Conditionals
语法复习：动词的语气——虚拟语气
语法复习：动词的语⽓——虚拟语⽓动词的语⽓—虚拟语⽓(Unreal conditionals / the subjunctive mood)⼀、语⽓的定义和种类l、语⽓：语⽓是动词的⼀种形式，它表⽰说话⼈对某⼀⾏为或事情的看法和态度。
2、语⽓的种类：(1)陈述语⽓: 表⽰动作或状态是现实的、确定的或符合事实的，⽤于陈述句、疑问句和某些感叹句。
如：We are not ready. 我们没准备好。
What a fine day it is!多好的天⽓啊!(2)祈使语⽓: 表⽰说话⼈的建议、请求、邀请、命令等。
如: Open the door, please。
请打开门。
(3)虚拟语⽓: 表⽰动作或状态不是客观存在的事实，⽽是说话⼈的主观愿望、假设或推测等。
如: If I were you, I should study English. 如果我是你，我就学英语了。
May you succeed! 祝您成功！⼆、虚拟语⽓在条件从句中的⽤法条件句有两类，⼀类是真实条件句，⼀类是虚拟条件句。
如果假设的情况是有可能发⽣的，就是真实条件何。
在这种真实条件句中的谓语⽤陈述语⽓。
如: If it doesn’t rain tomorrow, we will go to the park. 如果明天不下⾬，我们就去公园。
如果假设的情况是过去或现在都不存在的，或将来不⼤可能发⽣的，则是虚拟条件句。
如: If he had seen you yesterday, he would have asked you about it. 如果他昨天见到你，他会问你这件事的。
(事实上他昨天没见到你，因此也未能问你这件事。
)在含有虚拟条件句的复合句中，主句和从句的谓语都要⽤虚拟语⽓。
现将虚拟条件从句和主句的动词形式列表如下:注: 主句中的should只⽤于I、we，但在美国英语中，should常被would代替；从句中的should 可⽤于各种⼈称。
英语从句的类型总结
英语从句的类型总结英语从句是英语中最常见的语法结构之一，它可以用来表示各种不同的语义关系和表达方式。
有许多种类型的英语从句，每种类型都有其特定的语法结构和用法。
本文将对常见的英语从句类型进行总结，包括名词性从句、定语从句、副词从句和条件从句等。
名词性从句（Noun Clauses）是用来作为名词的成分的从句。
它可以在句子中扮演主语、宾语、表语或宾补的角色。
名词性从句的引导词通常有“that”、“if”、“whether”、“who”、“whom”、“whose”、“which”、“what”等。
例如：1. 主语从句（Subject Clauses）：- What you said is true.（你说的是真的。
）- Whether he will come tomorrow remains to be seen.（他明天是否会来还不确定。
）2. 宾语从句（Object Clauses）：- She said that she would arrive late.（她说她会迟到。
）- I don't know what the answer is.（我不知道答案是什么。
）3. 表语从句（Predicate Clauses）：- The important thing is that we try our best.（重要的是我们尽力去做。
）- His dream is to be a famous writer.（他的梦想是成为一名著名的作家。
）4. 宾补从句（Complement Clauses）：- I made a promise that I would help him.（我承诺会帮助他。
） - They declared him to be the winner.（他们宣布他是胜利者。
）定语从句（Adjective Clauses）是用来修饰名词或代词的从句。
它通常位于被修饰的名词或代词之后，并用来限定或描述该名词或代词。
hkdse英语重点语法
hkdse英语重点语法Title: HKDSE English: Key Grammar PointsIntroduction:The HKDSE (Hong Kong Diploma of Secondary Education) English examination requires a solid understanding of grammar rules. In this article, we will explore some of the key grammar points that are crucial for success in the exam. By mastering these grammar concepts, students can enhance their writing and speaking skills, ultimately improving their overall performance in the HKDSE English paper.1. Subject-Verb Agreement:Subject-verb agreement is a fundamental grammar rule in English. It ensures that the subject and verb in a sentence agree in number and person. For example, a singular subject requires a singular verb, while a plural subject requires a plural verb. Understanding and applying subject-verb agreement correctly is essential to avoid grammatical errors.2. Tenses:Tenses play a vital role in conveying the time and continuity of actions or events in a sentence. The HKDSE English exam assesses a student's ability to use various tenses accurately. These include the simple present, simple past, simple future, present continuous, past continuous, future continuous, present perfect, past perfect, and future perfect tenses. Students should practice identifying the appropriate tense for a given context and using it correctly in their writing and speaking tasks.3. Modal Verbs:Modal verbs are used to express ability, permission, obligation, and possibility, among other things. Some common modal verbs include can, could, may, might, will, would, shall, should, must, and ought to. Understanding the usage and meaning of thesemodal verbs is crucial, as they are frequently tested in the HKDSE English examination. Students should practice using modal verbs appropriately in different sentence structures.4. Sentence Structure:Sentence structure refers to the arrangement of words, phrases, and clauses in a sentence. A variety of sentence structures can make writing more engaging and sophisticated. The HKDSE English exam often tests students' ability to construct sentences with different structures, such as simple sentences, compound sentences, complex sentences, and compound-complex sentences. Students should familiarize themselves with these structures and practice using them effectively.5. Relative Clauses:Relative clauses are dependent clauses that provide additional information about a noun or pronoun in a sentence. They are introduced by relative pronouns such as who, whom, whose, which, and that. Understanding how to form and use relative clauses correctly is crucial in achieving a higher score in the HKDSE English exam. Students should practice incorporating relative clauses in