ThermalExpantion说明书
Thermal Expansion
Thermal Stress
A change in length is associated with a stress. Temperature change causes a change in length.
F L Y A L0
L TaL0
F TaYL0 aYT A L0
Microscopic Spacing
Atoms are in constant motion.
• Vibration increases with temperature • Spacing increases with temperature
Change in Volume
The volume of matter expands when the atomic spacing increases.
Coefficient 1 x 10-6 C-1 9 x 10-6 C-1 27 x 10-6 C-1 35 x 10-6 C-1 75 x 10-6 C-1 180 x 10-6 C-1 210 x 10-6 C-1 950 x 10-6 C-1 1100 x 10-6 C-1 3400 x 10-6 C-1
• Increase temperature → increase volume.
T V
A volume increase is the same as a density decrease.
T + T V + V
V V0T
Coefficient of Volume Expansion
Use linear expansion. Solve for L = aL0 T. First in winter,
热应力英语
热应力英语一、单词1. thermal- 英语释义：of, relating to, or caused by heat.- 用法：可作形容词，修饰名词。
例如：thermal energy（热能）。
- 双语例句：Thermal expansion is amon phenomenon in materials.（热膨胀是材料中的一种常见现象。
）2. stress- 英语释义：force or pressure exerted on a material object.- 用法：可作名词，也可作动词（表示强调，给……加压力等）。
作名词时，例如：The bridge can't bear the stress.（这座桥无法承受压力。
）作动词时，如：Don't stress yourself too much.（不要给自己太大压力。
）- 双语例句：High - stress situations can affect people's mental health.（高压力的情况会影响人们的心理健康。
）3. strain- 英语释义：the deformation of a material body under the action of applied forces.- 用法：可作名词或动词。
作名词时，例如：The strain on the rope was too much.（绳子上的拉力太大了。
）作动词时，如：The material will strain under heavy load.（这种材料在重负荷下会变形。
） - 双语例句：Excessive strain can cause the structure to fail.（过度的变形会导致结构失效。
）二、短语1. thermal stress analysis- 释义：对热应力进行分析。
- 用法：在工程、材料科学等领域使用。
TA工具thermo机械分析器Q系列thermo机械分析器Q400说明书
The Q400EM is a high-performance, research-grade thermomechanical analyzer (TMA), with unmatched flexibility in operating modes, test probes, fixtures, and available signals. For standard TMA applications, the Q400 delivers the same performance and reliability. It is ideal f or research, teaching, and quality control applications, with perf ormance equivalent to competitive research models.Temperature Range (max)-150 to 1,000°C-150 to 1,000°CTemperature Precision + /- 1°C+ /- 1°CFurnace Cool Down Time <10 min from 600°C to 50°C <10 min from 600°C to 50°C (air cooling)Maximum Sample Size - solid 26 mm (L) x 10 mm (D)26 mm (L) x 10 mm (D)Maximum Sample Size - film/fiber 26 mm (L) x 0.5 mm (T)26 mm (L) x 0.5 mm (T)x 4.7 mm (W)x 4.7 mm (W)Measurement Precision +/- 0.1 %+/- 0.1 %Sensitivity15 nm15 nmDynamic Baseline Drift <1 µm (-100 to 500°C)<1 µm (-100 to 500°C)Force Range 0.001 to 1 N 0.001 to 1 N Force Resolution 0.001 N 0.001 N Frequency 0.01 to 2 Hz Not Available Mass Flow Control Optional Optional AtmosphereInert, Oxidizing, Inert, Oxidizing, (static or controlled flow)or Reactive Gasesor Reactive GasesNote: The Q400 can be field upgraded to the Q400EM.Operational Modes Standard Included Included Stress/Strain Included Not Available CreepIncluded Not Available Stress Relaxation Included Not Available Dynamic TMA (DTMA)IncludedNot AvailableModulated TMA ™(MTMA ™) Included Not Available1The Q400 features a rugged and reliable furnace. Its customized electronics provide excellent heating rate control and rapid response over a wide temperature range. Furnace raising and lowering is soft-ware controlled. The design ensures long life and performance consistency. The excellent heating rate control provides for superior baseline stability and improved sensitivity, while the rapid response permits Modulated TMA™operation. Furnace movementprovides operational convenience, and easy access to the sample chamber.2Located in the furnace core, the easily accessed chamber provides complete temperature and atmosphere control for sample analysis. Purge gas regulation is provided by an optional digital mass flow controller. These include enhanced data quality, ease-of-use, and productivity. The open design simplifies installation of available probes (see Modes of Deformation), sample mounting, and thermocouple placement. Data precision is enhanced by mass flow control of the purge gas.2 13Force Motor A non-contact motor provides aprecisely controlled, friction-free, calibrated force to the sample via the measurement probe or fixture. The force is programmable from 0.001 to 1 N, and can be increased to 2 N by addition of weights to a special tray. A precision sine wave generator provides a set of ten individual frequencies for use in dynamic experiments. Benefits:The motor smoothly generates the accurate and precise static, ramped, or oscillatory dynamic force necessary for quality measurementsin all modes of operation. The choice of frequencies allows optimization of dynamic TMA (DTMA) experiments in compression, 3-point bending, or tension modes of deformation.4Linear Variable Differential Transducer The heart of the Q400TMA sample measurement system is the precision, moveable-core, linear variable differential transducer (LVDT). Benefits:It generates an accurate output signal that is directly proportional to a sample dimension change. Its precise and reliable response over a wide temperature range (–150 to 1,000°C) makes for reproducible TMA results. Its location below the furnace protects it from unwanted temperature effects and ensures stable baseline performance.3421Expansion measurements determine a material’scoefficient of thermal expansion (CTE), glass transi-tion temperature (Tg), and compression modulus.A flat-tipped standard expansion probe (Figure 1)is placed on the sample (a small static force may be applied), and the sample is subjected to a temperature program. Probe movement records sample expansion or contraction. This mode is used with most solid samples. The larger surface area of the macro-expansion probe (Figure 2)better facilitates analysis of soft or irregular samples, powders, and filmsP ENETRATIONPenetration measurements use an extended tip probeto focus the drive force on a small area of the samplesurface (Figure 3). This provides precise measurementof Tg, softening, and melting behavior. It is valuablefor characterizing coatings without their removal froma substrate. The probe operates like the expansionprobe, but under a larger applied