英文摘要的写作要求

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科技论文英文摘要写作基本要求及应注意的问题

科技论文英文摘要写作基本要求及应注意的问题

科技论文英文摘要写作基本要求及应注意的问题随着国际交流的日益发展,科技论文英文摘要在国际学术交流中的作用更加重要,具有吸引读者和介绍论文内容的功能。

依据达晋编译的经验来看,英文摘要写作的基本要求和中文摘要写作的基本要求是一致的,都要求客观、简明、完整、规范。

一、客观。

即文摘要忠实、准确地反映原文,不得夸大或缩小,要紧紧围绕原文提出的新观点、新方法、新成果进行概括和提炼,不得涉及原文以外的内容和结论。

二、简明。

摘要是原文的浓缩,应用最简洁精炼的文字概括出全文的主要观点和内容,做到字字、句句认真推敲、斟酌,避免出现冗长的语句和模糊不清的词语。

三、完整。

摘要是一篇独立的短文,是对原文完整的浓缩,论题、观点、方法和结论,不能缺少,必须语义连贯、文字通畅、结构严谨、自成一体,一般不分段落。

四、规范。

即摘要编写应符合有关标准和规范,其具体要求在国家标准中已作了明确规定:要排除在本学科领域里已成常识的内容;不得简单重复题名中已有的信息;书写要合乎语法,并尽量同原文文体保持一致;尽量使用规范化的名词术语;尚未规范的词语以使用原文所采用者为原则;采用非标准术语缩略语、略称、代号,在首次出现处必须加以说明;一般不用图表和非公知公用的符号,也不宜引用正文中的图表公式和参考文献序号;使用法定计量单位;正确使用简化字和标点符号。

总之,摘要从内容到形式都应力求达到具有国际通用性。

英文摘要贵在“准确、简明、完整、规范”,写作时要根据英语的特点紧紧围绕这八个字做文章,正确地组织好文献的主题内容,写出简明、准确、完整、规范的高质量的摘要。

具体应注意以下几个问题:一是时态的运用。

常用一般现在时和一般过去时,少用现在完成时和过去完成时,进行时态和其他复合时基本不用。

在所有的时态中,一般现在时形式最简单,使用最普通,在科技写作中使用广泛,常用于说明研究的目的、叙述研究内容、描述结果、得出结论、提出建议或结论等。

一般过去时,主要表示过去某时发生的动作或情况,科技论文中用于叙述过去某一时刻(时段)的发现,某一研究过程(实际、观察、调查)等。

EI对英文摘要的写作要求

EI对英文摘要的写作要求

EI对英文摘要的写作要求美国工程索引EI为二次文献,属检索数据库,刊登的条目内容有题名、作者、英文摘要、参考文献等等。

因二次文献无全文信息,所以摘要的质量非常重要。

其具体要求有:一、一般注意事项1)结构包含4个部分:研究的目的、方法、结果、结论。

2)长度英文摘要长度一般为150词左右,中文摘要长度一般为200字左右,两者应完全对应。

首句不得简单重复题名中已有的信息。

在不遗漏主题概念和主题内容的前提下,摘要应尽量简洁,不加评论性语句,并尽可能删掉课题研究的背景信息。

作者在文献中谈及的未来计划不纳入摘要。

3)缩略词除了众所周知的缩略词(如CAD等)外,其他在首次出现时必须在摘要中写明其对应的中英文全称。

4)句式尽量用短句子并避免句型单调。

5)时态用过去时态叙述作者工作,用现在时态叙述作者结论。

6)符号摘要中尽量不用非公知公用的符号和术语,改用文字表达或文字叙述。

7)其他不用引文,除非该论文证实或否定了他人已发表的论文。

不能出现图表参数。

二、文法注意事项1)能用名词做定语不要用动名词做定语,能用形容词做定语就不要用名词做定语。

可直接用名词或名词短语作定语的情况下,要少用of 句型。

2)可用动词的情况尽量避免用动词的名词形式。

例如:用Thickness of plastic sheets was measured,不用Measurement of thickness of plastic sheet was made.3)注意冠词用法,不要误用,滥用或随便省略冠词。

