2016年高考领航二轮复习练习 专题9-第2讲
《高考领航》高中生物二轮复习重难聚焦练限时训练_1
重难聚焦练2——遗传与变异的综合提升1．某生物学家在某海岛上发现多年前单一毛色的老鼠种群演变成了具有黄色、白色和黑色三种毛色的种群。
基因A1(黄色)、A2(白色)、A3(黑色)的显隐性关系：A1对A2、A3为显性，A2对A3为显性，且黄色基因纯合致死。
据此判断下列有关说法不正确的是()A．老鼠中出现多种毛色说明基因突变是不定向的B．多年前老鼠的单一毛色只可能是白色或黑色C．不存在两只老鼠杂交的子代有三种毛色的可能D．两只黄色老鼠交配，子代中黄色老鼠的概率为2/3解析：选C。
单一毛色的老鼠种群演变成了具有黄色、白色和黑色三种毛色的种群，出现A1、A2、A3三个等位基因，说明基因突变是不定向的。
由于黄色基因纯合致死，故多年前老鼠的单一毛色只可能是白色或黑色。
基因型为A1A3和A2A3的个体杂交，其后代就可能有三种毛色。
两只黄色老鼠交配，其基因型为A1－和A1，但无论亲本基因型中的等位基因是A2还是A3，其子代中黄色老鼠的概率均为－2/3，原因是基因型A1A1会致死。
2．控制果蝇红眼(H)与白眼(h)的基因位于X染色体上。
果蝇缺失1条Ⅳ号常染色体仍能正常生存和繁殖，同时缺失2条则胚胎致死。
两只均缺失1条Ⅳ号染色体的红眼雌果蝇(杂合子)、红眼雄果蝇杂交，则F1中()A．雌果蝇中红眼占1/2B．白眼雄果蝇占1/2C．缺失1条Ⅳ号染色体的白眼果蝇占1/6D．染色体数正常的红眼果蝇占3/16解析：选C。
假设Ⅳ号常染色体用A表示，缺失的染色体用O表示，则缺失1条Ⅳ号染色体的红眼雌果蝇(杂合子)的基因型可表示为AOX H X h，产生的配子种类有AX H、OX h、AX h、OX H，红眼雄果蝇的基因型可表示为AOX H Y，产生的配子种类有AX H、OY、AY、OX H，F1中有1/4个体死亡，雌果蝇全为红眼，白眼雄果蝇占1/4，缺失1条Ⅳ号染色体的白眼果蝇占1/6，染色体数正常的红眼果蝇占3/12。
3．已知性染色体组成为XO(体细胞内只含1条性染色体X)的果蝇，性别为雄性，不育。
【高考领航】2016届高三英语二轮复习+课时训练6+2阅读理解+阅读填空+语法填空
训练6 2阅读理解＋阅读填空＋语法填空(建议用时45分钟)Ⅰ.阅读理解AWhen Tom Szaky sees a juice container thrown away，he doesn’tsee rubbish，but he sees a pencil case.Sweet wrappers? A beautiful kite! But these are not the imaginings of a dreamer.For the28-year-old CEO of Trenton，New Jersey-based TerraCycle，they’re a business model.The fast-talking Szaky is leading the new industry of upcycling (升级改造)．Instead of recycling，TerraCycle takes packaging headed for landfills (废物填埋地) and reuses it—more or less whole.TerraCycle’s 85 employees make nearly 200 products，sold at shops such as Petco，Kmart，Whole Foods Market，and Target.Szaky’s $7.4 million company，now also moving ahead in Mexico，Canada，the United Kingdom and Brazil，is quite different from the business he founded with his classmate Jon Beyer in 2002 as a freshman at Princeton University.The two entered a business competition with a plan to sell organic plant fertilizers made from worm waste.They lost the competition，but started the business anyway.With their goal—to make products entirely out of rubbish—suddenly clear，Szaky knew the time was right to drop out of Princeton.TerraCycle’s first product used dining-hall waste to feed the worms and thrown-away bottles to package the fertilizer.The result: a cheap，green breakthrough.Word spread，and in 2004，Home Depot began carrying the fertilizer in its Canadian stores.To Szaky，waste does not exist in nature.TerraCycle ’is a “second chance” employer of，say，a piece of furniture，an ice-cream container.As Szaky points out，“The biggest problem with most green，fair-trade，and organic products is that they tend to cost more.At TerraCycle，everything is made from rubbish，and rubbish is free.People should be able to protect the planet without having to pay a cost for that right.”1．What is Tom Szaky now?A．The CEO of TerraCycle.B．An employee of Home Depot.C．A student at Princeton University.D．The manager of a food company.2．How did Szaky get the idea of upcycling?A．From his visits to foreign companies.B．From his studies at Princeton University.C．Through shopping at big stores in America.D．Through the experience of a business competition.3．What is the goal of TerraCycle?A．To make cheap and green products.B．To recycle waste materials in another way.C．To make products completely out of rubbish.D．To change worm waste into organic plant fertilizers.4．What is the advantage of upcycling according to Szaky?A．The cost is kept rather low.B．More materials are available.C．It has a large promising market.D．Its products are environmentally friendly.【语篇解读】本文介绍了Szaky创立TerraCycle公司对垃圾进行升级改造，从而制造出新产品的经过及理念。