force. The hemi-spherical probe (Figure 4)is an alternate penetrationprobe for softening point measurements in solids.C OMPRESSIONIn this mode, the sample is subjected to either a static, linear ramp, or dynamic oscillatory force, while under a defined temperature program, and atmosphere. Sample displacement (strain) is recorded by either expansion / penetration experiments to measure intrinsic material properties, or dynamic tests to determine viscoelastic parameters (DTMA), to detect thermal events, and to separate overlapping transitions (MTMA™).Figure 2Figure 43-P OINT B ENDINGIn this bending deformation (also known as flexure), the sample is supported at both ends on a two-point, quartz anvil atop the stage (Figure 7). A fixed static force is applied vertically to the sample at its center, via a wedge-shaped, quartz probe. Material properties are determined from the force and the measured probe deflection. This mode is considered to represent “pure” deformation, since clamp-ing effects are eliminated. It is primarily used to determine bending properties of stiff materials (e.g., composites), and for distortion temperature measurements.Dynamic (DTMA) measurements are also available with the Q400EM, where aspecial low-friction metallic anvil replaces the quartz version.S PECIALTY P ROBE / F IXTURE K ITSAdditional sample measurement probes and fixtures are available for use with both the Q400 and Q400EM in specialty TMA applications. These include:Dilatometer Probe Kit –for use in volume expansion coefficient measurementsParallel Plate Rheometer –for the measurement of low shear viscosity of materials (10 to 107Pa.s range)under a fixed static force.The expansion, macro-expansion, and penetration probes are supplied with the Q400. These probes, plus the flexure probe, and the low-friction bending fixture, are included with the Q400EM module. Data analysis programs relevant to each of the measurements described are provided in our Thermal Advantage ™for Q Series ™software.T ENSIONTension studies of the stress/strain properties of films and fibers are performed using a Film/Fiber probe assembly (Figure 5). An alignment fixture (Figure 6)permits secure, and reproducible, sample positioning in the clamps. The clamped sample is placed in tension between the fixed and moveable sections of the probe assembly. Application of a fixed force is used to generate stress/strainand modulus information. Additionalmeasurements include Tg, softening temperatures, cure, and cross-link density. Dynamic tests (e.g. DTMA,MTMA™) in tension can be performed to determine viscoelastic parameters (e.g., E |, E ||, tan δ), and to separate overlapping transitions.Figure 6Figure 7TMA measures material deformation under controlled conditions of force, atmosphere, time, and temperature. Force can be applied in compression, flexure, or tension modes using probes previously described. TMA measures intrinsic material properties (e.g., expansion coefficient, glass transition temperature,Young’s modulus), plus processing / product performance parameters (e.g., softening points). These measure-ments have wide applicability, and can be performed by the Q400/Q400EM.TMA can also measure polymer viscoelastic properties using transient (e.g., creep, stress relaxation)or dynamic tests. These require the Q400EM module. In creep, a known stress is applied to the sample, and its deformation is monitored. After a period, the stress is removed, and strain recovery is recorded. In stress relaxation, a fixed strain is applied, and stress decay is monitored.In Dynamic TMA (DTMA), a known sinusoidal stress and linear temperature ramp are applied to the sample, and the resulting sinusoidal strain, and sine wave phase difference (δ), are measured . From this data, storage modulus (E |), loss modulus (E ||), and tan δ(E ||/E |) are calculated as functions of temperature, time, or stress.In Modulated TMA ™(MTMA ™), the sample experiences the combined effects of a linear ramp, and a sinusoidal temperature of fixed amplitude and period . The net signals, after Fourier transformation of the raw data, are total displacement and change in thermal expansion coefficient. Both can be resolved into their reversing and non-reversing component signals.The reversing signals contain events attributable to dimension changes, and are useful in detecting related events (e.g., Tg). The non-reversing signals contain events that relate to time dependent kinetic processes (e.g., stress relaxation).The Q400 and 400EM operating modes permit multiple material property measurements.The Q400 features the Standard mode, while the Q400EM additionally offers Stress/Strain,Creep, Stress Relaxation, Dynamic TMA, and Modulated ™TMA modes.Temperature (Time)Force StrainT(F o r c e )Force (Time)TFS TANDARD M ODE (Q400/Q400EM)Force is constant, and displacement is monitored undera linear temperature ramp. Provides intrinsic property measurements.Strain is constant, and the force required to maintain it ismonitored under a temperature ramp. Permits assessment of shrinkage forces in films/fibers.Force is ramped, and strain measured at constant temperature togenerate force/displacement plots, and modulus information.S TRESS /S TRAIN M ODE (Q400EM)Stress or strain is ramped, and the resulting strain or stress is measured at constant temperature. Both provide stress / strain plots and related modulus information.Strain (Stress)TStrain Stress(S t r a i n )D YNAMIC TMA M ODE (Q400EM):A sinusoidal force (stress) is applied during a temperature ramp. Analysis of the resulting strain and phase data provides viscoelastic property parameters (e.g., E |, E ||tan δ).Timet 2t 1S t r a i n / S t r e s sTemperature (time)STTemperatureTM o d u l a t e d L e n g t hM o d u l a t e d T e m p e r a t u r eC REEP /S TRESS R ELAXATION M ODES (Q400EM)In Creep, stress is held constant, and strain is monitored. In Stress Relaxation,strain is held constant, and stress decay is monitored. Both are transient tests used to assess material deformation and recovery properties.M ODULATED TMA M ODE (Q400EM):Temperature is programmed linearly, and simultaneously