戴炜栋语言学名词解释
戴炜栋语言学名词解释（共2篇）
戴炜栋语言学名词解释(共2篇)戴炜栋语言学名词解释1、能指：语言符号的物质实体，能够指称某种意义的成分。
2、结构主义语言学：由索绪尔创立的语言学，它主要研究语言系统本身的内在规律。
我国语言学界常说的“结构语义语言学”“结构主义语法”等名词往往指美国结构主义描写语言学，它只是当代接结构主义语言学的一个流派，并不等于受索绪尔影响的整个结构主义语言学。
3、音位变体：音位是从社会功能角度划分出来的特定语言或方言中具有区别意义作用的最小语音单位，同属于一个音位的不同因素叫做“音位变体”，音位变体又可分为条件变体和自由变体。
例如汉语普通话/a/的音位变体【a】等。
4、元辅音分析法：就是一元辅音为基本分析单位的一种音节结构分析法，将音节结构分为V、C-V、V-C、C-V-C四种不同的结构类型。
5、定位语素：指在最小的合称结构（词结构或词组结构）中的位置总是固定的，或者总前置，或者总后置的语素。
例如现代汉语的“第”总是前置，“者”总是后置，它们都是定位语素。
6、变性成词：指语素转变词性而成为另一类词。
即某些成语素在语法功能上本来只是单一性的，但在形成词的时候，却同时形成了两种词性的词。
7、外围语法：又叫大语法，主要研究与语法有关的词语知识、语义知识和语音知识。
8、向心词组：指整个词组的功能相当于词组的中心语功能的词组，包括偏正结构的词组、动宾词组、动补词组和联合词组。
9、语义场：在词义上具有类属关系的词语集合在一起所形成的一个聚合体。
10、变元：变元又称“题元”“项”等，是与谓词有直接语义关系并受谓词支配的语义成分。
变元一般都是名词性的词语，在句子中经常充当主语或宾语。
如“他给我一支笔”中“我”和“一支笔”就是谓词“给”的变元；“小李走了”中“小李”就是谓词“走”的变元。
11、理性意义：也叫逻辑意义或称意义，是对主客观世界的认识。
在词语平面上，它是与概念相联系的那部分意义；在句子平面上，它是与判断和推理相联系的那部分意义。
戴炜栋语言学-Pragmatics语用学
戴炜栋语言学-Pragmatics语用学●Some basic notions●语用学定义Definition:A general definition is that it is a study of how speakers of alanguage use sentences to effect successful communication.语用学是研究某一语言的使用者如何利用句子而达到成功交际的。
●语用学和语义学Pragmatics and semantics●区别：是否考虑到语境whether in the study of meaning the context of use isconsidered.●语境Context●Definition:It's generally considered as constituted by the knowledge shared by thespeaker and the hearer(语境学被认为是说话人和听话人共有的知识构成的）●句子意义与话语意义Sentence meaning and utterance meaning●The meaning of the sentence is abstract, and decontextualized, that of an utterance isconcrete, and context-dependent. 一个句子的意义抽象，脱离语境，而一个话语的意义是具体的，依赖语境的。
●Study as Sentence: My bag is heavy ---the one-place predication (单位述谓结构）：BAG(BEING HEAVY)●The utterance meaning of the sentence varies with the context in which it is uttered.话语的意义随着语境的不同而改变。
上海师范大学学科教学(英语)戴炜栋《新编简明英语语言学教材》内部考研讲义和笔记
[C] Some important distinctions in linguistics ① Prescriptive vs. Descriptive 规定性与描写 性 ② Synchronic vs. Diachronic 共时性与历时性 （现代英语多研究共时性） The description of a language at some point in time; The description of a language as it changes through time.
