊəli:] [reit]小时工资率103 hourly work 计时工资制104 Human capital [ˈhju:mən] [ˈkæpitl]人力资本105☆Human resource information system人力资源信息系统106☆Human resource management,HRM人力资源管理107 Human resources planning, HRP 人力资源计划108 holistic [həʊˈlɪstɪk]整体的,全盘的109 Income [ˈɪnkʌm]收入,收益110 Indirect cost [ˌɪndiˈrekt][kɔst] 间接成本111 indirect compensation 间接薪资[ˌɪndiˈrekt ˌkɔmpenˈseiʃən]112 Inflation [ɪnˈfleɪʃn]通货膨胀113 Input [ˈɪnpʊt]投入114 Insurance [ɪnˈʃʊərəns]保险115 Intellectual asset[ˌɪntəˈlektʃuəl][ˈæset]知识资产116 Internal analysis[inˈtə:nəl ] [əˈnæləsis]内部分析117 Internal growth strategy 内部成长战略[ɪnˈtɚnəl] [ɡroθ ][ˈstrætədʒi]118 Internal labor force[ɪnˈtɚnəl][ˈleibə][fɔ:s]内部劳动力119 integration[ˌɪntɪˈgreɪʃn]集成,整合性,集成化120 Internship programs 实习计划[ˈɪntɜ:nʃɪp] [p’rəʊɡræmz]121 Interview [ˈɪntəvju:]面试122 Industrialization [ɪnˌdʌstrɪəlaɪ’zeɪʃn]产业化123 intrinsic reward [inˈtrinsik][riˈwɔ:d]内在报酬124 Job analysis [dʒɔb] [əˈnæləsis]工作分析125 Job classification system 工作分类法[dʒɔb][ˌklæsifiˈkeiʃən ˈsistəm]126 Job description [dʒɔb][disˈkripʃən]工作描述127 Job design 工作设计128 Job enlargement[dʒɔb] [enˈlɑ:dʒmənt]工作扩大化129 Job enrichment [dʒɔb][inˈritʃmənt]工作丰富化130 Job evaluation[dʒɔb] [ɪˌvæljʊˈeɪʃən]工作评价131 Job ranking system 工作重要性排序法[dʒɔb][ˈræŋkɪŋ][ˈsistəm]132 Job rotation [dʒɔb][rəʊˈteɪʃən]工作轮换133 Job satisfaction [dʒɔb ˌsætisˈfækʃən]工作满意度134 Job specification 工作规范[dʒɔb][ˌspesifiˈkeiʃən]135 Job structure [dʒɔb][ˈstrʌktʃə(r)]工作结构136 key mechanism 关键机制,主要机制[ki:][ˈmekənɪzəm]137 knowledge—based-pay 知识型薪酬138 Labor relations process 劳动关系进程[ˈleibə][rɪ’leʃənz][ˈprəʊses]139 labor turnover 劳动力流失,人工周转率[ˈleibəˈtə:nˌəuvə]140 Leaderless group discussion 无领导小组讨论法141 Learning organization 学习型组织142 Line manager 直线经理143 lockout[ˈlɒkaʊt]停工144 Manager appraisal [ˈmænidʒə] [əˈpreizəl]经理评估145☆Management by objectives,MBO 目标管理146 Managing diversity 管理多元化['mænɪdʒɪŋ][daɪˈvɜ:səti]147 Management forecasts 管理预测[ˈmænɪdʒmənt][ˈfɔ:-kɑ:sts]148 Material incentive 物质奖励[məˈtiəriəl] [inˈsentiv]149 Mediation [ˌmi:dɪ’eɪʃn]调解150 Merit guideline[ˈmerɪt][ˈgaɪdlaɪn]绩效指南151 Minimum wage [ˈminiməm weidʒ] 最低工资152 Maintenance of membership 会员资格维持[ˈmeintinəns] [ɔv] [ˈmembəʃip]153 Motivation to learn 学习的动机[ˌməʊtəˈveɪʃən] [tu:][lə:n]154 Night shift [nait][ʃift]夜班155 Nonprofit organization 非营利组织[nɔnˈprɔfɪt][ˌɔ:ɡənaiˈzeiʃən]156 Occupation [ˌɒkjuˈpeɪʃn]职业157 online training 网上培训158☆On—the—job training, OJT 在职培训159 Opportunity to perform 实践的机会160 Organization desgin and development组织设计与发展161 Organizational analysis 组织分析162 Organization chart 组织结构图[ˌɔ:ɡənaiˈzeiʃən][tʃɑ:t]163 Organization code 组织代码164 Orientation [ˌɔ:riənˈteɪʃn]入职培训165 Outplacement [ˈaʊtpleɪsmənt]重新谋职166 Outsourcing [’aʊtsɔ:sɪŋ] 外包167 Overpay 超额工资168 Panel interview [ˈpænəl] [ˈintəvju:]小组面试169 Pay claim [peɪ][kleɪm]加薪要求170 Pay grade [pei] [ɡreid]工资等级171 Pay structure [pei][ˈstrʌktʃə(r)] 工资结构172 Pay—for-performance standard按绩效的报酬标准173 Pay—policy line 工资政策线174 Payroll [ˈpeɪrəʊl]工资名单,工资总额175 Pension [ˈpenʃn]养老金,退休金176 Peer appraisal [piə][əˈpreizəl]同事评估177 Performance appraisal 绩效评价[pəˈfɔ:məns][əˈpreizəl]178 Performance feedback 绩效反馈179 Performance management 绩效管理180 Performance planning and evaluation 绩效规划与[pəˈfɔ:məns][ˈplænɪŋ] [ænd][ɪˌvæljʊˈeɪʃən]评价系统181 person specification 任职要求[ˈpɜ:sn] [ˌspesɪfɪˈkeɪʃn]182 personnel selection 人员甄选[ˌpə:səˈnel] [siˈlekʃən]183 Piecework [ˈpi:swɜ:k]计件工资184 Power distance [ˈpauə][ˈdistəns]权力差距185☆Position analysis questionnaire, PAQ 职位分析[pəˈzɪʃən][əˈnælɪsɪs] [ˌkwɛstʃəˈnɛr] 问卷调查186 potential asset [pəˈtenʃl][ˈæset]潜在资产187 project supervisor 项目主管[prəˈdʒɛkt] [ˈsjupɚˌvaɪzɚ]188 predictive validation 预测效度[priˈdiktiv] [væliˈdeiʃən]189 profit sharing [ˈprɑfɪt] [ˈʃɛəriŋ]利润分享190 Promotion [prəˈməʊʃn]晋升191 Psychological contract 心理契约[ˌsaikəˈlɔdʒikəl] [kənˈtrækt]192 Questionnaire [ˌkwestʃəˈneə(r)]调查问卷193 Readiness for training 培训准备194 Reasoning ability [ˈri:zənɪŋəˈbiliti] 推理能力195 Reconciliation [ˌrekənsɪliˈeɪʃn]和解196 Recognition [ˌrekəgˈnɪʃn]认可,承认197 recruitment [rɪ'kru:tmənt]人才招聘198 Redundancy [rɪˈdʌndənsi]冗余199 Reengineering [rɪ’endʒɪnɪərɪŋ]流程再造200 Reject 拒绝,否决201 Reinstatement [ˌri:ɪn’steɪtmənt]复职202 Relational database 关联数据库[riˈleiʃənəl ][ˈdeitəbeis]203 Reliability [rɪˌlaɪə’bɪlətɪ]信度204 Remuneration [rɪˌmju:nəˈreɪʃn]报酬205 Reputation [ˌrepjuˈteɪʃn] 声誉,名声206 Retention plan (核心人员)保持计划207 Repatriation [ˌri:ˌpætrɪ'eɪʃn]归国准备208 Replacement chart 替换表[riˈpleismənt][tʃɑ:t]209☆Return on investment ,ROI 投资回报[rɪˈtɚn] [ɑn][ɪnˈvɛstmənt]210 Role analysis technique 角色分析技术[rəʊl][əˈnæləsɪs] [tekˈni:k]211 Role play 角色扮演212 role reversal [rəul] [rɪˈvɜ:səl]角色转换213 Sick leave 病假214 Self-appraisal [self əˈpreizəl]自我评估215 social security [ˈsəuʃəl][siˈkjuəriti]社会保险216 Subcontracting [sʌb’kəntræktɪŋ]转包合同217 Substantive reason 客观存在因素[səbˈstæntɪv][ˈri:zn]218 Successor [səkˈsesə(r)]后任219 Supply forecasting [səˈplaɪ][’fɔ:kɑ:stɪŋ]供给预测220 Talent [ˈtælənt]才能,才干221 Situational interview 情景面试222 Skill-based pay 技能工资制223 skill inventories 技能量表224 selection procedure 选拔程序[siˈlekʃən] [prəˈsi:dʒə]225 Spot bonus [spɒt] [ˈboʊnəs] 即时奖金226 Staffing tables 人员配置表227 Strategic choice战略选择[strəˈti:dʒɪk][tʃɔɪs]228 Strategic congruence 战略一致性[strəˈti:dʒɪk]['kɒŋgrʊəns]229 Strategic human resource management战略性人力资源管理230 Strategy implementation 战略执行[ˈstrætədʒi][ˌɪmplɪmənˈteʃən]231 Subordinate [səˈbɔ:dɪnət]下属232 Succession planning 可持续发展计划[səkˈseʃən] [ˈplænɪŋ]233 Tacit knowledge [ˈtæsɪt][ˈnɔlidʒ]隐性知识234 Task analysis [tɑ:sk][əˈnæləsis]任务分析235 Team building团队建设236☆Total quality management (TQM) 全面质量管理237 trade union [treid ˈju:njən] 工会238 Training administration 培训管理[ˈtrenɪŋ] [ ædmɪnɪˈstreʃən]239 Training outcomes 培训结果240 transnational [ˌtrænzˈnæʃnəl]跨国的,超越国界的241 trend analysis 趋势分析242 Turnover 离职,流动243 Utility [ju:ˈtɪləti]效用244 Validity [vəˈlɪdəti] 效度245 Verbal comprehension 语言理解能力[ˈvə:bəl][ˌkɔmpriˈhenʃən]246 Vesting [’vestɪŋ]既得利益247 Voicing [vɔɪsɪŋ]发言248 Wage and salary survey 薪资调查[weɪdʒ][ənd] [ˈsæləri][ˈsɜrˌveɪ]249 welfare system[ˈwelfɛə][ˈsistəm]福利体系250 wide salary [waɪd][ˈsæləri]宽幅薪资251 Work permit [wə:k] [pəˈmit]就业许可证252 post [pəʊst]岗位,职位253 wage—rate compression 工资压缩[weɪdʒ][reɪt][kəm’preʃn]254 apprenticeship [əˈprentɪʃɪp] 学徒制255 Hay profile method 海氏评价法[heɪ][ˈprəufail] [ˈmeθəd]256 Markov analysis 马尔可夫分析法257 perquisites [’pɜ:kwɪzɪts]津贴258 psychological support 心理支持[ˌsaikəˈlɔdʒikəl] [səˈpɔ:t]259 essay method [ˈesei][ˈmeθəd]书面方式260 nepotism [ˈnepətɪzəm]裙带关系261 boycott 联合抵制262 Equal employment opportunity,EEO公平就业机会[ˈi:kwəl] [imˈplɔimənt] [ˌɔpəˈtju:niti]263 Human resources planning, HRP 人力资源计划264 Functional job analysis,FJA 职能工作分析[ˈfʌŋkʃənl][dʒɒb] [əˈnæləsis]265 Information Technology, IT 信息技术271☆Key performance indicator,KPI 关键业绩指标274☆ SMART(PDCA原则)275☆ Situation task action result,STAR情境任务行动结果。
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Adverse Reactions to Food AdditivesRonald A. Simon, MDAddressDivision of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology, Scripps Clinic,10666 N. T orrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.E-mail: rsimon@Current Allergy and Asthma Reports 2003, 3:62–66Current Science Inc. ISSN 1529-7322Copyright © 2003 by Current Science Inc.IntroductionThe list of additives used by the food industry is extensive and includes thousands of antioxidants, flavorings and col-oring substances, preservatives, sweeteners, thickeners, and many others; however, only a small number of additives have been implicated in immunoglobulin E (IgE)-medi-ated or other (immunologic or nonimmunologic) adverse reactions (Table 1). Many adverse reactions attributed to additives were anecdotal or characterized by poorly con-trolled challenge procedures [1].Tartrazine and other dyes, benzoates, and parabens may occasionally aggravate chronic urticaria. Sulfites, although not implicated in chronic