Literature Questions
英美文学考试题
英美文学考试题英国文学习题与练习Week 2 Early and Medieval English LiteratureReference Questions:1. Who were the earliest settlers of Britton/England? What do you know about them (home, language, belief, life style)?2. What are the 3 conquests? What effects they had upon the nation?3. Ideologically what is the most significant change in people’s spiritual life?4. How was the nation developed politically or what changes were there in the form of the social structure?5. In terms of literature, what influence had the French upon England?6. How many languages were spoken during the French reign? How do you understand modern English as a language?7. What was the essence of Christian doctrine preached at the time? Was there any ignoble reason behind it?8. Why was the Middle Ages known as the Dark Ages?9. What was the form of literature at the time? What features does it have? 10. What are the 3 periods/stages of Chaucer’s literary career?11. In what way do we call Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales the first work of English literature?Text study: Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales (6-7)1. What is image of the nun?2. Is she favorably and admirably or satirically portrayed? How?3. What figures of speech are used? Week 3 Renaissance (1)Reference questions:1. What is Renaissance? How and why did it come about?2. What is the development of drama? What were the original forms and content and practice of drama?3. Why did drama flourish in Elizabethan age? Who are the major playwrights of the time?4. Who is Marlowe? What contributions did he make to English drama?5. Who is Shakespeare? What famous and great plays (history, comedy, tragedy)? What features?6. What did Ben Jonson write about? What representative work?7. Prepare the excerpt from Hamlet (31-32). What is it mainly about? What humanist idea can you find in the soliloquy?8. What was the most important translation of the time?Week 4 Renaissance (2)Reference questions on Shakespeare and Hamlet: 1. Why is Shakespeare an eternal subject of study? Where lies his greatness? 2. What are the themes of Hamlet?3. What is the significance of Hamlet as a character?4. What is blank verse?5. What is soliloquy?Text study Hamlet’s soliloquy “To be or not to be” (31-32)1. What is the main idea of Hamlet’s soliloquy? Summarize in one or two sentences the main idea of the soliloquy?2. How does the soliloquy reflect the spirit of the time or the idea of humanism?3. How do you analyze Hamlet’s argument in terms of structure?Week 5 Renaissance (3)Questions for Renaissance poetry and prose:1. Who was thought to be the greatest English poet since Chaucer? What is his representative work? What are the features of this poem?2. What new forms (rhyme—blank verse, stanza--sonnet) of poetry were introduced into England? By whom?3. Who were the famous sonneteers of the time?4. How do you tell an Italian (Petrarchan) sonnet from an English (a Shakespearean) one?5. How many sonnets did Shakespeare write? What are the major subjects?6. Who were the two major prose writers? What is Utopia? Where do you think More possibly got the idea or was it all his own invention? How do you interpret the title of the book?7. What contribution did Bacon make to the English system of thinking and learning?8. What’s the purpose of his Essays?9. Based on your reading of his work, give your personal impression of/comment onhis Essays?10. The English Renaissance period is known for its translations. What are the most important translations of this age?Text studyQuestions on Sonnet 18 by Shakespeare (58): 1. What is the English sonnet form? Study the metrical and rhyme scheme as well as the structure?2. What’s the main idea? Is it really about love? What is peculiar of this love poem?3. What figures of speech are used?Questions on “Of Studies” by F. Bacon (52-53):1. How do you define the style?2. Study the essay by comparing the English version with the translation of Mr Wang. How do you like the Chinese version?3. Paraphrase and comment on sentences 1-6, 10-12.Week 6 Revolution and RestorationReference questions:1. What was the most important social event during the mid-17th century?2. What were the two most popular forms of lyric?3. Why is Milton the greatest poet of the period? What is the significance of Paradise Lost?Text study: Paradise Lost by John Milton (67-68)1. What is the historical background of the work?2. As a transitional writer, how does Milton combine his humanistic ideas with his Puritan ideas?3. What is the image and the significance of Satanin the two extracts? 4. What philosophy can we get from the text?Week 7 18th century Enlightenment(1)Questions:1. What was the most important intellectual event of the time?2. The 18th century is called an age of the bourgeoisie. Why? And what effect it had on literature of the century?3. Why did English novel appear in this century?4. What are the major forms of literature?5. What have neo-classicism and realism got to do with the Enlightenment Movement?6. Why did literature of Sentimentality and Gothicism come into being in the latter part of thecentury?Text study: J. Swift’s “A Modest Proposal”(81-89) 1. How do you describe the narrator’s tone?2. What or who are the targets of Swift’s mockery?3. Is the proposal modest? Prove your point.Week 8 18th century Enlightenment(2)Text study:An Essay on Man by A. Pope (89-90) 1. What is heroic couplet? 2. What is the poetic pattern?3. What are the themes of the two extracts?4. Paraphrase the texts or tell in brief your interpretation.“Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard” by Thomas Gray (91-92) 1. What do you know of the Graveyard poetry? 2. What is the poetic pattern?3. What is the predominant mood?4. What is the theme ?5. Summarize each stanza in your own words.Week 9 19th-century Romanticism (1)Questions:1. How is the period defined in time?2. What was the historical background, politically,economically and ideologically? 3. What was the predominant genre of literature? Who were the important writers of the time?4. In what way was romanticist literature different from that of neoclassicism in the 18th century, such as in form, guiding principle, subject matter, purpose, style, etc.?Text study: “I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud” by Wordsworth (103) 1. What is the theme?2. What is the predominant image?3. How does it reflect the poet’s idea of romantic poetry?4. What is the poetic pattern?5. Paraphrase each stanza in one sentence.Week 10 19th-century Romanticism (2)Text study:“The World Is Too Much with Us” by Wordsworth (116-7) 1. What is the theme, the meaning, of the first line? 2. What romantic ideas does it advocate? 3. What type of sonnet form it is?4. What romantic spirit does it represent?5. Paraphrase the poem in your own words.“Ode on a Grecian Urn” by John Keats (109-110)1. What is the theme of the poem?2. What is the rhyme scheme?3. What romantic feature does the poem reflect?4. Summarize each stanza in one or two sentences. Week 11 Victorian Literature (1)Questions:1. What is the historical background politically, economically and ideologically?2. What is the predominant form of literature during this period?3. Who are the representative writers? And what was the literary tendency?4. What changes came about towards the end of the century?Week 12-13 Victorian Literature (2)(3)英国文学习题与练习Week 2 Early and Medieval English Literature Reference Questions:1. Who were the earliest settlers of Britton/England? What do you know about them (home, language, belief, life style)?2. What are the 3 conquests? What effects they hadupon the nation?3. Ideologically what is the most significant change in people’s spiritual life?4. How was the nation developed politically or what changes were there in the form of the social structure?5. In terms of literature, what influence had the French upon England?6. How many languages were spoken during the French reign? How do you understand modern English as a language?7. What was the essence of Christian doctrine preached at the time? Was there any ignoble reason behind it?8. Why was the Middle Ages known as the Dark Ages?9. What was the form of literature at the time? What features does it have? 10. What are the 3 periods/stages of Chaucer’s literary career?11. In what way do we call Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales the first work of English literature?Text study: Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales (6-7)1. What is image of the nun?2. Is she favorably and admirably or satiricallyportrayed? How? 3. What figures of speech are used? Week 3 Renaissance (1)Reference questions:1. What is Renaissance? How and why did it come about?2. What is the development of drama? What were the original forms and content and practice of drama?3. Why did drama flourish in Elizabethan age? Who are the major playwrights of the time?4. Who is Marlowe? What contributions did he make to English drama?5. Who is Shakespeare? What famous and great plays (history, comedy, tragedy)? What features?6. What did Ben Jonson write about? What representative work?7. Prepare the excerpt from Hamlet (31-32). What is it mainly about? What humanist idea can you find in the soliloquy?8. What was the most important translation of the time?Week 4 Renaissance (2)Reference questions on Shakespeare and Hamlet:1. Why is Shakespeare an eternal subject of study? Where lies his greatness?2. What are the themes of Hamlet?3. What is the significance of Hamlet as a character?4. What is blank verse?5. What is soliloquy?Text study Hamlet’s soliloquy “To be or not to be” (31-32)1. What is the main idea of Hamlet’s soliloquy? Summarize in one or two sentences the main idea of the soliloquy?2. How does the soliloquy reflect