上海师范大学学科教学（英语）戴炜栋《新编简明英语语言学教材》内部考研 讲义和笔记。有意者请联系。QQ: 643233066
What is language? 什么是语言 [A] The definition of language Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. (语言是一个具有任意性、 用于人类交流的语音符号系统。) a) System: combined together according to rules （根据 规则组合在一起） b) Arbitrary: no intrinsic connection between a linguistic symbol and what the symbol stands for（语言符号和符 号所代表的事物之间没有内在的必然的联系） c) Vocal: the primary medium is sound for all languages （所有语言的首要媒介都是声音） d) Human: language is human-specific （语言是人类所 独有的） [B]Design features (unique properties): the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication （识别特征是指人类 语言区别于任何动物交际系统的本质特征） ①Arbitrariness（任意性） There is no logical or natural connection between a linguistic form (either sound or word) and its meaning. While language is arbitrary by nature, it is not entirely arbitrary.（意义和语音之间没有什么逻辑的联系；虽 然是任意性的，但并非完全任意） a) echo of the sounds of objects or activities: onomatopoeic words （拟声词） b) some compound words （某些复合词） ②Productivity（能产性，创造性）
戴炜栋语言学-Language Acquisition
戴炜栋语言学-Language Acquisition●10.1 Introduction●语言习得(language acquisition）是指儿童习得母语的过程，即儿童是如何逐渐理解和说其社区语言的。
(Language acquisition refers to the child's acquisition of his mother tongue ,i. e. how the child comes to understand and speak thelanguage of his community.●10.2 Theories of child language acquisition儿童语言习得理论●10.2.1 A behaviourist view of languageacquisition 行为主义者眼中的语言习得观●传统的行为主义者把语言看作是一种行为，认为语言的学习只是一种模仿和习惯的养成。
(Traditional behaviorists view language as behavior and believethatlanguage learning is simply a matter of imitation and habit formation.●人物：B.F. Skinners●局限之处：The behaviorist theory of child language acquisition offers a reasonableaccount of how children acquire some of the regular and routine aspects of thelanguage, yet it fails to explain how they acquire more complex grammaticalstructures of the language.●10.2.2 An innatist view of language acquisition天赋主义者眼中的语言习得观●语言学家诺姆·乔姆斯基声称人天生具有语言能力，而且语言的发展与儿童的其他生物功能，如行走,是一样的。
文学导论戴炜栋文学术语
文学导论戴炜栋文学术语一、文学导论的定义与意义文学导论是对文学作品进行研究与分析的学科，它通过对文学作品的形式、结构、语言、风格等方面的探讨，揭示文学作品的内在规律与意义。
文学导论的研究可以帮助我们更好地理解文学作品，提升我们的文学鉴赏能力，同时也有助于培养我们的批判思维和审美能力。
二、文学作品的形式与结构文学作品的形式与结构是文学导论中的一个重要研究内容。
形式是指文学作品的表达方式和结构，包括小说、诗歌、戏剧等不同的文学体裁。
不同的文学体裁有着不同的结构特点和表达方式，通过对不同文学体裁的研究，我们可以更好地理解和欣赏各种类型的文学作品。
三、文学作品的语言与风格语言与风格是文学作品的重要组成部分，也是文学导论的研究内容之一。
语言是文学作品的表达工具，通过语言的运用，作家可以创造出独特的艺术效果。
风格则是作家个人的写作特点和风格倾向，不同的作家有着不同的风格，通过对作家的语言和风格的研究，可以更好地理解和解读文学作品。
四、文学创作的理论与方法文学导论还涉及到文学创作的理论与方法的研究。
文学创作是文学导论的核心内容之一，它探讨了作家创作的心理过程、创作的技巧与方法等方面的问题。
通过对文学创作的研究，可以帮助我们更好地理解和欣赏文学作品，同时也可以提升我们的写作能力。
五、文学导论的意义与价值文学导论的研究对我们的文学素养和人文修养有着重要的意义和价值。
通过对文学作品的研究和分析，我们可以更好地理解和欣赏文学作品，丰富我们的精神世界。
同时，文学导论的研究也有助于培养我们的批判思维和审美能力，提升我们的文学鉴赏能力。
六、结语通过对《文学导论》一书中戴炜栋所提出的文学术语的讨论，我们可以看到文学导论作为一门学科，涉及到了文学作品的形式与结构、语言与风格、创作的理论与方法等方面的问题。
文学导论的研究不仅可以帮助我们更好地理解和欣赏文学作品，还有助于培养我们的批判思维和审美能力，提升我们的文学鉴赏能力。
希望本文能够对读者对文学导论有所启发和帮助。
戴炜栋《新编简明英语语言学教程》笔记和课后习题(含考研真题)详解(形态学)【圣才】
Morphology studies the internal structure of words, and the rules by which
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圣才电子书 十万种考研考证电子书、题库视频学习平台Байду номын сангаас
圣才电子书 十万种考研考证电子书、题库视频学习平台
第 3 章 形态学
3.1 复习笔记
本章要点： 1. Open class and closed class
开放词类与封闭词类 2. Morpheme
语素 3. Analyzing word structure
分析词语结构 4. Derivational and inflectional morphemes
words are formed, including inflection and word formation. 形态学研究词的内部结构以及构词规则，包括屈折变化和构词法两个领域。
II. Open class and closed class（开放类和封闭类） 1. Open class words: in English, nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs make up the largest part of the vocabulary. They are the content words of a language. 开放性词类：在英语中，名词、动词、形容词和副词占词汇的绝大部分。它们是一门语 言中的实义词，经常有新词产生。 2. Closed class words: The other syntactic categories include “grammatical” or “functional” words. Conjunctions, prepositions, articles and pronouns consist of relatively few words and new words are not usually added to them. 封闭性词类：其他的句法范畴包括“语法性的”或者“功能性的”词。连词、介词、冠 词和代词相对较少，通常不会增加新词。
