basic connector knowledge from section 7 to section 12
英文论文基本结构
英文论文基本结构The basic structure of an English paper typically consists of several key sections: the introduction, literature review, methodology, results, discussion, conclusion, and references. Each section plays a crucial role in presenting the research in a clear and logical manner. The following provides a brief overview of each section:1. Introduction:The introduction aims to provide background information on the topic and establish the research problem or question. It should also explain the significance of the study and outline the objectives. Additionally, the introduction may include a brief statement of the research gap and the overall structure of the paper.2. Literature Review:The literature review critically reviews and analyzes previous research related to the topic. It helps to demonstrate the state of knowledge in the field and identify any gaps that the current study aims to address. The literature review section includes summaries and evaluations of relevant studies, identifying their strengths and weaknesses.3. Methodology:The methodology section describes the research design, participants, materials, and procedures used in the study. It explains how data was collected or generated and provides details about the data analysis techniques employed. This section enables other researchers to replicate the study and assess the reliability of the findings.4. Results:The results section presents the findings derived from the data analysis. It typically includes statistical analyses, figures, and tables that summarize and interpret the data. The results should be presented objectively without interpretation or discussion.5. Discussion:6. Conclusion:The conclusion summarizes the main findings of the study, reiterating their significance and potential implications. It should address the research question and briefly recapitulate the key points discussed in the paper. Additionally, the conclusion may suggest areas for further research or practical applications of the findings.7. References:The references section lists all the sources cited in the paper using a specific citation style such as APA or MLA. It isimportant to accurately and consistently document the sources to avoid plagiarism and provide readers with the means to locate the referenced material.。
博世巴鲁夫 bis m
BIS M 699 ProcessorQuick GuideSafety instructionRead this section thoroughly before using the device!Before using the controller, read this manual carefully.During installation and operation, pay close attention to the safety aspect.Planning the SystemDesign the system to work safety if the processor should be damaged or the power unit malfunction.Do not exceed the specifications for supply voltage, conditions for use, etc. as indicated in this manual. Handling the SystemObserve the rated voltage that is indicated in the specifications.Misuse may cause excessive heat leading to possible to fire.Take care when connecting the system, as incorrect wiring may cause unexpected malfunction of the machine. Ensure the power is switched off during installation or maintenance operations.Do not dismantle or modify the devices. This could cause malfunction or overheating.[Contents]Safety instruction (3)Planning the System (3)Handling the System (3)1 User instructions (5)1.1 CE Declaration of Conformity and user safety (5)1.2 Scope of delivery (5)1.3 About this manual (5)1.4 Structure of the manual (5)1.5 Typographical conventions (6)1.6 Symbols (6)1.7 Abbreviations (6)2 Safety (7)2.1 Abbreviations (7)2.2 General safety notes (7)2.3 Meaning of the warning notes (7)3 Getting Start (8)3.1 Mechanical connection (8)3.2 Electrical connection (8)3.2 Project administration (9)4 Basic Knowledge (17)4.1 Function principle of Identification Systems (17)4.2 Product description (17)4.3 Control function (17)4.4 Bus connection (17)4.5 System configuration (18)5. Technical Data (19)5.1 Dimension (19)5.2 Mechanical Data (19)5.3 Electrical Data (19)5.4 Operating Conditions (20)5.5 Function Indicators (20)Appendix (21)A1 BIS M-699 Ordering information (21)A2 Accessories (optional, not included) (21)<NOTE>(1) The contents and the specification are subject to change without notice.