the spirit of the time or the idea of humanism?3. How do you analyze Hamlet’s argument in terms of structure?Week 5 Renaissance (3)Questions for Renaissance poetry and prose:1. Who was thought to be the greatest English poet since Chaucer? What is his representative work? What are the features of this poem?2. What new forms (rhyme—blank verse, stanza--sonnet) of poetry were introduced into England? By whom?3. Who were the famous sonneteers of the time?4. How do you tell an Italian (Petrarchan) sonnet from an English (a Shakespearean) one?5. How many sonnets did Shakespeare write? What are the major subjects?6. Who were the two major prose writers? What is Utopia? Where do you think More possibly got the idea or was it all his own invention? How do you interpret the title of the book?7. What contribution did Bacon make to the English system of thinking and learning?8. What’s the purpose of his Essays?9. Based on your reading of his work, give your personal impression of/comment onhis Essays?10. The English Renaissance period is known for its translations. What are the most important translations of this age?Text studyQuestions on Sonnet 18 by Shakespeare (58): 1. What is the English sonnet form? Study the metrical and rhyme scheme as well as the structure?2. What’s the main idea? Is it really about love?What is peculiar of this love poem? 3. What figures of speech are used?Questions on “Of Studies” by F. Bacon (52-53):1. How do you define the style?2. Study the essay by comparing the English version with the translation of Mr Wang. How do you like the Chinese version?3. Paraphrase and comment on sentences1-6, 10-12.Week 6 Revolution and RestorationReference questions:1. What was the most important social event during the mid-17th century?2. What were the two most popular forms of lyric?3. Why is Milton the greatest poet of the period? What is the significance of Paradise Lost?Text study: Paradise Lost by John Milton (67-68)1. What is the historical background of the work?2. As a transitional writer, how does Milton combine his humanistic ideas with his Puritan ideas?3. What is the image and the significance of Satanin the two extracts? 4. What philosophy can we get from the text?Week 7 18th century Enlightenment(1)Questions:1. What was the most important intellectual event of the time?2. The 18th century is called an age of the bourgeoisie. Why? And what effect it had on literature of the century?3. Why did English novel appear in this century?4. What are the major forms of literature?5. What have neo-classicism and realism got to do with the Enlightenment Movement?6. Why did literature of Sentimentality and Gothicism come into being in the latter part of the century?Text study: J. Swift’s “A Modest Proposal”(81-89) 1. How do you describe the narrator’s tone?2. What or who are the targets of Swift’s mockery?3. Is the proposal modest? Prove your point.Week 8 18th century Enlightenment(2)Text study:An Essay on Man by A. Pope (89-90) 1. What is heroic couplet? 2. What is the poetic pattern?3. What are the themes of the two extracts?4. Paraphrase the texts or tell in brief your interpretation.“Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard” by Thomas Gray (91-92) 1. What do you know of the Graveyard poetry? 2. What is the poetic pattern?3. What is the predominant mood?4. What is the theme ?5. Summarize each stanza in your own words. Week 9 19th-century Romanticism (1)Questions:1. How is the period defined in time?2. What was the historical background, politically, economically and ideologically?3. What was the predominant genre of literature? Who were the important writers of the time?4. In what way was romanticist literature different from that of neoclassicism in the 18th century, such as in form, guiding principle, subject matter, purpose, style, etc.?Text study: “I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud” by Wordsworth (103) 1. What is the theme?2. What is the predominant image?3. How does it reflect the poet’s idea of romantic poetry?4. What is the poetic pattern?5. Paraphrase each stanza in one sentence.Week 10 19th-century Romanticism (2)Text study:“The World Is Too Much with Us” by Wordsworth (116-7) 1. What is the theme, the meaning, of the first line? 2. What romantic ideas does it advocate? 3. What type of sonnet form it is?4. What romantic spirit does it represent?5. Paraphrase the poem in your own words.“Ode on a Grecian Urn” by John Keats (109-110) 1. What is the theme of the poem? 2. What is the rhyme scheme?3. What romantic feature does the poem reflect?4. Summarize each stanza in one or two sentences.Week 11 Victorian Literature (1)Questions:1. What is the historical background politically, economically and ideologically?2. What is the predominant form of literature during this period?3. Who are the representative writers? And what was the literary tendency?4. What changes came about towards the end of the century?Week 12-13 Victorian Literature (2)(3)。
西方文学导论期末考试
Warm-up Questions●What is literature?Literature, in a broad sense, means compositions that tell stories, dramatize situations, express emotions, and analyze and advocate ideas.●What are the functions of literature? Why should we study literature?Nourishing emotional life;Obtaining necessary information;Escaping from reality;Obtaining aesthetic pleasure;Improving ourselves;Entertaining ourselves.●What are the major genres of literature?fiction---poetry---drama---nonfiction●What are the four elements of literature?universe---writer---reader---literary textsEssay:By definition, an essay is an organized, connected, and fully developed set of paragraphs that expand on a central idea or central argument. It may include book report, book review, critical essay, theoretical essay, etc.Thesis Sentence:A thesis sentence is an organizing sentence that contains the major topics you plan to treat in your essay.Topic Sentence:A topic sentence is a statement about how a topic supports the argument contained or implied in the central idea.How to read literary works?1)Respond to the works2)Understand the meaning of the text3)Trace the ideas4)Articulate your emotional response to what interests you in the text (characters,problems) relying on your past reading experience.How to write a literary essay?1)Select a topic ---research for the possibility---collecting materials---selecting materials---close-reading& taking notes2)writing drafts ---take a break---revising draftsHow to select a topic?●On a particular work/author●On a particular subject●On comparison/contrast1) an idea or quality common to two or more authors;2) different critical views of a particular work3) the influence of an idea, author, philosophy, political situation, artistic movement onspecific works of an author or authors.4) the origin of a particular work.How to write drafts?Focus on ideasCreate a thesis sentenceShow a process of thoughtKeep to your pointDistinguish your thoughts from othersNever just retell the story or summarize the workCritical reading of critical writingsThesis statement/Thesis sentenceResearch summaryRaising questionsArgumentsDevelopment of argumentsEvidence, Proof, Illustration, etc.Critical approaches：According to four elements of literature, critical approaches for study of literature can be: 1) Text-oriented approaches(literary writings should be the focus of criticism, such as New Criticism, Structuralism, Formalism )2)Author-oriented approaches(Image/imagination as the representation of writer, such as Romanticism; or as the author’s mind/psyche, such as psychoanalysis, expressionism)3)Reader-oriented approaches(reader as important role in criticism, such as Reader-response Criticism, Reception Theory接受理论, Hermeneutics解释学)4）Context-oriented approaches(literature as limitation of universe or reflection of reality such as Realism, NewHistoricism, Femininism, Post-colonialism)Fiction:Fiction refers to an imaginative form of narrative, which mainly includes novels, short stories, fables, fairy tales,etc. Fiction has three main elements: plotting, character, and setting.Story:An account or recital of an event or a series of events, which is fictitious.Structure:●The way a story is assembled;●Straightforward sequential order, description of plot identical to that of structure;●Out-of-sequence, separated episodes, speeches, secondhand reports, remembrances,accidental discoveries, dreams, nightmares, periods of delirium, fragments of letters, overheard conversations, and so on;●Structure of stories: arrangement and development of the stories as they unfold, part bypart.Plot:●Selecting, ordering, arranging of incidents to suggest their importance and theirrelationships, their actual dependence on one another;●Something about the connections between the events it relates;●Traditional polt: exposition, complication, crisis, denouement.Exposition:●Background information(time, setting, details about the characters) for the subsequentconflict;●At the beginning of a story or when the author slowly reveals bits of concernedComplication：●When characters are caught up in their situation and the conflict intensifies;● A good arrangement of complication will coax readers into reading the story.Climax/Crisis:●When conflict reaches its highest point or when the point of greatest intensity appearswhen the opposing forces interlock or reach a standstill;●Turning point of the narrative when the conflict peaks so that the conflict should becoped with and the problem should be solved.Resolution/Denouement:●When conflict between the opposing forces is settled;●In a unified piece of fiction the conflict is not settled by accident but rather by thefulfillment of the basic problem set up during the complication.Conflict:●Struggle between opposing force, which determines and shapes overall organization ofa particular narrative;●Conflict animates characters and events;●Conflict makes the story move;●Traditional plot presents conflict in a rising and a falling patten, with the conclusionlogically growing out of the preceding events;●Modern fiction concentrates more on describing and exploring the intricacies andimplications of the conflict itself.Plot Analysis:●Exposition: A boy of ten years old under the care of his guardian;●Complication: The boy hates Mrs. De Ropp, who dislikes him;●Conflict: The boy’s struggle for freedom from restriction and the woman’s enjoymentof domination;●Crisis: The boy’s praying for the killing and his anxious waiting for something takingplace;●Denouement: It is implied that the woman is killed as the boy wishes and the boyenjoys his eating. The conflict is solved with an accident.Setting:Setting refers not only to the physical location and to the specific time or period in which the action takes place but also to the psychological and the social environment.