modulated at constant stress to generate signals relating to total displacement, CTE, and their reversing and non-reversing components. These permit detection of thermal transitions,and separation of overlapping events (e.g., Tg and stress relaxation).804020090-40-80-12050402030-1001080At a Point 127.3˚C α=25.8µm/m˚CPoint-to-Point Method α=27.6µm/m˚C Average Method α=26.8µm/m˚C230.0˚C45.0˚CAluminumExpansion Probe Size: 7.62mm Prog.: 5˚C/min Atm.: N26040140120100240220200180160260Temperature (˚C)60-20-4071.24˚C -17.48µmSize: 0.492 x 5.41 x 5.08 mm Force: 78.48 mNDeflection: -17.48 µm70605040302080Temperature (˚C)FIGURE 12D i m e n s i o n C h a n g e (µm )I NTRINSIC AND P RODUCT P ROPERTY M EASUREMENTSshows expansion and penetration probe measurements of Tg, and softening point of a synthetic rubber using a temperature ramp at constant force. The large CTE changes in the expan-sion plot indicate the transition temperatures. In penetration, they may be detected by the sharp movement of the loaded probe into the changing material structure.A CCURATE C OEFFICIENT OF T HERMAL E XPANSION (CTE) M EASUREMENTSFigure 11demonstrates the use of the expansion probe to accurately measure small CTE changes in an aluminum sample over a 200˚C temperature range. Advantage ™software permits analysis of the curve slope using an “at point”, “straight line” or “best fit” method to compute the CTE (α) at a selected temperature, or over a range.M ATERIAL P ERFORMANCE ANDS ELECTIONis an example of a 3-point bending mode (flexure probe) experiment on a polyvinyl chloride (PVC) sample, using the ASTM International T est Method E2092 to determine the distortion temper-ature. This test specifies the temperature at which a sample of defined dimensions produces a certain deflection under a given force. It has long been used for predicting material performance.-140-120-100-80-60-40-200102.54˚C-93.22 µm257.71˚C-108.0 µm50100150200250300-50350Temperature (˚C)FIGURE 13D i m e n s i o n C h a n g e (µm )202005202520202015201075250.20.10.30.0-251020304050Time (min)FIGURE 14D i m e n s i o n C h a n g e (µm )T e m p e r a t u r e (˚C )F o r c e (N )20300.0000.0150.0100.005510Slope = Modulus1520Strain (%)FIGURE 15S t r e s s (M P a )0.020M ULTILAYER F ILM A NALYSISFigure 13shows a compression mode analysis, using a penetration probe, of a double layer PE / PET film sample, supported on a metal substrate. The sample temperature was linearly ramped from ambient to 275 ˚C at 5 ˚C/min. The plot shows probe penetra-tions of the PE layer (93.22 µm) at 102 ˚C, and the PET layer (14.78 µm) at 257 ˚C respectively.F ILM P ROPERTY T ESTINGillustrates a classic isostrain experiment, in the tension mode, on a food wrapping film. The film was strained to 20% at room temperature for 5 minutes, cooled to -50 ˚C and held for 5 more minutes, then heated at 5 ˚C/min to 40 ˚C. The plot shows the force variation required to maintain a set strain in the film. The test simulates its use from the freezer to the microwave.F ILM T ENSILE T ESTINGFigure 15displays a strain ramp experiment, at a constant temperature, on a proprietary film in tension. The plot shows an extensive region where stress and strain are linearly related, and over which a tensile modulus can be directly determined. The results show the ability of the Q400EM to function as a mini tensile tester for films and fibers.01230.050.100.150.200.250.300.350.40Force (N)Yield RegionElastic Region40.40.20.60.020406080100120140160180200Temperature (˚C)As ReceivedCold Drawn0.00.20.40.60.81.0-1123456789101112Time (min)FIGURE 18CreepRecoveryS t r a i n (%)1.2F IBER S TRESS /S TRAIN M EASUREMENTSStress/strain measurements are widely used to assess,and compare, materials. shows the different regions of stress/strain behavior in a polyamide fiber (25 µm) in tension, when subjected to a force ramp at a constant temperature. The fiber undergoes instantaneous deformation, retardation,linear stress/strain response, and yield elongation.Other parameters (e.g., yield stress; Young’s modulus) can be determined.T HERMAL S TRESS A NALYSISOFF IBERSdisplays a tension mode experiment,using a temperature ramp at a constant strain (1%), to perform a stress analysis on a polyolefin fiber, as received, and after cold drawing. The plot shows the forces needed to maintain the set strain as a func-tion of temperature. The data has been correlated with key fiber industry, processing parameters, such as shrink force, draw temperature, draw ratio,elongation at break, and knot strength.C REEP A NALYSISCreep tests help in materials selection for end-uses where stress changes are anticipated. Figure 18illustrates an ambient temperature creep study on a polyethylene film in tension. It reveals the instantaneous deformation, retardation, and linear regions of strain response to the set stress, plus its recovery with time on stress removal. The data can also be plotted as compliance, and recoverable compliance, versus time.1301351401450.010.110.00110Time (min)FIGURE 19R e l a x a t i o n M o d u l u s (M P a )150050010001500200025000.100.080.060.040.02200050100150406080100120140160Temperature (˚C)FIGURE 20S t o r a g e M o d u l u s (M P a )T a n D e l t aL o s s M o d u l u s (M P a )3000-20202004000206080100120131.68˚C140160180200Temperature (˚C)FIGURE 21D i m e n s i o n C h a n g e (µm )N o n -R e v D i m e n s i o n C h a n g e (µm )R e v D i m e n s i o n C h a n g e (µm )40S TRESS R ELAXATION A NALYSISshows a stress relaxation test in tension on the same polyolefin film used for the creep study. A known strain is applied to the film, and maintained,while its change in stress is monitored. The plot shows a typical decay in the stress relaxation modulus. Such tests also help engineers design materials for end uses where changes in deformation can be expected.V ISCOELASTIC P ROPERTYD ETERMINATION – D YNAMIC TMAillustrates a dynamic test, in which a semi-crystalline polyethylene terephthate (PET) film in tension is subjected to a fixed sinusoidal stress during a linear temperature ramp. The resulting strain and phase data are used to calculate the material’s viscoelastic properties (E |, E ||, and tan δ). The plotted data shows dramatic modulus changes as the film is heated through its glass transition temperature.S EPARATING O VERLAPPINGT RANSITIONS - M ODULATED ™ TMAFigure 21shows a MTMA™ study to determine the Tg of a printed circuit board (PCB). The signals plotted are the total dimension change, plus its reversing, and non-reversing components. The total signal is identical to that from standard TMA, but does not uniquely define the Tg. The component signals, however, clearly separate the actual Tg from the stress relaxation event induced by non-optimum processing of the PCB.