Platform for Development of the Autonomous Ship Technology-S. Ahvenj
汽车检测技术（Vehicledetectiontechnology）
汽车检测技术（Vehicle detection technology）Vehicle detection technology is accompanied by the development of automobile technology development. In the early development of the automobile, it is mainly through the experienced maintenance personnel find the fault and make targeted repair. In the past, people often say "look (at), smell (ear), cutting (touch)". With the progress of modern science and technology, especially the development of computer technology, the rapid development of automobile detection technology. At present, people can rely on all kinds of advanced equipment, the car without disassembling detection, and it is a safe, rapid, *.The development status of 1. foreign auto detection technologyVehicle detection technology is gradually developed from scratch, as early as 50s, the fault diagnosis is formed in some developed countries, the single detection technology and the production of single detection equipment based and performance debugging. At the beginning of 60s to enter the automotive testing equipment in the engine analyzer, American British engine ignition system fault diagnosis instrument and vehicle road test speed analyzer, these are the early development of foreign automotive testing equipment. In late 60s, foreign automobile detection and diagnosis technology is developing very fast, and a large number of applications in electronics, optics, chemical and mechanical combined optical and electrical, physical and chemical testing technology of mechanical and electrical integration. For example: anon-contact speed meter, headlamp tester, wheel locator, exhaust gas analyzer are testing equipment light mechanical and electrical, mechanical and electrical integration of physicaland chemical.Since 70s, with the development of computer technology, the auto detection and diagnosis, data acquisition and processing, automatic detection results directly print and other functions of the automobile performance testing instruments and equipment. On this basis, in order to strengthen the vehicle management, the industrial developed countries have established vehicle inspection stations and inspection line, make the car detection system.A. systemIn Germany, the test by the Department of transportation unified leadership, in the country built by vehicle detection field traffic department certification (station), responsible for car registration and safety inspection in car repair factory, maintenance of the car also tested vehicle detection field, to determine its safety performance and emission in line with national standards.In Japan, the car inspection work by the unified leadership of the Ministry of transport. The Ministry of transport has "national inspection field" and approved "folk detection field" in the national government, instead of performing the vehicle inspection work. The "national testing field" is mainly responsible for the car registration and in car safety inspection; "folk detection field" are usually located in the auto repair factory, approved by the government and commissioned by the government to test the safety of cars.B. standardAuto detection industry in developed countries has a set of standard. Judging whether the car inspection technology is good, according to the standard of data as the criterion, test results are displayed on a digital display, a quantitative index, in order to avoid the subjective error. The attention to safety detection and emission performance, such as the United States, the car must be repaired after the strict emission inspection to the factory. In addition to the strict complete standard on the test results, the detection device also has foreign standards, such as the detection performance and detection equipment of the concrete structure and the detection precision are standard response.Detection of the life cycle of the equipment, technology updates also have specific requirements.C. intelligent and automatic detectionWith the progress of science and technology, foreign auto testing equipment has new development in intelligence and automation, precision, integration, application of new technology to open up new areas of detection, development of new testing equipment.With the development of computer technology, the auto detection and diagnosis, automatic control, automatic data acquisition, test results directly print and other functions of the modern comprehensive performance testing technology and equipment. For example: the foreign automobile brake tester, the automaticheadlamp tester, engine analyzer, engine diagnostic instrument, computer four wheelalignment detection equipment, has advanced automatic function. After entering 80s, the application of computer technology in the technical field of automobile detection further to the depth and breadth of development, has set test system software process, operation, data acquisition and storage, display, print and other functions in one, to realize the automatic vehicle detection line, which can not only avoid human errors in judgment, improve detection accuracy; and can be the technical condition of inspection car is stored in the computer, can be used as a reference for the next test, also can be reference to deal with traffic accidents.2. overview of development of the domestic auto detection technologyChina started research on vehicle detection technology from 60s, to meet the needs of automobile maintenance, traffic was conducted under the auspices of the Department of the engine cylinder air leakage detector, ignition timing light detection equipment research and development.In 70s, China's vigorous development of auto detection technology, automobile inspection without disassembly technology and equipment was listed as the State Science and technology development and application project. Developed by the Ministry of communications presided over the counter force type automobile brake tester; inertia type automobile brake tester; engine integrated detector; automobile comprehensive performance inspection station (with brake test, chassis dynamometer, test speed and other functions).In 80s, with the development of the national economy, the various fields of science and technology has a rapid development, auto detection and diagnosis technology has been rapid development, coupled with China's automobile manufacturing industry and the rapid development of road transportation, automobile detection and diagnosis technology and equipment needs also grow with each passing day. The number of vehicles in our country is increasing rapidly, followed by the traffic safety and environmental protection and other social problems. How to ensure the vehicle fast, economic, flexible, and as far as possible not to cause problems such as social hazards, has been referred to the relevant government departments and thus promote the development schedule, auto diagnosis and detection technology. The traffic is developed under the auspices of the Department of automobile brake tester, sideslip test-bed, axle (wheel) weight tester, test bench, light speed tester, engine tester, chassis dynamometer etc.. Countries in the "65" period focused on the promotion of automobile detection and diagnosis technology.In a single test equipment successfully developed on the basis of, in order to ensure the good condition of vehicle, strengthen the technical management of automobile, make full use of automotive testing equipment,The Ministry of communications in 1980 to start a program in the national highway transportation and vehicle management system (Department of transportation was responsible for the supervision of construction vehicle inspection station car), detection of content in automobile safety detection.At the beginning of 80s, the Ministry of transportation was established the first domestic vehicle inspection station in Dalian city. From the process of the various single detection equipment installation line, a vehicle detection line of complete functions, the detection program of 30000 times / year.Following the Dalian inspection station, as the "65" project of science and technology, the Ministry of transportation has more than 10 provinces and autonomous regions in the traffic department (bureau) to build the station car detection task, the middle of 80s, the car supervision by the Ministry of public security director, Ministry of public security on the basis of the Ministry of transportation construction vehicle inspection station on the promotion and development. Only the statistics by the end of 1990, the country has more than 600 vehicle inspection station, forming a nationwide network of automobile detection.In 1990 the Ministry of transportation issued a "vehicle