材料研究方法(英文陈述)
材料现代研究方法(AES) (NXPowerLite)
原子在X射线、载能电子、离子或中性粒子的照射下， 原子在X射线、载能电子、离子或中性粒子的照射下，内 层电子可能ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ得足够的能量而电离，并留下空穴。 层电子可能获得足够的能量而电离，并留下空穴。此时 原子处于不稳定的激发态。 原子处于不稳定的激发态。
辐射跃迁(X射线) 辐射跃迁(X射线) (X射线 退激发 俄歇跃迁 俄歇电子) (俄歇电子)
AES Auger效应
随着科学技术的不断发展， Auger电子能谱仪 随着科学技术的不断发展 ， 使 Auger 电子能谱仪 的性能不断改进，并出现了扫描Auger Auger电子显微 的性能不断改进 ， 并出现了扫描 Auger 电子显微 成为微区分析的有力工具。 术(SAM), 成为微区分析的有力工具。 电子计算机的引入， Auger电子能谱仪的功能 电子计算机的引入 ， 使 Auger 电子能谱仪的功能 更趋完善。目前， Auger电子能谱已成为许多科 更趋完善。目前， Auger电子能谱已成为许多科 学领域和工业应用中的最重要的表面分析手段之 一。
AES
AES分析方法
定性分析
在《Auger电子谱手册》中，有“主要Auger电子 Auger电子谱手册》 主要Auger电子 电子谱手册 Auger 能量图” Li~U的各元素标准谱图 的各元素标准谱图， 能量图” 及Li~U的各元素标准谱图，还有部分 元素的氧化物及其它化合物的标准谱。 元素的氧化物及其它化合物的标准谱。气体元素 及部分固体元素的标准谱是以化合物或注入到某 一材料中给出的。 一材料中给出的。 谱中标有元素的Auger峰位，杂质元素的Auger Auger峰位 Auger电 谱中标有元素的Auger峰位，杂质元素的Auger电 子峰用元素符号标出。 子峰用元素符号标出。
材料研究方法绪论
2.剖析方法的特点 <1>.复杂的剖析对象 样品组成的复杂性：无机，有机，高分子多组份构成。 动植物体内有价值的成分。建筑材料－水泥－复合材料－ 高分子材料、中药中有效成分剖析。 样品中各成分含量悬殊：微，常，痕量共存，不同含量 方法不同。 样品发生质变：如高分子材料中有机添加剂的剖析，通 常是发生某些变化的产物。 复合材料分析：各组分所处表面和空间分布不同，采取 特殊方法。 <2>.分析方法的综合性
由于有机、无机（高分子）等多组份共存，（如高分子 材料中有高聚物，无机填料，有机添加剂，发泡剂，加工阻 剂）需将元素、官能团分析、结构分析、成分分析等方法。 或化学分析与仪器分析相结合的综合分析，才能解决一个较 复杂的分析问题。
<3>.复杂的分析过程 由于组成复杂性要求剖析 方法多样性，就决定了剖 析过程的复杂性 工验证
学科,起步晚。大多数移植了有机分析及无机分析一些 成功 应用的方法。当然结构不同需加以改进。 今后发展方向：
1.继续移植其他领域中成功应用的方法。 这是一个见效甚快的途径，常需加以改进或增添附加装 置以适应高聚物的测定，如裂解色谱就来源于气相色谱。气 相色谱是无法对高聚物固体试样进行分析的，增加裂解器装 置，首先将高聚物裂解成碎片，可获得有用的信息。 2.把现有的方法综合起来使用 集中各种方法的特点,取长补短，例色一质、红、紫、折 等多机连用，集中了色谱强的分离及定量性能（但定性差） 和波谱、折光率定性强的优点，将波、折作为色谱的一个检 测器，发挥了很大的威力。使分离、鉴定(定性，定量)合二 为一，成为一优化装置。多机连用是各门分析学科很有发展 前途的方式。（本院现有HPLC色－紫、GC色-质）
O
(CH 3 CO) 2 O
CH 3 O P CH 3 S
研究方法模板英语作文
研究方法模板英语作文英文回答：Research Methodology Template Essay。
1. Introduction。
Introduce the research topic and its significance.State the research question or hypothesis.Provide background information and context.2. Literature Review。
Review relevant literature to establish the current state of knowledge.Identify gaps in the literature and justify the need for further research.Summarize key findings and theoretical frameworks.3. Research Methodology。
Research Design: Describe the type of research design used (e.g., qualitative, quantitative, mixed methods).Data Collection: Explain the methods used to collect data (e.g., surveys, interviews, observations).Data Analysis: Outline the analytical techniques used to process and interpret the data.Ethical Considerations: Discuss the ethical considerations involved in the research process.4. Data Presentation and Findings。
【材料研究方法】光谱分析(英文)
Vibrational spectroscopy6.3.7 Absorbant intensity and IR spectroscopyt r a n s m i t t a n c e Fig. 6-18 IR spectrum. s （strong ）、m （medium ）、w（weak ）、vw （very weak ）a b s o r b a n c eVibrational spectroscopy3334 cm -1–OH stretch. Normal range: 3350±150 cm -1. This is a verycharacteristic group frequency. All of the peaks due to the OH group are broad due to hydrogen bonding.Vibrational spectroscopy 3390 cm-1–NH2antisymmetric stretch.Normal range: 3300±100 cm-1. Muchweaker adsorption than the OH stretchin hexanol.Vibrational spectroscopy 3290cm-1–NH2symmetric stretch. 