(2) If any mistakes or errors are found in this manual, please inform us.1 User instructions1.1 CE Declaration of Conformity and user safetyThis product was developed and produced in compliance with applicable European standards and directives.Declaration of ConformityThis product was developed and produced in compliance with applicable European standards and directives.NoteYou can request a Declaration of Conformity separately.For additional safety instructions, refer to the "2 Safety" section on page7UL-ConformityControl No. 3TLJFile No. E2272561.2 Scope of deliveryIncluded in the scope of delivery:--BIS C-699 CC-Link Processor--Cover cap for Head 2 and X3 CC-Link out--BIS software CD--Operating instructions in printed form (G ER/ENG)1.3 About this manualThis manual describes processors in the series BIS M-699 identification system as well as start-up instructions for immediate operation.The present manual does not describe:--Start-up, operation, and care of the "PC and PLC’’,--Installation and operation of accessories and expansion devices,1.4 Structure of the manualThe manual is organized so that the sections build on each other.Section 2: Basic safety informationSection 3: Key steps for installing the Identification SystemSection 4: Introduction to the materialSection 5: Technical data for the processorNoteYou find a detailed operating instruction to the M-699 on the supplied BIS software CD orin the Internet under .1.5 Typographical conventionsEnumerations Enumerations are shown as a list with en-dash.--Entry 1,--entry 2.Actions Action instructions are indicated by a preceding triangle.The result of an action is indicated by an arrow.► Action instruction 1.Action result.► Action instruction 2.Syntax Numbers--Decimal numbers are shown without additional indicators (e.g. 123),-- Hexadecimal numbers are shown with the additional indicator hex (e.g. 00hex).ParametersParameters are shown in italics (e.g. CRC_16).Cross-references Cross-references indicate where additional information on the topic can be found(see ‘‘5. Technical Data‘‘ section on page 19).1.6 Symbols______________________________________________________________________________________________ Attention!This symbol indicates a safety instruction that must be followed.____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Note, tipThis symbol indicates general notes.______________________________________________________________________________________________1.7 AbbreviationsBIS Balluff Identification SystemCRC Cyclic Redundancy CheckEMC Electromagnetic CompatibilityPC Personal ComputerPLC Programmable Logic ControllerRFID Radio Frequency Identification2 Safety2.1 AbbreviationsThe BIS M-699 processor is a component of the BIS M Identification System. Within the Identification System it is used to for connecting to a host computer (PLC, PC). It may be used only for this purpose in an industrial environmentcorresponding to Class A of the EMC Law.This description is valid for processors in series BIS M-6992.2 General safety notesInstallation and start upInstallation and start up are to be performed only by trained personnel. Any damage resulting from unauthorizedmanipulation or improper use voids the manufacturer's guarantee and warranty.When connecting the processor to an external controller, observe proper selection and polarity of the connection as well as the power supply (see "3.2 Electrical connection" section on page 8).The processor may be operated only using an approved power supply (see "5. Technical Data’’ section on page 19)Operation and testingThe operator is responsible for ensuring that local safety regulations are observed.When defects and non-clearable faults in the Identification System occur, take the system out of service and secure itagainst unauthorized use.2.3 Meaning of the warning notes______________________________________________________________________________________________ Attention!The pictogram together with the expression "Attention!‘‘ warns of a possible hazardous situation for the health ofpersons or of equipment damage. Disregard of these warning notes may result in injury or damage toequipment.►Always observe the described measures for preventing this danger.______________________________________________________________________________________________3 Getting Start3.1 Mechanical connection1:Mechanical connection (dimensions in mm)Fig.1 Connector head 22 Connector head 13Tightening torque 0,8…1,2 Nm,4Tightening torque 7,8... 11,8 Nm,► Attach processor using 4 M4 screws.3.2 Electrical connectionX1 Power - male 5 pol.X2 CC-Link In - male 5 pol.X3 CC-Link Out - fe male 5 pol.1) View towards connector______________________________________________________________________________________________ Attention!Make the ground connection either directly or using an RC combination to ground.When making your connection to the CC-Link, be sure that the shield is perfectly connected tothe connector body.______________________________________________________________________________________________3.2 Project administrationProject administration with Mitsubishi PLC Q CPUExemplarily used modules:Balluff Identifications system: BIS M-699-052-050-03-ST11Programming software: GX IEC Developer from MitsubishiMitsubishi controller (PLC):Base Unit Q38B-EPower supply Q61PCPU Q03UDCPU connected via USB interface to PCmandatoryslotCC-Link System Master QJ61BT11NQX80-TS slotoptional1ModuleInput2optional ModuleQY80-TS slotOutputFor this example used hardware settings and wiring:According to “8. Indications and Settings” and”6.3 Interface information/ Wiring diagrams” of the Technical Description.CC-Link System Master Module:Station number 0 look at user manual