4)避免使用一长串形容词或名词来修饰名词,可以将这些词分成几个前置短语,用连字符连接名词组,作为单位形容词(一个形容词)。

5)尽量用主动语态代替被动语态。

例如A exceeds B 比B is exceeded by A 好。

6)尽量用简短、词义清楚并为人熟知的词,慎用行话和俗语。

7)语言要简练,如用 increased 代替has been found to increase,用the results show 代替 from the experimental results, it can be concluded that。

英文摘要

英文摘要

如何写摘要?1、摘要写作要点:摘要是对原始文献(或文章)的基本内容进行浓缩并写成语义连贯的短文。

它以迅速掌握原文内容梗概为目的,不需加入任何主观评论和解释,但必须简明、确切地表述原文的重要内容。

摘要写作要求简明扼要,用词准确。

简单地说,英文摘要是对原始文献不加诠释或评论的准确而简短的概括,并要求它能反映原始文献的主要信息。

写作摘要时应该注意以下几点:①认真仔细地阅读所给原文,弄懂原文大意,掌握原文要点。

②摘要的长度一般是原文的四分之一或五分之一,或遵守规定的字数限制。

③在写摘要时切忌照搬原文,应该用自己的语言来写。

④摘要应与原文的观点保持一致,并且仍按原文的逻辑顺序排列。

⑤重点反映主要观点,删除细节。

⑥简化从句,用简短的语句代替冗长的语句。

⑦检查与修改时,应重点检查是否遗漏了原文的要点或包含了细节。

有两点还应牢记:首先,你写出的摘要内容必须忠实于原文,或者说精确(accurate)。

摘要中所有的内容和信息必须来源于原文,既不可篡改原文内容也不能包括原文未涉及到的内容。

其次,摘要读起来应是一完整连贯的段落。

要取得这一完整连贯,就应该使用一些连接词(link-words),如but,and,however,also等连接要点;同样,也可使用诸如since,though,even if,when,after,before等词。