2°amines have only one NH stretch, and3°amines have none.Vibrational spectroscopy Spectral interpretation always starts at the high end, because there are the best group frequencies and they are the easiest to interpret. No peaks appear above 3000 cm-1, the cut-off for unsaturated C-H. the four peaks below 3000 cm-1 are saturated C-H stretching modes.Vibrational spectroscopy 3050 ±50 cm-1 corresponds to the aromatic orunsaturated C(sp2)-H stretch. Always above3000 cm-1. These bands are not assigned tospecific vibrational modes.Vibrational spectroscopy 3080cm-1=CH3080 cm1 2 antisymmetric stretch. An absorption above 3000 cm-1 indicates the presence of an unsaturation (double or triple bond or an aromatic ring).Vibrational spectroscopy 2247 cm-1 C≡N stretch. Normal range:2250±10 cm-1 , lowered 10-20 cm-1when conjugated. Compare to the C ≡Cstretch in 1-heptyne (3000 cm-1).Vibrational spectroscopy 1742 cm-1, -C=O stretch. In small ring esters, this vibration is shifted to higher frequency by coupling to the stretch ofthe adjacent of O-C and C-C bonds. The amount of coupling depends on the O-C(O)-C angle. As with other carbonyl groups, conjugation lowers the frequency.Vibrational spectroscopy 1642 cm-1, C=C stretch. Normalrange:164020cm-1for cis andrange: 1640±20 cm for cis andvinyl, 1670±10 cm-1for trans, tri andtetra substituted. Trans-2-hexene(overlay menu) has only a very weakabsorption, because there is verylittle dipole change when an internaldouble bond stretches (it is nearlysymmetric).Vibrational spectroscopyThe broad peak at approximately 1460 cm-1is actually two overlapping peaks. At1640±10 cm-1, the antisymmetric bend ofthe CH3group absorbs. This is a degenerage bend (one shown).Vibrational spectroscopy At 1375 ±10cm-1, the CH3 symmetric bend (also called the“umbrella” bend) absorbs. This peak is very useful becauseit is isolated from the other peaks. Compare the spectrum ofcyclohexane. The most prominent difference between thetwo spectra is the absence of a CH3 symmetric bend in thecyclohexane spectrum./cm-11715 1800 1828 1928。
描述一种研究方法英语作文
描述一种研究方法英语作文Research methods are essential tools for conducting scientific studies and acquiring new knowledge in various fields. These methods help researchers collect data, analyze information, and draw reliable conclusions. In this essay, we will explore a specific research method, namely experimental research, and discuss its processes, advantages, and limitations.Experimental ResearchExperimental research is a quantitative research method that involves manipulating variables and measuring their effects on other variables. The primary objective of this method is to establish cause-and-effect relationships between variables. It is often used in scientific studies, particularly in the fields of psychology, biology, and medicine. Processes of Experimental ResearchExperimental research typically follows several steps, including:1. Problem identification: Researchers identify a problem or research question to investigate. This step helps determine the purpose and objectives of the study.2. Literature review: Researchers review existing literature to gain a comprehensive understanding of the topic and previous studies. This step helps in formulating hypotheses and designing the experimental procedures.3. Formation of hypotheses: Based on the literature review, researchers formulate hypotheses that predict the relationship between variables. A hypothesis provides a clear direction for the experiment.4. Selection of participants: Researchers select a suitable sample of participants for the study. The sample should be representative of the