英文摘要的写作技巧
学术论文英文摘要的写作方法——中外学术论文的英文摘要对比分析
学术论文英文摘要的写作方法——中外学术论文的英文摘要对比分析摘要是学术论文中的重要组成部分，它是论文的简洁概括，能够让读者快速了解论文的主要内容和研究成果。
在撰写学术论文的英文摘要时，需要注意一些方法和技巧。
本文将进行中外学术论文的英文摘要对比分析，以帮助读者更好地掌握学术论文英文摘要的写作方法。
首先，中外学术论文的英文摘要在长度上有所不同。
一般来说，中文摘要的字数较多，可以达到300字以上，而英文摘要一般在150-250字之间。
这是因为中文更为详细和丰富，而英文则更加简洁和精炼。
其次，中外学术论文的英文摘要的语言风格也存在差异。
中文摘要多使用复杂的句式和较为冗长的表达方式，这与中文的语法结构和修辞手法有关。
而英文摘要则更倾向于使用简洁明了的句式和简练的词汇，以便更容易被非英语背景的读者理解。
此外，在摘要的结构组织上，中外学术论文也有所不同。
中文摘要一般包括研究背景、研究目的、研究方法、研究成果和结论等方面的内容。
而英文摘要则通常包括背景介绍、研究目的、方法、结果和结论这几个部分。
英文摘要的组织结构更加简洁明了，突出论文的研究重点和关键结果。
最后，中外学术论文的英文摘要在语言表达上也存在差异。
中文摘要更注重描述研究的细节和具体过程，而英文摘要则更注重突出研究的主要发现和结论。
在英文摘要中，应该使用简洁明了的句式和准确的词汇，避免使用复杂的从句和修辞手法，以便让读者快速理解和消化论文的主要内容。
综上所述，学术论文英文摘要的写作方法在中外学术论文中存在一定的差异。
英文摘要要注意长度、语言风格、结构组织和语言表达等方面的技巧，以便更好地呈现论文的主要内容和研究成果。
通过对比分析中外学术论文的英文摘要可以帮助研究者更好地掌握学术论文英文摘要的写作方法。
杂志的摘要英文字母
杂志的摘要英文字母
关于摘要各部分的写作及技巧：
（1）第一句话：讲述你这样研究目的，或本文主要解决的问题。
例：To investigate/study/determine…或者for the purpose of…
（2）第二句话：讲述你研究的过程，研究的方法。
开头交待了要解决的问题之后，接着要回答的就是如何解决问题。
例：…was carried out…with…treatment. 说明研究或试验方法，常用词汇有measure, estimate, calculate 等；介绍应用、用途，常用词汇有use, apply, application等。
（3）第三句话：讲述你研究得出的主要研究结果。
例：The results showed that…
（4）第四句话：讲述由你的研究结果得出的结论。
例：The result of the present work implied that…
（5）使用简短的句子，用词应为潜在的读者所熟悉；注意表述的逻辑性，尽量使用指示性的词语来表达论文的不同部分（层次）。
如使用“研究表明…”（We found that…）表示结果；使用“通过对…的分析，认为…”（Based on…, we suggest that…）表示讨论结果的含义等。
（6）确保摘要的独立性：尽量避免引用文献、图表和缩写，别人不看你的文章，只看你的abstract就能了解你的研究工作。
（7）为了方便检索系统检索，尽量避免使用化学结构式、数学表达式、角标和希腊文等特殊符号。
英文摘要
如何写摘要？1、摘要写作要点：摘要是对原始文献(或文章)的基本内容进行浓缩并写成语义连贯的短文。
它以迅速掌握原文内容梗概为目的，不需加入任何主观评论和解释，但必须简明、确切地表述原文的重要内容。
摘要写作要求简明扼要，用词准确。
简单地说，英文摘要是对原始文献不加诠释或评论的准确而简短的概括，并要求它能反映原始文献的主要信息。
写作摘要时应该注意以下几点：①认真仔细地阅读所给原文，弄懂原文大意，掌握原文要点。
②摘要的长度一般是原文的四分之一或五分之一，或遵守规定的字数限制。
③在写摘要时切忌照搬原文，应该用自己的语言来写。
④摘要应与原文的观点保持一致，并且仍按原文的逻辑顺序排列。
⑤重点反映主要观点，删除细节。
⑥简化从句，用简短的语句代替冗长的语句。
⑦检查与修改时，应重点检查是否遗漏了原文的要点或包含了细节。
有两点还应牢记：首先，你写出的摘要内容必须忠实于原文，或者说精确（accurate）。
摘要中所有的内容和信息必须来源于原文，既不可篡改原文内容也不能包括原文未涉及到的内容。
其次，摘要读起来应是一完整连贯的段落。
要取得这一完整连贯，就应该使用一些连接词（link－words），如but，and，however，also等连接要点；同样，也可使用诸如since，though，even if，when，after，before等词。
2、摘要写作实例实例1将下面这篇约500词的原文按要求写成约150词的摘要。
How New York Became America’s Largest City?In the 18th century New York was smaller than Philadelphia and Boston. Today it is the largest city in America. How can the change in its size and importance be explained?To answer this question we must consider certain facts about geography, history, and economics. Together these three will explain the huge growth of America’s most famous city.The map of the Northeast shows that four of the most heavily populated areas in this region are around seaports. At these points materials from across the sea enter the United States, and the product of the land are sent there for export across the sea.Economists know that places where transportation lines meet are good places for making raw materials into finished goods. That is why seaports often have cities nearby. But cities like New York needed more than their geographical location in order to become great industrial centers. Their development did not happen simply by chance.About 1815, when many Americans from the east coast had already moved toward the west, trade routes from the ports to the central regions of the country began to be a serious problem. The slow wagons of that time, drawn by horses or oxen, were too expensive for moving heavy freight very far. Americans had long admired Europe’s canals. In New York State a canal seemed the best solution to the transportation problem. From the eastern end of Lake Erie all the way across the state to the Hudson River there is a long strip of low land. Here the Erie Canal was constructed. After several years of work it was completed in 1825.The canal produced an immediate effect. Freight costs were cut to about one-tenth of what had been. New York City, which had been smaller than Philadelphia and Boston, quickly became the leading city of the coast. In the years that followed, transportation routes on the Great Lakes were joined to routes on the Mississippi River. Then New