technical management regulations" of automobile transportation, in 1991 after the Ministry of transportation released a "comprehensive performance of automobile transportation vehicle inspection station management approach", the country has set off a wave of construction of automobile comprehensive performance testing station. By 1997, the country has established automobile comprehensive performance testing station nearly 1000.At the same time, detection technology and equipment ofautomobile has been greatly developed. In 70s, domestic production only a small number of simple detection and diagnosis equipment. At present, the production of automobile comprehensive performance testing equipment manufacturers has reached more than 60, in addition to the transportation department, the Department of machinery, construction, colleges and universities also entered the automobile testing equipment research and development, production and sales areas. Our country has been able to produce their own full auto testing equipment, such as large complex technique of automobile chassis dynamometer, engine tester, four wheel aligner, suspension test platform, brake tester, exhaust gas analyzer, light detector and so on.In order to match the vehicle detection, vehicle detection has issued China national standards and trade standards, such as the implementation of metrological verification regulations more than 100. From the automobile comprehensive performance testing station to the specific test items of vehicle detection, basically be to.The development direction of China's 3. automobile comprehensive performance detection technologyOur automobile testing experience from scratch, from small to large; the introduction of technology, the introduction of testing equipment, to promote the use of independent research and development; to detect comprehensive detection from a single performance, has made great progress. Especially the development of production testing equipment has been rapid development, narrowing the gap with the advanced countries. Nowthe car brake test detection general Taiwan, sideslip test-bed, chassis dynamometer, domestic self sufficiency, and structure forms. Although we have made great progress, but compared with the world advanced level, there is a certain distance.Technology based auto detection of A. specificationDetection technology development process in our country, the hardware technology of attention, neglect or despise the difficulty, investment, social benefits significantly limit standard detection methods, basic technology research. With the improvement of detection methods, detection software with hardware system will further improve.The future of our country should be based on the following vehicle detection technology to carry out key:To develop and improve the methods and limits of detection vehicle inspection item value standards, such as the output power of the drive wheel chassis, transmission power loss and sliding distance, acceleration time and distance, engine fuel consumption rate, suspension performance, reliability etc.;Formulate rules for the detection and evaluation of technical conditions of operating vehicles, unified and standardized across the detection requirements and operation technology;For the development of formal certification rules for comprehensive performance testing station of large testing equipment, to ensure the comprehensive performance testing station to perform their duties.B. vehicle intelligent detecting equipmentAt present, foreign automobile testing equipment has been widely used integration of optical, mechanical and electrical technology, and uses the computer control, some testing equipment with expert system and intelligent function, it can detect the state of the vehicle, and can diagnose the location and cause of failure of the vehicle, maintenance personnel quickly troubleshooting guide.The current car detection equipment in China compared with abroad in terms of the expert system and the intelligent diagnosis still has a large gap. Such as four wheel alignment detection system of EFI engine integrated detector and so on, mainly rely on imports. In the future we want to accelerate the pace of development in the intelligent vehicle detecting equipment.C. auto detection and network managementThe automobile comprehensive performance testing station in China has achieved the computer management system of examination, although the computer management system adopts computer control, computer control mode of each station but different. Even with the computer network technology, it is just a station within the network is realized.With the progress of technology and management, the future of automobile detection network will achieve real (LAN), thus achieved the sharing of information resources, sharing ofhardware resources, software resources sharing. On this basis, the use of the information superhighway will automobile comprehensive performance testing station of the country, into a wide area network, so that the traffic control department can immediately understand the vehicle in each area.Cerberus company officially acquired ChryslerThe United States yesterday, the major media have reported the Daimler Chrysler Group officially announced a US private equity fund Cerberus fund management company to 5 billion 500 million euros ($7 billion 450 million) to acquire 80.1% stake in Chrysler. From last year began a number of such famous enterprises to participate in the bid for the drama had a happy ending, the sensation of European and American industry is not less than ten years ago and marriage of the big two automakers, also provide a new footnote to the economic globalization.The American media humor terrain Rong Road, Chrysler swallow and spit it back the clock back ten years, from the starting point to the starting point and end point of walking. This is fresh is rare in the history of American automobile industry capital into financial capital in the hands, although Cerberus said it does not interfere with the daily operations of Chrysler. One of the bidders Canada supplier Magna International giants still wear the Friedel as its world after GM's second major customers, two other investment giant Blackstone and tough billionaire Kirk Coren in this bidding game.“克莱斯勒控股公司”（克莱斯勒控股）即将以此新企业名称出现，戴-克集团仍将持有余下的19.9%股权。
智能车控制系统设计 中英文对照翻译
本科毕业设计（论文）中英文对照翻译专业班级：自动化07-5班学生姓名：黄子星指导老师：王素玲Intelligent vehicle information of the future2010 Beijing international auto show of the 11 th, low carbon environmental protection concept for a new energy vehicles become the market leaders, but actually saving energy technology, hybrid technology and electric technology just in the external energy restrictions, the restriction and policy environment under the restriction of a passive adjustment, electronic and the wide use of information technology is the next stage of the development of the car industry is the first productive force. When information technology to control the car, mature enough to HeShiSong throttle, which time point on the brakes, intelligent onboard computer secretly computed from start to the destination of the best route (not only consider of distance, even give attention to two or morethings road condition)...... The intelligent application will be between the a bit help we reduce oil consumption, energy saving resources and time cost.Smart cars is already not fresh concept, but Bill Gates once said "if the auto industry and the development of information technology, so we nearly as fast as early can leave the car on the moon" but reveals the bottleneck of intelligent vehicle development. Of course car manufacturers are also trying to information technology into intelligent vehicle, in the Beijing international auto show, saic group launched the independent brand "Internet car" roewe calls, the car is A 350 saic group aimed at the domestic market the most soar degrees of capacity fastest class A car segment market strategy models. Launch of the intelligent network traffic system InkaNet, relying on China unicom WCDMA 3 G network, to realize information retrieval, real-time traffic navigation, electricity zi lu books, stock exchange and communication of the Internetcommunity application, open Internet network information age domestic cars. After work, having through the car dashboard touch screen, inquires the and scheduled the restaurant, and the favorite car led to restaurants, is getting more clever cars are the owners of the drive to different experience.Not only is the combination of the Internet and cars, more intelligent technology should be applied to the car. The movie "2012", a vehicle with the Russian billionaire to shout out "Start" and answered, ford has will Start the sonic technology to China, Beijing