●helps explain and clarify action and character; helps convey meaning,●functions to establish the credibility of the story,●explains behavior, knowing something about characters’ background●may be taken as symbols or used in the creation fo atmosphere and mood“The Old Chief Mshlanga”●The landscape in 2nd paragraph is out of girl’s imagination which shows her fear,●The landscape of her farm symbolizes ruins done by white colonization,●The description of landscape help understand behavior of the girl.Aspects of Drama:Verbal: 1. Monologue (long, uninterrupted speech addressed to other characters on stage)2. Soliloquy (speaking inner thoughts while alone on stage)3. Dialogue (speech exchanged between two or more characters)4. Stage directions.Nonverbal: 1. (Performance of ) Actions2. Costumes3. Setting4. Music5. LightTragedy: Tragedy is drama in which a major character undergoes a loss but also achieves illumination or a new perspective. It is considered the most concentrates on cosmic implications of its major character’s misfortunes. According to Aristotle, a tragedy is serious (noble, elevated), complete (logical, of whole), and of a certain magnitude (balance of length and subject matter).Aristotle’s Principles:●Consisting in six parts---plot, character, diction, thought, spectacle, song;●An imitation of an action that is serious, complete, and of a certain magnitude, whichexcite pity and fear;●Artistic ornament in language;Comedy:●Comedy is an imitation of characters of a lower type, not, however, in the full sense ofthe word bad. It consists in some defect or ugliness which is not painful or destructive.●Dramatic Irony: Eliciting laughter by audience’s knowledge of disparity between whata character believes to be occurring and what is actually taking place white thecharacter remains ignorant of it;●Verbal Irony: Saying one thing and meaning quite another.Elements of Comedy:●Having light/amusing characters or “character in lower type” (Aristotle);●Using devices of humor, satire, irony, etc;●Containing amusing/funny plots;●Consisting in some defects/ ugliness which is not painful/ destructive(Aristotle)●Having a happy ending.Types of Comedy:●Satiric comedy: Foibles/ folly of human nature exaggerated and cruelly exposed ordisplayed;●Romantic comedy: Gently dealing with human weakness.。
文献综述提纲范文
文献综述提纲范文I. Introduction- Briefly explain the purpose of the literature review- Describe the importance of the topic and its relevance in the fieldII. Background and Context- Provide an overview of the topic, its history, and any relevant background information- Discuss the current state of research in the field- Highlight any gaps or limitations in existing literature III. Research Objectives- Clearly state the objectives of the literature review- Explain the research questions you aim to addressIV. Methodology- Describe the search strategy used to identify relevant literature- Discuss the inclusion and exclusion criteria for the selection of studies- Provide information on the databases, keywords, and other sources used for the literature searchV. Review of Key Studies- Summarize the main findings of the selected studies- Group the studies according to their themes or key concepts- Critically analyze each study, highlighting its strengths and weaknesses- Identify any recurring themes or patterns across the studiesVI. Gaps and Limitations- Discuss any gaps or limitations in the existing literature - Identify areas where further research is needed- Suggest possible directions for future studiesVII. Implications and Applications- Discuss the practical implications of the reviewed studies - Demonstrate how the findings contribute to the fieldVIII. Conclusion- Summarize the key findings from the literature review- Emphasize the main contributions of the review- Discuss any remaining questions or areas of uncertaintyIX. References- List all the sources cited in the literature review using the appropriate citation style (e.g., APA, MLA)Note: The above outline is a general guide for writing a literature review. You may need to adapt the outline to suit the specific requirements of your assignment or research. Additionally, make sure to check the guidelines provided by your instructor or publisher for any specific formatting or content requirements.。
英国文学史及作品选读习题集（5）
英国⽂学史及作品选读习题集（5）5 English Literature in the Romantic PeriodⅠ. Essay questions.1. In Pride and Prejudice, Jane Austen explored three kinds of motivations of marriage the middle-class people had in the second half of the 18th century. Try to make a brief discussion about them with specific examples from the novel. Make comments on Austen’s attitude towards these motivations.2. What are the general features of English Romanticism3. Tell the story of Pride and Prejudice and make a comment on it.4. Make a comment on Wordsworth concerning his contribution to poetry.5. Irony abounds in Jane Austen’s novel Pride and Prejudice. Please illustrate it with reference to some examples.6. Make a general comment on Walter Scott.’Ⅱ. Define the following terms.1. Romanticism2. Ode3. Byronic hero4. Ottava rima5. Terza rima6. Irony7. Lyric8. Motif9. Theme10. Symbol11. Imagery12. Foil13. Synaesthesia14. Character15. Flat character16. Round character17. Negative capacityⅢ Fill in the blanks.1. As an age of romantic enthusiasm, the Romantic Age began in 1798 when ______and ______published _______ and ended in 1832 when ______died.2. In the Preface of the 2nd and 3rd editions of __________, Wordsworth laid down the principles of poetry composition.3. The English Romantic Age produced two major novelists, _________ and ______.4. _____, ________, and_________ are referred to as the “Lake Poets” because they lived in the Lake District in the northwestern part of England.5. In 1805, Wordsworth completed his long autobiographical poem entitled__________.6. Scott’s historical novels depicted Scotland, England, and the Continent covering a period ranging from _______ up to, and including, _______.7. _______ mourned for _______’s premature death in an elegy “Adonais”, w riting “He is made one with Nature.”8. “Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage” is a long poem created by contains four cantos in the_______ stanza, namely a 9-line stanza rhymed ababbcbcc, in which the first eight lines are in iambic pentameter while the ninth in iambic hexameter,9. _______ is Byron’s masterpiece, written in the prime of his creativepower. He called it an “epic satire”, “a satire on abuses of the present state of society.”10. The great novelist in the Romantic period_______ marked the transition from Romanticism to the period of Realism which followed it.11. The plot of Shelley’s lyrical drama Prometheus Unbound is borrowed from _______, a play of the Greek tragedian Aeschylus.12. In “To Autumn”, Keats writes,” Season of mists and mellow fruitfulness, / Clise bosom-friend of the maturing sun; / Conspiring with him how to load and bless / With fruit the vines that round the thatch-eves run; / …” The figure of speech used in the lines is _______.13. “Ode to a Nightingale” expresses the contrast be tween _______ and _______.14. The unifying principle in Don Juan is the basic ironic theme of _______, ., what things seem to be and what they actually are.15. Byron employed _______ from Italian mock-heroic poetry. His first experiment was made in Beppo. It was perfected in Don Juan in which the convention flows with ease and naturalness.was memorized and honored as “the heart of all hearts” after his death. 17. Many critics regard Shelley as one of the greatest of all English poets. They point especially to his_______.18. Romanticism was in effect a revolt of the English _______against the neoclassical _______, which prevailed from the days of pope to those of Johnson.19. _______ are generally regarded as Keats’s most important and mature works.20. “Ode on a Grecian Urn” shows the contrast between _______and21. Among the Romantic figures, _______has a fundamental conviction of the health of the social system, of its ability to reform itself, and of the assurance of social well-being and the likelihood of a reasonable personal happiness.22. Scott is considered “the father of _______” which open(s) up to fiction the rich and lively realm of history.23. Two prevailing themes of Pride and Prejudice are _______ and _______.24. _______ was composed in a dream after the poet Coleridge took the opium.25. All such works of Coleridge as “The Rime of the Ancient Mariner”, “Christable” and “Kubla Khan” revealed his keen interest in_______,26. _______ is regarded as a “worshipper of nature”.27. “I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud”, “An Evening Walk”, “My Heart Leaps up” and “Tintern Abbey” are all masterpieces on _______.28. The main idea running through the dramatic poem Prometheus Unboundis that of _______.29. _______, with a triumphant praise of the imagination, highly exalts the role of poetry, thinking that poetry alone could free man and offer the mind a wider view of its powers. He holds that poetry “is a more direct representation of the actions and passions of our internal being”.30. The Romantic period is an age of poetry. The major Romantic poets such as Blake, Wordsworth, Coleridge, Byron,Shelley and Keats started a rebellion against the neoclassical literature, which was later regarded as _______.31. _______ and _______ gave great impetus to the rise of the Romantic32. _______ is a great critic of the romantic period on Shakespeare, Elizabethan drama, and English poetry. He is also a maser of the familiar essays.33. With _______, the essay is no longer chiefly a mode of intellectual inquiry and moral address. Rather, the essay becomes a medium for a delightful literary treatment of life’s small pleasures and reassurances.