Mitsubishi System Master SystemBaud rate 10 MbpsBIS M 699Station number 1 Switch 1 ON (STATION No)Baud rate 10 Mbps Switch 4 ON (B RATE)Mode 2 heads activ RYn2 OFFStep by stepStep 1:Power OnStatus LED of BIS M 699:PW --> ONRUN --> ONL-RUN --> ONSD --> ONRD --> ONStep 2:Open customer project.Figure 1: ProjectStep 3:Read PLC dataSet the PLC structure at the folder I/O assignment.Figure 2: PLC parameterPress the button "Read PLC data" to read out the assignment.Figure 3: I/O assignment Press the button "Check" and "End" to store the settings.To verify the settings press …Acknowledge XY assignment“.Figure 4: I/O assignmentStep 4:CC-Link NetworkFigure 5: Network parameter Press the button "CC-Link" to open network parameter setting.Figure 6: Network settingIn the table is to see the network settings for the example:Figure 7: CC-Link settingsFor more details see “10.6 Initial setting“ of the Technical Description.No. of boards in module 1 board0000No.StartI/OType Master-StationMode)(Ver.1NetRemoteMode1countconnectAllM208RXRemoteinputRY M336outputRemoteD200(RWr)RemoteRegisterD100(RWw)RegisterRemote(SB) SB0relaySpecialSW0(SW)RegisterSpecial3RetrycountAutomatic reconnection station count 1settinginformationDelayStation information setting:Figure 8: Station information setting Station type Remote device stationExclusive station count Exclusive station 4Remote device station initial setting:Figure 9: Initial setting These settings will be executed during the PLC boot up to initialise the BIS M-699. For more details see “10.6 Initial setting“ of the Technical DescriptionInitialise ladderThis ladder is needed to start the communication with BIS M-699 and to activate the R/W head.For more details see “ 7.2.2 Input-Output Signal details", ”7.3.1 Remote Resistor list”, “7.3.2 Remote Resistor details”and “10.6 Initial setting” of the Technical Description.Example generated in POU "MAIN_PRG_LD".Figure 10: POU_PoolLadder structure:Figure 11: Init ladderSave projectCompile project (Menu --> Project -->"rebuilt all") Transfer project to CPUCPU RESETCPU RUNLED state information of CPU:MODE green/ONRUN green/ONLED state of CC-Link System Master Module RUN green/ONL_RUN green/ONMST green/ONSD green/ONLED state of BIS M-699RUN red/ONL_RUN red/ONMST red/ONSD red/ONRD red/ONHead1:IN-Z red/ON if data carrier in field. Head2:IN-Z red/ON if data carrier in field. Read-/Write functionsee manual4 Basic Knowledge4.1 Function principle of Identification SystemsThe BIS M Identification System is classified as a non-contacting system with read and write function. This makes it possible to not only transport information which is fixed programmed in the data carrier, but also to collect and pass on current information.The main components of the BIS M Identification System are:-- Processor,heads,-- Read/writecarriers.-- DataThe main areas of application are:--In production for controlling material flow (e.g. in model-specific processes), in work piece transport with conveying systems, for acquiring safety-relevant data,--In warehousing for monitoring material movement,--Transporting and conveying.4.2 Product descriptionProcessor BIS M-699:is connected to CC-Link as a remote device station and communicates with sequencer CPU of master/ local station.housing,-- Metalvoltage X1 and CC-Link connections X2 / X3 with M12 connectors,-- Supply--Two read/write heads can be connected,--Read/write heads are suitable for dynamic and static operation,--Power for the system components provided by the processor,--Power for the data carrier provided by the read/write heads via carrier signal.Arrangement of the read/write heads:Which arrangement of the read/write heads makes the most sense depends essentially on the possible spatial arrangement of the components. There are no functional restrictions. Distance and relative speed depend on the characteristics of the data carriers used.NoteIf two read/write heads are connected to the BIS M-699 processor, both can be operated independently ofeach other:One data carrier can be read at the first read/write head, while a different data carrier can be written to at thesecond read/write head.______________________________________________________________________________________________ 4.3 Control functionThe processor is the link between data carrier and controlling system. It manages two-way data transfer between data carrier and read/write head and provides buffer storage.The processor uses the read/write head to write data from the controlling system to the data carrier or reads the data from the carrier and makes it available to the controlling system.Host systems may be the following:-- A control computer (e.g. industrial PC),PLC.