target population to ensure the generalizability of the findings.5. Design of the experiment: Researchers design the experiment, including selecting the independent and dependent variables, determining the control group, and assigning participants to experimental and control conditions.6. Data collection: Researchers collect data through various methods, such as observation, surveys, interviews, or physiological measurements. The data collected should be valid and reliable.7. Data analysis: Researchers analyze the collected data using statistical techniques to test the hypotheses and determine if there is a significant effect of the manipulated variables.8. Interpretation of results: Based on the data analysis, researchers interpret the results and draw conclusions. They assess whether the experimental manipulation had an impact on the dependent variable and evaluate the significance of the findings.9. Reporting: Researchers write a research report or publish their findings in scientific journals. The report should include the research question,methodology, results, and conclusions.Advantages of Experimental ResearchExperimental research offers several advantages that contribute to its popularity:1. Control over variables: Experimental research allows researchers to control and manipulate variables, ensuring a cause-and-effect relationship can be established.2. Objectivity: The use of systematic procedures and data collection methods in experimental research promotes objectivity and reduces bias.3. Replication: Experimental research can be replicated by other researchers, which helps validate the findings and increase confidence in the results.4. Generalizability: With proper sampling techniques and study design, experimental research findings can be generalized to the target population.Limitations of Experimental ResearchDespite its advantages, experimental research also has limitations:1. Artificial settings: Experimental research often takes place in laboratory settings, which may not reflect real-world contexts accurately. This limitation raises concerns about the external validity of the findings.2. Ethical considerations: In some cases, manipulating variables in experimental research may raise ethical concerns, such as causing harmto participants or violating privacy.3. Time and resources: Conducting experimental research can betime-consuming and resource-intensive due to the need for precise control over variables and data collection.4. Generalizability limitations: The findings of experimental research may not always apply to real-world situations, as participants in laboratory experiments may behave differently from those in natural settings. ConclusionExperimental research is a valuable research method that allows researchers to establish cause-and-effect relationships between variables. It follows a systematic process and provides numerous advantages, such as control over variables and objectivity. However, it also has limitations, including artificial settings and potential ethical concerns. By understanding the processes, advantages, and limitations of experimental research, researchers can effectively utilize this method to advance scientific knowledge and contribute to their respective fields.。
材料研究方法