Ⅳ. Choose the best answer1. “Beauty is truth, truth beauty” is an epigrammatic line by _______.A. Kohn KeatsB. William BlakeC. William WordsworthD. Percy Bysshe Shelley2. William Wordsworth, a romantic poet, advocated all of the following EXCEPT _______.A. Normal contemporary speech patternsB. Humble and rustic life as subject matterC. Elegant wording and inflated figures of speechD. Intensely subjective feeling toward individual experience3. In Samuel Taylor Coleridge’s “Kubla Khan”, “A sunny pleasure dome with caves of ice “_______.A. Refers to the palace where Kubla Khan once livedB. Vividly describes a building of poor qualityC. Is the gift given to a beautiful girl called AbyssinianD. Symbolizes the reconciliation of the conscious and the unconscious4. _______is one of the first generation of English Romantic poets.A. KeatsB. ShelleyD. Wordsworth5. “If winter comes, can spring be far behind” is taken from _______.A. The Solitary ReaperB. Ode to the West WindC. To AutumnD. Song to the Man of England6. _______is NOT among the representative essayists in the romantic times.A. Charles LambB. William HazlittC. Thomas De QuinceyD. Walter Scott7. In_______, _______set forth his principles of poetry, “all good poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feeling”.A. The Preface to Lyrical Ballads; WordsworthB. “The Rime of the Ancient Mariner”; ColeridgeC. “A Defence of Poetry”; ShelleyD. “Lectures on the English Poets”; Hazlitt8. _______is NOT a lyric written by Wordsworth.A. My Heart Leaps UpB. Intimations of ImmortalityC. Love’s PhilosophyD. I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud9. All the poems were written by Byron EXCEPT_______.A. Childe Harold’s PilgrimageB. Don Juan。
文献检索流程英语
文献检索流程英语Searching for literature is a crucial step in any research process, as it lays the foundation for understanding previous studies, identifying gaps in knowledge, and building upon existing research. The process of literature retrieval involves various steps and strategies to ensure that relevant and reliable sources are identified and accessed. In this article, we will explore the essential steps involved in literature retrieval, including defining research questions, selecting appropriate databases, conducting effective searches, evaluating sources, and managing references.The first step in the literature retrieval process is defining research questions or topics. This step is crucial as it helps researchers narrow downtheir focus and identify specific keywords or phrases to use in their search queries. Research questions should be clear, specific, and relevant to the topic under investigation. By defining research questions, researchers can better understand the scope of their study and identify key concepts and variables to search for in the literature.Once research questions are defined, the next step is selecting appropriate databases for literature search. There are numerous databases available to researchers, each specializing in specific disciplines or types of literature. Common databases include PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. Researchers should select databases based on the relevance of their research topic and the type of literature they are seeking. It is essential to explore multiple databases to ensure comprehensive coverage of relevant sources.After selecting databases, researchers can begin conducting searches using keywords and Boolean operators to refine their search results. Keywords should be carefully selected based on the research questions and key concepts identified earlier. Boolean operators such as "AND," "OR," and "NOT" can be used to combine or exclude keywords to narrow down search results. Researchers should alsoconsider using truncation and wildcard symbols to capture variations of keywords and expand search results.Once search results are retrieved, researchers should evaluate the relevance and reliability of sources to determine their suitability for inclusion in the study. Evaluation criteria may include the author's credibility, publication date, research methodology, and relevance to the research questions. Researchers should critically assess sources to ensure that they are current, peer-reviewed, and contribute valuable insights to the study. It is essential to prioritize high-quality sources that align with the research objectives and methodology.In addition to evaluating sources, researchers should also manage references effectively to organize and cite sources in their research. Reference management tools such as EndNote, Mendeley, and Zotero can help researchers store, organize, and format citations in various citation styles. These tools enable researchers to create bibliographies, cite sources in manuscripts, and track references throughout the research process. By managing references efficiently, researchers can maintain accuracy and consistency in citing sources and avoid plagiarism.In conclusion, the literature retrieval process is a critical component of the research process that requires careful planning, organization, and evaluation of sources. By defining research questions, selecting appropriate databases, conducting effective searches, evaluating sources, and managing references, researchers can access relevant and reliable literature to support their study. By following these steps and strategies, researchers can enhance the quality and credibility of their research and contribute valuable insights to the academic community.。
全球高考惊艳世俗的句子英文
全球高考惊艳世俗的句子英文The global college entrance examination, also known as the Gaokao, is a national examination that tests high school students in China on their knowledge of subjects including mathematics, English, and Chinese. It is considered one of the most important exams in their lives as the results determine their future education and career paths.Recently, the Gaokao has garnered attention from around the world due to its difficulty level and the stratospheric scores that some students achieve. The Gaokao is notorious for its grueling nine-hour duration, with multiple-choice questions, essay questions, and the notorious "fill-in-the-blanks" section which requires students to complete a sentence with the correct word or phrase.The creativity and complexity of Gaokao questions are what sets it apart from other university entrance exams. For instance, a Chinese literature question in 2019 asked students to write a dialogue between a feudal ruler and his minister, using quotes from ancient Chinese literature to demonstrate their knowledge of the subject. Meanwhile, a physics question asked students to determine the velocity of a falling object in a vacuum.Despite the high pressure and expectations placed on students during the Gaokao, it can be argued that the exam hassome valuable lessons to teach. The Gaokao encourages students to work hard, develop their critical thinking skills, and build their confidence under pressure. It also creates a platform for students to showcase their academic abilities, affording them opportunities to attend top universities and pursue fulfilling careers.The Gaokao has become a worldwide phenomenon, with international students traveling to China to take the exam for a chance to attend leading Chinese universities. The global interest in this exam could be attributed to the growing awareness of the quality of education in China and the pursuit of academic excellence worldwide. The Gaokao exemplifies the level of rigor, depth, and scope that Chinese students must master in order to succeed in the competitive academic environment.In conclusion, the global Gaokao has impressed the world with its challenging questions and the scores that high-performing students achieve. The exam serves as a reflection of the Chinese education system's style and expectations, demonstrating the value of hard work, critical thinking, and confidence. It continues to be a significant global event, attracting both Chinese and international students who are committed to achieving academic excellence.。
英国文学作品选读1.what is literature
It takes a great deal of history to produce a little literature.- Henry James
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Literature: quotations
Develop an interest in life as you see it; the people, things, literature, music — the world is so rich, simply throbbing with rich treasures, beautiful souls and interesting people. Forget yourself. — —Henry Miller
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Literature may consist of texts based on factual information (journalistic or non-fiction), a category that may also include biography and reflective essays, or it may consist of texts based on imagination (such as fiction, poetry, or drama).