auto show 2010 displayed on TouchTM MyFord car multi-media interactive system, including the sonic technology. In mandarin support Prior connect from a mobile phone to a camera on the dashboard port, when need to say the name of the contact cellphones, car will be called the contact, again through the car hands-free communication system, the whole process not pick up the phone, the future drivers will also can use a shorter voice commands to complete more control. Use the technology of the new ford sharp world will be at the end of 2010 to import entry into the Chinese market.In addition, the Beijing auto show byd 'S6' is equipped with the door without keys into the touch of the button, electronic security systems, voice navigation system, electronic tail hidden reversing camera etc high-grade intelligent system. General motors in the auto show on display at the V electric network of EN concept car, innovative blend of the electrification and car networking two major technology. Through the integration of the global positioning system, car navigation technology to car communication technology, wireless communication and remote sensing technology to realize the driving and automatic driving compatible.Dongfeng automobile company one of dongfeng foison ECS concept car, then increase the electronics, information and intelligent and configuration, provide intelligent E service, intelligent driving and riding experience andhigher safety. The car will be 3G technology platform for for owners to provide based on 3G network access service, can be in the car to surf the Internet and stock trading, etc.; The AO concept car application a key type operation system, intelligent vehicle information management systems, such as digital system.In fact, the auto show has grown used in Toyota and lexus G-close intelligence in technology is opened, vice 3G era information the vanguard. The car At present, the Japanese people close to G-the reliance of the already high, in addition to the Toyota, Mazda, great, mitsubishi and other brands of products have also using G-close in intelligent vice. A Japanese overseas, "said G-close as a mobile information carrier, can be realized my work life and all kinds of seamless connection between." G-has been introduced into China close Toyota, just press function keys, information center will tell owners want to know all the news information and all kinds of information, with application deeply, G-close would implant more domestic consumer required functions.Software as a motor system is the most important element has made rapid development, and will become the next stage of the competition advantage of key car. Analysis showed that, in a single engine control, software content doubled every year. So car makers and has the good structure and integrated software development tools of supplier chain will gain a competitive advantage. Can do the development of software can use less engineers and improve the function of new products to market, and keep the warranty costs low..A few days ago, neusoft group and international industrial group formally announced haman establish strategic partner relationship, and separately in China shenyang and Hamburg, Germany a joint technology development center, and common development of cars and consumer electronics and other areas of advanced technology. According to neusoft neusoft group chairman LiuJiRen said, "neusoft in the beginning ofestablishment of automobile electronic aspects in the business, and in a car navigation technology also has a very long time. And the professional accumulation such as BMW, Mercedes, high-grade car in the world of entertainment system is to provide a large share of haman the, the Beijing Olympic Games exhibition and the Shanghai world expo in many large sound technology are also from haman. In this don't need to do anything the era of cooperation to provide us, a show enterprise own core competitive power in the platform. Through this and haman cooperation, will help neusoft will business to global platform for the world first-class and go up, the car manufacturers to provide services."In this year's Beijing international auto show, SK telecom also starting to electric car design of the first mobile car computer system MIV. According to information, the past only route navigation, information and data communication position to wait a few service can be connected through the car with the network's traditional remote information service provided. And MIV will can provide mobile communications, platform and content of the full integration, so as to improve service to new heights. Meanwhile SK telecom has started to seek and global car manufacturers, hope that 2012 years ago in the new model, through the custom assembly MIV IT solutions and mobile connection ascension of the auto industry of productivity.At present, the information system of the car by two parts, part of it is the vehicle itself internal network system, which consists of the network computer control; Another part is external contact network system of vehicles, including GPS monitoring center, the Internet and regional network service provider, vehicle service center, unit or home computers, etc. Thus, also appears the new car market after service mode. Such as the car distance service launched soon to mobile communication and the Internet to rely on, after the car market resources integration, service covers automobile rescue, roadweather, satellite navigation, multimedia entertainment, the telephone, mobile TV, etc.Therefore, we have reason to believe that all of the ideas about the intelligent car wash gargle, "get up, bathroom mirror switch into screen reports real-time news; open the refrigerator, to want to make the breakfast, refrigerator screen would show milk or eggs and other food shortage, then according to the stock several key will realize to order, distribution company will be active to food to their homes; the most needed to dazzle cruel way let the stolen vehicle hindrance to the fingerprint of the car, sit on it, also need not bother to map or see presented ferreting road signs, just press the button, and then told several destination, the other by the onboard computer fix, the next step is the way and friends, never will worry about time lost or traffic signal......" Yes, this is the classic movies starring Schwarzenegger "the sixth day" reflects the "seamless" life scenes, is also the future life, the epitome of intelligent car at this time, the life level and the high-end technology have as a whole.智能汽车的信息化未来2010年第十一届北京国际车展上，低碳环保理念让新能源车成为市场翘楚，但其实节能技术、混合动力技术和电动技术只是在外部能源限制、环境制约和政策制约下的一种被动调整，电子和信息技术的广泛应用才是整个汽车产业下阶段发展的第一生产力。
电动汽车的日益使用对环境的影响英语作文
电动汽车的日益使用对环境的影响英语作文全文共6篇示例，供读者参考篇1The Rise of Electric Cars and Their Impact on Our PlanetHi there! My name is Alex, and I'm a 10-year-old kid who loves learning about science and technology. Recently, I've become really interested in electric cars and how they can help protect our environment. Let me tell you all about it!You see, for a long time, most cars on the road have been powered by gasoline or diesel fuel. These fuels are made from oil, which is a natural resource that comes from deep underground. When we burn these fuels in car engines, they release harmful gases into the air, like carbon dioxide and other pollutants.Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas, which means it traps heat from the sun and makes the Earth's temperature rise. This is called global warming, and it's causing lots of problems for our planet, like melting glaciers, rising sea levels, and more extreme weather events like hurricanes and droughts.But electric cars are different! Instead of burning gasoline or diesel, they run on electricity stored in rechargeable batteries. And the best part is, this electricity can come from clean and renewable sources like solar panels, wind turbines, or hydroelectric dams. These sources don't produce any harmful emissions or pollutants, making electric cars much more environmentally friendly than traditional gasoline-powered cars.Imagine how much cleaner our cities would be if we had more electric cars on the roads! There would be less smog and air pollution, which means we could all breathe easier and stay healthier. And by reducing our dependence on fossil fuels like oil, we can help slow down global warming and protect our planet for future generations.But the benefits of electric cars don't stop there! They're also much quieter than gasoline-powered cars, which means less noise pollution in our neighborhoods. And because they have fewer moving parts than traditional engines, electric cars require less maintenance and are generally more reliable.Another concern is where the electricity to charge these cars comes from. If it's generated by burning coal or other fossil fuels, then the environmental benefits aren't as great. That's why it'simportant to support the development of more renewable energy sources like solar, wind, and hydroelectric power.Imagine a future where most cars on the road are powered by clean, renewable electricity! Our cities would be quieter, our air would be cleaner, and we'd be doing our part to protect the planet from global warming. Wouldn't that be amazing?I'm really excited about the potential of electric cars, and I hope more people will start using them in the years to come. It's up to all of us to take care of our planet and make choices that will help create a cleaner, greener future for everyone.So, the next time you see an electric car on the road, remember that it's not just a cool new technology – it's a way to help protect our environment and make the world a better place for all of us.That's my take on electric cars and their impact on the environment! What do you think? Let me know if you have any questions or if there's anything else you'd like me to explain. I'm always happy to share what I've learned about this exciting topic!