《导与练》(全国卷版)2016届高考英语二轮复习活页综合提升练(二)Word版含答案
活页综合提升练(二)完形填空+阅读理解(限时35分钟)Ⅰ.完形填空For a few years,I have been wearing a ring on my right hand.It’s not always the 1 ring,but it’s always a ring that has 2 on it so that when I look at it,I’m 3 or reminded of something important.I have made a 4 of buying rings like this whenever I see one in a store.Sometimes I give them away as 5 to someone like Jennie.I first met Jennie in the 6 waiting room and we had talked several times.One night I sat down beside her and 7 how her son was going because I knew that he was in very 8 condition.She told me that she didn’t know what to do any more because it seemed none of the 9 from the doctors was good.They weren’t at all sure if her son was going to 10 the accident that had hurt him so badly.With11 in her eyes she said,“ They’re 12 my hope.”I knew then that it was 13 just a coincidence that I was wearing the ring that I had on that day.As she 14 talking,I 15 slipped the ring off my finger and placed it in Jennie’s hand.I told her to wear it to remember that God loved her and he would be with her 16 all of this. 17 Jennie looked down at the ring,she got excited and then held it tightly, 18 the word written on the ring was “HOPE”.The last day I was at the hospital,I saw Jennie in the distance as I got on the lift.She 19 and held up the hand with the ring on it as she called out to me saying,“Look,I 20 have Hope!”1.A.special B.expensive C.same D.valuable2.A.words B.pictures s D.symbols3.A.admired B.encouraged C.trusted D.puzzled4.A.plan B.point C.list D.habit5.A.gifts B.prizes C.awards D.thanks6.A.railway B.school C.hospital D.airport7.A.asked B.explained C.thought D.found8.A.favorable B.normal C.serious D.excellent9.A.advice B.news C.instructions fort10.A.defeat B.experience C.predict D.survive11.A.apologies B.tears C.anger D.doubt12.A.keeping up B.bringing down C.cutting off D.taking away13.A.other than B.rather than C.more than D.less than14.A.continued B.refused C.attempted D.started15.A.cautiously B.quietly C.nervously D.shyly16.A.over B.beyond C.through D.within17.A.Until B.While C.Since D.When18.A.for B.so C.yet D.and19.A.shouted B.waved C.cheered D.hesitated20.A.ever B.only C.still D.justⅡ.阅读理解( A )【广告说明类】Teen Climbing Camp 2010This 5-day climbing camp is suitable for teenagers between the ages of 13 and 18 who have an interest in rock climbing.The climbing days are designed for beginners and those who have some basic experience in a gym or outdoors.Participants will find themselves challenged physically and mentally.Rock Dimensions camps are designed to be a positive and memorable experience by providing healthy communication between participants,individual goal setting,and challenges that lead to personal growth.DatesMonday,June 29-Friday,July 3Monday,July 27-Friday,July 31LocationsClimbing Tower at FootsloggersLinville Gorge and Table Rock areaLocal climbing areas near BooneResponsibilitiesParticipants will meet Rock Dimensions guides at our location each morning and at the end of each day.Rock Dimensions will provide all climbing items,including a safety rope,a helmet and climbing shoes for each participant.Participants are responsible for bringing their own lunch,water,small backpack,appropriate clothing,and personal items like sun cream,etc.Pre-camp planningParticipants will receive the following information in their registration(注册) packet:Medical Form,Responsibility Agreement,Clothing/Equipment List,and Directions.Cost$575/person for the 5-day camp$325/person for the first 3 daysAnyone interested in participating