urticaria, have occa-sionally been reported to provoke anaphylaxis. Monso-dium glutamate (MSG) has been reported to provoke angioedema in a single case report. Aspartame, butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) have been shown to cause isolated cases of chronic idiopathic urticaria. Nitrates and nitrites have not been associated with urticaria/angioedema or anaphylaxis. Sev-eral case reports have described anaphylaxis with erythri-tol, annatto, and carmine.Although there are rare cases of asthma provoked by benzoate, MSG and tartrazine (or other azo and nonazo dyes) have also been reported but not confirmed in rigor-ous double-blind, placebo controlled challenges. Sulfites, however, have clearly been shown to produce serious, even life-threatening, asthmatic reactions by several pro-posed mechanisms. Approximately 3% to 5% of asth-matic patients are sulfite-sensitive, most of whom react by inhaling sulfur dioxide generated when sulfites are placed in solution. When the Food and Drug Administration banned adding sulfites to fresh foods in 1986, the fre-quency, and, therefore, importance, of this problem was greatly diminished. Spearmint flavoring also has been shown to trigger asthma.Although many additives have been reported to pro-voke urticaria/angioedema or asthma [2,3], the prevalence of reactions to any food additives in such patients is unknown—not because of an inadequate number of stud-ies, but rather the lack of properly and vigorously con-trolled studies. In part, this relates to problems inherent in challenging patients who have asthma or chronic urticaria/ angioedema [4]. Many early reports suffered from “false-positive” reactions resulting from previous suspension of medications (for asthma or urticaria/angioedema) and use of single-blind protocols in which placebo was given initially and reappearance of disease activity associated with subsequent additive challenge was misinterpreted as a positive response. The most efficient means to control for the inherent variability in activity of chronic conditions that may wax and wane with time, as well as other poten-tial confounders, is by maintaining routine medications and utilizing double-blind, placebo-controlled challenge protocols [5,6].With the exception of the additives discussed later, the potential for negative reaction (urticaria/angioedema, asthma, anaphylaxis) to these commonly consumed addi-tives has not been described and is exceptionally rare if the potential exists at all. Recent studies [7] performed under properly controlled conditions imply that sensitivity to food additives (MSG, nitrates, benzoates, parabens, sulfites, BHA, BHT, tartrazine [FD&C yellow #5], sunset yellow [FD&C yellow #6]) in patients with chronic urti-caria/angioedema is very uncommon. Several case reports have described the potential for anaphylaxis with sulfite, erythritol, annatto, and carmine [8–10,11•]. In individuals with asthma, the potential for provocation of broncho-spasm has been observed in a subgroup with sensitivity to sulfites; rare cases of asthma provoked by benzoate, MSG, and tartrazine have also been reported but not confirmed in rigorous double-blind, placebo-controlled challenges, as discussed later.There are thousands of additives used by the food industry for a variety of purposes in the foods we eat. However, only a small number have been implicated in causing adverse reactions in humans. Although there are reported cases of individuals who have reactions to single additives, most of the medical literature involves patients with asthma or chronic idiopathic urticaria/angioedema whose condi-tions are exacerbated after ingestion of food additives. Many of these reports are characterized by poorly con-trolled challenge procedures. Recent studies performed under properly controlled conditions