篇2The Rise of Electric Cars and Their Impact on Our PlanetHi there! My name is Emma, and I'm a 4th grader who loves learning about science and the environment. Today, I want to talk to you about something that's becoming more and more popular – electric cars! You've probably seen some driving around your neighborhood or city. They're really cool because instead of gasoline, they run on big batteries that you can charge up with electricity.Why are electric cars important? Well, let me tell you about the problems caused by regular gas-powered cars. When you burn gasoline, it releases harmful gases called emissions into the air. These emissions contain things like carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and particulate matter. Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas that traps heat in our atmosphere, causing global warming and climate change. The other emissions can cause smog, acid rain, and health issues like asthma.So every time we drive a gas car, we're putting more of those yucky emissions into the air and making the planet sick. That's not good at all! Electric cars are different though. Since they don't burn any gasoline, they don't directly produce any of those emissions. Isn't that amazing? They run so cleanly and quietly.Another cool thing about electric cars is that they are really energy efficient. Gas cars waste a lot of the energy stored ingasoline by letting it go out as heat from the engine and exhaust. Electric cars don't have that problem since the energy just flows from the battery to the motor. So you can go further on one "tank" of electricity compared to one tank of gas. Pretty neat, huh?As electric cars become more popular and more people drive them, it's going to have a big positive impact on the environment. Can you imagine if every gas car on the road was replaced by an electric one? Our cities would have way less smog and pollution in the air. We could actually breathe easier! And it would cut down hugely on the greenhouse gas emissions causing climate change.Climate change is a really big deal that grown-ups are always talking about. It's making temperatures rise, causing crazy weather patterns, melting ice caps and glaciers, raising sea levels, and endangering animals and their habitats. Reducing emissions from transportation is one of the most important things we can do to fight climate change. That's where electric cars come in!As electric cars become cheaper and cheaper, more families will be able to afford them. Most electric cars today can go over 200 miles on just one charge, and some can go over 300 miles! That's pretty far, and more than enough for most people's dailydriving needs. The charging times are getting faster too. Some cars can charge up to 80% in just 30 minutes using a super fast charger. Cities are installing more and more public charging stations as well to make it easy to charge up when you're out and about.Pretty soon, I bet we'll see a lot more electric cars zooming around than gas cars. Mechanics and auto shops will have to learn all about how to service and repair them. Gas stations might get replaced by charging stations! Maybe in the future, gas-powered cars will seem like horse carriages do today - an outdated, old-fashioned way to get around that we used to think was modern.In my opinion, the future of cars iselectric, clean, and green. I hope that when I'm an adult, electric vehicles will be the norm and gas-powered ones will be a rarity. We have to take care of the beautiful Earth that gives us all life. Isn't that worth driving an electric car for? I think it is! What do you think? Let me know!That's it from me for now. Thanks for reading, and remember - choose electric when you can to help our planet! See you around!篇3The Rise of Electric Cars and Their Green ImpactHi there! My name is Alex and I'm going to tell you all about electric cars and how they are helping to make our planet cleaner and greener. You've probably seen some electric cars driving around your neighborhood - they are those really quiet ones that don't make any engine noises!Electric cars have been around for a long time, but they used to be pretty rare. My parents told me that when they were kids, you hardly ever saw any electric cars on the roads. But in the last few years, they have become much more popular and common. Nowadays, you can find electric car models made by almost every major car company like Tesla, Nissan, Chevrolet, Ford, and many others.So what's so special about electric cars? Well, the biggest difference is that instead of gasoline or diesel fuel, they run on big rechargeable batteries similar to the ones in our phones or laptops, but way more powerful. These batteries store electricity that powers an electric motor to make the wheels spin and move the car. Pretty cool, right?But the really awesome part is that electric cars don't release any of those stinky exhaust fumes or greenhouse gases that cause climate change and pollution like regular gasoline cars do.Have you ever been stuck behind a bus or truck billowing out thick black smoke? That's exactly what electric cars help prevent by producing zero direct emissions!This makes electric vehicles much better for the environment and air quality in our cities. In fact, studies show that breathing too much of the polluted air from vehicle emissions can cause health problems like asthma, especially for kids whose lungs are still developing. With more electric cars on the roads, we can all breathe easier!The good news is that as electric cars get more popular, they are also becoming much more affordable for regular families - not just rich people. Plus, charging up the battery is way cheaper than constantly filling up a gas tank. My parents hope to buy an electric car someday to save money and do their part to reduce air pollution in our community.Another really neat benefit of electric cars is how quiet they are compared to regular cars with loud, rumbly engines. This helps cut down on noise pollution too, which makes neighborhoods nicer places to live and play. The only sounds you'll hear from an electric car are the quiet hum from the motor and the tires on the road. It's so peaceful!Scientists and engineers are working hard every day to improve the technology, though. Things like faster charging times, lighter batteries with longer ranges, and more renewable energy sources are making electric cars better and better all the time.I think another awesome development will be self-driving or autonomous electric cars that can safely drive themselves without a human driver! Imagine how convenient it will be to just hop in your car and let it take you wherever you want to go while you read, play games, or just relax in the back seat. And with clean electric power and no emissions, the self-driving car of the future will be a dream ride for the environment as well.While gas-powered cars sadly won't go away overnight, I'm really excited to see more and more electric vehicles out on the roads. Every electric car makes a difference by preventing pollution and protecting the air we all breathe. Even as a kid, I can do my part by biking, walking, or taking public transportation as much as possible instead of asking for rides in a gas guzzler.Not to mention, I think electric cars just look super awesome and futuristic compared to the old-fashioned regular cars! Tesla's speedy electric sports cars remind me of the ultra coolspaceships I see in sci-fi movies. I'd love to own a super fast but eco-friendly electric sports car when I'm older.In the meantime, I'll keep learning about this exciting electric car technology that is helping save our planet. I hope I've helped explain why these zero-emission vehicles are an important tool in the fight against climate change and building a cleaner, greener world for my generation. Whether it's a compact city car or a rugged electric truck, every electric vehicle on the road makes a difference for the environment. The future is looking brighter and breathing easier thanks to the rise of electric cars!