-- A4.4 Bus connectionProcessor and controlling system are connected via CC-Link.The CC-Link (decentralized peripheral) is tailored to communication between a controller and decentralized field devices.4.5 System configurationFunction of each ComponentComponent FunctionData carrier A data medium that stores and retains information (data).Read/write head It reads and writes data carrier information/data without physical contact as well as supplies power for data carrier.Processor When it receives instructions from sequencer CPU, it executes reading or writing data to or from data carrier.It can be connected 1 or 2 read/write head(s).CC-LinkMaster/Local Station A sequencer CPU unit which instructs for CC-link and a master unit station which controls CC-Link system.5. Technical Data5.1 Dimension1 Connector head 22 Connector head 13Tightening torque 0,8…1,2 Nm,4Tightening torque 7,8... 11,8 Nm,5.2 Mechanical DataHousing material GD-AlX1 -- POWER 5 pin, male, M12, a-codedX2 -- CC-Link In 5 pin, male, M12, a-codedX3 -- CC-Link Out 5 pin, female, M12, a-codedHead 1, 2 (read/write head connections)8 pin, male, M12, a-codedEnclosure rating IP65 (with connectors)Weight1150 gMounting screw for unit 4 x M4 x 25 mm – 8.8-A2B D912(Tightening torque :7,8...11,8Nm)5.3 Electrical DataSupply voltage VS24 V DC ±10 % LPS / Class 2 supplied onlyRipple≤10 %Current draw≤800 mADevice interface CC-Link5.4 Operating ConditionsAmbient temperature range0 °C…+55 °CStorage temperature -20 °C...+75 °CEMC-- EN 61000-4-2/3/4/5/6 -- EN 55016-2-3-- Schärfegrad 2A/2A/3B/2B/XA -- class AVibration/ Shock EN 60068 Part 2-6/27/29/64/32Operating atmosphere Without corrosive gas, heavy dust 5.5 Function IndicatorsBIS operating states for Head 1 and 2 SD head is sending dataRD head is receiving dataID-ERR. errorIN-Z data carrier is in zoneLED redLED redLED redLED redCC-Link status PW power onRUN operating normallyL RUN communicating normallySD sending data to CC-LinkRD receiving data from CC-LinkL-ERR. Communicating data error LED red LED red LED red LED red LED red LED red___________________________________________________________________________________ NoteFor detailed description see ‘‘8. Indications and Settings" on the Technical Description.___________________________________________________________________________________AppendixA1 BIS M-699 Ordering informationBISM--699--052--050--03--ST11d ecod esignationTypeBalluff Identifications-SystemSeries M Read/Write SystemHardware type699 = Metal housingSoftware type052 = CC-LinkVersion050 = with two connectors for external read/write heads type BIS M-3_ _Interface03 = CC-LinkCustomer connectionST11 = Connector typesX1 = 5 pole, male, M12, a-codedX2 = 5 pole, male, M12, a-codedX3 = 5 pole, female, M12, a-codedA2 Accessories (optional, not included)Type Ordering codeCover cap for Head 1, Head 2 Cover cap, M12 female (121 671)outCC-LinkX3Connector for X1 female BKS-S 79-00for X2 female BKS-S 92-00for X3 male BKS-S 94-00Industrial Networking und Connectivity catalogueshowCC-LinkcableIndustrialNetworking und Connectivity catalogueAdapter showT-Networking und Connectivity catalogue Terminator showIndustrialPage 21 of 22N o . 872374 E . E d i t i o n 1001; S u b j e c t t o m o d i f i c a t i o n .Balluff GmbHSchurwaldstrasse 973765 Neuhausen a.d.F. GermanyTel. +49 7158 173-0 Fax +49 7158 5010 *******************。
(11)--常见曲面—中英文对照
答案：C 2．根据方圆渐变段的三视图，选择正确的1-1断面图。
( )答案：A3．根据方圆渐变段的三视图，选择正确的1-1断面图。
( )According to fig, choose the correct section of 1-1.( )4．根据方圆渐变段的三视图，选择正确的1-1断面图。
( )．According to fig， choose the correct section of 1-1.( )5．根据方圆渐变段的三视图，选择正确的1-1断面图。
( ) According to fig, choose the correct section of 1-1.( )6．根据方圆渐变段的三视图，选择正确的1-1断面图。
( ) According to fig, choose the correct section of 1-1.( )7．根据方圆渐变段的三视图，选择正确的1-1断面图。
( ) According to fig, choose the correct section of 1-1.( )8．根据方圆渐变段的三视图，选择正确的1-1断面图。
( ) According to fig.，choose the correct section of 1-1.( )9．根据方圆渐变段的三视图，选择正确的1-1断面图。
( ) According to fig, choose the correct section of 1-1.( )10．根据方圆渐变段的三视图，选择正确的1-1断面图。
( ) According to fig, choose the correct section of 1-1.( )三、读懂扭面渐变段视图，选择正确答案（每题4分，共40分）the views of twist surface and choose the correct3．根据扭面的两面视图和剖切位置，选择正确的2-2断面图。
Starter Unit 1 Hello!课时4 Section B七年级英语上册(人教版2024)
Starter Unit 1 Hello 课时教学设计第4课时教学设计授课时间：课题Section B ProjectLearn how to use adictionary课型新授课（项目）课时4主备人审核人内容介绍本实践活动属于“人与自我”主题范畴，涉及“恰当的学习方法与策略”。
本实践活动围绕“查字典”涉及并实施。
活动设计力求让学生学会使用字典学习英语，引导学生知道学习英语的方式，学会使用工具书，为接下来初中英语的学习提供方法指导。
学生通过观察英文字典的内容设计，了解英语词汇在字典中的排列顺序和位置；通过排序单词的位置，了解如何查询英文单词；通过竞赛查字典的方式，看哪位同学单词查的又快又好，让学生学以致用，掌握查字典的技能，了解英文字典查询的基本方式，并理解使用词典是学习英语的重要工具。
学情分析K(Known) 已知W(Want) 想知L（Learned）已学部分学生在小学阶段有过简单使用英汉词典的经历，了解字典可以查找单词的释义；部分学生还知道字典中有音标、例句等信息，知道按照字母顺序查找单词。
如何更有效地利用字典学习更多的词汇，掌握词汇基本用法、搭配和拓展；了解不同类型字典的特点和优势；字典中一些特殊符号和缩写的含义。
学习了更多关于字典的使用方法和技巧；能够准确找到目标单词，知道需要查找关于目标单词的哪些内容；认识到字典对于英语学习的重要性，增强了自主学习的意识。
教学重难点重点：英文词典中单词排列的基本规律；单词的释义、发音、例句、用法等页面信息。
难点：快速、准确地按照英文字母顺序在词典中查找到单词，并找到单词的释义、例句等自己所需要的信息。
学习目标1.能够熟悉英文词典中单词排列的基本规律，并理解词典是学习英语的重要工具。
2.能够按照英文的字母顺序在词典中查找单词，并找到单词的解释、例句等信息。
3.能够在小组中积极与同学沟通，参与小组合作，并以小组为单位共同完成项目展示。