in just the last two days of the camp should call to discuss pricing and necessary skills/experience.1.According to the text,Rock Dimensions camps will .A.probably impress participants deeplyB.provide a few competitionsC.help the participants set their life goalsD.check the records of personal growth2.What of the following do participants need to bring with them?A.A safety rope.B.A helmet.C.Climbing shoes.D.Appropriate clothing.3.If Paul wants to participate in the climbing camp from July 27 to July 29 and his brother from July 27 to July 31,it will cost them .A.575 dollarsB.650 dollarsC.900 dollarsD.1,150 dollars4.What can we infer from the text?A.Some experience is required of the participants.B.It’ll be hard for teens to experience the climbing.C.Parents are required to stay with their children.D.Guides will talk about the prices with parents.( B )(2015大连高三第一次模拟)【短篇故事类】Raised in a fatherless home,my father was extremely tight-fisted towards us children.His attitude didn’t soften as I grew into adulthood and went to college.I had to ride the bus whenever I came home.Though the bus stopped about two miles from home,Dad never met me,even in severe weather.If I grumbled,he’d say in his loudest father-voice,“That’s what your legs are for!”The walk didn’t bother me as much as the fear of walking alone along the highway and country roads.I also felt less than valued that my father didn’t seem concerned about my safety.But that feeling was canceled one spring evening.It had been a particularly difficult week at college after long hours in labs.I longed for home.When the bus reached a stop,I stepped off and dragged my suitcase to begin the long journey home.A row of hedge (树篱) edged the driveway that climbed the hill to our house.Once I had turned off the highway to start the last lap of my journey,I always had a sense of relief to see the hedge because it meant that I was almost home.On that particular evening,the hedge had just come into view when I saw something gray moving along the top of the hedge,moving toward the house.Upon closer observation,I realized it was the top of my father’s head.Then I knew,each time I’d come home,he had stood behind the hedge,watching,until he knew I had arrived safely.I swallowed hard against the tears.He did care,after all.On later visits,that spot of gray became my watchtower.I could hardly wait until I was close enough to watch for its secret movement above the greenery.Upon reaching home,I would find my father sitting innocently in his chair.“So!My son,it’s you!”he’d say,his face lengthening into pretended surprise.I replied,“Yes,Dad,it’s me.I’m home.”5.What does the underlined word “grumbled” in Paragraph 1 probably mean?( )A.Admitted readily.B.Explained clearly.C.Agreed lamely.D.Spoke unhappily.6.What made the author feel uncomfortable was .A.the tiredness after long hours in labsB.the fear of seeing something movingC.the feeling of being less than valuedD.the loneliness of riding the bus home7.The author’s father watched behind the hedge because .A.he was concerned about his son’s safetyB.he wanted to help his son build up courageC.he didn’t want to meet his son at the doorwayD.he didn’t think his son was old enough to walk alone8.Which of the following can be the best title for the text?( )A.My Father’s Secret.B.My College Life.C.Terrible Journey Home.D.Riding Bus Alone.活页综合提升练(二)Ⅰ.完形填空语篇解读:“我”总是喜欢戴一枚刻有字的戒指,因为它会鼓励“我”,或让“我”想起一些重要的事情。
【高考领航】2016届高三英语二轮复习 仿真模拟练2