篇4The Rise of Electric Cars and Their Green ImpactHave you ever wondered what those cool, quiet cars are that seem to zip by without making much noise? Those are electric vehicles, and they're becoming more and more popular each day! Unlike regular cars that run on gasoline, electric cars get their power from big batteries that can be recharged by plugging them into an outlet. Pretty neat, right?As electric cars gain traction worldwide, they're making a big difference for our planet. You see, traditional gasoline-powered cars release a lot of harmful gases called emissions into the airwhen they burn fuel. These emissions contribute to air pollution and are bad for the environment. Electric cars, on the other hand, produce zero direct emissions, which means they don't pollute the air we breathe. Isn't that amazing?But the benefits of electric cars go beyond just cleaner air. They also help in the fight against climate change, which is a major issue affecting our world. Climate change is caused by the buildup of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, and a large portion of these gases comes from the exhaust ofgasoline-powered vehicles. By switching to electric cars, we can significantly reduce our carbon footprint and help slow down the effects of climate change.Now, you might be wondering, "Where does the electricity to power these cars come from?" That's a great question! The electricity used to charge electric car batteries can come from various sources, including renewable energy like solar, wind, and hydroelectric power. As more and more countries invest in renewable energy sources, the environmental impact of electric cars becomes even greater.Imagine a world where most cars on the road are electric! The air in cities would be cleaner, and we could breathe easier without worrying about harmful emissions. Parks andplaygrounds would be quieter, too, since electric cars make very little noise compared to gasoline-powered ones.But the benefits of electric cars don't stop there! They're also more efficient than traditional cars, which means you can go farther on a single charge than you can on a tank of gas. This not only saves you money in the long run but also reduces our reliance on fossil fuels like oil and gas, which are non-renewable resources that will eventually run out.Another challenge is the availability of charging stations. While more and more charging stations are being built worldwide, we still need to work on making them more accessible and convenient for everyone who owns an electric car.Despite these challenges, the future looks bright for electric vehicles. Many countries are offering incentives and tax breaks to encourage people to switch to electric cars, and major car manufacturers are investing heavily in developing new and improved electric models.So, the next time you see an electric car glide by silently, remember the positive impact it's having on our planet. By embracing this eco-friendly technology, we're taking steps towards a cleaner, greener future for ourselves and generations to come.Who knows, maybe one day you'll be driving your very own electric car, helping to make the world a better place with every quiet, emission-free mile! Isn't that an exciting thought?篇5The Rise of Electric Cars and Their Impact on the EnvironmentHave you ever seen those cool, futuristic-looking cars zipping down the street without making a sound? Those are electric cars, and they're becoming more and more popular these days. But why are they so special? Well, let me tell you all about them and how they're helping to make our planet a cleaner and greener place.What are Electric Cars?Electric cars are vehicles that run on electricity instead of gasoline or diesel fuel like regular cars do. They have batteries that store electrical energy, and these batteries power an electric motor that makes the car move. Pretty neat, right?Instead of filling up at a gas station, electric cars need to be plugged in and recharged, just like your phone or tablet. You cancharge them at home, at work, or at special charging stations around town.Why are Electric Cars Better for the Environment?Regular cars that run on gasoline or diesel produce a lot of harmful gases called emissions. These emissions, like carbon dioxide and nitrogen oxides, are released into the air when the fuel is burned in the engine. Too many of these gases in the air can cause air pollution, which is bad for our health and the health of the planet.Electric cars, on the other hand, don't have a traditional engine that burns fuel. They run on electricity, which doesn't produce any direct emissions. This means that when you drive an electric car, you're not releasing any harmful gases into the air. Isn't that amazing?But that's not all! The process of making electricity can still produce some emissions, depending on how it's generated. However, many power plants are now using cleaner sources of energy, like solar, wind, and hydroelectric power, to generate electricity. As we use more and more of these renewable energy sources, the overall emissions from electric cars will become even lower.The Growing Popularity of Electric CarsNowadays, more and more people are choosing to drive electric cars because they're better for the environment and can also save them money on fuel costs in the long run. Car companies are also making more and more different types of electric cars, from small city cars to big SUVs, so there's something for everyone.You might have seen electric car charging stations popping up in parking lots, shopping malls, and even on the street. This makes it easier for people to charge their electric cars while they're out and about.Governments and cities around the world are also encouraging people to switch to electric cars by offering incentives like tax credits or discounts on the purchase price. Some cities are even setting goals to have a certain percentage of cars on the road be electric by a certain year.The Impact of Electric Cars on the EnvironmentSo, how exactly are electric cars helping the environment? Well, let's take a look at some of the benefits:Reduced Air PollutionAs we mentioned before, electric cars don't produce any direct emissions when they're running. This means that they're not contributing to air pollution in cities and towns, which can cause respiratory problems and other health issues for people.Lower Greenhouse Gas EmissionsGreenhouse gases, like carbon dioxide, are a major contributor to climate change. Since electric cars don't burn fossil fuels, they produce far fewer greenhouse gas emissions than regular gasoline or diesel cars. This helps to slow down the effects of climate change, like rising temperatures, melting glaciers, and more extreme weather events.Improved Energy EfficiencyElectric cars are generally more energy-efficient than gasoline-powered cars. They convert a higher percentage of the energy stored in their batteries into motion, which means they can go farther on a single charge compared to how far a gasoline car can go on a tank of fuel.Quieter StreetsHave you ever noticed how quiet electric cars are? That's because they don't have loud, rumbling engines like regular cars. This means that as more people switch to electric cars, ourstreets and cities will become quieter and less noisy, which is better for our ears and our overall well-being.Reduced Dependence on Fossil FuelsGasoline and diesel are made from fossil fuels, which are non-renewable resources that will eventually run out. By driving electric cars, we can reduce our dependence on these finite resources and instead rely more on renewable sources of energy like solar, wind, and hydroelectric power.The Future of Electric CarsAs you can see, electric cars are pretty amazing and are making a big difference in helping to protect our environment. But what does the future hold for these eco-friendly vehicles?Well, car companies are working hard to make electric cars even better. They're developing batteries that can hold more charge and last longer, so you can drive even farther on a single charge. They're also making electric cars more affordable, so more people can buy them.Scientists and engineers are also exploring new ways to generate and store electricity more efficiently, using renewable sources like solar and wind power. This will make the overallprocess of powering electric cars even more environmentally friendly.Governments and cities around the world are also investing in building more charging stations and creating incentives to encourage people to switch to electric cars. Some cities are even considering banning regular gasoline-powered cars from certain areas to reduce air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions.So, who knows? Maybe in the future, we'll all be zipping around in our silent, emission-free electric cars, breathing cleaner air and enjoying a healthier planet.ConclusionElectric cars are not just cool and futuristic – they're also playing a big role in helping to protect our environment. By producing little to no direct emissions and relying on renewable energy sources, electric cars are reducing air pollution, lowering greenhouse gas emissions, and helping to combat climate change.As more and more people switch to electric cars and as technology continues to improve, we can look forward to cleaner air, quieter streets, and a healthier planet for generations to come. So, the next time you see an electric car whizzing by,remember that it's not just a fancy car – it's a vehicle that's helping to make our world a greener and more sustainable place.