2、摘要写作实例实例1将下面这篇约500词的原文按要求写成约150词的摘要。

How New York Became America’s Largest City?In the 18th century New York was smaller than Philadelphia and Boston. Today it is the largest city in America. How can the change in its size and importance be explained?To answer this question we must consider certain facts about geography, history, and economics. Together these three will explain the huge growth of America’s most famous city.The map of the Northeast shows that four of the most heavily populated areas in this region are around seaports. At these points materials from across the sea enter the United States, and the product of the land are sent there for export across the sea.Economists know that places where transportation lines meet are good places for making raw materials into finished goods. That is why seaports often have cities nearby. But cities like New York needed more than their geographical location in order to become great industrial centers. Their development did not happen simply by chance.About 1815, when many Americans from the east coast had already moved toward the west, trade routes from the ports to the central regions of the country began to be a serious problem. The slow wagons of that time, drawn by horses or oxen, were too expensive for moving heavy freight very far. Americans had long admired Europe’s canals. In New York State a canal seemed the best solution to the transportation problem. From the eastern end of Lake Erie all the way across the state to the Hudson River there is a long strip of low land. Here the Erie Canal was constructed. After several years of work it was completed in 1825.The canal produced an immediate effect. Freight costs were cut to about one-tenth of what had been. New York City, which had been smaller than Philadelphia and Boston, quickly became the leading city of the coast. In the years that followed, transportation routes on the Great Lakes were joined to routes on the Mississippi River. Then New York City became the end point of a great inland shipping system that extended from the Atlantic Ocean far up the western branches of the Mississippi.The coming of the railroads made canal shipping less important, but it tied New York even more closely to the central regions of the country. It was easier for people in the central states to ship their goods to New York for export overseas.Exports from New York were greater than imports. Consequently, shipping companies were eager to fill their ships with passengers on the return trip from Europe. Passengers could come from Europe very cheaply as a result.Thus New York became the greatest port for receiving people from European countries. Many of these people remained in the city. Others stayed in New York for a few weeks, months, or years, and then moved to other parts of the United States. For these great number of new Americans New York had to provide homes, goods, and services. Their labor helped the city become great. (505 words)摘要How New York Became America’s Largest City?New York was once smaller than Philadelphia and Boston, but now it is America’s largest city because of geography, history and economics.New York was located at the seaport where materials were imported to the US and the products of the US were sent abroad across the sea. The city was further developed when the Erie Canal was completed in 1825. This linked Lake Erie to New York via the Hudson River and the cost of transporting goods to those who had settled inland was cut down. In addition, the Great Lakes were soon linked to the Mississippi. Later, railroads tied New York closer to the central states, whose goods were exported via New York. Fewer goods were imported, so cheap passengers were available from Europe. New York became the main port for receiving Europeans, many of whom stayed in the city and helped it become great. (154 words)实例2①试题题目Directions: Study the following essay carefully and write a summary in about 80 words.We continue to share with our remotest ancestors the most tangled and evasive attitudes about death, despite the great distance we have come in understanding some of the profound aspects of biology. We have as much distaste for talking about personal death as for thinking about it; it is an indelicacy, like talking in mixed company about venereal disease or abortion in the old days. Death on a grand scale does not bother us in the same special way: we can sit around a dinner table and discuss war, involving 60 million volatilized human deaths, as though we were talking about bad weather; we can watch abrupt bloody death every day, in color, on films and television, without blinking back a tear. It is when the numbers of dead are very small, and very close, that we begin to think in scurrying circles. At the very center of the problem is the naked cold deadness of one’s own self, the only reality in nature of which we can have absolutecertainty, and it is unmentionable, unthinkable. We may be even less willing to face the issue at first hand than our predecessors because of a secret new hope that maybe it will go away. We like to think, hiding the thought, that with all the marvelous ways in which we seem now to lead nature around by the nose, perhaps we can avoid the central problem if we just become, next year, say, a bit smarter. (246 words)②原文要点:1) continue to have the most confused ideas of death like predecessors2) avoid talking about death3) talk about death when millions of people die4) become confused and anxious when each time the dead people are very few and the death rates are almost equal5) people's fearfulness6) seem to control nature7) avoid death③参考摘要:People dislike talking about death because they just like their predecessors still have the vaguest ideas of the issue. They talk about death only when million upon millions of people are killed in war. When they find only very few people die each time and the death rates are almost equal, they become very anxious, thinking that next time they themselves will meet their doom. Therefore, they fear very much. However, they have a hope that when they control nature, they can avoid death. (84 words) 实例3Directions: Describe in about 80 words what the sentry saw and did from the moment when the strips of metal fell from the sky until he got back to his camp. Use your own words as far as possible. Do not include anything that is not in the passage.The sentry watched a hawk that hovered overhead, looking for some unsuspecting prey to pounce upon. Then he heard the distant, muffled roar of planes, then silence. For the past week he had been told to take note of everything that happened on the hill within his range of vision, and to report anything suspicious. The hill led to an experimental factory, where new and secret weapons were tested. There was a threat of war and the factory would be invaluable to the enemy. So the approaches to it were watched day in, and day out.He shifted his position; he felt that he had been crouching in the heather since the beginning of the time, but only a couple of hours of the day's duty had passed. Suddenly he saw something falling from the sky like snow, only it was not snow. He put out his hand and caught bits of that were drifting near him. They were thin strips of metal to confuse delicate instruments, so that it would not be possible to detect the landing of enemy craft. Next he heard a long, low, continuous roar from the east and saw bundles descending from the sky which looked like umbrellas opening, but which be knew to be parachutes with men hanging from them. He wanted to go at once to give the alarm, but he had to be sure that the parachutes were not his own men out on an exercise. The men were on ground now. One of them pointed in the direction of secret factory and they all began marching toward it. He had no more doubts and set off at once down the hill. He crawled slowly, sometimes on his stomach, sometimes on his side, weaving decided that he had ample cover and started to run. But he had erred, forbullets were soon whistling past him. He drooped flat on the ground. Nobody came to search for him, so he counted up to a hundred and then began crawling again. He moved tortuously and as silently as he could to his camp at the foot of the hill. (355 words)① Points (Saw and Did).1) Put out hands; caught strip metal.2) Saw bundles.3) Waited.4) Saw men on ground.5) One pointed; all marched.6) Went downhill.7) Crawled-stomach, side-to stream.8) Started running.9) Dropped flat (why? –bullets).10) Counted 100; crawled.11) Silently to camp.② Rough Draft (Linking of Points)(写得不好的摘要)When the sentry held out his hand to catch what was falling out of the sky, he found that it was strips of metal. The bundles began coming down. The sentry waited until men appeared on the ground. One of them pointed and the sentry saw them march towards the factory. Crawling on his stomach and on his side, the sentry moved downhill. He began running when he came to a stream, but dropped down when he was shot at. After counting up to a hundred to himself, he began crawling silently again downhill.(94 words)③ Fair Copy (Corrected Draft)(写得比较好的摘要)After catching hold of metal strips falling out of the sky, the sentry saw bundles descending and, after a time, some men appeared on the ground. One of them pointed and they all began marching towards the factory. The sentry crawled downhill on his stomach and on his side. When he came to a stream, he began running but dropped down when the men shot at him. He counted up to a hundred, then silently started crawling again towards his camp.(81 words)。