First, introduce the usage of the dictionary.Then show Ss how to choose a dictionary.Play a video about the birth of a famous English dictionary.Guide Ss observe the order of the letters in a dictionary. Let them finish activity 1.Show what we can look up in a dictionary. Play a video about how to find a word quickly.Let Ss finish activity 2. Remind them to pay attention to the alphabetical order.Read the dictionary pages. Circle the words in blue.Learn how to find a word quickly in a dictionary according to the way in the video.Number the following words in alphabetical order. Then report their answers in class.Divide Ss into several groups. Let them look up the given words in the dictionary. Give them more tasks when finding the words.Work in groups. Have a competition. Find these words in a dictionary as fast as possible.Find the part of speech and the definition of each word.Learn more knowledge about that one word may has several definitions.①The dictionary is a tool for us to learn English.So use it well.( )1. When do we use the dictionary according to the passage(根据短文容)?A. When we have free time.B. When we don't know a word.C. When we want to be happy.D. When we have questions.( ) 2. What's the meaning of the underlined word “pronunciation”in paragraph 3 ?A.语法B. 重音C. 发音D. 词性( ) 3. How many steps(步骤) do we need to use the dictionary?A.3B. 4C. 5D.6。
Connector
专利名称：Connector发明人：小川 純一申请号：JP実願平4-58274申请日：19920708公开号：JP実開平6-13078U公开日：19940218专利内容由知识产权出版社提供专利附图：摘要：(57)< Abstract > < Objective > The male, fitting the female connector inelectrification state, columnku occasion, electric joint between the male and the female connector which increase reliabilityThe connector which can do change is offered. <Constitution > Male, as for female connector 3,4 in insulator 31,41The contact spring piece to have 51 which is locked and terminal strip 52, contact baAs for ne piece 51 the basic destal 51a which is locked to insulator 31,41With, looping one end of the basic destal 51a, in the diagonal rear stretchingThe re it is the Tip of sleeve butt 51b and the above-mentioned sleeve butt 51bFrom contact breaker points 51c it is bent by basic destal 51a side and stretching doesTo consist of ru contact breaker points section 51d,as for terminal strip 52 contact spring piece 51The contact which is laid out with contact breaker points section 51d and the basic destal 51aIt possesses section 52a, fits maleconnector 3 to female connector 4The te the occasion where it goes, contact breaker points 51c of the male and female connector 3,4 mutuallyThis connection sleeve to contact spring piece 51 of the partner connector, deflecting,Contact breaker points section 51d and contact section 52a connection making separate, the male, female connectionIt features that joint between kuta 3,4 is changed.申请人：日本航空電子工業株式会社地址：東京都渋谷区道玄坂1丁目21番6号国籍：JP更多信息请下载全文后查看。
gPROMs介绍
gPROMS介绍1．模拟软件gPROMSgPROMS是基于联立模块法开发的软件，可以描述物理过程、化学过程、生物过程及其操作过程，可以模拟多目标过程，也可以同时运行多个模块，而且用高级语言定义过程模型。
其主要功能、用途及模块如图1所示。
图1 gPROMS功能及用途2.gPROMS的发展史上世纪90年代，基于序贯模块法(Sequential Modular)的稳态模拟技术已趋成熟，应用最为广泛(如Aspen Plus及Pro／II)，但序贯模块法对动态优化等问题效率低下。
基于联立方程法(Equation Oriented)的过程模拟软件方兴未艾(如SPEEDUP)，但联立方程法建模难度大，开发周期长。
gPROMS(general PROcess Modelling System)采用联立模块法，解决了上述问题。
gPROMS是帝国理工学院(Imperial College London)PSE(Process System Enterprise Ltd．)研究中心在多年建模和仿真实践中的研究成果。
作为仿真和优化的新一代计算平台，gPROMS的研发始于1988年，是由曾经开发SPEEDUP硼(现归入Aspen的ACM模块)的研究人员完成的，1992年开始进行工业评估，5年后成为商业软件，并成立PSE公司，2006年推出gPROMS V3．0，完善了图形界面操作功能。
3.gPROMS基本特点gPROMS是一种面向方程的过程模拟软件。
它对对象的描述主要分为两个层次：模型层和物理操作层。
“模型层”(MODEL)描述了系统的物理和化学行为，是对象的一个通用机理模型；“物理操作层”(TAsK)则描述了附加在系统外部行为以及扰动。
另外，还有一个模型实体“过程块”(PRocEss)，它由具体实例模型数据以及外部操作组成，表述一个模型的具体实例(如图2所示)。
它以外加信息来推动MODEL(例如初始条件及输入变量随时间的变换情况)。
品保部-教育训练-basic connector knowledge ok(连接器知识TYCO)
连 接 器 的 结 构
端子(间)的接触界面
图1-1
5
6
1.2.3 端子簧片
端子簧片提供如下三个功能： A、传输电力或信号 B、提供端子正向力来建立和维持可分离的端子接触界面 C、提供永久性端子接触界面的连接点 对于第一项功能，只要弹簧片导电性能好即可，最常用的弹簧片材料是铜合金。 对于第二项功能，则复杂得多。受到材料的性能、结构设计等影响。端子簧片如 图 1-2 所示。
1 2
一、连接器介绍 1、什么是连接器？
我们所讨论的连接器是指电子连接器。至少可以从两个层次来定义连接器： A、功能和使用环境，是做什么用的，要符合什么要求 B、本身结构、材料
1.2. 连接器的结构
连接器有四个结构性的元素，它们是： A、端子(间)的接触界面 B、端子的表面处理 C、端子的簧片 D、连接器的壳体 请参考图1-1。
1.1. 连接器的功能
连接器主要用在CC&CE(Communication Computer & Consumer Electronics)和 Net connect (网络)，Industrial & commercial(GIC, 工业和商业)和Automotive(汽车) 上。 从功 能上定义： 电子连接器：在一个电子系统中的两个子系统之间提供一个可分离的连接，而又不会 系统的性能产生不可接受的影响。 可分离性是我们要使用连接器的理由，方便对一个系统的子系统或零件的维修、升 级。 同时，这种连接对系统的性能不能产生任何不可接受的影响。例如信号的吸收、衰 减、 电力的损耗。
对
4
可分离和不可接受的的限度的要求，决定于连接器的具体应用要求。
端子的簧片
连接器的壳体
1.2.2 端子的表面处理
北师大版高中英语选择性必修第二册课后习题 Unit 6 The Media Section Ⅱ