仿真模拟练(二)第一部分听力(略)第二部分阅读理解第一节AThe spread of Western eating habits around the world is bad for human health and the environment.These findings come from a new report in the journal Nature.David Tilman，a professor of ecology at the University of Minnesota，America，examined information from 100 countries to identify what people ate and how diet affected health.He noted a movement beginning in the 1960s.He found that as nations industrialized(工业化)，population increased and earnings rose，more people began to adopt what has been called the Western diet.The Western diet is high in sugar，fat，oil and meat.By eating these foods，people began to get fatter and sicker.David Tilman says overweight people are at higher risk of noninfectious diseases like diabetes(糖尿病) and heart disease.Unfortunately when people become industrialized，if they adopt this Western diet，they are going to have these health problems，especially in developing countries in Asia.China is an example where the number of diabetes cases has been jumping from less than one percent to 10 percent of the population as they began to industrialize over a 20year period.And that is happening all across the world，in Mexico，in Nigeria and so on.And，a diet bad for human beings is also bad for the environment.As the world’s population grows，more forests and tropical(热带的) areas will become farmlands for crops or grasslands for cattle.We are likely to have more greenhouse gas in the future from agriculture than that coming out of all forms of transportation right now.Mr.Tilman calls the link between diet，the environment and human health，“a trilemma”，a problem offering a difficult choice.He says one possible solution is leaving the Western diet behind.21．According to the passage，more greenhouse gas might be given off in the future from ________.A．transportation B．developing countriesC．agriculture D．developed countries22．David Tilman believes that ________.A．diet，the environment and human health are closely connectedB．the Western diet is the only choice as the nation industrializesC．people in tropical areas are more likely to have heart diseaseD．traditional diets are more balanced than the Western diet23．We can infer from the passage that ________.A．Nigeria has the largest number of diabetes casesB．overweight people are at higher risk of infectious diseasesC．the examined information comes from developing countriesD．industrialization contributes to the spread of the Western diet24．The main purpose of the passage is to ________.A．call on us to protect the environmentB．remind us of the importance of healthC．warn us of the danger of the Western dietD．advise us to have a balanced diet【语篇解读】本文为议论文。
第2讲 大题专攻——空间中的平行、垂直与空间角问题 2023高考数学二轮复习课件
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二、真题感悟 1．(2022·全国甲卷)(证明线线垂直、求线面角)在四棱锥 P-ABCD
中，PD⊥底面 ABCD，CD∥AB，AD＝DC＝CB＝1，AB＝2， DP＝ 3. (1)证明：BD⊥PA； 解：证明：如图所示，取AB中点为O，连接DO，CO，则OB＝DC＝1. 又DC∥OB，所以四边形DCBO为平行四边形． 又BC＝OB＝1，所以四边形DCBO为菱形，所以BD⊥CO. 同理可得，四边形DCOA为菱形，所以AD∥CO， 所以BD⊥AD. 因为PD⊥底面ABCD，BD⊂底面ABCD，所以PD⊥BD， 又AD∩PD＝D，AD，PD⊂平面ADP，所以BD⊥平面ADP. 因为PA⊂平面ADP，所以BD⊥PA.
所以向量―AB→＝(1，0，0)为平面 PAD 的一个法向量． 而―BE→·―AB→＝(0，1，1)·(1，0，0)＝0，
所以BE⊥AB， 又BE⊄平面PAD，所以BE∥平面PAD.
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(3)平面PCD⊥平面PAD.
证明 由(2)知平面 PAD 的一个法向量为―AB→＝(1，0，0)，向量―PD→＝(0，
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02
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利用向量证明平行与垂直
【例1】 如图，在四棱锥P-ABCD中，PA⊥底面ABCD， AD⊥AB，AB∥DC，AD＝DC＝AP＝2，AB＝1， 点E为棱PC的中点．证明： (1)BE⊥DC； 证明 依题意，以点A为原点建立如图所示的空间直角坐 标系A-xyz，可得B(1，0，0)，C(2，2，0)，D(0，2， 0)，P(0，0，2)．由E为棱PC的中点，得E(1，1，1)．
向量―BE→＝(0，1，1)，―D→C ＝(2，0，0)， 故―BE→·―D→C ＝0. 所以BE⊥DC.