英文摘要的写作要求

英文摘要的写作要求

英文摘要的写作要求目前,由作者写作的英文摘要,绝大多数都比较粗糙,离参与国际交流的要求相距甚远,需要进行大的修改,有时甚至是重写。

这一方面是由于作者英文写作水平有限;另一方面也由于大多数作者对英文摘要的写作要求和国际惯例不甚了解。

下面就根据《EI》对英文摘要的写作要求,谈谈如何写好科技论文的英文摘要。

目前,由作者写作的英文摘要,绝大多数都比较粗糙,离参与国际交流的要求相距甚远,需要进行大的修改,有时甚至是重写。

这一方面是由于作者英文写作水平有限;另一方面也由于大多数作者对英文摘要的写作要求和国际惯例不甚了解。

下面就根据《EI》对英文摘要的写作要求,谈谈如何写好科技论文的英文摘要。

《EI》中国信息部要求信息性文摘(Information Abstract)应该用简洁、明确的语言(一般不超过150 words)将论文的”目的(Purposes)”,主要的研究”过程(Procedures)”及所采用的”方法(Methods)”,由此得到的主要“结果(Results)”和得出的重要”结论(Conclusions)”表达清楚。

如有可能,还应尽量提一句论文结果和结论的应用范围和应用情况。

也就是说,要写好英文摘要,作者必须回答好以下几个问题:1) 本文的目的或要解决的问题(What I want to do?) 2) 解决问题的方法及过程(How I did it?) 3) 主要结果及结论(What results did I get and what conclusions can I draw?) 4) 本文的创新、独到之处(What is new and original in this paper?) 5.3英文摘要各部分的写作根据《EI》对英文摘要的写作要求,英文摘要的写作并没有一成不变的格式,但一般来说,英文摘要是对原始文献不加诠释或评论的准确而简短的概括,并要求它能反映原始文献的主要信息。