1. In the DSC plot of amorphous FePO4.2H20( Fig.1(a)),the first endothermic peak at about 150°C is related to the dehydration process. Two exothermic peaks were also found at 375 and 440 °C, respectively. These peaks are due to phase transitions, which are discussed below, The DSC plot of crystalline FePO4.2H20 shown in Fig.1(b) is much simpler, indicating the sharp dehydration transition to crystalline FePO4; in this phase the iron is in a distorted tetrahedral environment.在非晶FePO4.2H20（图1（a）），第一个吸热峰约150 °的DSC图C是相关的脱水过程。
也发现了两个放热峰分别在375和440 °C，。
这些峰是由于相变，下面讨论的，在图1（b）所示的结晶FePO4.2H20 DSC情节要简单得多，表明急剧脱水结晶FePO4过渡，在这个阶段，铁在四面体环境。
2.Thermogravimetric (TG) analysis was used to determine the appropriate temperature for heat treatment. The TG curve of the PVA-containing precursor (Fig.1) is typical of a powder mixture consisting of Li2CO3. FeC2O3.2H20. and NH4.H2PO4. for preparing LiFePO4 in good accordance with that reported by Wang qing bin . In addition, it has been previously reported that pyrolysis of PVA in a nitrogen gas flow occurs at 300-425 °C and that only a small amount of residue survives at temperatures up to 450°C. For the PVA-containing precursor,there is an initial loss of lattice water from FeC2O4.2H20 and the NH4H2PO4 decomposes at <250°C. In the temperature range of 250--420°C. there is a weight loss due to decomposition of FeC204 and a reaction with the decomposed product ofNH4H2PO4. while the PVA rapidly decomposes. After the formation of LiFePO4 at 470°C, the product weight decreases slightly. A gradual weight loss is observed above the temperature of LiFePO4 formation in PVA-containing precursor because the pyrolysis of the remaining PVA continues until 600°C. The TG pattern also indicates that the formation of LiFePO4 and the pyrolysis of PVA occur within the same temperature range. This suggests that it is possible to coat carbon simultaneously with the formation of LiFePO4 grains.热重（TG）分析是用来确定适宜的温度下热处理。
科技英语写作(6)—Materials_and_methods
1
材料与方法
科学研究的基本要求是研究结果能够被 重复，而快速判定结果能否被重复的途 径就是作者所描述的材料与方法。 论文提交给同行评议时，审稿人常常会 十分关注并仔细阅读材料与方法部分， 如果审稿人对作者是否采取了正确可行 的研究方法或技术、或实验能否被重复 高度怀凝，就会建议退稿。而不管研究 结果如何的激动人心。 因此，材料与方法的表达非常重要。
7
材料与方法:语 态 如果涉及表达作者的观点或看法， 如果涉及表达作者的观点或看法，则多用主动语态 For the second trial, the apparatus was covered by a sheet of plastic. We believed this modification would reduce the amount of scattering. (建议使用) ——For the second trial, the apparatus was covered by a sheet of plastic to reduce the amount of scattering. (建 议使用) ——For the second trial, the apparatus was covered by a sheet of plastic. It was believed that this modification would reduce the amount of scattering. (避免使用)
2
Materials and methods: 写作内容
“材料和方法 ” 部分应清楚 、 准确描述 材料和方法” 部分应清楚、 材料和方法 是如何获得研究结果的； 是如何获得研究结果的； 对方法的描述要详略得当、重点突出： 对方法的描述要详略得当、重点突出： 包括所有必要的细节(以便他人能够 包括所有必要的细节 以便他人能够 重复实验); 重复实验 不能遗漏重要文献； 不能遗漏重要文献； 描述要准确(“room temperature” is 描述要准确 not an accurate description); 参考拟投稿期刊的表达方式
材料现代研究方法ModernMethodsofMaterialsAnalysis
EPMA
島津EPMA-1600
EDS应用举例
不良品 良 品
Ｃ
浸炭不 良部
不良品
齿轮疲劳失效，是由于 渗碳处理不均匀，根本 原因在于硅的偏聚。
良 品
Ｓｉ
XPS
3. 4 分子结构分析
利用电磁波与分子键和原子核的作用，获 得分子结构信息。红外光谱（IR）、拉曼 光谱（Raman）、 荧光光谱（PL）等是 利用电磁波与分子键作用时的吸收或发射 效应，而核磁共振（NMR）则是利用原 子核与电磁波的作用来获得分子结构信息 的。
3.1组织形貌分析
微观结构的观察和分析对于理解材料的本 质至关重要，组织形貌分析借助各种显微 技术，认识材料的微观结构。表面形貌分 析技术经历了光学显微镜(OM)、电子显 微镜(SEM)、扫描探针显微镜(SPM)的发 展过程，现在已经可以直接观测到原子的 图像。
三种组织分析手段的比较
扫描探针显微镜 观察倍率
利用衍射分析的方法探测晶格类型和晶胞常数， 确定物质的相结构。 主要的物相分析的手段有三种：x射线衍射 (XRD)、电子衍射(ED)及中子衍射(ND)。 其共同的原理是： 利用电磁波或运动电子束、 中子束等与材料内部规则排列的原子作用产生 相干散射，获得材料内部原子排列的信息，从 而重组出物质的结构。