A. George Bernard Shaw B. W. B. Yeats C. Dylan Thomas D. T.S. Eliot
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Which of the following novelists wrote The Sound and the Fury
(完整word版)英国文学史及作品选读习题集
1 Old & Middle English LiteratureⅠ. Essay Questions1. What are the three parts told in the story of Beowulf? How is heroic ideal reflected in Beowulf?2. State the social significance of William Langland’s Piers the Plowman and comment on the poem’s w riting features.3. Compare Chaucer’s The Canterbury Tales with old English poetry and the works of other Middle English poets to illustrate that Chaucer is the first realistic writer in English literature.4. What is the function of the General Prologue to The Canterbury Tales?Ⅱ. Define the following terms.1. Old English period (the Anglo Saxon period)2. Alliteration3. Prose4. Courtly love5. Morality play6. Couplet7. Meter8. Foot9. Scottish Chaucerians10. Ballad (Popular ballad)11. Middle English period12. Anglo-Norman period13. Arthurian legend14. RomanceⅢ. Fill the blanks.1. The Old English poetry can be divided into two groups: the_____ poetry and the ____ poetry.2. _____ is regarded as the “Father of English Song”, the first known religious poet of England.3. The history of English literature begins in the____ century.4. _____is the most prevailing literary form in the Middle Ages.5. The most magnificent prose work of the 15th century is Morte d’ Arthur concerning with____ legend.6. The only important prose writer in the 15th century is Sir______.7. Critics tend to divide Chaucer’s literary career into three periods: the ____ period, the___ period and the____ period.8. Among the Middle English poets, three are the greatest. One is the author of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. The other two are ____ and ____.9. The Canterbury Tales contains the ____ and 24 tales, two of which left unfinished.10. Chaucer employed the _____ couplet in writing his greatest work The Canterbury Tales.11. The framework in The Canterbury Tales is a ____.12. When Chaucer died on the 25th of October 1400, he was the first to be buried in ____.13. Besides Chaucer, King James I also wrote in verses of seven lines, so this kind of verse came to be called the________14. Compared with Chaucer, “Father of English poetry”, __________ in the 14th century can be called “Father of Scottish Poetry and Scottish History”.15. The ___________is an important stream of the British literature in the 15th century.16. The __________century has traditionally been described as the barren age in English literature.17. Poetry can be classified as narrative or Lyric. Narrative poems stress action, and Lyrics__________.Ⅳ. Choose the best answer.1. Beowulf is a ______ poem, describing an all-round picture of the tribal society.A. paganB. ChristianC. romanticD. lyric2. Caedmon’s life story is vividly described in _____’s Historic Ecclesiastica.A. GrendelB. BedeC. CynewulfD. Beowulf3. The most important work of Alfred the Great is ____, which is regarded as the best monument of the Old English prose.A. The Song of BeowulfB. The Ecclesiastical History of the English PeopleC. Apollonius of TypeD. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicles4. In the 14th century, the important writers are the following EXCEPT_______.A. William LanglandB. John GowerC. Thomas MaloryD. Geoffrey Chaucer5. Chaucer Was once influenced by Italian Literature. His major work during this period is _____.A. Troilus and CriseydeB. The Romaunt of the RoseC. The Legend of Good WomenD. The Canterbury Tales6. Chaucer’s active career provided him not only with knowledge but also experiences, which accounted for the wide range of his writings.7. Chaucer’s narrative poem _____ is based on Boccaccio’s poem “Filostrato”.A. The Legend of Good WomenB. Sir Gawain and the Green KnightC. The Book of the DuchessD. Troilus and Criseyde8. All the following writers belong to the Scottish Chaucerians EXCEPT_______.A. Robert HenrysonB. William DunbarC. Thomas MaloryD. King James I9. In English poetry, a four-line stanza is called____.A. heroic coupletB. quatrainC. Spenserian stanzaD. terza rima10. The work that presented, for the first time in English literature, a comprehensive realistic picture of the medieval English society and created a whole gallery of vivid characters from all walks of life is most likely _______.A. William Langland’s Piers the PlowmanB. Geoffrey Chaucer’s The Canterbury TalesC. J ohn Gower’s Confessio AmantisD. Sir Gawain and the Green KnightⅤ. Short-answer questions1. What are the main characteristics of Anglo-Saxon literature?2. What are the artistic features of Old English poetry?3. What are the major subjects that the English romance mainly deals with?4. Summarize Chaucer’s literary ca reer and the representative works of each period.5. How many groups do the popular ballads fall into according to the contents or subjects?6. What are the stylistic features of ballads?Ⅵ. Answer the questions according to the following poem.When the sweet showers of April fall and shootDown through the drought of March to pierce the root,Bathing every vein in liquid powerFrom which there springs the engendering of the flower,When also Zephyrus with his sweet breathExhales an air in every grove and healthUpon the tender shoots, and the young sunHis half-course in the sign of the Ram has run,And the small fowls are making melodyThat sleep away the night with open eye(So nature pricks them and their heart engages)The people long to go on pilgrimagesAnd palmers long to seek the stranger strandsOf far-off saints, hallowed in sundry lands,And specially, from every shire’s endIn England, down to Canterbury they wendTo seek the holy blissful martyr, quickIn giving help to them when they were sick.Questions:1. What is expressed in these opening lines of The Canterbury Tales?2. How does the author emphasize the transition from nature to divinity?3. Comment on Chaucer’s contribution of rhymed stanzas.KeysⅠ. Essay questions.1. Structurally speaking, Beowulf is built around three fights. The first part deals with the fight between Beowulf and the monster Grendel that has been attacking the great hall of Heorot, built by Hrothgar, the Danish King. The second part involves a battle between Beowulf and Grendel’s mother, a water-monster, who takes revenge by carrying off one of the king’s noblemen. The last part is about the fight between Beowulf and a firedrake that ravages Beowulf’s kingdom.Beowulf is a pagan poem concerned with the heroic ideal of kings andkingship in North Europe. Battle is a way of life at that time. Strength and courage are basic virtues for both kings and his warriors. The king should protect his people and show gentleness and generosity to his warriors. And in return, his warriors should show absolute obedience and loyalty to the king. By praising Beowulf’s wisdom, strength and courage, and by glorifying his death for his people, the poem presents the heroic ideal of a king and his good relations to his warriors and people.2.Piers the Plowman remains a classic in popular literature. It was very popular throughout the fourteenth and the fifteenth centuries. It praises the poor peasants, and condemns and exposes the sins of the oppressors. It played an important part in arousing the revolutionary sentiment on the eve of the Rising of 1381 headed by Wat Tyler and John Ball. It is a realistic picture of medieval England. But Piers is not a representative of the poor peasants. He is one of the well-to-do peasants. He has no intention of upsetting the feudal order of society, and he accepts the existing social relations. This is the limitation of the poem.Writing features:(1) Piers the Plowman is written in the form of a dream vision. The author tells hisstory under the guise of having dreamed it.(2) The poem is an allegory which relates truth through symbolism.