5.3.1 目的(What I want to do?)目的。

英文摘要的写作技巧

英文摘要的写作技巧

英文摘要的写作技巧
一、写作方法
1、确定主题:写英文摘要时,要确定文章的主题,这是写英文摘要
的首要任务,这样才能把握全文的主旨,为摘要写作构思提供依据。

2、确定摘要内容:接下来,要确定摘要内容,一般来说,英文摘要
是对文章的全部内容进行精简总结,要考虑哪些是文章的重点内容,哪些
是支撑性的内容。

3、分析文章结构:然后,要进行文章的结构分析,把握文章的结构,以及每段内容的主要情节,这样才能把握文章的全部内容。

4、梳理摘要结构:接下来,要根据文章的结构确定摘要的结构,一
般来说英文摘要的结构是以“主题+逻辑分论点”的形式来进行总结。

5、撰写英文摘要:最后,要开始撰写英文摘要,写英文摘要时,要
注意字数,一般英文摘要占整篇文章的20%左右,不宜过多或过少,要适
当精炼。

二、写作注意
1、要注意文章的主旨:写英文摘要时,要注意文章的主旨,去掉无
用的信息,强调核心信息,而不是把全文都写了一遍。

2、要注意语言:写英文摘要时,要注意语言的表达,要尽量使用客观、简洁明了的表达,不要冗长繁琐,也不要太过牵强附会。

3、要注意语法:在写英文摘要时,要注意语法。

英文摘要书写规范

英文摘要书写规范

英文摘要书写规范(一)一、英文摘要是应用符合英文语法的文字语言,以提供文献内容梗概为目的,不加评论和补充解释,简明、确切地论述文献重要内容的短文。

二、英文摘要必须符合“拥有与论文同等量的主要信息”的原则。

为此,英文摘要应重点包括4个要素,即研究目的、方法、结果和结论。

在这4个要素中,后2个是最重要的。

在执行上述原则时,在有些情况下,英文摘要可包括研究工作的主要对象和范围,以及具有情报价值的其他重要的信息。

当前学术期刊上英文摘要的主要问题是要素不全,繁简失当。

三、英文摘要的句型力求简单,通常应有10个左右意义完整、语句顺畅的句子。

四、英文摘要不应有引言中出现的内容,也不要对论文内容作诠释和评论,不得简单重复题名中已有的信息;不用非公知公用的符号和术语,不用引文,除非该论文证实或否定了他人已发表的论文,缩略词、略称、代号,除了相邻专业的读者也能清楚理解的以外,在首次出现时必须加以说明;科技论文写作时应注意的其他事项,如采用法定计量单位,正确使用语言文字和标点符号,也同样适用于英文摘要的编写。

摘自:中国科协学会学术部(通知)科协学发[2002]054号《关于进一步提高期刊学术论文英文摘要写作质量以及在各有关期刊编辑部开展英文摘要达标荐优活动的通知》(二)如何写好中英文摘要1.文摘应包含正文的要点。

一般来说,文摘应包含研究对象(目的),研究方法(所用的设备、材料),结果与结论。

2.文摘要尽量简短,尽可能删掉课题研究的背景信息。

3.文摘中出现的数据应该是最重要、最关键的数据。

4.不需要自己标榜自己的研究成果。

5.二次文献信息应脱离原文而独立存在,因此文摘中不能出现图表参数。

6.文摘中的内容应在正文中出现,文摘不能对原文进行补充和修改。

7.文摘中的缩写名称在第一次出现时要有全称。

8.文摘句子应尽量简短。

——摘自“2004年中国地区美国工程信息公司数据库工作会议资料”。

考博英语作文摘要模板【十篇】

考博英语作文摘要模板【十篇】

考博英语作文摘要模板【十篇】【第一篇】考博英语作文摘要的写作注意事项:1、英文摘要结构严谨,表达简明,语义确切。

尽量使用短句,慎用长句。

2、应采用第三人称表达方式,谓语动词用一般现在时、现在完成时或一般过去时。

进行时态和其他复合时态基本不用。

3、英文摘要的语态既可采用主动,也可采用被动。

In the beginning of the essay, the writer clings to the idea that we should attach utmost significance to the issue of _. It is no easy task to find the reason for this complicated phenomenon which involves several factors. To begin with, the past several decades have witnessed a thought-provoking social phenomenon that _has been arising from all over the world. Furthermore, the author illustrates the deep-rooted reason by stressing the fact that _is of great importance to the development of our society. Finally, it is vital for us to derive positive implication from the last paragraph that _ is also a key factor contributed to this issue.在本文开头,作者坚持认为我们应该充分重视_(中心词)这一问题。

中英文摘要写作要求及格式

中英文摘要写作要求及格式

中英文摘要写作要求及格式
中文摘要的要求和格式:
1.长度:通常要求在300-500字左右,不超过1页A4纸。

2.格式:一般包括以下几个部分:
(1)研究背景:简要介绍本研究领域的前沿问题和研究现状。

(2)研究目的和方法:明确本研究的目的,并简要描述研究所采用的方法或途径。

(3)研究结果:概述本研究的主要结果和发现。

(4)结论:总结本研究的主要结论,并提出研究的意义和建议。

3.使用简洁明了的语句,避免使用复杂的专业术语。

4.注意逻辑结构的合理安排,使摘要内容条理清晰、易于理解。

5.语言流畅、准确,注意使用恰当的语法和标点符号。

英文摘要的要求和格式:
1.长度:通常要求在200-300字左右,不超过1页A4纸。

2.格式:一般包括以下几个部分:
(1)研究背景:简要介绍本研究领域的前沿问题和研究现状。

(2)研究目的和方法:明确本研究的目的,并简要描述研究所采用的方法或途径。

(3)研究结果:概述本研究的主要结果和发现。

(4)结论:总结本研究的主要结论,并提出研究的意义和建议。

3.使用简洁明了的语句,避免使用复杂的专业术语。

4.注意逻辑结构的合理安排,使摘要内容条理清晰、易于理解。

5.注意语法、拼写和标点符号的准确使用。

6.根据期刊或会议的要求,可能需要在摘要中提供一定的关键词。

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英文摘要的写作要求
目前,由作者写作的英文摘要,绝大多数都比较粗糙,离参与国际交流的要求相距甚远,需要进行大的修改,有时甚至是重写。