imply that sensitivity to food additives in patients with chronic urticaria/ angioedema is very uncommon.Adverse Reactions to Food Additives • Simon63Food Dye and Coloring ActFood Dye and Coloring Act (FD&C)–approved dyes, such as tartrazine, are coal tar derivatives. Use of FD&C–approved dyes is ubiquitous in foods and beverages. Tartra-zine has been the additive reported most frequently in pro-voking asthmatic reaction. However, critical review of the medical literature supports the contention that sensitivity to tartrazine in asthmatic patients is, at best, extremely unusual. Well-designed, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies in adults [12] and in children [13] with chronic, often steroid-dependent, asthma found no tartrazine-sen-sitive subjects among approximately 50 in each report. A 40% to 50% incidence of tartrazine sensitivity in aspirin-sensitive asthmatics was described by several investigators [14–17]; however, more recent reports utilizing double-blind, placebo-controlled challenge protocols in aspirin-sensitive asthmatics have found no adverse reactions in 165 aspirin-sensitive asthmatics who were challenged with a dose of 50 mg tartrazine [18••]. These data imply that the notion that tartrazine “cross-reacts” with cyclo-oxygen-ase–inhibiting drugs and that tartrazine should be avoided in aspirin-sensitive asthmatics should be abandoned. ParabensParabens are aliphatic esters of parahydroxybenzoic acid and include methyl-, ethyl-, propyl-, and butyl- parabens.Sodium benzoate is a closely related substance and may cross-react with other parabens. There has been only one subject reported in the medical literature to be benzoate sensitive, in a double-blind, placebo-controlled study of additive-provoked asthma [19]; this patient was not aspi-rin-sensitive and did not experience amelioration of asthma symptoms while on a benzoate-free diet.BHA and BHTBHA and BHT are antioxidants commonly used in break-fast cereals and other grain products to maintain crispness and prevent rancidity. There is one well-documented report of chronic urticaria, confirmed by double-blind, placebo-controlled challenges, exacerbated by these agents [20]. Sensitive subjects also exhibited improvement in urti-caria after elimination of BHA and BHT from the diet. Nitrates and NitritesNitrates and nitrites are widely used as preservatives in pro-cessed meats (eg, frankfurters, salami). These agents have not been associated with hypersensitivity reactions, but can provoke vascular headache; their metabolic products (nitrosamines) are known carcinogens. Monosodium GlutamateMSG is a nonessential dicarboxylic amino acid that forms approximately 20% of our normal dietary protein. MSG is added to food as a flavor enhancer, particularly in Asian food, and has been commonly reported to produce many symptoms [21] including headache, myalgia, backache, neck pain, nausea, diaphoresis, tingling, flushing, and chest heaviness (MSG symptom complex, otherwise known as “Chinese Restaurant Syndrome”). Urticaria was attributed to MSG in one report [22], but the potential for exacerbation of chronic urticaria with MSG has not been demonstrated in carefully performed, placebo-controlled challenges [7]. One case has been reported of angioedema with onset 16 hours after ingestion of 250 mg MSG, con-firmed by single-blind, placebo-controlled challenge [23]. MSG has also been associated with provocation of asthma in several reports [24,25]; however, this association has not been supported in more recent studies characterized by double-blind, placebo-controlled MSG challenges in high-risk asthmatic subjects (aspirin-sensitive or history posi-tive), in which no reactors were found [26••,27]. AspartameAspartame (NutraSweet; Chicago, IL), a dipeptide of aspar-tic acid in phenylalanine, is a low-calorie