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(2)BE∥平面PAD； 证 明 因 为 AB⊥AD ， 又 PA⊥ 平 面 ABCD ， AB ⊂ 平 面 ABCD ， 所 以 AB⊥PA，PA∩AD＝A，PA，AD⊂平面PAD， 所以AB⊥平面PAD，
2016年《高考领航》高中生物二轮复习重难聚焦练1限时训练
重难聚焦练1——光合与呼吸的综合提升1．(2015·高考福建卷)在光合作用中，RuBP羧化酶能催化CO2＋C5(即RuBP)→2C3。
为测定RuBP羧化酶的活性，某学习小组从菠菜叶中提取该酶，用其催化C5与14CO2的反应，并检测产物14C3的放射性强度。
下列分析错误的是()A．菠菜叶肉细胞内RuBP羧化酶催化上述反应的场所是叶绿体基质B．RuBP羧化酶催化的上述反应需要在无光条件下进行C．测定RuBP羧化酶活性的过程中运用了同位素标记法D．单位时间内14C3生成量越多说明RuBP羧化酶活性越高解析：选B。
CO2＋C5(RuBP)→2C3为CO2的固定，属于光合作用中的暗反应过程。
RuBP羧化酶催化CO2的固定过程，发生的场所为叶绿体基质，该过程在有光和无光条件下都可进行，A项正确，B项错误；对CO2中的C用同位素14C标记，可以追踪C元素的转移途径，这种方法就叫同位素标记法，C项正确；单位时间内14C生成量越多，说明反应速率越快，即RuBP羧化酶的活性越高，D项正确。
32．用等体积的三个玻璃瓶甲、乙、丙，同时从某池塘水深0.5 m处的同一位置取满水样，立即测定甲瓶中的氧气含量，并将乙、丙瓶密封后沉回原处。
一昼夜后取出玻璃瓶，分别测定两瓶中的氧气含量，结果如下(不考虑化能合成作用)。
有关分析不合理的是()A.B．在一昼夜内，丙瓶生物细胞呼吸消耗的氧气量约为1.1 mgC．在一昼夜后，乙瓶水样的pH比丙瓶的低D．在一昼夜内，乙瓶中生产者实际光合作用释放的氧气量约为1.8 mg解析：选C。
本题主要考查细胞呼吸、光合作用以及影响它们的因素，丙瓶不透光，生物只能进行细胞呼吸，产生[H]的场所有细胞质基质和线粒体基质，A项正确；甲瓶与丙瓶氧气量的差表示丙瓶细胞呼吸消耗氧气的量，B项正确；丙瓶不透光，一昼夜的时间内水样中生物均在进行呼吸作用，乙瓶透光，有光照时水样中生物会进行光合作用，消耗部分呼吸作用产生的二氧化碳，因此一昼夜后，乙瓶水样pH比丙瓶的高，C项错误；乙、丙瓶取自同一处，生物的种类和数量基本相同，细胞呼吸速率相同，乙瓶一昼夜的净光合量用氧气表示为0.7 mg，细胞呼吸的量用氧气表示为1.1 mg，所以一昼夜乙瓶中生产者实际光合作用释放的氧气量为1.8 mg，D项正确。
【高考领航】2016届高三英语二轮复习 板块2 第2讲 非谓语动词课件
high up in the sky.
Dressed 6． ________________(dress)in a white uniform， he looks more like a cook
than a doctor.
高频考点 深化突破
考点二 作状语
考点诠释 对点演练
Ⅱ.单句改错 1．Pressing from his parents，and realizing that he has wasted too much time， the boy is determined to stop playing video games. Pressing→Pressed _______________________________________________
高频考点 深化突破
考点二 作状语
考点诠释 对点演练
(2)过去分词作状语时，过去分词所表示的动作与句子主语之间构成逻辑 上的被动关系。 (2014· 高考天津卷 )Clearly and thoughtfully written， the book inspires confidence in students who wish to seek their own answers.写得既清楚又 有思想，这本书在那些希望寻求自己的答案的学生中激发了他们的自信 心。
高频考点 深化突破
考点一 辨别谓语和非谓语
考点诠释 对点演练
单句语法填空 1 ． ( 母 题 )When I was little ， my mother used to sit by my bed ，
telling ____________(tell)me stories till
I fell asleep.