SectionⅡLesson2QuestionsaboutMedia&Lesson3TheAdvertisingGame一、用适当的介词或副词填空1.Steel is produced by combining iron carbon.2.Their diet consists largely vegetables.3.It is advised that he should cut the second paragraph.4.It started an incident and turned out to be a disaster.5.They were fighting and it was impossible to separate onethe other.6.The couple considered it worthwhile to budget a new house.7.She answered the question the spot.8.We went to a clothing shop and there was nothing suitable me.9.The police were investigating to see if there was any link the two events.10.Go the passage quickly and tell me what it is about.二、用方框中所给短语的正确形式填空1.The success of the project every one of us being devoted to it.2.If you expect to ,you will have to spare no effort to make it happen.3.It is a that the doctors clean their hands thoroughly before operating on patients.4.The poor girl learning English but she never gave up.5.You need to figure a way out when your products arewhat the other companies try to promote.6.The bands have for a charity concert.7.The city, a culture centre,welcomes visitors from four corners.8.I need a cheaper computer as I am .9.The products were warmly received when firstChina.10.He said he wasn’t feeling well.,he was sick.三、完成句子1.Most countries (目睹了) a drop in newspaper sales in the last few years.2.(让我换种方式),I will not agree to your arrangement.3.Have you (追踪新闻) recently?Do you know what is happening?4.He got injured in the accident and he(不太可能) come back to the court.5.A good story should(吸引并抓住注意力) of the readers.6.The students are decorating the classroom to make it as(视觉上吸引人) as possible.7.It is understandable that it will take many years before people finally accept (自由的概念).8.The company use various techniques to make customers(注意到它的产品).四、阅读理解AMass media are tools of communication.Mass media allow us to record and pass information rapidly to a large,scattered(分散的) audience.They extend our ability to talk to each other by helping us overcome barriers caused by time and space.There are various ways in which mass media make daily life easier for us.First,they inform and help us keep a watch on our world.They gather and pass on information we would be unlikely or unable to get on our own.Second,mass media help us to arrange our time and life.What we talk about and what we think about are greatly influenced by the media.When people get together,they tend to talk about certain happenings in the newspapers or on TV.Because we are exposed to different points of view through different kinds of media every day,we are able to evaluate all sides of a certain issue.Third,the media are used to persuade people.A goodeedia.Newspapers,magazines and TV are filled with all kinds of colourful,persuasive advertisements.Though many advertisements may not say openly that they want you to buy a certain product,they describe their products in such a way that you may want to buy them.Fourth,the media also entertain.All of the media make some efforts to entertain their audience.For instance,even though the newspaper is primarily a medium of information,it also contains entertainment features.Television,motion pictures,fiction books and some radio stations and magazines are devoted mainly to entertainment.It is estimated that in the future,the entertainmentfunction of mass media will become even more important than it is now.1.This passage mainly tells us .A.something about the functions of mass mediaB.something about the development of mass mediaC.how mass media entertain usD.the types of mass media2.According to the passage,what are mass media?A.Tools for advertisements which persuade people to buy things.B.Tools for entertainments which make daily life easier.C.Tools for communication which record and pass information to people.D.Tools for education which help improve people’s knowledge.3.How many ways that mass media help make daily life easier are mentioned in this passage?A.Two.B.Three.C.Four.D.Five.4.Which of the following statements is NOT true?A.From mass media,we know what is happening in the world.B.Sometimes we arrange our time and life according to mass media.C.Mass media’s main purpose is to pass the information of advertising.D.Mass media can make people feel easy.BNo one knows for sure when advertising first started.It is possible that it grew out of the discovery that some people did certain kinds of work better than others did them.That led to the concept of specialisation,which means that people would specialise,or focus,on doing one specific job.Let’s take a man we’ll call Mr Fielder,for example.He did everything connected with farming.He planted seeds,tended the fields,and harvested and sold his crops.At the same time,he did many other jobs on the farm.However,he didn’t make the bricks for his house,cut his trees into boards,make the plows(犁铧),or any ofother hundreds of things a farm needs.Instead,he got them from people who specialised in doing each of those things.Suppose there was another man we shall call Mr ing what he knew about farming and working with iron,Mr Plowright invented a plow that made farming easier.Mr Plowright did not really like farming himself and wanted to specialise in making really good plows.Perhaps,he thought,other farmers will trade what they grow for one of my plows.How did Mr Plowright let people know what he was doing?Why,he advertised,of course.First he opened a shop and then he put up a sign outside the shop to attract customers.That sign may have been no more than a plow carved into a piece of wood and a simple arrow pointing to the shop door.It was probably all the information people needed to find Mr Plowright