•conduct experiments and simultaneously analyzes data•operates up to 8 modules simultaneously•Wizards – guides and prompts in setting up experiments•provides a real-time display of the progress of the experiment •Autoqueuing– permits pre-programmed set-up of planned experiments •Autoanalysis– permits pre-programmed data analysis of planned experiments•– provides extensive, context sensitive, assistance•– terminates a test upon attaining a specified value (e.g., CTE)UNIVERSAL A NALYSIS ATA A NALYSIS•analyzes data from all TA Instruments modules•provides easy one plot analysis of large and small events•–analyzes data “as it arrives”••within UA 2000 using Microsoft Word™& Excel™templates •– for quick retrieval of previously analyzed data filesI NNOVATIVE E NGINEERINGTA Instruments is the recognized leader for supplying innovative technology,investing twice the industry average in research and development. Our new Q Series™ Thermal Analysis modules are the industry standard. The Q400TMA provides innovative technology suitable for research as well as QC laboratories. The Q400EM includes Dynamic TMA and also Modulated TMA ™, a technique unavailable from other manufacturers.T ECHNICAL S UPPORTCustomers prefer TA Instruments because of our reputation for after-sales support. Our worldwide technical support staff is the largest and most experienced in the industry. They are accessible daily by telephone, email, or via our website. Multiple training opportunities are available including on-site training, seminars in our application labs around the world, and convenient web-based courses.ALESANDERVICEWe pride ourselves in the technical competence and professionalism of our sales force, whose only business is thermal analysis and rheology. TA Instruments is recognized worldwide for its prompt, courteous, and knowledgeable service staff. Their specialized knowledge and experience are major reasons why current customers increasingly endorse our company and products to their worldwide colleagues.Q UALITY P RODUCTSAll thermal analyzers and rheometers are manufactured to ISO 9002 procedures in our New Castle, DE (USA) or our Leatherhead, UK facilities. Innovative flow manufacturing procedures and a motivated, highly skilled, work force ensure high quality products with industry leading delivery times.130******** 33130489460 3227060080 441372360363 31765087270 49602396470 390227421283 81354798418 34936009300 61395530813 46859469200。
莱士卓CNC机台操作手册说明书
Friction Analysis for Piston Ring of Seal Device in the Stirling EngineHou Shunqiang1, a,Zhang Lili2,b and Zhang Xiaoyan 3,c1 Qingdao Binhai University, Qingdao China2Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao China3SAIC-GM-Wuling Automobile Co.Ltd SGMW , Liuzhou Chinaa b cKeywords: Stirling Piston ring; Dynamic seal; Friction and wear.Abstract. The friction pair of piston ring-cylinder liner for the piston ring seal device of Stirling Engine is plastic-metal friction pair, its working conditions for dry friction. So the wear resistance of the piston ring is poor, its service life is short. This paper regard integral non-backpressure piston rings group as the research object in order to reduce wear: First, establishes auto-free lubricating mechanical model to piston rings group； Then, set up the mathematical model, which to meet the requirements of the sealing performance, for friction analysis； At last, Experimental analysis in the Piston Ring Seal Device of Stirling Engine to prove that this model is correct and available. IntroductionThe opening with back pressure free lubricating piston rings is used in most piston ring seal device of Stirling Engine in domestic at present. During the working process of piston rings with opening back pressure free lubricating, the compressed medium pressure will press on the surface of piston ring’s inner column to make adhered pressure between piston ring and cylinder surface, which produce friction consumption in the process of piston rings’ reciprocating movement. However, as the piston ring of Stirling Piston works in the dry friction condition, it is easy to wear and its service life is short, besides, the sealing performance of Stirling Engine is affected by the friction character directly. This paper mainly bases on the operation condition of Stirling Engine to analyze the elements that affect the wear of piston ring and propose some measures to lengthen piston ring’s service life.Improved Sealing Structure of Stirling Engine Piston RingThe improved sealing structure of Stirling Engine piston ring is as Fig. 1. Two piston rings and two guide rings are designed on the piston. The piston ring has a slot and double loop with an inside and outside structure. Two pieces are included in the outside ring and one is the upper ring the anther one is the lower ring. The upper one is the open type one with straight incision structure. The lower one is an integrated ring with a convex at the corresponded point with upper incision. Those two rings form the ring group and make two ends adhere. The inside ring is a spring lamination made by a stainless steel belt piece and it is 10～15mm longer than inside ring’s perimeter. Curve it into a lap round to be a elastic ring when install it and then embed it into piston ring to form interference fit. The guide ring has a slot and a ring with an uninstall hole, which can help guide ring without gas pressure and only play the role of oriented support. The piston ring and guide ring are produced by the Chinese Academy