York City became the end point of a great inland shipping system that extended from the Atlantic Ocean far up the western branches of the Mississippi.The coming of the railroads made canal shipping less important, but it tied New York even more closely to the central regions of the country. It was easier for people in the central states to ship their goods to New York for export overseas.Exports from New York were greater than imports. Consequently, shipping companies were eager to fill their ships with passengers on the return trip from Europe. Passengers could come from Europe very cheaply as a result.Thus New York became the greatest port for receiving people from European countries. Many of these people remained in the city. Others stayed in New York for a few weeks, months, or years, and then moved to other parts of the United States. For these great number of new Americans New York had to provide homes, goods, and services. Their labor helped the city become great. (505 words)摘要How New York Became America’s Largest City?New York was once smaller than Philadelphia and Boston, but now it is America’s largest city because of geography, history and economics.New York was located at the seaport where materials were imported to the US and the products of the US were sent abroad across the sea. The city was further developed when the Erie Canal was completed in 1825. This linked Lake Erie to New York via the Hudson River and the cost of transporting goods to those who had settled inland was cut down. In addition, the Great Lakes were soon linked to the Mississippi. Later, railroads tied New York closer to the central states, whose goods were exported via New York. Fewer goods were imported, so cheap passengers were available from Europe. New York became the main port for receiving Europeans, many of whom stayed in the city and helped it become great. (154 words)实例2①试题题目Directions: Study the following essay carefully and write a summary in about 80 words.We continue to share with our remotest ancestors the most tangled and evasive attitudes about death, despite the great distance we have come in understanding some of the profound aspects of biology. We have as much distaste for talking about personal death as for thinking about it; it is an indelicacy, like talking in mixed company about venereal disease or abortion in the old days. Death on a grand scale does not bother us in the same special way: we can sit around a dinner table and discuss war, involving 60 million volatilized human deaths, as though we were talking about bad weather; we can watch abrupt bloody death every day, in color, on films and television, without blinking back a tear. It is when the numbers of dead are very small, and very close, that we begin to think in scurrying circles. At the very center of the problem is the naked cold deadness of one’s own self, the only reality in nature of which we can have absolutecertainty, and it is unmentionable, unthinkable. We may be even less willing to face the issue at first hand than our predecessors because of a secret new hope that maybe it will go away. We like to think, hiding the thought, that with all the marvelous ways in which we seem now to lead nature around by the nose, perhaps we can avoid the central problem if we just become, next year, say, a bit smarter. (246 words)②原文要点：1) continue to have the most confused ideas of death like predecessors2) avoid talking about death3) talk about death when millions of people die4) become confused and anxious when each time the dead people are very few and the death rates are almost equal5) people's fearfulness6) seem to control nature7) avoid death③参考摘要:People dislike talking about death because they just like their predecessors still have the vaguest ideas of the issue. They talk about death only when million upon millions of people are killed in war. When they find only very few people die each time and the death rates are almost equal, they become very anxious, thinking that next time they themselves