and his really good plows.Many historians believe that the first outdoor signs were used about five thousand years ago.Even before most people could read,they understood such signs.Shopkeepers would carve into stone,clay,or wood symbols for the products they had for sale.A medium,in advertising talk,is the way you communicate your message.You might say that the first medium used in advertising was signs with symbols.The second medium was audio,or sound,although that term is not used exactly in the way we use ittoday.Originally,just the human voice and maybe some kind of simple instrument,such as a bell,were used to get people’s attention.A crier,in the historical sense,is not someone who weeps easily.It is someone,probably a man,with a voice loud enough to be heard over the other noises of a city.In ancient Egypt,shopkeepers might hire such a person to spread the news about their products.Often this earliest form of advertising involved a newly arrived ship loaded with goods.Perhaps the crier described the goods,ee from,and praised their quality.His job was,in other words,not too different from a TV or radio commercial in today’s world.5.What probably led to the start of advertisement?A.The discovery of iron.B.The development of farming techniques.C.The appearance of new jobs.D.The specialisation of labour.6.The writer makes up the two stories of Mr Fielder and Mr Plowright in order to .A.explain the origin of advertisingB.predict the future of advertisingC.provide suggestions for advertisingD.es in advertising7.In ancient Egypt,a crier was probably someone who .A.had the loudest voiceB.took possession of a shipC.functioned like today’s TV or radio commercialD.ran a shop selling goods to farmers8.The last two paragraphs are mainly about .A.the basic design of advertisingB.the early forms of advertisingC.the benefits of advertisingD.the history of advertising五、七选五阅读理解Social media is so common in our society that almost everyone is connected to some form of it.We are a fast-paced,technologically evolving society and we are addicted to social media.In fact,we long for social media.1 We share what we’re doing,how amazing we did on a test and our random personal musings.Simply speaking,we love people knowing what we’re doing.Our social networks can tell a s tory about us and,if you’re like me,you want to make sure that the story online about you is a good story. 2 So how does one ensure a positive online reputation?It is simple:1.Keep it clean.Party photos with alcohol are absoluteno-no.Would you want to have your boss see these photos? 3 Make sure to post contents that you feel positively reflect you,your creativity and your skills.2.Don’t trust privacy settings.You have a private account so you can post anything you want? 4 Privacy settings make ith arder to see your full account,but it’s not impossible.Under no circumstances should you rely on privacy settings as a way to protect inappropriate contents.3.Ensure you’re careful and professional.Keep it classy(上等的)!Discover your brand or what you want people to think of you.Proper spelling and grammar is always a plus,but it may not be your brand. 5Like it or not,your social networks reflect you—make sure you look like the shining star that you truly are.A.It is always like this.B.This is decidedly not the case.C.Be entirely sure about what you’re posting.D.Social media is just a tool to interact with others.E.One’s online reputation couldn’t be more important.F.We post almost every aspect of our life on social media.G.Think about what you want people to think of you and go with it.六、语篇填空An advertisement uses words and pictures to persuade people to buy a product or service,1. to believe in anidea.Newspapers,magazines,the Internet,radio and television are 2. most common places to find them.There are two main 3.(type) of advertisements—commercial advertisements and public service advertisements(PSAs).A commercial advertisement is one which someone has paid for to advertise a product or service.4. was once thought of as a technique of the marketers 5. (inform) the potential buyers about the availability of certain products.It was seen more 6. a medium to inform the buyers rather than persuade them to buy.The present day marketers see advertisement as a medium to damage the image of their competitors and their products.This indeed,7. (be) an undesirable and an immoral practice.Instead of speaking about their ownproducts,these marketers speak about the drawbacks of the 8. (compete) products.People watching TV advertisements would notice that there has always been an advertisement war between the marketers of different consumer goods.Often PSAs 9. (run) for free,and are meant to educate people about health,10. (safe),or any other problem that affects public welfare.参考答案SectionⅡLesson2QuestionsaboutMedia&Lesson3TheAdvertisingGame一、1.with 2.of 3.out 4.with 5.from 6.for 7.on 8.for9.between 10.through二、1.consists/consisted in 2.stand out mon practice4.had a hard time5.in direction competition with6.linked up7.known as 8.on a budget 9.introduced to 10.That is三、1.have witnessed 2.Let me put it another way 3.followed the news 4.is impossible/unlikely to 5.attract and hold the attention 6.visually attractive 7.the concept of freedom8.notice its products四、1.A 主旨大意题。