这一方面是由于作者英文写作水平有限;另一方面也由于大多数作者对英文摘要的写作要求和国际惯例不甚了解。

下面就根据《EI》对英文摘要的写作要求,谈谈如何写好科技论文的英文摘要。

目前,由作者写作的英文摘要,绝大多数都比较粗糙,离参与国际交流的要求相距甚远,需要进行大的修改,有时甚至是重写。

这一方面是由于作者英文写作水平有限;另一方面也由于大多数作者对英文摘要的写作要求和国际惯例不甚了解。

下面就根据《EI》对英文摘要的写作要求,谈谈如何写好科技论文的英文摘要。

《EI》中国信息部要求信息性文摘(Information Abstract)应该用简洁、明确的语言(一般不超过150 words)将论文的”目的(Purposes)”,主要的研究”过程(Procedures)”及所采用的”方法(Methods)”,由此得到的主要“结果(Results)”和得出的重要”结论(Conclusions)”表达清楚。

如有可能,还应尽量提一句论文结果和结论的应用范围和应用情况。

也就是说,要写好英文摘要,作者必须回答好以下几个问题:1) 本文的目的或要解决的问题(What I want to do?) 2) 解决问题的方法及过程(How I did it?) 3) 主要结果及结论(What results did I get and what conclusions can I draw?) 4) 本文的创新、独到之处(What is new and original in this paper?) 5.3英文摘要各部分的写作根据《EI》对英文摘要的写作要求,英文摘要的写作并没有一成不变的格式,但一般来说,英文摘要是对原始文献不加诠释或评论的准确而简短的概括,并要求它能反映原始文献的主要信息。

5.3.1 目的(What I want to do?)
目的。

主要说明作者写作此文的目的,或本文主要解决的问题。

一般来说,一篇好的英文摘要,一开头就应该把作者本文的目的或要解决的主要问题非常明确地交待清楚。

必要时,可利用论文中所列的最新文献,简要介绍前人的工作,但这种介绍一定要极其简练。

在这方面,《EI》提出了两点具体要求:1)Eliminate or minimize background information(不谈或尽量少谈背景信息).2) Avoid repeating the title or part of the title in the first sentence of the abstract (避免在摘要的第一句话重复使用题目或题目的一部分)。

5.3.2 过程与方法(How I did it?) 过程及方法。

主要说明作者主要工作过程及所用的方法,也应包括众多的边界条件,使用的主要设备和仪器。

在英文摘要中,过程与方法的阐述起着承前启后的作用。

开头交待了要解决的问题(What I want to do)之后,接着要回答的自然就是如何解决问题(How I did it),而且,最后的结果和结论也往往与研究过程及方法是密切相关的。

大多数作者在阐述过程与方法时,最常见的问题是泛泛而谈、空洞无物,只有定性的描述,使读者很难清楚地了解论文中解决问题的过程和方法。

因此,在说明过程与方法时,应结合(指向)论文中的公式、实验框图等来进行阐述,这样可以既给读者一个清晰的思路,又给那些看不懂中文(但却可以看懂公式、图、表等)的英文读者以一种可信的感觉。

5.3.3 结果和结论(What results did I get and what conclusions can I draw?) 结果和结论部分代表着文章的主要成就和贡献,论文有没有价值,值不值得读者阅读,主要取决于你所获得的结果和所得出的结论。

因此,在写作结果和结论部分时,一般都要尽量结合实验结果或仿真结果的图、表、曲线等来加以说明,使结论部分言之有物,有根有据;同时,对那些看不懂中文的英文读者来说,通过这些图
表,结合英文摘要的说明就可以比较清楚地了解论文的结果和结论。

也只有这样,
论文的结论才有说服力。

如有可能,在结尾部分还可以将论文的结果和他人最新
的研究结果进行比较,以突出论文的主要贡献和创新、独到之处(回答What is
new and original in this paper)。