will meet their doom. Therefore, they fear very much. However, they have a hope that when they control nature, they can avoid death. (84 words) 实例3Directions: Describe in about 80 words what the sentry saw and did from the moment when the strips of metal fell from the sky until he got back to his camp. Use your own words as far as possible. Do not include anything that is not in the passage.The sentry watched a hawk that hovered overhead, looking for some unsuspecting prey to pounce upon. Then he heard the distant, muffled roar of planes, then silence. For the past week he had been told to take note of everything that happened on the hill within his range of vision, and to report anything suspicious. The hill led to an experimental factory, where new and secret weapons were tested. There was a threat of war and the factory would be invaluable to the enemy. So the approaches to it were watched day in, and day out.He shifted his position; he felt that he had been crouching in the heather since the beginning of the time, but only a couple of hours of the day's duty had passed. Suddenly he saw something falling from the sky like snow, only it was not snow. He put out his hand and caught bits of that were drifting near him. They were thin strips of metal to confuse delicate instruments, so that it would not be possible to detect the landing of enemy craft. Next he heard a long, low, continuous roar from the east and saw bundles descending from the sky which looked like umbrellas opening, but which be knew to be parachutes with men hanging from them. He wanted to go at once to give the alarm, but he had to be sure that the parachutes were not his own men out on an exercise. The men were on ground now. One of them pointed in the direction of secret factory and they all began marching toward it. He had no more doubts and set off at once down the hill. He crawled slowly, sometimes on his stomach, sometimes on his side, weaving decided that he had ample cover and started to run. But he had erred, forbullets were soon whistling past him. He drooped flat on the ground. Nobody came to search for him, so he counted up to a hundred and then began crawling again. He moved tortuously and as silently as he could to his camp at the foot of the hill. (355 words)① Points (Saw and Did).1) Put out hands; caught strip metal.2) Saw bundles.3) Waited.4) Saw men on ground.5) One pointed; all marched.6) Went downhill.7) Crawled-stomach, side-to stream.8) Started running.9) Dropped flat (why? –bullets).10) Counted 100; crawled.11) Silently to camp.② Rough Draft （Linking of Points）（写得不好的摘要）When the sentry held out his hand to catch what was falling out of the sky, he found that it was strips of metal. The bundles began coming down. The sentry waited until men appeared on the ground. One of them pointed and the sentry saw them march towards the factory. Crawling on his stomach and on his side, the sentry moved downhill. He began running when he came to a stream, but dropped down when he was shot at. After counting up to a hundred to himself, he began crawling silently again downhill.（94 words）③ Fair Copy （Corrected Draft）（写得比较好的摘要）After catching hold of metal strips falling out of the sky, the sentry saw bundles descending and, after a time, some men appeared on the ground. One of them pointed and they all began marching towards the factory. The sentry crawled downhill on his stomach and on his side. When he came to a stream, he began running but dropped down when the men shot at him. He counted up to a hundred, then silently started crawling again towards his camp.（81 words）。
英文摘要 高
“结果”部分
常用单词
1） 展示研究结果, 常用词汇 有: show, result, present等. 2） 介绍结论, 常用词汇 有: summary, introduce, conclude等.
“结论”部分常用句型
1）结果提示：These results suggest that…
2）结果支持或反对某种观点： These results support the idea that； These results fail to support the idea that 3）表示观点的确定或不确定性： There is no evidence that； It is likely/unlikely that
被动语态为好。
Eg:The Leonardo da Vinci theory is supported in
this study with the three plant species.