篇6The Rise of Electric Cars: A Green Revolution on WheelsHave you ever wondered what powers the cars we see zooming down the streets? For a long time, most cars have been running on gasoline, a fuel made from oil that's pumped out of the ground. But did you know that gasoline isn't just bad for the environment, but it's also a limited resource that will eventually run out?That's why scientists and engineers have been working hard to develop a better way to power our vehicles – and they've come up with electric cars! These are cars that run on electricity stored in big batteries instead of gasoline. And you know what's really cool? Electric cars don't produce any harmful emissions that pollute the air we breathe.Let me tell you more about how electric cars are changing the world and helping to protect our planet.No More Smelly Exhaust FumesWhen you see a car driving by, you might notice a puff of smelly smoke coming out of the exhaust pipe at the back. That's because gasoline-powered cars release a bunch of nasty gases like carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and particulate matter. These emissions are not only bad for the environment, but they can also make it harder for us to breathe clean air, especially in big cities with a lot of traffic.But electric cars don't have any exhaust pipes! Instead of burning gasoline, they run on electricity stored in big batteries. And when you use electricity, there's no smoke or smelly fumes released into the air. Isn't that amazing?Imagine how much cleaner our cities would be if all the cars on the roads were electric. We could breathe easier and enjoy fresher air without worrying about pollutants from car exhaust.Quieter Streets, Happier NeighborhoodsHave you ever been trying to sleep or study, but the noisy rumble of cars outside made it hard to concentrate? That's because gasoline-powered cars can be really loud, especially when they're accelerating or idling at a stoplight.Electric cars, on the other hand, are much quieter. They don't have a loud engine roaring under the hood. Instead, they useelectric motors that make very little noise. So, as more people start driving electric cars, our neighborhoods could become a lot more peaceful and quiet.Imagine being able to open your window without hearing the constant drone of traffic. You could enjoy the sounds of birds chirping and kids playing outside without being disturbed by noisy car engines.Saving the Planet, One Battery at a TimeBut the biggest reason why electric cars are so important is that they help fight climate change. You see, when we burn gasoline in our cars, it releases a lot of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas that traps heat from the sun, causing the Earth's temperature to rise. This leads to all sorts of problems, like melting ice caps, rising sea levels, and more extreme weather events like hurricanes and droughts.Electric cars, however, don't release any carbon dioxide when they're driving. Sure, they still need electricity to charge their batteries, but if that electricity comes from clean sources like solar, wind, or hydro power, then the overall carbon footprint of an electric car is much smaller than a gasoline-powered one.So, by switching to electric cars, we can reduce our dependence on fossil fuels and help slow down the effects of climate change. It's like we're giving our planet a big hug and saying, "We care about you, and we want to keep you healthy for generations to come."The Future is ElectricBut the good news is that more and more people are realizing the importance of electric cars, and governments, companies, and individuals are working together to make this shift happen. Major car manufacturers are investing in electric vehicle technology, and cities are installing charging stations to make it easier for people to go electric.Imagine a future where every car on the road is silent, emission-free, and powered by clean energy from the sun, wind, or water. Wouldn't that be a wonderful world to live in? The air would be fresher, our neighborhoods would be quieter, and we'd be doing our part to protect the planet for future generations.So, the next time you see an electric car gliding silently down the street, remember that it's not just a cool piece of technology – it's a symbol of our commitment to a greener, healthier future for our planet. And who knows, maybe one day you'll be drivingan electric car too, doing your part to make the world a better place, one emission-free mile at a time.。
flying cars 阅读理解
flying cars 阅读理解什么样的汽车不需要司机就可以在道路上驰骋？随着不断发展革新的技术，目前已有越来越多的公司决定接受研发无人驾驶汽车的挑战。
驾驶员这一角色在未来会成为过去式吗？本文讨论自动汽车这一概念的历史、现状及发展前景。
课文内容Vocabulary: driverle car 词汇：无人驾驶汽车The development of the autonomou car actually tarted in the 1920, but it wan't until the 1980 that the firt prototype were uccefully created, one of which wa deigned by Mercede-Benz。
Two quetion arie: Do we really need them And are theyreally afe Advocate of driverle car would argue 'ye' to both。
Vehicular autonomy, if perfected, could lead to much afer road condition for all, lower inurance cot and enhance mobility forthe elderly, the ick and thoe with diabilitie。
They would alo allow road to increae their capacity between 200 – 400%。
Perfection, though, eem to be jut out of reach at the moment。
To date Google' elf-driving car, launched in 2022, ha had 14 minor accident。
2023年国家开放大学理工英语1答案
Future Houses1、---Hello, I'm Harry Potter.---Glad to meet you. I'm Miller. But __________. . call me Paul.2、---Are you good at Building Materials, Rose?---_______. But I will try to study it well this term Not very good3、Could you please tell me something about the two_______?--- ___________. They arc exchange students of No. 1 Middle School Germans; All right4、The technological advances made it possible for the middle classes to enjoy what had once been ________ only to the very rich affordable5、The __________ are eating _________ at the foot of the mountain. sheep, grassBuilding a house costs quite a lot of money．Suppose you plan to build a house．Your first step will be to find a right piece of land．Your choice will depend on many different things．You will probably try to find a sunny place, with pleasant surroundings(环境) near shops and bus stops, not too far from your friends and the place where you work．Next you will find a good builder, and together with the builder you will work out a plan．The builder will draw the plan．It will show the number of rooms, their position and size, and other parts, which must be noticed, such as windows, doors, and electric outlets．The builder will work out how much money is needed to build your house．He will work out the cost of the wood, bricks,the glass, and everything else that must be used in building the house．Later on, when he starts to build, this estimate(预算)must be corrected and revised(修订)．His estimate is based on existing prices, but prices of such things may change, and many other things may happen between the time when he makes the estimate and the time when he builds the house．When the builder gives his estimate, you may wish to change your plan．(You may also wish to change your builder, if his estimate is too high!)You may find that the house you wanted at first costs too much, or that you can spend a little more and add something to your plan．The builder's estimate depends on the plan, but the final plan depends on the builder's estimate．1．The best title of this passage would be “C．Planning a House2．The first thing for a person to build a house is 回答ABC对旳获得1.00分中旳1.00分．B．