their writing to add depth and clarity to their sentences.6. Conditionals:Conditionals are sentences that express hypothetical situations and their consequences. They are constructed using if and the appropriate verb tense. The HKDSE English exam often tests students' ability to form and use different types of conditionals, such as zero conditional, first conditional, second conditional, third conditional, and mixed conditionals. Students should practice using these conditionals accurately to convey different degrees of possibility and probability.Conclusion:Mastering key grammar points is essential for success in the HKDSE English examination. By focusing on subject-verb agreement, tenses, modal verbs, sentence structure, relative clauses, and conditionals, students can improve their writing andspeaking skills. Regular practice, combined with a solid understanding of these grammar concepts, will help students excel in their English language abilities and perform well in the HKDSE English paper.。
虚拟语气
虚拟语气●假如我有更多的时间，我就会学习汉语●要不是她这么忙,她就会出席今天下午的会议了Past●如果他抓紧时间，他本来能赶上那趟火车.●如果你昨天告诉他，他也许会提些建议了.Future●假如我要出国，我就会去中国。
●万一明天下雨，我们的运动会就推迟。
2.InversionChange the sentences we just made up and No.1-3 on page 413.错综时间条件句1）If I were you，I ___________（not miss）the film last night．2）If he____________（follow）the doctor's advice，he _________(recover) already now．3) If the boy____________(not save) this afternoon, his family _________(not) be in peace now .4) If the machine were in good conditions, we ____________ (use)it in our last experiment.5) If you ________(visit) Hainan in two days, I could arrange for some of my friends there to meet you at the airport.5.含蓄性条件句有时为了表达的需要，在虚拟语气中并不总是出现if引导的条件句，而通过其他手段来替代条件句.1）用介词短语替代条件句。
常用介词有with, without, but for,in that case等如：①We couldn't have succeeded ________your help (=_____________________).②_______ the rain(=_________________)，we would have finished the work.③_________ air, there would be no life on the earth.④__________ your help, the little boy would have been drowned.⑤We could have done the work better _____________2）用一个副词或连词but / otherwise / or/but that等表示虚拟条件和真实情况交织在一句中如：①He telephoned to inform me of your birthday，or (=______________________________)I___________(know)nothing about it.②He __________(come) to see you earlier but he just _______(come)ack from his business trip .③_______ you helped me, I would have failed in the experiment.虚拟语气练习21. wish1)I wish I ______ a bird.（现在）2)I wish I _______(not make) such a mistake.（过去）3)We wish our parents ________(not punish) us. （将来）2. would rather1)I would rather you _____(pay) me now.2)I would rather you _________(go), too.3)D on’t come. I would rather you _______(come) tomorrow.3. as if/ though1)She loves the baby as if it _____(be) her own son.(现在)2)I remember the whole thing as if it _______(happen) yesterday.3)Mrs . Green sobbed as if her heart ________(break).（将来）4. if only1)If only I _______(know) his name!(现在)2)If only we __________（follow）your advice!（过去）3)If only I ________(see) him again! （将来）5．It is（high）time that+________/________.●我们该去睡觉了。
条件句ConditionalS
Example: If you work hard, you will succeed.
If a boy looks at me, I am flattered.
There are four main types of conditional patterns.
Type I : whenever-type real conditional Type II : probable real conditional Type III : improbable unreal conditional Type IV : imaginary unreal conditional
3. do not have breakfast, hungry Answer
34.4 Type III: Improbable Unreal Conditional
Used for talking about unreal situations in the present or in the future.
Exercise 1
如果核武器用于世界大战，世界就会毁 灭。
If nuclear weapons are employed in a world war, the world will be destroyed.
Exercise 2
Make up a sentence using the following phrases.
I keep it. she often walked to work.
34.3 Type II : Probable Real Conditional
Used for talking about possibilities in the present or in the future.
小学英语课件 conditionals
examples of each type:
Real conditionals: o Zero Conditional: o If someone breaks a window, an alarm goes off. o First Conditional: o If I miss the bus tonight, I'll take a taxi instead. Unreal conditionals: o Second Conditional: If I owned a car, I would drive to work. o Third Conditional: If I had studied harder, I would have passed the test. o Mixed Conditional: If I had finished my work yesterday, I wouldn't be so stressed out today.
SUMMARY: Real Conditionals
•
Conditionals are sentences in which one thing depends on another.