主动语态
摘要中谓语动词采用主动语态的越来越多，其
有助于文字清晰、简洁及表达有力。
the author systematically introduces the history and development of the tissue culture of poplar the history and development of the tissue culture of poplar are introduced systematically
介绍目的常用动词
1）研究： study, investigate, examine, observe, explore 2）评价：evaluate, validate 3）确定： determine, decide, confirm, support, define, characterize 4）证实： prove, demonstrate, document, test, support, testify, verify
论文的英文摘要范文
论文的英文摘要范文
1.Background(背景)∶介绍论文研究的背景，描述前者研究存在哪些问题，为自己进行这个研究是为了尝试解决前者存在的这些问题做好铺垫。
2.Method(方法)︰介绍研究中所使用了哪些研究方法，需要注意的是∶因为摘要字数有限，所以Method只是需要简单介绍一下即可，不要花太多篇幅介绍。
3.Results(结果)∶这部分直接写实验得到了什么结果，如果没有实验的就只需要阐述文章研究目的和结果。
4.Conclusion(结论)∶论文相对前者的研究有什么创新或独到见解都要阐述在这里。
Abstract其实就是对整篇英文论文浓缩之后的精华部分。
其目的就要让读者就算没有阅读全文，也能从Abstract中知道这篇论文的核心内容。
所以，摘要的写作一定要在论文的开始就把整篇论文的研究目的或要解决的问题呈现给读者。
说完了Abstract的主要写作内容之后，那么我们来看看好的摘要到底该怎么写:
这里EasyEssay告诉大家一个写摘要的'万能模板——PARI。
对于留学新生们来说特别适用，当大家在国外写英文论文多了之后就会有自己的写作方法，但是在不会写之前，可以先参考一下下面这个写作方法︰
PARI摘要写作方法∶
P=Problem:提出文章需要解决哪些问题
A=Approach:解决提出的问题是用的什么方法
R=Results:解决了提出的问题之后得到了什么结果l=lmpacts:这些结果有什么具体或者实际的影响。
完整版英文Summary写作方法范例及常用句式
摘要是对一篇文章的主题思想的简单陈述。
它用最简洁的语言概括了原文的主题。
写摘要主要包括三个步骤：（1）阅读；（2）写作；（3）修改成文。
第一步：阅读A .认真阅读给定的原文材料。
如果一遍不能理解，就多读两遍。
阅读次数越多，你对原文的理解就越深刻。
B .给摘要起一个标题。
用那些能概括文章主题思想的单词、短语或短句子作为标题。
也可以采用文中的主题句作为标题。
主题句往往出现在文章的开头或结尾。
一个好标题有助于确定文章的中心思想。
C.现在，就该决定原文中哪些部分重要，哪些部分次重要了。
对重要部分的主要观点进行概括。
D.简要地记下主要观点主题、标题、细节等你认为对概括摘要重要的东西。
第二步：动手写作A.摘要应该只有原文的三分之一或四分之一长。
因此首先数一下原文的字数，然后除以三，得到一个数字。
摘要的字数可以少于这个数字，但是千万不能超过这个数字。
B.摘要应全部用自己的话完成。
不要引用原文的句子。
C.应该遵循原文的逻辑顺序。
这样你就不必重新组织观点、事实。
D.摘要必须全面、清晰地表明原文所载的信息，以便你的读者不需翻阅原文就可以完全掌握材料的原意。
E.写摘要时可以采用下列几种小技巧: 1）删除细节。
只保留主要观点。
2）选择一至两个例子。
原文中可能包括5个或更多的例子，你只需从中筛选一至二个例子。
3）把长段的描述变成短小、简单的句子。
如果材料中描述某人或某事用了十个句子，那么你只要把它们变成一两句即可。
4）避免重复。
在原文中，为了强调某个主题，可能会重复论证说明。
但是这在摘要中是不能使用的。
应该删除那些突出强调的重述句。
5）压缩长的句子。
如下列两例:“ His courage in battle might without exaggerati on be called lionke. ” 可以概括为：” He was very brave in battle.“ He was hard up for money and was being p ressed by his creditor.可以概括为：“ He was in financial difficulties.6）你还可以使用词组代替整句或者从句。