to find a suitable piece of land3．The phrase “draw a plan” in this passage means 回答ABC对旳获得1.00分中旳1.00分．A．making a picture of a building or a room4．When the builder starts to build a house, his estimate will have to be corrected and revised because 回答ABC对旳获得1.00分中旳1.00分．C．The prices of building materials and the expenses(费用)of labor may be different from the original prices and expenses5．What is the relationship(关系)between the estimate and the plan? 回答ABC对旳获得1.00分中旳1.00分C．The estimate and the plan depend on each other．Modern Bridge—— Thanks for all the information, Peter. It sounds like you have an interesting job.—— ______________________________选择一项：A. Yes, it's very interesting, but stressful, too!标识题目题干——I’m so excited to meet you. May I introduce myself to you?B. Sure.标识题目题干Architect Mayur Kanaiya spoke__________ of the Langkawi Sky Bridge选择一C. highly标识题目题干— Which city has _________population, Beijing, Guiyang or Nanchang?A. the largest标识题目题干But the Bridge was first _____ to the public, almost one year later, after a series of B. openLondon's River Thames has twenty-seven bridges. But Tower Bridge, the first bridge over theThames as you travel to London from the sea, is the most famous of them all. What makes Tower Bridge so exciting? Why do visitors come from all over the world to see it?The thing that is surprising about Tower Bridge is that it is open in the middle. It does this to let the big ships through to the Pool of London. If you are lucky enough to see the bridge with its two opening arms high in the air, you will never forget it.On its north side stands the Tower of London itself. Although they look the same age, the Tower is almost a thousand years old, and Tower Bridge is only about one hundred, it was built in the 1890s. By1850, everyone agreed that a bridge across the Thames near the Tower was most necessary. But the designers argued about the new bridge for another thirtyyears. This took so long because they had two big problems.l. Tower Bridge is 回答ABC对旳获得1.00分中旳1.00分.C. the first one you can see when you go from the sea to London2. The Tower of London is 回答ABC对旳获得1.00分中旳1.00分.B. on the north of Tower Bridge3. Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?回答ABC对旳获得1.00分中旳A. You can see the bridge with its two opening arms high in the air at anytime.4. Why is the bridge open in the middle?回答ABC对旳获得1.00分中旳1.00分C. To let the big ship through to the Pool of London.5. How long was the Tower Bridge built?回答ABC对旳获得1.00分中旳1.00分B. A hundred years.How Flashy---- I’m going to Hainan for my holiday.---- ________________________选择一项：A. Have a nice trip---- Yeah. It is the only professional museum about the railway system in China.选择一项：A. Do you know the China Railway Museum?标识题目题干I’d like to have some big apples instead of small _____.选择一项：A. ones标识题目题干With comfortable seats and quiet cabins, this high-speed line______ a pleasant journey for thousands of travelers.选择一项：A. offers标识题目题干We _______ two railway tickets online this Monday.B. booked1.John and his brother differ in personality even if their differences in age are not significant.回答ABC对旳获得1.00分中旳1.00分B. 尽管约翰和他哥哥在年龄上相差不大，但他们旳个性却不相似。
六自由度汽车驾驶运动模拟器设计
摘要汽车驾驶模拟器是一种用于汽车产品开发、“人—车—环境”交通特性研究或驾驶培训的重要工具。
近年来，由于具有安全性高、再现性好、可开发性强、成本低等显著特点，研究开发驾驶模拟器已经成为国内外一个重要发展方向。
本文在查阅国内外大量资料的基础上，结合老师的研究课题主要对六自由度汽车驾驶模拟器液压系统部分进行设计。
六自由度汽车运动模拟器采用液压伺服阀控制液压缸来驱动模拟平台的运动，以实现汽车驾驶模拟器运动姿态模拟。
本文主要进行机械机构的设计、液压伺服系统设计、液压泵站设计和液压缸的设计等。
通过模拟器的机构设计和驱动液压伺服系统设计，结合电气系统能够实现汽车在不同运行状态的模拟，当驾驶员坐在驾驶舱系统的座椅上进行模拟驾驶时，完全能够感受到实际汽车驾驶的各种体感，为实车训练驾驶提供了可替代的模拟平台；本设计也为今后的进一步研究及其在娱乐模拟器、动感电影等产业的实际推广和应用方面奠定了基础。
关键词：汽车驾驶模拟器六自由度运动平台液压伺服系统运动姿态控制AbstractThe Automobile-driving i an important tool which used for the development of auto mobile product and the study of the transportation characteristics of “man-car-environment”or the driver training .In recent years, the study of the automobile-driving simulator used for development has become an important development direction in the world because of the notable characteristics of high safety, well reappearance of scene, easy to develop and low cost.This article is based on searching the large quantity of information about at home and abroad, and combines with the tea cher’s research task which mainly designs the part of 6-dof driving Simulator of hydraulic system .The 6-dof motion simulator adopts valves of hydraulic servo to control actuator to drive the movement of driving simulation platform, and to achieve the movement posture simulation of the automobile driving simulator. This article is mainly about the designing of machine, the system of hydraulic servo, hydraulic pump station, and actuator and so on.According to the designing of agencies of simulator and hydraulic servo system, it can combines the electrical system which can bring out the imitation of cars in different movement conditions, when the driver simulating drive on the seat of cockpit system, you can feel the feeling of driving a true car, and it also offer the simulator platform which can be replaced for true driving training. At the same time, this designing is also establishes for the further researches and the practice extension and use.Keywords:Driving-automobile simulator, 6-dof of motion platform, the system of hydraulic servo, the control of campaign attitude目录1绪论 (1)引言 (1)国内外发展现状 (2)1.2.1国内外研究和发展概述 (2)1.2.2驾驶模拟器的应用和发展 (3)课题任务 (5)论文的主要研究内容 (5)2 运动学及力学分析 (6)六自由度运动模拟器机构位置反解 (6)2.1.1坐标系的建立 (6)2.1.2广义坐标定义 (6)2.1.3坐标变换矩阵 (7)2.1.4液压缸铰支点坐标的确定 (8)2.1.5位置反解 (10)六自由度运动模拟器机构位置正解 (11)静力学分析 (11)3 机械及液压部分设计 (12)运动模拟平台的设计 (12)3.1.1液压缸内壁D活塞杆直径d的计算 (12)3.1.2液压缸壁厚和外径的计算 (14)3.1.3缸盖壁厚的确定 (14)3.1.3液压缸工作行程的确定 (15)3.1.4缸体长度的确定 (15)3.1.5液压系统的计算 (15)液压泵站 (17)铰链的设计 (18)执行机构单元组成 (21)电液伺服控制单元与液压系统 (22)反馈单元 (23)4 电气部分设计 (24)电气原理及接口设计 (24)4.1.1MCS-51系列单片机的引脚及其功能 (24)4.1.2单个电液伺服液压缸位置控制电路设计 (26)4.1.3扩展电路 (26)电气原理图 (27)5 结论 (28)本文结论 (28)本文研究工作的不足 (28)参考文献 (29)致谢 (30)1绪论引言驾驶模拟器是一种用于汽车产品开发、“人－车－环境”交通特性研究或驾驶培训的重要工具。
汽车营销类外文文献翻译——汽车行业渠道的转变
汽车营销类外文文献翻译——汽车行业渠道的转变Changing Channels in the Automotive Industry: The Future of Automotive Marketing and nThe automotive industry is undergoing a n that is radically reshaping how cars are marketed。
distributed。
and sold。
The n is。
who will come out as winners and losers。
Will the vehicle manufacturers and their franchised dealer orks be able to e years of inertia and complacency to neer and execute new concepts that will strengthen and extend the value of their brands。
Or will nimbler。
more imaginative retailers or are companies get there first?As the automotive industry continues to evolve。
it's ing increasingly clear that nal marketing and n channels are no longer enough。
With the rise of digital technology and changing consumer preferences。
automakers and dealerships must adapt to new ways of reaching and engaging with customers.One potential n is to leverage the power of data and analytics to better understand consumer r and preferences。
autosar nvm协议栈集成方法
autosar nvm协议栈集成方法下载温馨提示：该文档是我店铺精心编制而成，希望大家下载以后，能够帮助大家解决实际的问题。
文档下载后可定制随意修改，请根据实际需要进行相应的调整和使用，谢谢!并且，本店铺为大家提供各种各样类型的实用资料，如教育随笔、日记赏析、句子摘抄、古诗大全、经典美文、话题作文、工作总结、词语解析、文案摘录、其他资料等等，如想了解不同资料格式和写法，敬请关注!Download tips: This document is carefully compiled by the editor. I hope that after you download them, they can help you solve practical problems. The document can be customized and modified after downloading, please adjust and use it according to actual needs, thank you!In addition, our shop provides you with various types of practical materials, such as educational essays, diary appreciation, sentence excerpts, ancient poems, classic articles, topic composition, work summary, word parsing, copy excerpts, other materials and so on, want to know different data formats and writing methods, please pay attention!Autosar NVM (Non-Volatile Memory) protocol stack integration is a crucial process in the development of automotive electronic systems. In this article, we will explore the methods and techniques involved in successfully integrating the Autosar NVM protocol stack into a car's electronic control unit (ECU).1. Introduction to Autosar NVM Protocol Stack IntegrationAutosar, which stands for Automotive Open System Architecture, is a standardized software architecture for automotive electronic control units. The NVM protocol stack is a key component of Autosar, responsible for managing non-volatile memory in the ECU. Integrating the NVM protocol stack into an ECU involves several complex steps to ensure proper functionality and reliability.2. Understanding the Autosar NVM Protocol StackBefore delving into the integration process, it is essential to have a clear understanding of the Autosar NVM protocol stack. The NVM stack consists of several modules that handle different tasks related to non-volatile memory management, such as data storage, data consistency, and error handling. These modules work together to ensure