戴炜栋英语语言学概论Chapter
戴炜栋英语语言学概论Chapter一、引言英语语言学是一门研究英语语言的学科，通过对英语语言中的语音、语法、词汇、语义以及社会文化背景等方面进行深入分析，以探寻语言的本质规律和使用方式。
本章将介绍戴炜栋英语语言学概论中的第一章，旨在为读者提供对英语语言学的整体概念和研究对象的基本了解。
二、语言学的定义及分支领域1. 语言学的定义语言学是研究语言的科学，关注语言的结构、发展、演变以及语言与思维的关系，旨在了解语言的规律和作用。
2. 语言学的分支领域- 语音学：研究语音的产生、传播和感知。
- 语法学：研究语言的句法结构和词法规则。
- 语义学：研究语言的意义和概念的表达方式。
- 语用学：研究语言的使用方式和交际功能。
- 语言变化学：研究语言的历史演变和变异现象。
- 社会语言学：研究语言与社会文化背景的关系。
三、基本语言单位1. 音素音素是语言中的最小发声单位，可以通过音标或符号进行表示。
2. 音节音节是由一个或多个音素组成的音序单位，每个音节至少包含一个核心音素。
3. 词汇词汇是语言的基本单位，是由一个或多个音节组成的，具有独立意义的单位。
4. 句子句子是语言中表达完整意义的单位，由一个或多个词汇组成，具有主谓宾结构。
四、语音学的基本概念1. 发音器官发音器官是人类用于发出语音的器官，包括呼吸器官（肺部、气管）、声带、腔道（口腔、鼻腔）等。
2. 语音语调语音语调是指人们在语音交流中所表达的语言节奏、音调和语气等。
不同语言的语音语调差异较大，是语言交流中的重要组成部分。
3. 音素分类音素可分为元音和辅音两大类，元音是声音发出时不产生任何阻塞的音，而辅音是声音发出时经过喉头或口腔等部位的阻塞或摩擦的音。
五、语法学的基本概念1. 词类和词汇词类是对词汇进行分类的方法，包括名词、动词、形容词、副词等。
每个词类都有相应的语法特征和功能。
2. 语法关系语法关系是指词汇之间在句子中的语义或句法关联关系，包括主谓关系、动宾关系、定状补关系等。
戴炜栋_新编简明语言学教程文档版介绍
Linguistics is a scientific study of language .语言学是对语言进行的科学研究。
General linguistics is the study of language as a whole.普通语言学是对语言从整体上进行的研究the major branches of linguistics:语言学内部主要分支Phonetics：the study of the sounds used in linguistic communication..(语音学)对语言交流中语音的研究Phonology the study of how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning in communication. (音位学)如何组合在一起并在交流中形传达意义.Morphology:the study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words (词法学、形态学)如何排列以及组合起来构成词语Syntax:the study of those rules that govern the combination of words to form permissible sentences (句法学)如何在组成语法上可接受的句子Semantics(语义学) the study of meaning in abstraction语言是用来传达意义的。
Pragmatics(语用学) the study of meaning in context of use用来研究上下文的意义跨学科分支Sociolinguistics is the study of the relationship between language and society.社会语言学是语言和社会之间关系的研究Psycholinguistics is the study of the relationship between language and the mind.心理语言学是语言与心灵的关系的研究Applied linguistics is the study of the teaching of foreign and second languages.应用语言学是外国和第二语言教学的研究Some important distinctions in linguistic s语言学中一些基本区分1. Descriptive or PrescriptiveA linguistic study is descriptive if it describes and analyses facts observed; it is prescriptive if it tries to lay down rules for "correct" behavior.描述性是在描述和分析人们对语言的实际运用，规定性是在为语言“正确和规范的”使用确立规则。
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contribution more informative than is required.te closure:wherever possible, we prefer to attach new items to thecurrent constituent to reduce the burden on working memory during parsing.(E.g.: Tom said that Bill had taken the cleaning out yesterday. ) 26.cohort model:in word comprehension,words are analysed by hearers frombeginning to end.27.Selectional restrictions--- a restriction on the combining of wordsin a sentence resulting from their meaning form part of theword-processing system28. Hierarchical Structure----Our representation od complex words isorganized in terms of hierarchical morphological structure.what．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．1. Acculturation(同化过程） is a process in which members ohere is an agreement in number between boy and goes.5.articulators（发音器官): the tongue,lips,and velum, which change the shape of the vocal tract to produce different sp eech sounds.6.aspect(体）: the grammatical category representing distin ction in the temporal structure of an event. English has tw o aspect construction---the perfect and the progressive.