of Sciences Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics and the compound design is made by 40% Cu+ 60% F4 filled PTFE with self lubrication and good thermal conduction. With the force analysis as Fig.2 and ignoring the affection that produced by surface roughness （W＝0）betweenApiston ring and cylinder wall, the upper ring end adhered tightly with the lower ring end with influence of gas pressure. Both of the two rings have incision and convex to make these rings into a set without mutual turning. The inner perimeter and metal elastic ring of upper and lower rings hasformed interference fit and the elastic ring’s inner perimeter adheres tightly with piston ring’s slot which also forms interference fit. The inner perimeters of upper and lower rings adhere tightly with metal-made elastic ring, which forms an integrated structure and make these two ends adhere tightly, and so does the elastic ring and metal ring’s slot. In this way, the leakage path and leakage path ①①will be filled it; because of the thermal expansion effect for the upper ring’s opening, the upper ring’s external diameter adheres with cylinder wall tightly and fill the leakage path . The straight incision ④on the upper ring forms to a clearance fit with the convex on the lower ring, which makes no mutual turning between these two rings. Due to the small clearance between the two ends, some gas thatleaks from the clearance between upper ring’s openingand lower ring’s convex, leak into the clearancebetween lower ring and cylinder wall (gas cell 2and 4)to form the leakage path . The internal and external③diameters of the guide ring form interference fit with theexternal of guide ring’s slot and cylinder’s internaldiameter. However, the load-off hole is equipped on theguide ring and the guide ring does not have sealingfunction, the gas that goes through the clearancebetween guide ring and cylinder wall can not producepressure drop, and the guide ring just play the role ofguide.1-cylinder liner 2- guide ring 3-piston 4-upper piston ring 5-leakage path 6①-elastic ring 7- leakage path 8①-lower piston ring 9- leakage path 10③- leakage path ④Fig.1 the structure diagram of no-back-pressure piston ring setPiston Rings’ Friction AnalysisThe Elastic Specific Pressure Produces by Thermal Expansion.The thermal expansion of piston can produce uniform pressure to the cylinder wall (Fig. 2)Fig. 2 Loaded diagram of no-back-pressure nonmetal pistonSee the metal ring as rigid body when calculate thermal deformation. On the basis of Hooke’s low during the working hours the tensile stress σ of nonmetal ring is [4]: 00)(R R R E E −==εσ (1) The loaded diagram of nonmetal ring during working hours is like drawing 4. It can be known from mechanical equilibrium relation that the resultant force of tensile stress σ on the y axisdirection will equal to the component force that specific pressure P work on the inside of nonmetalring on the y axis. That is to say: ()j j phd d phd ht == ββσπ02sin 2（2）Put the formula （1）into （2）to get the formula between the elastic specific pressure of piston rings, P and the working temperature T 1 :()j d T T Et P 012−=α（i =1,2,3,4） (3) The Effect from Gas Pressure to Piston Rings’ Radial Direction Specific Pressure.The high pressure sealing gas through the leakage path ③ (two places) and other seal surfaces, its pressure reduces from P1 to Pi (i=1,2,3,4) in sequence to corresponding gas cell; −m P is the average radial pressure that beard on the corresponding ring’s external diameter’s cylindrical surface and the pressure’s direction points from external to internal, besides, as the effect of thermal expansion during working hours, the elastic ring produces outward radial specific pressure P to the rings’ internal diameter. Meanwhile, as the compression when first assembling, the guide ring also produces outward radial specific pressure P k to cylinder walls. The algebraic sum of these pressures in radial direction is just the positive pressure that needed to form piston tings’ static friction.The radial elasticspecific pressure of elastic rings P k can be calculated from formula （4）[5] .()108.7−=e e e e k k D D A E P (4) The average radial pressure that beard by each external diameter’s cylindrical surface will be seenas formula （5）[6].()121+−+=m m m P P P )4,3,2,1(=m (5) The relation between average radial pressure and the sealed gas pressure 1P will be seen as formula (6)[6]. 14131211034.0,076.0,20.0,76.0P P P P P P P P ====−−−− (6) The radial specific pressure from gas to piston rings is like the following:14107.1P P P m m m ==∑=− (7)The Effect from Pistons’ Pace to Force of Sliding Friction.F f means the static friction when piston rings in the station of static and sealed, it can be calculated from formula (8).()()()11101,07.1177.1··8P T F P t D D A E d T T t E F f e e e e k j f =⎥⎥⎦⎤⎢⎢⎣⎡−−+−=αμ (8) The piston rings’ round surface and the cylinder walls form the relative sliding to produce sliding friction at sealed surface. We know that the size of sliding friction is related with the speed of relative movement of the things; therefore, the pace of pistons will affect the sliding friction (9)directly. When the system is sealed, the sliding friction can be expressed by the following function among working temperature T 1, sealing medium pressure P 1, piston pace v .()()υυυ,,,1122111P T F k k P T F F d f d =−+= (9)Experimental AnalysesThe known physical quantity before experiment:Chart 1 part of the certain experimental data The mathematical computation model of friction and friction consumption power can be built according to the above formulas (1)-(9), and then find out the change regulation between the sliding friction F d and other physical quantity. The measured dynamic friction in different operating conditions have been drawn curve graphs as the following Fig.3, Fig.4 and Fig.5.Conclusions(1)It can be seen from Fig.3 that if the sealed gas pressure P 1 and piston pace v are constant, the force of sliding friction F d will increase with the working temperature of piston rings and it will beμ=0.12 E =280MPa t = 1.6mm α=(10～15)×10-5 mmT 0=25℃ dj =55mm E k =193MPa A e =0.2mmD e =51.8mm t e =1.75mm P 1=0～8MPa K 1 =0.28 K 2 =247N·s/msteady at last. It is because when the working temperature increases the heat clearance of pistons’ opening will enlarge and the external diameter of piston will adhere tightly with cylinder wall. Just right now, the radial positive pressure from piston ring to the cylinder wall increase and the static friction F f aggrandizes. When the heat clearance of opening enlarges to limit, the static friction will to be maximum.