1.材料现代分析方法
材料现代分析方法是关于材料分析测试技术及其有关理论的 一门课程。 成分、结构、加工和性能是材料科学与工程的四个基本要素， 成分和结构从根本上决定了材料的性能，对材料的成分和结 构的进行精确表征是材料研究的基本要求，也是实现性能控 制的前提。
2.材料分析的内容
表面和内部组织形貌。包括材料的外观形貌（如纳米 线、断口、裂纹等）、晶粒大小与形态、各种相的尺 寸与形态、含量与分布、界面（表面、相界、晶界）、 位向关系（新相与母相、孪生相）、晶体缺陷（点缺 陷、位错、层错）、夹杂物、内应力。 晶体的相结构。各种相的结构，即晶体结构类型和晶 体常数，和相组成。 化学成分和价键（电子）结构。包括宏观和微区化学 成份（不同相的成份、基体与析出相的成份）、同种 元素的不同价键类型和化学环境。 有机物的分子结构和官能团。
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structures——test methods
DMA
FTIR
Micro phase Separation
DSC
AFM
What can AFM do ?
AFM
INSTRUMENT: Atomic Force Microscope PRINCIPLE: a cantilever with a sharp tip is
200nm. Same height
200nm. Same force
Valley Soft segment
Peak Hard segment
500nm. 3D picture of PU
The AFM consists of a cantilever with a sharp tip (probe) at its end that is used to scan the specimen surface. The cantilever is typically silicon or silicon nitride with a tip radius of curvature on the order of nanometers. When the tip is brought into proximity of a sample surface, forces between the tip and the sample lead to a deflection of the cantilever according to Hooke's law.[2] Depending on the situation, forces that are measured in AFM include mechanical contact force, van der Waals forces, capillary forces, chemical bonding, electrostatic forces, magnetic forces (see magnetic force microscope, MFM), Casimir forces, solvation forces
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Segmented polyurethanes (PUs) have a great application potential due to their wide range of mechanical properties. Depending on the specific end use, PUs can be designed to possess either elastic or rigid mechanical characteristics, depending on the macromolecular structure. Thus, considerable effort has been made to understand structure– property relationships of segmented PUs. In order to tailor mechanical properties, the macromolecules of segmented PUs are built up of two types of blocks. One block type, the so-called hard segment, is glassy (or crystalline) as it is below itsTg (orTm) at the use temperature. The other soft block is flexible and rubbery, as it is above its correspondingTgat the use temperature. The hard segments due to their thermodynamic incompatibility with the soft segments usually associate to form small domains that serve as physical cross-links and reinforcement sites; hence they limit flow of the other phase,
THE APPLICATION OF AFM ON THE
MICROPHASE SEPARATION OF POLYURETHANE
Pengfei Li 25th Apr,2014
CONTENT
Introduction of PU Principle of AFM
Application of AFM
AFM
Contact mode
• The tip drag across the surface
Tapping mode
• keeping the probe tip close enough to the sample • preventing the tip from sticking to the surface • Increase amplitude
used to scan the specimen surface,and When the tip is brought into proximity of a sample surface, forces between the tip and the sample lead to a deflection of the cantilever according to Hook’law.So,forces that are measured and chang into the height of the sample surface.
POLYURETHANE
What is polyurethane?
O O C N N C O
+
HO
OH
HN
C
O
MDI
HDI
PEG
HO(CH2CH2O)nH
PPG IPDI
PTHF
பைடு நூலகம்
POLYURETHANE
Different Structures(Thermodynamic incompatible) — —Phase separation
Noncontact mode
• cantilever does not contact the sample surface
What Can We Get From The AFM?
TEM
AFM
TPU
TPU with 0.05wt%ZnO
Which one has lager degree of phase separation?