《高考领航》2016届高三英语二轮复习课时训练12阅读理解+完形填空+语法填空+短文改错Word版含答案
训练12阅读理解＋完形填空＋语法填空＋短文改错(建议用时45分钟)Ⅰ.阅读理解(2016·河南八市重点高中质检)Around four years ago，I received a call from the principal of our school as to the “Parents View” talk the next morning.He asked me to speak to the group.After the call，my whole body became feverish and panicky.The time from his call to the next morning seemed like years.The whole night，I could not sleep with many ominous_apprehensions in mind.One of them was to call the principal with regret and tell him that I could not come.Finally，I gathered some courage.I thought，“If I miss this opportunity，surely the school will never invite me again to any of their programs.”I reached the school in time.Before my turn came，my whole body was trembling.When my turn came and I started speaking，my heartbeat incr eased and my mouth went dry.I wasn’t even able to read the written speech properly.I was not aware of where I was standing and what I was reading.That was the day when I realized my biggest weakness：Public Speaking.After my speech，I met with the principal and explained what happened to me.He told me that this happens to everyone.Even great speakers faced the same things when they started.He suggested that I come again next time.Around one month later，I was invited to refer to a topic on motivation.This time I was feeling comfortable.My speech was appreciated by the principal as well as the teachers，because I was able to get my idea across to them.They encouraged me and praised my efforts.After delivering it successfully，I became more confident.I said to myself,“If I can speak in front of such a learned audience，like the principal who educates others，I can now speak in front of others too.”I started delivering lectures on various topics like Self Motivation，Personality Development，Personal Excellence，Spoken English and Presentation Skills.This has become a passion for me.I have learned that everything is possible if we have the courage to take the first step.1．Which of the following is the best title for the passage?A．Practice Makes a Man a Better SpeechmakerB．Public Speaking Makes a Man EmbarrassedC．Principals Provide the Best ChancesD．Spoken English Develops in Making Speeches2．The author had bad feelings before the speech because ________.A．he disliked the idea of giving a lectureB．he had got a high fever before thatC．he regretted accepting the invitationD．