•
Use the zero conditional for things that happen regularly in daily life - "If you freeze water, it turns to ice." Both verbs are in the present simple . The word if implies that a situation happens less frequently, and the word when implies it happens more frequently.
Conditionals(虚拟条件句基础)(配北大教材)(1)
如果我是一只小鸟，我就能在空中飞行。
More examplห้องสมุดไป่ตู้s
1.表示与现在事实相反的情况。
1) If I were you, I should/would/could/might tell him the truth. (事实上我不是你） 2) If time permitted, he would/could/might write it again. (事实上时间不允许） 3) 要是你处于我的地位你会怎么办？ What would you do if you were in my place?
2.表示与过去事实相反的情况。
1) 昨天要是不生病，我是可能来上学的。 If I hadn’t been ill badly yesterday, I could /might have come to school. 2) 如果你听了我的劝告，就不会犯这样的错误。 If you had taken my advice, you would not have made such a mistake.
Adverbial Clause of Condition
条件状语从句
If clause
Conditionals 条件句
条件句有两类，一类是
真实条件句，另一类是虚拟 条件句。
如果假设的情况是有可能发生的，就是 真实条件句。谓语用陈述语气。 1) If you heat ice, it turns to water. 2) If it doesn’t rain later, we’ll climb the hill. 3) You won’t pass the exam unless you work hard.
conditionals 逻辑
conditionals 逻辑1.引言1.1 概述概述条件语句是逻辑推理中的重要概念，它用于表达一种假设和结果之间的关系。
在我们的日常生活中，我们经常会遇到各种条件语句的应用，无论是在逻辑思维中，还是在数学、计算机科学等领域中。
条件语句主要由两个部分组成：一个条件和一个结果。
条件是一个前提，它描述了一种假设或者情况。
而结果则是基于这个条件的推论或者效果。
条件语句的基本形式可以表示为：“如果条件成立，那么结果发生”。
在逻辑学中，条件语句也被称为命题之间的关系。
根据条件与结果之间的关系，条件语句可以分为不同的类型，如“如果-那么”语句、“当-时”语句、或者“除非-否则”语句等。
每种类型的条件语句都有其独特的用途和逻辑规则。
条件语句在逻辑推理中起着重要的作用。
它们帮助我们建立起因果关系，从而推导出新的结论。
通过分析条件与结果之间的逻辑关系，我们可以进行逻辑推理和演绎，从而更好地理解事物之间的联系和规律。
本文将详细介绍条件语句的定义和基本概念，包括条件语句的分类和用法。
我们将探讨条件语句在逻辑推理中的应用，并总结条件语句在逻辑推理中的重要性。
通过阅读本文，读者将对条件语句有更清晰的认识，并能够运用条件语句进行逻辑推理和思维分析。
1.2 文章结构文章结构部分的内容可以包括以下内容：在本篇长文中，我们将从以下几个方面来探讨条件语句在逻辑推理中的重要性和应用。
首先，我们会对条件语句的定义和基本概念进行介绍，包括条件语句的形式和含义。
然后，我们会详细讨论条件语句的分类和用法，包括条件语句的种类以及它们在不同情况下的应用方法。
在引言部分，我们将对本文的主题进行概述，引出条件语句的重要性和逻辑推理的背景。
我们还会介绍文章的结构和目的，使读者能够清晰地了解本文的内容和框架。
在正文部分的第一部分，我们将详细介绍条件语句的定义和基本概念。
我们会解释什么是条件语句，以及它们在逻辑推理中的作用。
我们会探讨条件语句的形式和含义，以及它们与其他逻辑概念的关系。
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Conditionals
What are conditionals in English grammar? Sometimes we call them 'if clauses'. They describe the result of something that might happen (in the present or future) or might have happened but didn't (in the past) . They are made using different English verb tenses.
There are four kinds:
∙The Zero Conditional:
∙FACT
(if + present simple, ... present simple)
If you heat water to 100 degrees, it boils.
∙If the sun goes down, it’s dark.
∙If the sun rises, it’s light.
∙The First Conditional:
∙HIGH CHANCE TO BE SUCCESSFUL
(if + present simple, ... will + infinitive)
If it rains tomorrow, we'll go to the cinema.
∙If it doesn’t rain tomorrow, we’ll have a picnic. ∙If there is nothing special, I will go back to
hospital tomorrow.
∙The Second Conditional:
∙LESS CHANCE TO BE SUCCESSFUL
(if + past simple, ... would + infinitive)
If I had a lot of money, I would travel around the world.
∙If I had a girlfriend, I would kiss her :’(
∙If I was a boy, I would love you :’)
∙The Third Conditional
∙NO CHANCE TO BE SUCCESSFUL- IMPOSSIBLE
(if + past perfect, ... would + have + past participle)
If I had gone to bed early, I would have caught the train.
∙If I had studied on time, I would have found a better job.
∙If I had gone downstairs earli er, I wouldn’t have been late.
(Notice we can put 'if' at the beginning, or in the middle. It doesn't matter at all.)。