artificial sweet-ener 180 times sweeter than sucrose [28]. Aspartame has been reported to cause granulomatous panniculitis [29]. Two cases of aspartame-induced urticaria, confirmed byTable 1.Additives most commonly associated with adverse reactionsFD&C dyesAzo dyesTartrazine (FD&C yellow No. 5)Ponceau (FD&C red No. 4)Sunset yellow (FD&C yellow No. 6)Amaranth (FD&C red No. 5)Nonazo dyesBrilliant blue (FD&C blue No. 1)Erythrosine (FD&C red No. 3)Indigotin (FD&C blue No. 2)Parabens/benzoatesParahydroxybenzoic acidMethylparabenEthylparabenButylparabenSodium benzoateHydroxybenzoic acidButylated hydroxyanisole (BHA)Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT)NitratesNitritesMonosodium glutamate (MSG)SulfitesSulfur dioxideSodium sulfite, potassium sulfite, bisulfite, metabisulfiteFD&C—Food Dye and Coloring Act.64Food Allergyplacebo-controlled, double-blind challenge have been reported [30] , and additional cases by the same author have also been described [31]; however, other investigators have encountered difficulty recruiting subjects with adverse reactions to aspartame and have found that such subjects do not have reproducible reactions [32,33]. Reports of aspartame-provoked headaches have been variable, with both positive and negative findings, depending on study design [34,35].SulfitesSulfites have been widely used for centuries to freshen and prevent oxidative discoloration (browning) of foods. Sulfites are also used as sanitizers and to inhibit the growth of nondesirable micro-organisms in the fermentation indus-try. Sulfiting agents include sulfur dioxide and sodium potassium sulfite, bisulfite, and metabisulfite. Foods con-taining sulfites are listed in Table 2. Currently, the highest levels of sulfites are found in dried fruits (such as apricots), potatoes, wine, and some seafood items [36]. Sulfiting agents have clearly been shown, in double-blind, controlled studies to be the cause of serious and potentially life-threat-ening asthmatic reactions [37–39]. Although the number of sulfite-sensitive asthmatics remains unknown, reports indi-cate that as many as 5% of the asthmatic population may experience adverse reaction ranging from mild wheezing to severe bronchospasm following ingestion of sulfite-contain-ing foods or beverages [38,40,41]. Although the mechanism of sulfite sensitivity is not fully understood, the overwhelm-ing majority of sensitive asthmatics react via inhalation of sulfur dioxide generated from sulfite solutions in an acidic environment. In two reports (three patients), sulfite-sensi-tive asthmatics with positive skin tests to sulfite, compatible with IgE-mediated pathogenesis, were described [42,43]. Some asthmatics with severe reactions to sulfites may have low levels of the enzyme sulfite oxidase, which is necessary to oxidize sulfite into inactive sulfate [44]. These asthmatics,and skin test–positive asthmatics, may respond to low amounts of sulfite ingested in capsule form; others react only to challenge with sulfite-containing solutions (generat-ing sulfur dioxide). There are isolated case reports of nonas-thmatic reactions to sulfites, including urticaria [45,46]; however, rigorously controlled double-blind, placebo-con-trolled challenges have either not been performed or have not provoked adverse reaction in these individuals. Two cases of anaphylaxis related to sulfite ingestion with positive skin tests have been reported [8,43]. Three reports assessed sulfite sensitivity in subjects with idiopathic anaphylaxis: in one, one subject among 130 challenged was found to be sulfite sensitive [47]; in another, one subject experienced a systemic reaction following a sulfite skin test [48]; a third found no sulfite sensitivity among subjects studied [ 49]. Other AdditivesAnaphylaxis has been attributed to naturally occurring food dyes, including