he feared he couldn’t perform it properly3．What does the underlined part“ominous apprehensions” in the first paragraph mean? A．Unlucky opportunities.B．Negative ideas. C．Curious views. D．Happy comments. 4．What can we conclude from the passage?A．Nothing is to be got without pains but poverty.B．Knowledge makes humble；ignorance makes proud.C．A journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step.D．Necessity is the mother of invention.【语篇解读】本文为记叙文。
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1．下图表示金花茶茎段的离体培养过程。
请回答下列问题：(1)金花茶组织培养利用的原理是____________，常用的一种培养基是________。
在该培养基配制好后，常需要添加________。
(2)在接种前需要对金花茶茎段进行________。
为确定培养基是否灭菌彻底，检测的方法是将未接种的培养基________。
若用金花茶的花药进行离体培养，从花粉粒的选择上看，应选择________期的花粉粒为宜。
(3)某人在探究植物激素对细胞脱分化和再分化的影响实验时，得到如下实验结果：①只有细胞分裂素时，组织块产生愈伤组织；②细胞分裂素＝生长素时，愈伤组织不分化；③细胞分裂素>生长素时，愈伤组织分化出芽；④细胞分裂素<生长素时，愈伤组织分化出根。
由实验结果，你能得出的结论是________________________________。
解析：(1)植物组织培养利用的原理是植物细胞的全能性，其常用的一种培养基是MS固体培养基。
在配制好的培养基中，常常需要添加植物激素，其中生长素和细胞分裂素是启动细胞分裂、脱分化和再分化的关键性激素。
(2)接种前，需要对茎段(外植体)进行消毒处理。
为确定培养基是否灭菌彻底，可将未接种的培养基在适宜环境中放置一段时间，并观察培养基上是否有菌落出现，若有则证明培养基灭菌不彻底。
一般来说，在单核期，细胞核由中央移向细胞一侧，花粉培养成功率最高。
单核期以前的花药质地幼嫩，极易破碎；单核期以后的花药所在植株的花瓣已有些松动，材料不易消毒。
(3)根据结果①，可知细胞分裂素可调节组织块产生愈伤组织；根据结果②③④，可知细胞分裂素和生长素含量不同，调节愈伤组织的分化方向不同。
答案：(1)植物细胞的全能性MS固体培养基植物激素(2)消毒在37 ℃恒温箱中放置24小时(或在适宜温度下放置一段时间)后，观察是否有菌落出现单核(3)植物激素的种类和含量不同，对愈伤组织的形成和分化的影响不同2．蓝莓果实富含花青素，其具有抗氧化、抗衰老、抗肿瘤等功效，被广泛用于食品保健、医药工业等领域。
下图所示为蓝莓花青素初提取液的获得途径。
请回答下列问题：(1)培养蓝莓外植体的培养基中常用的凝固剂是________。
图中①和②分别表示蓝莓组织培养中细胞的________和________过程。
(2)图中步骤“乙醇浸取”包括了________过程，该过程宜采用________方式加热以防止温度过高；步骤“过滤”的目的是________。
在提取蓝莓花青素的过程中，萃取加热时需安装冷凝回流装置，其目的是________。
水蒸气蒸馏法________(填“适合”或“不适合”)用于花青素的提取，原因是________________。
(3)蓝莓果实还可以用来制作蓝莓酒。
在制作蓝莓酒的过程中使用的微生物是________，发酵的温度应控制在________ ℃的范围内。
在发酵过程中要先通气后密封，先通气的原因是____________________。
解析：(1)制作植物组织培养等培养基时，需向培养基中加入琼脂进行凝固，并采用高压蒸汽法进行灭菌；离体的植物组织或细胞产生愈伤组织的过程为植物细胞的脱分化，脱分化产生的愈伤组织重新分化成根或芽等器官，即再分化。
(2)图中“乙醇浸取”步骤包括乙醇的浸泡和萃取过程，由于萃取剂往往具有挥发性，直接使用明火加热易燃烧、爆炸，故常采用水浴加热，萃取后需将原料中的固体物滤去。
为了防止加热时乙醇(或有机溶剂)的挥发，需要在加热瓶口安装冷凝回流装置。
水蒸气蒸馏法是提取植物芳香油的常用方法，其原理是利用水蒸气将挥发性较强的芳香油携带出来，形成油水混合物，冷却后，混合物又会重新分出油层和水层。
(3)果酒制作离不开酵母菌，酵母菌是兼性厌氧菌，在有氧条件下进行有氧呼吸，大量繁殖；在无氧条件下进行酒精发酵。
酒精发酵时，一般将温度控制在18～25 ℃的范围内。
答案：(1)琼脂脱分化(或去分化)再分化(2)浸泡和萃取水浴滤去不溶物防止有机溶剂挥发不适合花青素为非挥发性物质，不能随水蒸气蒸馏出(3)酵母菌18～25酵母菌在有氧条件下大量繁殖，增加菌种数量3．紫甘薯红色素色泽鲜艳自然、无毒、无特殊气味，具有抗突变、抗氧化、缓解肝功能障碍、抗肿瘤、抗高血糖等营养、药理和保健功能，是一种理想的天然食用色素资源。
下图是提取紫甘薯红色素的实验流程，请分析回答：挑选紫甘薯→粉碎干燥→萃取→过滤→检测(1)紫甘薯红色素通常采用萃取法提取，说明紫甘薯红色素具有________的特性。
萃取之前需要进行粉碎和干燥处理，说明________和________影响萃取效率。