that data stored in the ECU's non-volatile memory is secure and accessible when needed.3. Planning the Integration ProcessThe first step in integrating the Autosar NVM protocol stack is to plan the integration process carefully. This involves analyzing the ECU's hardware and software architecture to determine the best approach for integrating the NVM stack. It is crucial to consider factors such as memory size, memory access speed, and compatibility with existing software components.4. Setting Up Development EnvironmentOnce the integration plan is in place, the next step is to set up thedevelopment environment for the integration process. This involves configuring the necessary software tools, compilers, and debuggers to build and test the NVM stack in the ECU. It is essential to ensure that the development environment meets the requirements of the Autosar NVM protocol stack and supports the ECU's hardware platform.5. Integrating the NVM Stack ModulesThe core of the integration process involves integrating the individual modules of the Autosar NVM protocol stack into the ECU's software architecture. This step requires careful attention to detail and thorough testing to ensure that each module functions correctly and interacts seamlessly with the other software components in the ECU. The integration process may involve modifying existing software modules or creating new ones to accommodate the NVM stack's requirements.6. Testing and ValidationOnce the NVM stack modules are integrated into the ECU's software architecture, the next step is to test and validate the integration. This involves running a series of tests to verify the functionality, performance, and reliability of the NVM stack in the ECU. Testing may include unit testing, integration testing, and system testing to identify and address any issues or bugs that may arise during the integration process.7. Performance OptimizationAfter the integration is successfully tested and validated, the final step is to optimize the performance of the Autosar NVM protocol stack in the ECU. Performance optimization involves fine-tuning the NVM stack modules to improve data access speed, reduce memory footprint, and enhance overall system efficiency. This step may require collaboration with hardware engineers to optimize the NVM stack's interaction with the ECU's hardware components.8. ConclusionIn conclusion, integrating the Autosar NVM protocol stack into a car's electronic control unit is a complex and challenging process that requires careful planning, meticulous execution, and thorough testing. By following the methods and techniques outlined in this article, developers can ensure the successful integration of the NVM stack, resulting in a reliable and efficient automotive electronic system.。
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(MUNIN, 2016) financed by the EU, and the Norwegian ReVolt project by DNV GL supported by Transnova, Norway (DNV GL 2017). The third major European project on this subject is AAWA, financed by a group of Finnish companies and the state-owned Finnish Funding Agency for Innovation, TEKES. One of the fundamental outcomes of the MUNINproject was the finding that the unmanned vessels can indeed contribute to the aim of a more sustainable maritime transport industry and that the autonomous ship bears the potential to reduce operational expenses, reduce environmental impact and attract seagoing professionals. Also the fully autonomous, unmanned, battery powered and electrically driven concept ship ReVolt was estimated to have a considerable potential for cost savings compared to an ordinary diesel-run ship, over a million euros annually (Tvete 2014).
S. Ahvenjärvi
Satakunta University of Applied Sciences, Rauma, Finland
ABSTRACT: A model-scale platform for development and testing of the autonomous ship technology is being built at the Faculty of Logistics and Maritime Technology of Satakunta University of Applied Sciences (SAMK). The platform, called ELSA, consists of a model-scale ship equipped with electric motor driven propulsion, batteries and solar panels. The 8,4 meter ship, Kaisa, was originally a 1:15 scale towing model of a passenger cruise ship. Kaisa will be equipped with a comprehensive set of navigation equipment complemented with machine vision cameras and a lidar (Light Detection And Ranging) sensor. The real-time navigation data, the visual image and the lidar data is transmitted via a 4G communication link to the remote control centre, which is located in the main building of the Faculty of Logistics and Maritime Technology of SAMK. The remote control centre is equipped with displays for real-time presentation of the visual image from the onboard cameras and the control panels for remote manual steering of the vessel. The computers for target detection, decision making and automatic track control will be located in the remote control centre. Different ways of using this cost-effective model-scale platform for demonstration, development and testing purposes, as well as for the education of engineers and seafarers at SAMK, are discussed in the end of this paper.
1 INTRODUCTION Unmanned and autonomous cargo ships have become one of the hot topics in the discussion of the future of sea transportation. However, different variations of automatic, though not unmanned, ships have existed already for decades (Manley, 2008). Fully automatic dynamically positioned (DP) vessels have been used by the offshore industry since the 1970's. The technology of on autonomous cargo ship was studied and demonstrated in Japan already in the 1980's. Fully autonomous Unmanned Surface Vessels (USV’s) are already widely used in ocean research, coast guard and also in military applications. The autonomous shipping is seen as a possibility for maritime transport to meet tomorrow’s challenges. The key arguments are the improvement in safety and the reduction of costs, i.e. improvement in competitiveness. Also improved energy efficiency and protection of environment support the idea of using unmanned ships for transportation of goods and raw materials over longer distances. Recent European research and development projects on this field are the MUNIN-project
359Βιβλιοθήκη 2 A MODEL-SCALE PLATFORM FOR DEMONSTRATION AND TESTING OF THE AUTONOMOUS SHIP TECHNOLOGY An unmanned autonomous ship can be equipped with fully autonomous operation modes as well as with remote manual control modes. The ship’s onboard control system can get assistance from the remote operator if the onboard decision making system has difficulties in solving the actual navigation problem at sea. The autonomous ship can thus operate fully independently or it can sail remotely operated. The operating status of an unmanned ship can vary, based on the operational situation, between fully autonomous execution, partially remotely assisted operation and direct remote control (Rødseth et al., 2014). Development of unmanned and autonomous ship technology has gained a lot interest in Finland, due to the highly advanced ship building and information technology branches of the Finnish industry. Sea transportation in general is extremely important for the Finnish economy, since more than 80% the imported and exported goods to and from Finland are transported on ships. Introduction of autonomous shipping is seen as a major future trend in the sea transportation technology, and Finnish maritime industry has the potential and the desire to be at the front line of development of this new technology. Although the idea is not new and the basic technology of an autonomous ship already exists, there is still a lot to be studied in this area. The development towards fully autonomous sea transportation systems is a time-consuming process. Introduction of unmanned cargo ships in the international sea transportation will not happen over one night, but gradually, step by step (Levander 2015). The most challenging problems may not be the technical ones. Many questions about international legislation, reliable and safe data transmission, cyber security, training of operators, interaction between manned and unmanned vessels, port operations, general safety management etc. need to be studied and answered before unmanned cargo ships can take any role in international sea transportation. The Faculty of Logistics and Maritime Technology of Satakunta University of Applied Sciences is located close to the Port of Rauma and next to the Rauma Seaside Industry Park, an industrial area hosting major Finnish maritime technology companies including the RMC shipyard and the world-class azimuth thruster manufacturers Rolls-Royce and Steerprop. It is part of the strategy of SAMK to be active in the development of knowledge and solutions for the sea transportation of tomorrow.