(完成体和进行体)7.aspiration(吐气）; the puff of air that sometimes followspart of a large unit within a sentence; typical constituen t types are verb phrase, noun phrase, prepositional phrase and clause.12.case(格)：the grammatical category in inflectional langu ages by which the form of a noun or noun phrase varies forgrammatical or semantic reasons. English has only one case distinction in nouns—the genitive case(所有格), but Englis h pronouns have three forms that correspond to three of the six cases in Latin.13.clause（小句）: a grammatical unit that contains a subjees where the truth of one(the second) is inferred from the truth of the other.19.euphemism（委婉语）: a word or phrase that replaces a ta boo word or is used to avoid reference to certain acts or s ubjects,e.g. powder room for toilet.20.garden path sentence（花园小径句）: a sentence in which the comprehender assumes a particular meaning of a word or a phrase but later discovers that the assumption was incorr ect, forcing the comprehender to backtrack and reinterpret the sentence.n a particular form. E.g. a preposition or a verb requires that the pronoun following it be in the objective form,as i n with me,to him.nguage universal (语言共性): any property that is shar ed by most,if not all, human lanugages.25.lingua franca: ( 通用语) A language variety used for com munication among groups of people wo do not otherwise share a common language. For example, English is the lingua fran ca of the international scientific community.26.macrosociolinguistics; The study of the effect of languaNature purifies the mind.Beauty purifies the mind.Love purifies the mind.Honesty purifies the mind.29.syntagmatic relation: (横组合关系) The relation betweenany linguistic elements which are simultaneously present in a structure. E.g. in the word bit, b, i,t are in syntagmat ic relation, so are nature, purifies, the, mind, in the sen tence Nature purifies the mind.30.presupposition（预设）: implicit assumptions about the wconsidered inappropriate for “polite society”, thus to be avoided in conversation.35.selectional restriction(选择限制): a restriction on the combining of words in a sentence resulting from their meani ng.36.linguistic universal:(语言共性) The linguistic universal s are principles that enable children to acquire a particul ar language unconsciously, without instruction in the early years of life. As a whole they are referred to as Universapproaching equivalence, to one of its constituents. The t ypical English endocentric constructions are noun phrases a nd adjective phrases.40.exocentric construction(离心结构或外心结构) the opposite of endocentric construction,refers to a group of syntactically related words where none of the words is functionally equivalent to the whole group. Most constructions are exoce ntric.41.politeness can be defined as the means employed to show awareness of another person’s public self-image.sks during communicative exchanges.46.Conversion（转类构词）is a change in the grammatical fun ction of a word without adding or removing any part of it.A word belonging to one part of speech is extended to another part of speech. It is also called functional shift or ze ro derivation.47.lexical meaning VS grammatical meaning(词汇意义与语法意义)The meaning of a sentence is carried by the words proper asimultaneously by the hearer. Paralinguistic meanings are th ose attached to the verbal expressions by quality of voice, tempo of speech,posture,facial expression and gestures. Non -linguistic meanings are those indicated by non-verbal noises such as cough, sigh, tongue-clicking, various kinds of b ody languages and different contexts of situation.49.denotation VS connotation (外延与内涵)Denotation is a straightforward, literal meaning of the wor d every member of the language speaking community will agrere is no limit to the structural diversity of languages. Linguistic determinism refers to the idea that the language we use determines, to some extent, the way in which we vie w and think about the world around us. This concept has two versions; strong determinism and weak determinism. The strong version, which has few followers today, holds that lang uage actually determines thought, whereas that weak version, which is widely accepted today, merely holds that language affects thought.。