(3) The poem uses indignant satire in his description of social abuses caused by thecorruption prevailing among the ruling classes, ecclesiastical and secular. (4) The poem is written in alliteration.3. The vast bulk of Old English poetry is specifically Christian, devoted to religious subjects. More importantly, it is almost all in the heroic mode due to the great influence of the heroic ideal, i.e. Beowulf is the ideal of kingly behavior. The idealized hero figures predominantly in Old English literature. Middle English romance generally concerns the knight. It makes liberal use of the improbable, ofte4n of the supernatural. Religious writing reflects the unchanging principles of medieval Christian doctrine, which looked to the world to come for the only answer to men’s troubles. William Langland’s Piers the Plowman reflects the great religious and social issues of his day, yet it is written in the form of a dream vision. It is Chaucer alone who, for the first time in English literature, presented to us a comprehensive realistic picture of the English society of his time and created a whole gallery of vivid characters from all walks of life in his masterpiece The Canterbury Tales.4. The General Prologue is usually regarded as the great portrait gallery in English literature. It is largely composed of a series of sketches differing widely i8n length and method, and blending the individual and the typical in varying degrees. The purpose of the General Prologue is not only to present a vivid collection of character sketches, but also to reveal the author’s intention in bringing together a great variety of people and narrative materials to unite the diversity of the tales by allotting them to a diversity of tellers engaged in a common endeavour, to set the tone for the story-telling-one of jollity which accords with the tone of the whole work: that of grateful acceptance of life, to make clear the plan for the tales, to motivate the telling of tales and introduce the pilgrims and the time and occasion ofthe pilgrimage. The pilgrims are people from various parts of England. They serve as the representatives of various sides of life and social groups. Each of the pilgrims or narrators is presented vividly in the Prologue. Ranging in status from a knight a humble plowman, the pilgrims are a microcosm of 14th-century English society. On the other hand, there is also an intimate connection between the tales and the Prologue, both complementing each other. The Prologue provides a framework for the tales.Ⅱ. Define the following terms.1.Old English period (the Anglo-Saxon period): The Old English Period, extended from the invasion of Celtic England by Germanic tribes (the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes) in the first half of the fifth century to the conquest of England in 1066 by the Norman French under the leadership of the seventh century did the Anglo-Saxons, whose earlier literature had been oral, begin to develop a written literature.2. Alliteration: alliteration is the repetition of a speech sound in a sequence of nearby words. The term is usually applied only to consonants, and only when the recurrent sound begins a word or a stressed syllable within a word.3. Prose: Prose is an inclusive term for all discourse, spoken or written, which is not patterned into the li8nes either of metric verse or free verse.4. Courtly love: It is a doctrine of love, together with an elaborate code governing the relations betwe4en aristocratic lovers, which was widely represented in the lyric poems and chivalric romances of western Europe during the Middle Ages.5. Morality play: Morality plays are medieval allegorical plays in which personified human qualities acted and disputed, mostly coming from the 15th century. They developed into the interludes, from which it is not always possible to distinguish them, and hence had a considerable influence on the development of Elizabethan drama.6. Couplet: A couplet is a pair of rhymed lines that are equal in length.7. Meter: Meter is the recurrence, in regular units, of a prominent feature in the sequence of speech-sounds of a language.8. Foot: A foot is the combination of a strong stress and the associated weak stress or stresses which make up the recurrent metric unit of a line. The relatively stronger-stressed syllable is called, for short, “stressed”; the relatively weaker-stressed syllables are called “light,” or most commonly, “unstressed”. The four standard feet distinguished in English are: (1) Iambic (the noun is “iamb”): an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable. (2) Anapestic (the noun is “anapest”):two unstressed syllables followed by a stressed syllable. (3)Trochaic (the noun is “trochee”): a stressed syllable. (4) Dactylic (the noun is “dactyl”):a stressed syllable followed by two unstressed syllables.A metric line is named according to the number of feet composing it: Monometer: one footDimeter: two feetTrimester: three feetTetrameter: four feetPentameter: five feetHexameter: six feetHeptameter: seven feetOctameter: eight feet9. Scottish Chaucerians: The name is traditionally given to a very diverse group of 15th-and 16th- century Scottish writers who show some influence from Chaucer, although the debt is now regarded as negligible or indirect in most cases.10. Ballad (popular ballad): Ballad is also known as the folk ballad or traditional ballad. It is a song, transmitted orally, which tells a story. Ballads are thus the narrative species of folk songs, which originate, and are communicated orally, among illiterate or only partly literate people.11.Middle English period: The four and a half centuries between the Norman Conquest in 1066, which effected radical changes in the language, life, and culture of England, and about 1500, when the standard literary language had become recognizably “modern English”, that is similar to the language we speak and write today.12. Anglo-Norman period: The span from 1100 to 1350 is sometimes discriminated as the Anglo-Norman Period, because the non-Latin literature of that time was written mainly in Anglo-Norman, the French dialect spoken by the invaders who had established themselves as the ruling class of England, and who shared a literary culture with French-speaking areas of mainland Europe.13. Arthurian legend: It is a group of tales (in several languages) that developed in the Middle Ages concerning Arthur, semi-historical king of the Britons and his knights. The legend is a complex weaving of ancient Celtic mythology with later traditions around a core of possible historical authenticity.14. Romance: It is a literary genre popular in the Middle Ages (5th century to 15th century), dealing, in verse or prose, with legendary, supernatural, or amorous subjects and characters. The name refers to Romance languages and originally denoted any lengthy composition in one of those languages. Later the term was applied to tales specifically concerned with knights, chivalry, and courtly love. The romance and the epic are similar forms, but epics tend to be longer and less concerned with courtly love. Romances were written by court musicians, clerics, scribes, and aristocrats for the entertainment and moral edification of the nobility. Popular subjects for romances included the Macedonian King Alexander the Great, King Arthur Charlemagne. Later prose and verse narratives, particularly those in the 19th-century romantic tradition, are also referred to as romances; set in distant or mythological places and times, like most romances they stress adventure and supernatural elements.Ⅲ. Fill in the blanks.1. secular, religious2. Caedmon3. 5th4. Romance5. Arthurian6. Thomas Malory7. French, Italian, English 8. William Langland, Geoffrey Chaucer 9. General Prologue 10. Heroic11. pilgrimage 12. Westminster Abbey13. rhyme royal 14. John Barbour15. popular ballad 16. 15th17. songsⅣ. Choose the best answer.1. A2. B3. D4. C5. A6. C7. D8. C9. B 10. BⅤ. Short-answer questions.1. Anglo-Saxon literature is almost exclusively a verse literature in oral form. It was passed down by word of mouth from generation to generation. Most of its creators are unknown. There are two groups of English poetry in Anglo-Saxon period. The first group is the pagan poetry represented by Beowulf, the second is the religious poetry represented by the works of Caedmon and Cynewulf.2. (1) The use of alliteration. Each full line has four stresses with a number ofunstressed syllables, three of which begin with the same sound or letter.