论文写作技巧：专家教你如何写英文摘要
我国的研究生写论文时，常常卡到写英文摘要这一关。
因为毕竟英语并不是我们的母语，我们在工作生活中接触英语的听、说、读、写也远远没有汉语汉字多。
今天笔者整理了几个实例，教大家学写英文摘要，希望可以为你解忧。
当我们在写英文摘要的时候，第一需要检查的，就是你是否写出了合格的中文摘要。
如果你的中文摘要写得似是而非，不清不楚，你的英文摘要就会更不忍直视。
你让别人帮你修改，如果修改者为难，那么你的中文摘要肯定有问题。
在此，我不妨提醒大家，如果你向别人求助，就要尽力让帮助者全面理解你的内容，如果别人也懂中文，就要提供中文原文，阅读半通不通的英文本就是一种折磨，还要让别人猜你想说什么，那就不厚道了。
中文摘要例一：高质量的单个病例数据的Meta分析（IPDMeta分析）通过获得全世界所有相关临床试验，与试验研究者建立合作，由其提供每个试验的个体病例数据，并集中收集、检查和分析数据，最终合并试验结果得到干预措施效果的最佳估计值。
它确保了数据的及时更新、可得、可靠和完整，在最大程度上减小了各种潜在偏倚，是医疗干预措施效果系统评价的金标准。
此外，该分析方法灵活多样，能回答更多的临床问题，满足临床医生和决策者的需要；结果解释更全面和平衡，可促进对研究结果的使用和推广。
基于IPDMeta分析与常规Meta分析在研究实施方面有明显差异，本文同时简介了IPDMeta分析的具体实施过程。
此文的作者想说什么？他们做了什么？英文摘要给读者的是一堆不知其意的概念的集合，杂乱无章地排列在一起；很明显，作者缺乏对某些概念的了解。
面对这样的英文摘要，你不可能把它们改好，起死回生。
你如果要做修改的工作，就只能全面地读论文，然后帮作者重写摘要，包括中文版的。
如果你拿了这样的摘要向人求助，别人拒绝，你就不能埋怨别人不近情理，英谚云，垃圾进，垃圾出，Garbagein,garbage out.就是这道理。
要写好英文摘要，就要把握应用文写作的精要：言之有物、避繁就简、八股为梯、返朴归真。
中英文摘要写作要求及格式
中英文摘要写作要求及格式
中文摘要的要求和格式:
1.长度：通常要求在300-500字左右，不超过1页A4纸。
2.格式：一般包括以下几个部分：
(1)研究背景：简要介绍本研究领域的前沿问题和研究现状。
(2)研究目的和方法：明确本研究的目的，并简要描述研究所采用的方法或途径。
(3)研究结果：概述本研究的主要结果和发现。
(4)结论：总结本研究的主要结论，并提出研究的意义和建议。
3.使用简洁明了的语句，避免使用复杂的专业术语。
4.注意逻辑结构的合理安排，使摘要内容条理清晰、易于理解。
5.语言流畅、准确，注意使用恰当的语法和标点符号。
英文摘要的要求和格式:
1.长度：通常要求在200-300字左右，不超过1页A4纸。
2.格式：一般包括以下几个部分：
(1)研究背景：简要介绍本研究领域的前沿问题和研究现状。
(2)研究目的和方法：明确本研究的目的，并简要描述研究所采用的方法或途径。
(3)研究结果：概述本研究的主要结果和发现。
(4)结论：总结本研究的主要结论，并提出研究的意义和建议。
3.使用简洁明了的语句，避免使用复杂的专业术语。
4.注意逻辑结构的合理安排，使摘要内容条理清晰、易于理解。
5.注意语法、拼写和标点符号的准确使用。
6.根据期刊或会议的要求，可能需要在摘要中提供一定的关键词。
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英文摘要的写作技巧
一、写作方法
1、确定主题：写英文摘要时，要确定文章的主题，这是写英文摘要
的首要任务，这样才能把握全文的主旨，为摘要写作构思提供依据。
2、确定摘要内容：接下来，要确定摘要内容，一般来说，英文摘要
是对文章的全部内容进行精简总结，要考虑哪些是文章的重点内容，哪些
是支撑性的内容。
3、分析文章结构：然后，要进行文章的结构分析，把握文章的结构，以及每段内容的主要情节，这样才能把握文章的全部内容。
4、梳理摘要结构：接下来，要根据文章的结构确定摘要的结构，一
般来说英文摘要的结构是以“主题+逻辑分论点”的形式来进行总结。
5、撰写英文摘要：最后，要开始撰写英文摘要，写英文摘要时，要
注意字数，一般英文摘要占整篇文章的20%左右，不宜过多或过少，要适
当精炼。
二、写作注意
1、要注意文章的主旨：写英文摘要时，要注意文章的主旨，去掉无
用的信息，强调核心信息，而不是把全文都写了一遍。
2、要注意语言：写英文摘要时，要注意语言的表达，要尽量使用客观、简洁明了的表达，不要冗长繁琐，也不要太过牵强附会。
3、要注意语法：在写英文摘要时，要注意语法。