(2)It can be seen from Fig.4 that if the sealed gas pressures P 1 and the working temperature T 1 are constant; when the pistons start to move its pace v is very low, however, with the increase of v the relative slip on the seal surface are severe and the radial wear quantity h =kpvt of piston ring will increase, and the frictional vibration will be severe and the sliding friction F d will be increased as well. When the radial wear quantity h of piston ring to be the maximum, the contact surface between piston ring’s external diameter and cylinder becomes very smooth and then the friction coefficient μ will decrease, the sliding friction F d will decrease with decrease of static friction. When μ becomes minimum; F f will be steady as well as sliding friction F d .(3)It can be seen from Fig.5 that if the piston pace v and the working temperature T 1 are constant, the force of sliding friction F d will decrease with the increasing of sealed gas pressure and then to be steady. It is because when P 1 increases the positive pressure N will decrease and this can be reflected from formula (8). When the seal gas in cavity became thermal equilibrium state the seal gas pressure P 1 will to be steady. The force of static friction F f will decrease to a steady state value and the sliding friction will be constant as well.F r i c t i o n /K NTemperature/.C F r i c t i o n /K NVelocity/(m/s)Fig.3 curve between sliding friction F d and sealed Fig.4 curve between sliding friction F d and working temperature T 1 when P 1=8MPa,ν=0.57m/s piston pace ν when T 1=150,℃P 1=2MPaF r i c t i o n /K N Pressure/MpaFig.5 curve between sliding friction F d and sealed gas pressure P 1 when ν=0.57m/s,T 1=150℃References [1] Jin Donghan. Technology of Stiring Engine [M]. Harbin: Harbin Engineering University Press. 2009:162-166.[2] Zhu Yufeng. Design & Research of Entirety No-back-pressure Piston Ring on CompressionEngine [J].Lubrication and Sealing. 2006, (12):106-107[3]Li Yanlin. Calculation & Practice of Free Lubrication Piston Rings’ Sealing Parameter and Minimum Opening Clearance [J]. Sinkiang Oil Science and Technology, 1992, (3):84-87.[4]Zhu Yufeng. Design & Calculation of Working Clearance and Relative Interference Fit on No-back-pressure Piston Ring [N].Hebei University of Science and Technology Journal, 2008-03-29(1):53-56.[5]Peng Baocheng, Zhu Yufeng, etc. Affection Research of Elastic Rings to Piston Rings’ Sealing and Service Life [J]. Lubrication and Sealing, 2006, (180):97-98.[6]Chen Geng, Jiao Guilong, Lu Dingji, etc. Tribology Design of Free Lubrication Compression Eengine Piston Ring [J].Shanghai Second Industrial University Journal, 1988,(1):1-8.。
液压涨型英语
液压涨型英语一、单词1. hydraulic- 释义：液压的；水力的；水力学的。
- 用法：通常作形容词，用于修饰名词，如“hydraulic system”（液压系统）。
- 例句：The hydraulic press is very powerful.（这台液压机非常强大。
）2. expansion- 释义：膨胀；扩展；扩张；扩大。
- 用法：可作名词，在短语或句子中作主语、宾语等。
例如“thermal expansion”（热膨胀）。
- 例句：The expansion of the metal under heat is amon physical phenomenon.（金属在受热下的膨胀是一种常见的物理现象。
）3. swelling- 释义：肿胀；膨胀；增大。
- 用法：可作名词或动词（现在分词形式也可作形容词表示“肿胀的”）。
作名词时，如“prevent swelling”（防止肿胀）；作动词时，例如“The material is swelling. ”（这种材料正在膨胀。
）- 例句：He noticed a swelling on his ankle.（他注意到他的脚踝有一处肿胀。
）4. inflation- 释义：膨胀；通货膨胀；充气。
- 用法：作名词，如“control inflation”（控制通货膨胀），在“hydraulic inflation”（液压膨胀）这种短语中表示液压引起的膨胀情况。
- 例句：The inflation of the rubber tube is achieved by hydraulic pressure.（橡胶管的膨胀是通过液压实现的。
）二、短语1. hydraulic expansion device- 释义：液压涨型装置。
- 用法：可作主语、宾语等。
例如：The hydraulic expansion device is widely used in manufacturing.（液压涨型装置在制造业中被广泛使用。
德国宝 6.5公升電熱水器使用說明書说明书
GPU-6.5SSJ請即進行保用登記﹗有關保用條款細則，請看本說明書最後一頁。
Please register your warranty information now!For Warranty Terms & Conditions, please refer to the last page of this user manual.目錄 Table of Contents警告及注意事項 Warnings警告1. 必須嚴密看管兒童，防止他們接觸及把玩熱水器，以免燙傷、觸電或受傷。
2. 本產品不適用於缺少了身體、感覺或精神能力，或缺乏經驗和知識的人（包括兒童）使用，除非他們在一個了解本產品使用的人監督指導下使用，並對他們的安全負責任。
3. 若設置溫度超過50°C，會有燙傷危險，所以必須混合冷水後才使用。
4. 電源進線段應加裝漏電保護裝置，漏電保護裝置的額定動作電流應不大於30mA。
警告1. 熱水器在安裝時必須裝配超溫及超壓感應排放閥（PTV），當內膽水溫升至90°C或水壓達至1000kPa，熱水會從PTV的排水管中流出。
2. 壓力釋放裝置（PTV）要定期運作測試（建議每3個月一次），以去掉碳酸鈣沉積及防止阻塞情況發生。
3. 與壓力釋放裝置連接的排放管要以一種連續向下的方式安裝在無霜的環境中，應保持向下傾斜安裝，排水管出口要保持和大氣相通，並保證排出的熱水不會危及人身安全或造成財產損壞。
Warning1. Do not allow children to touch or play with the water heater. Supervision is required duringuse, in order to prevent the danger of a scald, electrical shock or any other injuries.2. This appliance is not intended for use by persons (including children) with reduced physical, sensory or mental capabilities, or lack of experience and knowledge, unless they have been given supervision or instruction concerning use of the appliance by a person responsible for their safety.3. If the temperature is set above 50°C, cold water must be mixed in to prevent the danger of a scald.4. An electric-leakage protection device must be installed to the power inlet. The electric current of this protection device should be below 30mA.Warning1. The water heater must be installed together with a Pressure and Temperature Relief Valve (PTV), so that when the water temperature inside the tank rises to 90°C or when water pressure reaches 1000kPa, hot water will be released through the drain pipe of the PTV.2. The PTV device must be tested and operated regularly (suggested once every 3 months) to remove calcium carbonate deposits and to ensure that it is not blocked.3. The PTV drain pipe must be installed continuously downwards at an angle and the surroundings must not be frosted. The drain pipe must be left open to the atmosphere, and to ensure the hot water drips from the PTV will not endanger personal safety or cause property damage.警告若用戶需要安裝任何非隨機配件，必須先與本公司認可之技術人員聯絡，否則本公司將有權拒絕提供任何保養服務。