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A 7.3正向力损失 对于连接器的失效， 正向力的损失，会造成端子接触界面的机械稳定性降低，而机械稳定 性的降低又会引起接触界面对机械或热诱发的应变的扰动的敏感性提高，让接触界面的移动 增加，而产生摩擦腐蚀。 正向力损失的主要有两个方面：永久变形和应力松驰。 7.3.1永久变形 永久变形指端子梁由于塑性变形而偏离原始位置。在上一章中，有一个计算正向力的公式， 这里面引用一下： Fn=(D/4)EW(T/L)³ 公式7-3
免连接失效。
8.1.4受控制的变形 在各自的永久连接技术中讨论。 小结：
粗略地讲，永久性连接可以概括为一种“相等的”或“相近的”的连接，接触电阻，© Tyco Electronics AMP Shunde Ltd
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8.2永久性连接的分类
永久性机械连接的原理有两种：冷压接和残余应力 当两种清洁的金属表面很紧密地靠在一起，产生金属的联结，而导致粘着强度相同于或高 于基材，这就是冷压接。
残余应力连接是指连接的性能来自于由于梁的偏移产生的弹性的可恢复的力，与可分离式 连接相似，但在力的大小上是不同的。
冷压接和残余应力存在于所有的机械式的永久连接中，但对连接的性能的影响是不一样的。 有四种机械永久连接方式，它们是：
•压接(Crimped)
•绝缘刺破(IDC) •压入(Press in) •缠线(Wrapped) 对于压接，冷压接原理是主要的，而对于其它三种方式，则残余应力是主要的。
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七、连接器失效机理
我们将连接器失效的焦点放在端子接触电阻上，端子接触电阻的增加是由于接触区域的减少 而造成的，影响接触区域的减少的三个机理分别是：腐蚀、磨损和正向力损失。 7.1腐蚀 端子接触电阻的公式为： R端子接触=R 集中接触+R表面膜层 端子接触电阻的增加主要是由于端子表面膜层电阻而引起的，贵金属和非贵金属表面处理对 膜层的形成和区域分布的机理是不同的。 7.1.1贵金属 贵金属的表面处理由一层惰性的金属膜层，镍底层和铜合金基材组成，各个部分有各自的功 能。惰性的金属表面，主要是金，提供了一层固有的防腐蚀涂层，镍底确保表面涂层的惰性不受 破坏，包括： •减少对多孔的敏感性 •减少腐蚀迁移 •减少基材物质的扩散 •提高表面处理的寿命 金、钯，钯和镍的惰性程度也有所不同，钯与金相比，表面腐蚀程度要高，钯在某种程度上与氧、 氯、硫发生作用。对于金的表面处理，小孔腐蚀和腐蚀蠕动是端子接触区域形成膜层的主要原因， 而对于钯及钯/镍合金，主要是表面腐蚀，严格上讲，Pd及Pd/Ni不是“贵金属”
金都有使用，AMP更偏爱于软金。
端子润滑，润湿而又粘结在金的表面，通过提供保护涂层隔离环境，而提高了耐腐蚀性能，这种 润滑使用有逐步上升的趋势。 7.1.2锡
锡的腐蚀机理主要来源于摩擦腐蚀
对于金和锡组成的接触界面，失效速度会更快，因为按照常规，磨损产生的磨损物会由更软 的表面转移至更硬的表面，这样的话，锡会转移至金的表面，产生了更大的氧化表面而加速了 摩擦腐蚀。所以锡一金接触表面不推荐使用。
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8.1.2“气密”接触界面
通常用“气密”要描述对接触界面的要求，其实原理上并非如此，“气密”表示接触界面拒绝气 体的进入，特别是腐蚀性的气体，“气密”的程度通常通过接触的端子对会引起接触界面材料异 色的气体的暴露来衡量。在要求的暴露之后，没有产生异色，那么就证明接触界面是“气密”的。 8.1.3机械稳定 对于永久性的连接，机械稳定的要求更多地倾向于组装和使用过程中应力的处理，因为永久性连 接的导体更容易受到这种侵犯，例如：压接后的线可能会直接地被拉，要定义拉伸应力的程度避
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A 7.2磨损 由于磨损的作用，增加了接触界面对腐蚀的敏感性，通过对基材的表面处理，保护了基层和优 化了膜层表面，而磨损会使表面处理的功能丧失。 7.2.1影响磨损的因素 V=(KFnI)/H 公式7-2 V为每次循环磨损量，K为摩擦系数，Fn为正向力，I为滑入长度，H为接触表面材料硬度。 磨损长度K，由几何形状、正向力、表面硬度、润滑状况和材料决定。 正向力Fn， Fn增加，增加了粘结和相应的研磨的磨损，因而增加了磨损。 滑入长度I，很明显，I增加，磨损会增加，因此要限制插入深度。
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A •8.4.3IDC技术总结 以下是IDC技术的关键概念 •最优化的变形 •足够的接触面积 •导体的变形25~35%
•最小的切割/磨损
•端子梁变形 •弹性变形优先 •端子梁对绞线、细纹软导体的适应很重要
•期望的过应力保护
•绞线导体 •保持导体束的尺寸 •适合的端子梁是有益的 •电线的保持结构 •端子 •壳体 •盖 © Tyco Electronics AMP Shunde Ltd
避免摩擦腐蚀的方法主要有两种：
• 施加高的正向力和相应的摩擦力，减少摩擦运动。 • 通过端子润滑剂提供的保护涂层来限制氧对接触界面的接近，从而减少腐蚀。 图7-1是热胀冷缩产生的摩擦腐蚀。端子电阻对摩擦循环次数的关系，分润滑和干燥两种状况。 © Tyco Electronics AMP Shunde Ltd
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A 8.4.2绝缘刺破(IDC)技术 8.4.2.1IDC优点 •不须分线 •简单工具多根导体(可多至80条)集中压接
•预放置壳体，防插线错误
降低了成本，提高了可靠性 8.4.2.2IDC端子设计 图8-4列出了主要的几种类型的IDC端子 •单槽梁式结构 •双槽梁式结构 •开槽桶式结构 主要用于排线，端子偏平，容易冲压成型 主要用于不连续电线，能够分开独立的电缆，多绞线 与单槽梁式比较，梁又长又薄，有资格用于19股绞线，而一般的只能用
•介电层
•编织网或箔片导体 •绝缘护套 同轴电缆与屏蔽电缆的区别主要在同心度公差要求及介电材料的选择。 © Tyco Electronics AMP Shunde Ltd
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A 8.4电线电缆永久机械连接技术 主要讲压接和绝缘刺破 8.4.1压接技术 概括地讲，有如下要点： •压接依赖于一个系统 •电线 •端子 •工具 •最优的变形 •足够的接触区域 •导体的“虚接”最小化 •接触区域指数-75至85% •锯齿状 •便于冷压接 •提高拉伸残余应力 •过程确认 •压接高度 •压接力 •拉拔力 © Tyco Electronics AMP Shunde Ltd
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表7-1
部分材料硬度表 材料 金(Au) 软金 硬金 钯(Pd) 钯/镍(80：20) 镍(Ni) 锡(Tin) 锡/铅(Tin/Lead) 硬度(正常情况，Kg/mm² ) 40~90 140~250 200~300 250~450 115~650 8~35 7~12
© Tyco Electronics AMP Shunde Ltd
于不多于7股胶线，导线线经范围宽， 而且利用正交的槽，一个桶式结构的端子可以分成两个 “独立的”槽去连接两种线甚至 两种线径的线。 •开槽盒式结构 用于绞线，提供冗余的接触界面，让更多数目的线可以连接。
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8.4.2.3IDC端子对于锁扣的设计
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A 电缆的组成如图8-1，是典型的带护套的电缆 电缆的组成如下： 橡胶护套 棉线绕缠层 编织网屏蔽层 塑料包层 内层纤维填充(如有需要) 带颜色识别绝缘层 铜导体
电缆
图8-2则是排线和柔性扁平电缆的示意图
图8-3是屏蔽和同轴电缆示意图 典型结构为： •中心导体
© Tyco Electronics AMP Shunde Ltd
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八、永久性机械连接
8.1对永久性连接的 要求： 我们讲过连接器的目的是对一个系统的两个子系统提供可分离的连接，便于保养、维护和升级。 而每个可分离的连接必然伴随有与子系统的永久性连接。我们称这些连接为永久性的，是因为只 连接一次。作 为大多数连接器，永久连接可以允许高的力和更大程度的变形，对它们的主要要 求有： • 紧密的/足够的接触区域 •“气密”端子接触界面 •机械稳定 •受控制的变形 8.1.1紧密/足够的接触区域 紧密/足够的接触区域是建立一种金属性的接触界面的首要因素。通过足够的接触区域而建立起 来和保持的金属性的接触界面，能够保证低的和稳定的接触电阻，对于永久性的连接，连接的区 域必须等于要连接的导体，这样集中电阻才会减至最低。
© Tyco Electronics AMP Shunde Ltd
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A 也正因为如此，通常对于钯及钯/镍合金的表面处理，会覆盖一层刷镀金，刷镀金提供了一层惰性 的表面，减低了对腐蚀的敏感性，必须注意，几个u的厚度的金可能对表面的覆盖是不完全的， 因此钯及钯/镍层也是至关重要的。 刷镀金还提高了表面处理的寿命。金其实发挥了一种固体润滑剂作用来提高使用寿命，软金和硬
永久变形造成梁偏移(D)减少，因此正向力降低。
对于偏移，有一种是设计偏移的塑性变形产生的，还有一种是插拔过程中的过应力，通常是 因为不正确的或粗鲁的插拔引起的，设计偏移的塑性变形产生的永久变形，可以在评估正向 力的要求时考虑进去，而因为插拔而产生的永久变形，要通壳体和 /或端子的结构设计来解决，
例如增加导向结构防过插入等。
橡胶(天然和合成)，优异的电性能，好的机械性能，耐油耐氧化差。
氯丁橡胶，优异的防燃烧、油、氧化和气候性能，介电性差。 铝材，重量轻，导电性好
电镀
电线 铜 最广泛应用
镀锡，电子和通信中应用 镀镍，高温 镀银，高电流 锡铅，好的可焊性能
裸露 一般商业用途
镍铬合金，高温 导体(方型或圆型) (单绞用于高载电流) (多绞用于柔软应用场合) 镍 ，高温
小结： 如果在评估最小的正向力要求的时候考虑到了端子梁偏移的变形和正向力的影响，端子梁的 塑性变形是可以接受的。 © Tyco Electronics AMP Shunde Ltd