(2)虽然紫甘薯红色素的热稳定性强，但是长时间高温也会影响紫甘薯红色素的稳定性，因此萃取时应________，并适当________。
(3)柠檬酸、盐酸、无水乙醇、甲醇都能用于萃取紫甘薯红色素，但是不同溶剂的萃取效率不同，某研究小组用不同溶剂进行萃取，对提取液进行分光法测定其吸光值(结果如下表，已知色素提取的吸光值与色素含量呈正相关)，则由此可以判断提取紫甘薯红色素的最理想的有机溶剂是________，原因是________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________。
也有同学认为10%不一定是柠檬酸的最佳提取浓度，若要进一步设计实验，以探究柠檬酸的浓度对紫甘薯红色素提取效率的影响，实验的设计思路应为________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________。
(4)________________的方法培育脱毒苗，原理是________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________。
解析：(1)能够利用萃取法提取的植物有效成分通常是易溶于有机溶剂的物质，由于萃取时原料颗粒的大小和含水量会影响萃取效率，因此萃取前需将原料进行粉碎和干燥处理。
(2)由于温度过高会影响紫甘薯红色素的稳定性，因此萃取时应严格控制温度，以保持紫甘薯红色素的结构稳定，适当延长萃取时间能提高萃取效率。
(3)由题可知，提取液的色素浓度与吸光值呈正相关，因此可以根据吸光值的大小确定吸光值大的提取液所对应的溶剂最理想。
要探究提取紫甘薯红色素的柠檬酸的最佳使用浓度，应以柠檬酸浓度为自变量，设计一组具有浓度梯度的柠檬酸溶液，利用同样的提取方法进行提取，比较各组提取液的吸光值。
(4)植物组织培养取材少，而且植物的根尖、茎尖一般无毒，因此可利用根尖或茎尖分生组织作为外植体进行植物组织培养，以获得脱毒苗。
答案：(1)易溶于有机溶剂原料颗粒的大小含水量(2)严格控制温度延长萃取时间(3)柠檬酸用柠檬酸作提取剂时提取液的吸光值最大，说明提取到的色素最多设计一组具有浓度梯度的柠檬酸溶液，利用同样的提取方法进行提取，比较各组提取液的吸光值(4)植物组织培养植物组织培养取材少，而且植物的根尖、茎尖一般无毒，因此可利用根尖或茎尖分生组织作为外植体进行植物组织培养以获得脱毒苗4．下面是关于固定化酶和细菌培养实验的问题，请回答：(1)某兴趣小组欲利用固定化酶进行酶解淀粉的实验，分组见下表。
将吸附了除去____________。
按上表分组，将配制好的淀粉溶液加入到固定化酶柱中，然后取一定量的流出液进行KI—I2检测。
若流出液呈红色，表明有________生成，若各组呈现的颜色有显著差异，则流出液中淀粉水解产物浓度最高的是________组。
(2)下列关于上述固定化酶实验的叙述，错误的是________。
A．固定化酶柱长度和淀粉溶液流速决定了酶柱中酶的含量B．淀粉溶液流速过快会导致流出液中含有淀粉C．各组实验所用的淀粉溶液浓度应相同D．淀粉溶液的pH对实验结果有影响(3)现有一份污水样品，某兴趣小组欲检测其中的细菌数，进行以下实验。
将一定量的污水样品进行浓度梯度稀释。
取适量不同稀释度的稀释液，用____________法分别接种于固体平面培养基上，经培养后进行计数。
该实验应注意，接种前，从盛有______________的容器中将玻璃刮刀取出，放在酒精灯火焰上灼烧，冷却后待用；分组时，需用________作为对照。
(4)在上述细菌培养实验中进行计数时，应计数的是接种了________。
A．各个稀释度样品的培养基上的细菌数B．合理稀释度样品的培养基上的细菌数C．各个稀释度样品的培养基上的菌落数D．合理稀释度样品的培养基上的菌落数解析：本题主要考查固定化酶应用的相关知识。
(1)题表中固定化酶柱长度代表所用固定化酶浓度的大小，长度越大酶柱中所含酶越多；淀粉溶液的流速决定了反应物与酶柱中酶相互接触的时间长短，流速越小，淀粉与酶越能充分接触而反应。
淀粉遇KI－I2试剂显蓝色，而流出液中显示红色，说明大分子淀粉在酶的作用下水解。
从表中可知，丙中酶柱较长，淀粉流速较小，最适合酶促反应，反应速率最快。
(2)设计实验应遵循对照原则、单因子变量原则，所以每组实验中淀粉溶液浓度应相同、溶液的pH均应保持在淀粉酶的最适pH条件下，所以C、D项正确。
淀粉溶液流速过快，酶与底物不能充分反应，流出的可能是没有水解的淀粉，故B项正确。
酶柱中酶的含量由酶柱长度决定，但是酶在反应前后保持不变，所以淀粉溶液流速不能决定酶的含量，因此A项错误。
(3)本实验所接种细菌为不同稀释度的菌液，而不是挑取菌落接种，应用稀释涂布平板法。
微生物培养为防止杂菌污染需在无菌条件下进行，常用的消毒灭菌方法有①消毒法：煮沸、巴氏消毒法、化学试剂消毒法(70%酒精)；②灭菌法：灼烧灭菌、干热灭菌、高压蒸汽灭菌。
(4)测定微生物数量的方法：①直接计数法，此法利用特定细菌计数板或血细胞计数板，在显微镜下计算一定容积的样品中微生物数量，但不能区分细菌死活；②间接计数法，常用的是稀释平板计数法，此法在含菌数较少的情况下，也可计数，但需将待测样品制成均匀的系列稀释液，尽量使样品中微生物细胞分散开，为防止偶然性，应计数合理稀释度样品培养基上的菌落数，菌落易于观察。
通过以上分析，故D项正确。
答案：(1)未吸附的α－淀粉酶糊精丙(2)A(3)稀释涂布平板法70%酒精未接种的培养基(4)D5．(2015·高考全国卷Ⅰ)已知微生物A可以产生油脂，微生物B可以产生脂肪酶。