胀管工艺流程及原理
胀管工艺流程及原理英文回答：Tube expansion is a process used in various industries, including manufacturing, construction, and plumbing, tojoin or seal tubes together. It involves expanding the end of a tube to fit another tube or fitting, creating a secure and leak-proof connection. The process is commonly used in HVAC systems, heat exchangers, and hydraulic systems.The tube expansion process typically involves the use of a tube expander, which is a tool designed to enlarge the diameter of the tube end. The expander is inserted into the tube, and then expanded using a hydraulic or mechanical force. This expansion creates a tight fit between the tube and the fitting, ensuring a strong connection.There are several methods used for tube expansion, including hydraulic expansion, mechanical expansion, and thermal expansion. Hydraulic expansion is the most commonmethod and involves using hydraulic pressure to expand the tube. Mechanical expansion, on the other hand, utilizes a mechanical force, such as a hammer or a mandrel, to expand the tube. Thermal expansion involves heating the tube and then expanding it while it is hot.The choice of tube expansion method depends on various factors, such as the type of tube material, the desired level of expansion, and the application requirements. Each method has its advantages and disadvantages. For example, hydraulic expansion offers precise control over the expansion process and is suitable for a wide range of tube materials. Mechanical expansion, on the other hand, is more suitable for thick-walled tubes and can provide a higher level of expansion. Thermal expansion is often used for joining dissimilar materials, as it allows for a secure bond between the materials.In addition to the method used, the tube expansion process also involves several steps. First, the tube end is prepared by removing any burrs or sharp edges. Then, the expander is inserted into the tube and expanded to thedesired diameter. The expansion is carefully controlled to avoid over-expansion or damage to the tube. Once the expansion is complete, the tube is inspected for anydefects or imperfections. Finally, the expanded tube is joined with another tube or fitting using welding, brazing, or other joining methods.Tube expansion is a critical process in many industries, as it ensures the integrity and reliability of tube connections. It allows for the efficient transfer of fluids or gases and helps to prevent leaks or failures. Theprocess requires skilled technicians who are familiar with the specific requirements of each application and canensure proper expansion and joining of the tubes.中文回答：胀管工艺是在制造、建筑和管道等多个行业中使用的一种工艺，用于连接或密封管道。
thermal_expansion
Hose Basics
Corrugated stainless steel hose by itself has great hoop strength, but
poor tensile strength
Virtually any amount of movement
Cap weld, welding the hose, braid and collar together
Pressure Thrust Deflection Load Friction Resistance
5,828.9 lbs force
LINERS
•When velocity is high and could set up vibration in bellows
Δ = Thermal expansion of run D = Pipe Outside Diameter E = Modulus of Elasticity SA = Allowable Stress
W
Anchor Guide
X
Anchor
H
X
2H
2H
Guide
Anchor to Anchor Expansion
Untied Double Bellows
Gimbal Bellows
Dual Tied Bellows
Single Hinge Bellows
Double Hinged Bellows
Internally Pressurized
Externally Pressurized
Capable of Axial, Lateral and Angular movements.
125 PSI steam = 3.23 cu.ft. per pound = 4.76# weight add guides & joint & insulation at 500#
关于热胀冷缩的气球的英语作文
关于热胀冷缩的气球的英语作文英文回答：In the fascinating realm of physics, the phenomenon of thermal expansion and contraction plays a captivating role. It describes the change in an object's dimensions as its temperature fluctuates. As an illustration, when a balloon is exposed to varying temperatures, its volume undergoes significant alteration.Thermal expansion is a characteristic observed in all substances, including solids, liquids, and gases. It arises from the increased kinetic energy of particles at higher temperatures, leading to increased intermolecular spacing and, consequently, a larger volume. In the context of a balloon, as heat is introduced, the air molecules within the balloon gain energy and move more vigorously. This enhanced molecular motion causes the balloon's volume to expand.Conversely, when the temperature of the balloon decreases, the thermal energy of the air molecules diminishes, resulting in reduced molecular motion and closer intermolecular spacing. This contraction of the balloon's volume is attributed to the decreased kinetic energy of the air particles.The magnitude of thermal expansion, often quantified as the coefficient of thermal expansion, varies amongdifferent substances. Notably, gases exhibit a greater susceptibility to thermal expansion compared to solids and liquids. This enhanced expansivity is attributed to the weaker intermolecular forces in gases, allowing for more pronounced changes in molecular spacing.In addition to temperature fluctuations, the pressure exerted on the balloon can also influence its volume. When pressure is applied to the balloon, its volume decreases as the air molecules are forced closer together. Conversely, a decrease in pressure leads to an expansion of the balloon's volume.The interplay between temperature and pressure on the balloon's volume can be particularly intriguing. For instance, when the balloon is heated while simultaneously being squeezed, the combined effect of thermal expansion and reduced pressure can result in a complex behavior. Depending on the relative magnitudes of these opposing forces, the balloon may expand, contract, or exhibit a change in shape.Exploring the phenomenon of thermal expansion and contraction in balloons offers a captivating demonstration of fundamental physics concepts. It underscores the interplay between temperature, pressure, and volume, highlighting the dynamic nature of matter and the nuanced complexities of the physical world.中文回答：热胀冷缩的气球。
Sporlan Type NX 热扩散阀门说明书