(2) The use of vivid poetic diction and parallel expressions for a single idea, suchas the sea is called” swan-road” or “whale-path”. A soldier is called “shield-bearer”, “battle-hero” or “whale-path”. A soldier is called “shield-bearer”,” battle-hero” or “spear-fighter, etc.3. The English romance mainly deals with three major subjects: the “Matter of France”, the “Matter of Ro me”, and the “Matter of Britain”.The “Matter of France” means a collection of tales about Charlemagne, the mighty ruler of France and neighbouring countries around 800 A.D., and his peers and their wars against the Saracens.The “Matter of Rome” covers ev erything from the ancient Romans and the Greeks. Alexander the Great, king of Macedonia and conqueror of Greece, Egypt, India and Persian Empire is the favorite hero of this group. Beside this, Trojan War is also dealt with in this group.The “Matter of Br itain” means the legendary history of Britain. It mainly deals with the exploits of King Arthur and his knights.4. Chaucer’s literary career is usually divided into 3 periods: the French period, the Italian period and the mature period.The French period refers to the period of French influence (1359-1372). During this period Chaucer wrote his earliest work: the Romaunt of the Rose, a free translation of a 13th-century French poem and his first important original work, The Book of the Duchess.The Italian period refers to the period of Italian influence (1372_1386), especially of Dante and Boccaccio. During this period, Chaucer mainly wrote three longer poems using the heroic stanza of seven lines: The House of Fame, Troilus and Criseyde, The Legend of Good Women.The mature period refers to the period when Chaucer had reached full maturity in his literary creation. His masterpiece The Canterbury Tales was produced in this period in which the heroic couplet was used.5. According to the contents or subjects, popular ballads can divided into different groups. A number of ballads narrating incidents on the English-Scottish border areknown as “Border Ballads”, which deal with bloody battles fought on the border of English and Scotland.Another important group of ballads is the series of 37 ballads of different lengths in Child’s collection, which tell of the wonderful deeds of Robin Hood, the famous outlaw, and his men. Most ballads do have a love or love-triangle theme. Sometimes love is present in a tender, romantic, even sentimental way.The fourth group is the sea ballads concerning sailors. The best-known is Sir Patrick Spens.Quite a few ballads are presented with themes of the domestic life, particularly of the relations between different members of a family. Unnatural relations such as murder and treachery are not infrequently appearing in this group.6. (1) Its simple language. The simplicity is reflected both in the verse form and thecolloquial expressions. By making use of a simple, plain language of the common people, the ballad leaves a strong dramatic effect to the reader.(2) The priority of the ballad is the story which deals only with the culminatingincident or climax of a plot.(3) Most of the ballads are quasi-historical, such as the ballad “Judas” and “RobinHood” ballad.(4) Ballads also tell their stories in a highly characteristic way; they are intenselydramatic. To strengthen the dramatic effect of the narration, ballads also make full use of hyperbole; actions and events are much exaggerated.(5) Music has and important influence on the ballads.(6) Using of refrains and other kinds of repetitions.Ⅵ. Answer the questions according to the following poem.1. The magnificent eighteen-line sentence that opens the General Prologue is a superb expression of a double view of the Canterbury pilgrimage. The first eleven lines are a chant of welcome to the spring with its harmonious marriage between heaven and earth which mellows vegetations, pricks foul and stirs the heart of man with a renewing power of nature. Thus, the pilgrimage is treated as an event in the calendar of nature, an aspect of the general springtime surge of human energy which wakens man’s love of nature. But spring is also the season of Easter and is allegorically regarded as the time of the Redemption through the sacrifice of Jesus Christ with its connotations of religious rebirth which wak ens man’s love of God (divine love). Therefore, the pilgrimage is also treated as and event in the calendar of divinity, an aspect of religious piety which draws pilgrims to holy places.2. The structure of this opening passage can be regarded as one from the whole Western tradition of the celebration of spring to a local event of English society, from natural forces in their general operation to a specific Christian manifestation. The transition from nature to divinity is emphasized by contrast between the physical vitality which conditions the pilgrimage and the spiritual sickness which occasions the pilgrimage, as well as by parallelism between the renewal power of nature and the restorative power of supernature (divinity).3. Chaucer introduced various rhymed stanzas to English poetry to replace the Old English alliterative verse. He first introduced into English octosyllabic couplet andthe rhymed couplet of iambic pentameter which is to be called later the heroic couplet. And in The Canterbury Tales, he employed the heroic couplet with true ease and charm for the first time in the history of English literature.。
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Selective Reading of English LiteratureReading QuestionsWeek 2-3 Geoffrey Chaucer “The General Prologue” to The Canterbury Tales Reading: pp.29-48 (There will be five quizzes to check your reading.)Close reading: pp.33-40 (Till the line—―That’s why he sang so merrily and loud.‖) General questions:1.How many elements are included in the general prologue of the Canterbury tales?2.What is the role of the Host? How are the tales chained together by Chaucer? Doyou think it is reasonable? What problem is there in the design?3.Who are the characters that are depicted in detail in the excerpt? Do you thinkChaucer’s characters are well chosen or chosen at random?Questions about the opening lines:4.In the first ten lines four major images are used to describe April. What are they?How are they unified?Questions about the Prioress:5.By his humorous description of the prioress’ smiling, oath, her Romantic nameand her way of singing, what does Chaucer suggest?6.Do you like the prioress’ good manners? Why or why not?7.In what ways is the prioress’ behavior of keeping dogs improper?8.Is there any problem in the way the prioress wears her veil?9.What does ―a golden brooch‖ suggest? Why do you think the prioress wears abrooch inscribed with ―Amor vincit omnia‖?Questions about the wife of Bath:10.Why does Chaucer say that the Wife of Bath is ―a worthy woman‖?11.Chaucer calls our attention to the finely woven kerchiefs of the wife of Bath, herhat as broad as a shied, together with her fine socks and shoes. What’s the point?12.How is her appearance related to her character?13. Does her wide traveling suggest anything?14. What does Chaucer’s attitude seem to be towards the fact that she had five husbands?15.What is probably her real intention of all the religious journeys? What is yourevidence?16.How do you like the Wife of Bath?Questions about the pardoner and summoner:ment on Chaucer’s satire in the portray ing of the pardoner and the summoner.How and why?Class discussion topics:18. What is Chaucer’s attitude towards women?19. What was the role of church in Chaucer’s time? How did people generally see those working for church?20. Please comment on the style of the prologue of the Canterbury Tales.Week 3-4 William Shakespeare “Sonnet 18” and “Sonnet 29”, The Merchant of VeniceReading: pp.66-67, 93-97, ―Sonnet 18‖ and ―Sonnet 29‖ pp.98-101,The Merchant of Venice pp.108-132Questions:1.How do you understand renaissance?2.What is a sonnet?3.What is the primary conceit of Sonnet 18?4.In line 6 of Sonnet 18, are the two ―fairs‖ ide ntical or different? How do youunderstand this line?5.How do you understand the last two lines in Sonnet 18? Was Shakespeareboasting?6.In the middle ages, men were regarded as trivial and sinful. How does Sonnet 18argue against the belief?7.What was the po et’s situation described in Sonnet 29? What changes everything?8.How do you understand Shylock’s statement ―it is my humour‖ (p.111)? Iscruelty his humour?ment on Bassanio’s ―wife sacrificing‖ statement. (pp.120-121)ment on Portia’s statement on ―mercy‖. (pp.116-117) Do you think theChristians in the play are men of mercy?11.Where is the climax of the play?ment on Antonio and Shylock in The Merchant of Venice.What isShakespeare’s attitude? Yours?Week 5 Francis Bacon“Of Studies”,“Of Great Place”―Of Great Place‖1.What kind of person is a man in great place compared to?2.Why is it a strange desire to seek power?3.How does one rise to a high position?4.How about the regress from the position?5.Could a man in great place feel happy?6.Does a man in great place usually know himself? Why or why not?7.What’s the best condition in terms of doing evil? And what’s the second best?8.What’s the relationship between good thoughts and good deeds?9.How should one follow examples? Good examples, bad examples. Ancient and contemporary.10.How should one act in front of a person inferior in place?11.Explain in your own words the four vices of authority—delay, corruption, roughness and facility and how to avoid the four vices respectively.12.How should one behave when they rise to great place? How should one handle the problems such as factions, predecessors, and colleagues?13.In conversations, is it proper for one to be sensitive to or always remembering his place?