5.3.4 如何提高英文摘要的文字
效能《EI》很看重英文摘要的文字效能。

为了提高文字效能,应尽
量删去所有多余的字、句。

在这方面,《EI》提出了两个原则:1)
Limit the abstract to new information(摘要中只谈新的信息)。

2)trive for brevity(尽量使摘要简洁)。

就目前来看,由于大多数作者在英
文写作方面都比较欠缺,因此,由作者所写的英文摘要离《EI》的要求相距甚远。

有的作者写出很长的英文摘要,但文字效能很低,多余的字、句很多;有的作者
写的英文摘要很短,但也存在多余的字句。

总而言之,就是文字的信息含量少。

因此,《EI》中国信息部还对英文摘要的写作提出了以下几点具体要求。

5.3.5 关于英文摘要的句法关于英文摘要的句法,《EI》提出了以
下三个一般原则:1) 尽量用短句(use short sentences)。

2) 描述作者的工作一般用过去时态(因为工作是在过去做的),但在陈述由这些
工作所得出的结论时,应该用现在时态。

3) 一般都应使用动词的
主动语态,如:写成A exceeds B比写成B is exceeded by A更好。

党员年终工作总结范文
回顾一年来的经历,有收获也有不足。

思想上有了一定的进步,学习上也比较刻苦努力,现将我一年来的思想、工作和学习等方面的情况作一个总结性的汇报。

一、自觉加强理论学习,组织纪律性强
加强理论学习,首先是从思想上重视。

理论源于实践,又高于实践。

在过去的一年中,我主动加强对政治理论知识的学习,主要包括继续深入领会“三个代
表”重要思想并配合支部的组织生活计划,切实地提高了自己的思想认识,同时注重加强对外界时政的了解,通过学习,提高了自己的政治敏锐性和鉴别能力,坚定了立场,坚定了信念,在大是大非问题面前,能够始终保持清醒的头脑。

今年我顺利转正,成为一名中共正式党员,这给了我无限的信心的同时也有更多的压力。

时刻提醒着我注意,什么是一个党员该做的,什么是不该做的,更促进了我的进步。

首先,我深刻而清楚地认识到自己的缺点和不足,并在生活中循序渐进地改善,一个人改正错误和缺点的过程我想不会再一朝一夕。

所以我做好了充分的心理准备。

尤其,在组织生活会上,同志们再次提出了我的不足之处,这使我感到自己还有很多路要走还有很多是要学,当然自己的努力是少不了的。

我有信心明年总结的时候可以完全改正一些不足和缺点。

因为我是一名党员了,就应该拿出吃苦耐劳的精神,如果连自己的缺点都不能克服还谈什么先锋模范作用。

这一年里,我积极响应学校组织的多次党员活动,配合当前的理论前沿,为自己补充新鲜血液。

当然,加强理论学习仍将是今后工作和生活中的一项主要的内容。

不断加强学习,以适应社会发展的需要,不断的提高自己的政治理论素质,以适应社会经济发展的客观要求。

二、学习刻苦,积极参加各种活动
作为新世纪的高等学府的学子,我很骄傲,当然压力也从来没有离开过。

研究生的课程学习并不是很重,但是老师的宽松对我来说就像是无形的压力。

突然感觉自己好像有好多东西需要学习,所以我不敢放松学习,希望在有限的学生生涯中更多地学到点东西,为将来能更好地为人民服务作准备。

所以,我从来不旷课,课上也是认真听讲,当然学习之余也应该劳逸结合。

在今年学校的运动会上,我报名参加了舞蹈队的表演,从这次活动中,不但认识了不少同学,也给了我一个锻炼自己交际能力的场所,增加了自己的群众基础。

自己从这次活动中收获不少,就是从这次活动中,我知道了,只要有决心,没有做不到的事。

三、严格要求自己,养成良好的生活习惯
进入研究生的学习和生活,相对来说环境比较宽松,我刚开始也放松了对自己的要求,直接的表现就是早上起床经常不叠被了。

在一次学习马祖光院士的活动中,我受到了深深的震撼,一位院士有着如此节俭的生活,对一件事可以几十年如一日的坚持完成,多么伟大的人格啊!这使我反省自己,连起码的生活礼仪都不注意,在关键时刻也许想注意都难了。

从那一天起,我就再也没有不叠被,感觉自己从那时起,就有了生活原则,有了自我监督机制,每天都会想想今天还有什么没有干好,或是还有什么原定计划没有完成。

我深刻地感到,一个好习惯一生受益。

注意将工作、学习、娱乐、休息有机的结合起来,将8小时以外的时间合理的利用起来,养成良好的生活习惯。

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