annatto and carmine [10,11], and to erythritol (ERT; 1,2,3,4-butanetetrol), a sweetener [9]. Annatto is a common natural yellow food coloring used to color many foods including cereal, cheese, ice cream, mar-garine, oils, and beverages. Annatto dye extract is produced from the pericarp of the fruit of the annatto tree, Bixa orel-lana. Carmine is a natural red food dye derived from the dried bodies of females of the tropical American insect Cocus cacti, used in foodstuffs such as candy, ice cream, cookies, pastries, syrups, liqueurs, vinegar, cheese, butter, delicatessen meats, jam, and caviar. Erythritol is a four-car-bon sugar alcohol prepared from glucose by fermentation that is used as a sweetener, and may occur naturally in foods such as wine, beer, soy, cheese, mushroom, grape, and watermelon.The flavors spearmint (Mentha spicata), peppermint (Mentha piperita), and menthol (Mentha labiateae), used in chewing gum and toothpaste, have been confirmed by challenges in two cases to have triggered asthma [50,51].Table 2.Sulfite-containing foodsHigh content Moderate content Low content (<10 ppm)*Dried fruit (excluding dark raisins Dried potatoes Corn starch Instant teaand prunes)Wine vinegar Hominy Pizza dough (frozen) Lemon juice (nonfrozen)Gravies, sauces Frozen potatoes Pie doughLime juice (nonfrozen)Fruit topping Maple syrup Sugar (especially beet sugar) Wine Maraschino cherries Imported jams and jellies GelatinMolasses Pectin Fresh mushrooms CoconutSauerkraut juice Shrimp (fresh)Malt vinegar Fresh fruit saladGrape juice (white, white sparkling, Pickled peppers Dried cod Domestic jams and jellies pink sparkling, red sparkling)Pickled cocktail onions Canned potatoes CrackersPickles/relish Beer CookiesDry soup mix GrapesSoft drinks High fructose corn syrup*Foods with low sulfite content have not been implicated in inducing reactions in sulfite-sensitive individuals.ppm—parts per million.Adverse Reactions to Food Additives • Simon65Although hyperactivity in children has been suspected to be due to “additives” [52] , well-controlled studies have failed to support this hypothesis [53].ConclusionsCarefully designed, well-controlled studies have failed to confirm food additives as a cause for chronic idiopathic urticaria/angioedema. Tartrazine and other dyes, ben-zoates, and parabens may occasionally aggravate but have not been reported as the cause of chronic urticaria. Para-bens have been shown to provoke (rarely) anaphylaxis when given parenterally. Sulfites, although not implicated in chronic urticaria, have occasionally been reported to provoke anaphylaxis. MSG has been reported to provoke angioedema in a single case report. Aspartame, BHA, and BHT have been shown to be the cause of isolated cases of chronic idiopathic urticaria. Nitrates and nitrites have not been associated with urticaria/angioedema or anaphylaxis.Studies have also failed to confirm tartrazine (or other azo and nonazo dye)-provoked asthmatic reactions. Sulfites, however, have clearly been shown to produce serious, even life-threatening, asthmatic reactions by several proposed mechanisms. Approximately 3% to 5% of asthmatic patients are sulfite sensitive, most of whom react by inhaling sulfur dioxide generated when sulfites are placed in solution. When the FDA banned adding sulfites to fresh foods in 1986, the frequency, and, therefore, importance of this problem was greatly diminished. Benzoates and parabens have not been conclusively shown to be a significant problem for asthmat-ics, even those who are aspirin sensitive. MSG may occasion-ally produce asthmatic reactions but does not present a problem to most asthmatics. BHA and BHT have not been shown to produce asthmatic problems. Recently, spearmint flavoring has been shown to trigger asthma in two cases. 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