―Of Studies‖14.Why is ―Of Studies‖ impressive?15.Read the essay carefully and point out the rhetoric devices employed. Considerhow the devices help to make his writing effective.16.How would you understand the statement ― To spend much time in studies issloth‖? What is the philosophical or logic proposition in it?Week 6 Metaphysical Poets & Cavalier PoetsRead John Donne ―Song‖, ―the Canonization‖, ―A Valediction: Forbidden Mourning‖, and Ben Johnson ―Song to Celia‖1. What is a metaphysical conceit?2. Why is John Donne regarded ―modern‖?3. How do you understand Donne’s concept of love in his poems?4. What is ―Carpe diem‖?Why is ―Song to Celia‖ a poem with a carpe diem theme? Week 7-8 John Milton Paradise LostGeneral questions:1. Life of John Milton2. What is ―epic‖? What are the characteristics of the genre?3. Re ad the story of Adam and Eve’s fall in the Bible. (See supplementary readingmaterial in class email box)4. Paradise Lost consists12 books:Books 1-4: Satan’s unsuccessful attempt to seduce EveBooks 5-8: Adam and Eve warned by Raphael about the danger from SatanBooks 9-12: Adam and Eve’s fallFrom Book 1 our text is excerpted. According to what you read, how does Satan react to the failed attempt?5.How do you describe the tone of Paradise Lost ?6.Examine one of his soliloquies and identify the character traits and poetictechniques that make him seem appealing or forgivable.Class Discussion Questions: (please think the following questions over after reading and before the discussion)7.How does Milton understand Christianity? Does he want to redefine Christianityor replace the Bible by Paradise Lost?8.How do you describe God in Paradise Lost? Was Milton attacking God? Howdoes Milton ―justify the ways of God to man‖9.Satan is the most well-developed character in Paradise Lost. Is he a sympatheticcharacter? Why is Satan made heroic?10.In terms of revolution that Milton was involved in, what is Paradise Lost symbolicmeaning?11.The first words of Paradise Lost state the poem’s main theme. Milton narrates thestory of Adam and Eve’s disobedience, explains how and w hy it happens, and places the story within the larger context of Satan’s rebellion and Jesus’ resurrection. In essence, Paradise Lost presents two moral paths that one can take after disobedience separately represented by Satan and Adam and Eve. Can you find out the two moral paths implied by Milton?Week 9 Thomas Gray “Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard”1.What is an elegy?2.How is ―Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard‖ different from previous elegiesin terms of whom an elegy mourns?3.What is ―the graveyard school‖?4.In the first three stanzas, the poet employs a number of images to set the tone forthe whole piece. Could you classify the images? And how are they worked to achieve that effect?5.In stanzas 4-7, many daily laboring scenes and living scenes are depicted. Whatconclusion do they lead us to?6.In stanzas 8-11, what conclusion does Gray aim to arrive at by mentioning thenoble, the powerful, the beautiful, and the wealthy in his contemplation about the death of the unknown?7.What is ―momento mori‖? Can you find the theme in the elegy? Where?8.In stanzas 12-23, what are the potentials of the country fellows for Gray? Whatmetaphors are used to state that their talents are hidden? And to what great persons are they compared?9.The poet appears on the scene in stanzas 24-29. And how does this part reaffirmthe argument that life is transitory and short? Which side does he stand on –the great or the humble?10.What information could you get about the poet from the epigraph? How does thepoet bridge between death and religion in the closing lines?Further Discussion:11.How do you understand death? Why do we live if we have to die? Is human life atragedy?Week 10-12 Romantic PoetryRead all the Romantic poems in the course book and read closely the following ones: *Wordsworth ―I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud‖*Coleridge ―The Rime of the Ancient Mariner‖*Byron Don Juan*Shelley ―Ode to the West Wind‖*Keats ―To Autumn‖Prepare for the following questions:1.What is Romanticism?2.The Lake Poets3.How does Wordsworth understand nature?4.What’s the relation between man and nature described in Wordsworth’s poem ―IWandered Lonely as a Cloud‖ ?5.What graphic word-pictures does Coleridge’s ―The Rime of the Ancient Mariner‖depict? What style?6.What is an ode? Qualities of ode.7.What are the three major images that help to intensify the power of the west windin the first three stanzas respectively?8.How does Shelley perceive the relation between Spring, Autumn and Winter?9.―Wild spirit, which are moving everywhere; Destroyer and Preserver; hear, oh,hear!‖ What would the west wind destroy and preserve?10.Which is often regarded as ―the most serene poem in the English language‖ ?11.Is there melancholy in Keats’ ―To Autumn‖? What is Keats’ autumn like?12.How musical element help to achieve the effect of Keats’ autumn?13.In this poem, autumn is personified. What personality is indicated? What doesdescriptive detail in each of the three stanzas contribute to the definition of that personality? How is this personality related to the mood of the poem—and the theme?14.What are the paradoxical qualities of autumn? What images reveal the contrastingqualities of the season?15.Why, as a matter of fact, do swallows gather in the skies? What meaning does thishave for the poem?16.The poem has been admired for its precise and suggestive diction. Locate wordsand phrases which seem to justify the admiration.Further discussion:Tet states that ―nature may provide a stimulus, but it is the poetic consciousness itself that must give voice to nature and articulate its meanings‖. Then the season of autumn stimulates different feelings and ideas in Shelley and Keats. Human understanding that everything in our lives is transitive and that nothing is forever. Compare Shelley’s autumn with Keats’ autumn.Week 13-14 18th Century Novel1.Describe 18th century British social and historical circumstances.2.Why did the novel rise in the 18th- century Britain?pare 18th century Britain with today’s China.4.What are the most striking features of the genre novel?5.What is a picaresque novel, an epistolary novel and a Gothic novel?6.Have you ever read any 18th century British novels from cover to cover? (Checkthe following list of major 18th century novels). Comment on at least one of the novel(s) you have read.Week 15-16 Victorian AgeReading Assignment:Bronte Sisters pp.195-198, Charlotte Bronte Jane Eyre, William Thackeray V anity Fair, Emily Bronte Wuthering Heights pp.199-221, Thomas Hardy Tess pp.231-241Reading Questions:1.What is realism?2.What is bildungsroman? Is Jane Eyre a bildungsroman?3.Who are Jane, Helen, Rochester, and Bertha Mason? Briefly introduce thecharacters.4.What are generally believed to be typical Victorian values?5.Why is the novel entitled Vanity Fair?6.How could Becky and Crawley live well on nothing a year in Paris?7.What have you learned about Becky Sharp’s personality from the excerpt?8.Is Becky a feminist figure? Why or why not?9.How does Catherine’s love for Heathcliff compromise with Victorian values?Does love exist in vacuum?10.How does nature echo the protagonist’s emotions?11.In what sense is Wuthering Heights gothic?12.What do you think of Heathcliff’s love and revenge?13.Is Tess a pure woman? In what values?14.What is fatalism? And how does it set the tones of Tess and Jude?15.How do landscapes work in Hardy’s novels?Week 17 Modern and Contemporary PeriodJames Joyce Ulysses, Samuel Becket Waiting for Godot, William Golding Lord of the Flies1.What is the modern movement and what is modernism?2.How important is psychoanalysis to modernism?3.What is ―stream of consciousness‖?4.What is imagism?5.How is postmodernism different from modernism?6.Why is Ulysses modern? What new techniques are adopted and what themesexplored?7.What is the theme of Waiting for Godot?8.How do you understand Lord of the Flies as a multilayered allegory?。