Page 2 – Bulletin 10-10-10Type NX ValvesThermostatic Expansion ValvesThe small and compact design of Sporlan’s Type NX ThermostaticExpansion Valves makes this product ideal for foodservice and foodretail applications such as display cases, ice machines, frozen drinkdispensers and commercial kitchen refrigerators and freezers.The Type NX valves feature a laser-welded stainless steel element,capillary tube, and sensing bulb assembly optimized for reliability andlong life. The single pushrod balanced port design ensures precise pinand port alignment, enabling the valve to maintain superior superheatcontrol at all load conditions.Features and Benefits• Long-lasting and durable stainless steel diaphragm and weld design• Single pushrod balanced port construction• Unique design minimizes solid debris build-up• Suitable for all common refrigerants including R-290• Internal or external equalizer• Easily adjustable superheat setting• High strength silver soldered joints with solid copper connectionsSporlan built the Type NX valve with a stainless steel capillary tube laser weldedto the sensing bulb and element housing to withstand the repeated bendingduring installation and improve endurance to vibrations while in service.The forged brass NX valve body is available with a straight-through flow config-uration and ODF (sweat) copper connections. The valve can be supplied witheither an internal or external equalizer and features a field adjustable superheat stem. Valves with fittings in metric sizes are available upon special request.Type NXEType SNXEBulletin 10-10-10 –Page 3Sporlan constructed the NX valve with a single, balance-ported pushrod which is specifically designed to helpflush out any solid debris build-up. The bleed port featureallows the system refrigerant to bypass the pin and port.System designers can utilize this feature to alter systemperformance for a variety of reasons. Bleed port optionsare available upon special request.New refrigerants continue to enter the refrigeration andair conditioning market to satisfy environmental andregulatory requirements. In the past, Sporlan assigned a letter code to each refrigerant. Now, they consolidated the Type NX valve models by refrigerant groups to simplify product application. Additionally, the Type NX valve is available with a 3-digit alphanumeric code indicating the valve’s pin and port combination, rather than a numerical “nominal” capacity.The NX element features a 30” standard length stainless steel capillary tube. Extended 60” capillary tube lengths are available upon special request.Standard static superheat settings vary based on thesystem refrigerant selected, but the valves are set toapproximately 4°F static superheat based on the newerrefrigerants such as R448A, etc. Special settings are avail-able upon special request.The seal cap utilizes a mechanical knife-edge seal. Thetorque required for proper sealing is 8 to 11 ft-lbs.Sporlan offers 2 optional inlet strainers for use with NXvalves; an insert strainer and an integral strainer.The insert type strainer is placed into the inlet fitting prior to brazing and can only be serviced by disconnecting the liquid line.The integral strainer, which is a feature of the SNX(E), is serviceable and allows for the strainer to be removed without disconnecting the valve from the liquid line. The integral strainer utilizes a mechanical knife edge seal. You can achieve the proper amount of torque by rotating ¼ turn past hand tight.SpecificationsThe Type NX valves offer a wide range of type W thermo-static charges with or without the MOP feature. You canuse the thermostatic charges with the MOP (maximumoperating pressure) feature to help protect the compressor from overloading at startup or under high load conditions. See the MOP temperature in the table below.Page 4 – Bulletin 10-10-10 Valve ModelsNXInternallyEqualizedNXEExternallyEqualizedSNXEBulletin 10-10-10 – Page 5Unlike other Sporlan Thermostatic Expansion Valves, itsitem number completely defines the type NX valve. Thestandard NX item number has 7 positions; however, itemnumbers can be up to 14 positions in length. Positions 8- 14 are reserved for special OEM configurations. Refer tothe following example of a standard NX item number andthe position descriptions when ordering.Nomenclature and Item Numbering SystemLike other Sporlan Thermostatic Expansion Valves, the Type NX valves follow the nomenclature example and ordering instructions below.Item NumberPosition DescriptionsItem Number and PositionsPage 6– Bulletin 10-10-10PackagingAll valves are packaged in clear plastic bags for protection.Standard NX valves are individually boxed with a bulbstrap kit and are packed 24 pieces per case.Egg crate style production packaging is available uponspecial request and valves come packed 36 pieces percase.AccessoriesIdentification and MarkingsSeveral valve identifications are laser marked on the ele-ment, as shown.The 5 digit date code indicates the day and year. The first 3digits represent the day of the year. The last 2 digits are theyear.The PTS Number is a Parker Sporlan serial number.Additional markings are on the forged brass body, includ-ing a flow direction arrow and the Sporlan trademark.Description Refrigerant Compatibility Parker Sporlan Item Number Date Code PTS Number 2D Data Matrix ElementBulletin 10-10-10 – Page 7Thermostatic expansion valve capacity ratings are basedon vapor free 100°F (38°C) liquid refrigerant entering theexpansion valve; a maximum opening superheat of 7°F(4K); and a standard factory air test superheat setting. Adiscussion of the relationship between valve capacity andsuperheat setting (along with other important applicationinformation) can be found in Bulletin 10-9.The valves are tested in accordance with ANSI/ASHRAE17. The ratings in the capacity tables are in accordancewith ANSI/AHRI Standard 750. It is possible to correct for both liquid temperature and pressure drop using the factors in the tables following the capacity tables. The liquid temperature correction fac-tors are refrigerant dependent, and tables are provided for each refrigerant. The pressure drop correction factor is affected by the valve and is independent of the refrigerant. The correction calculation is shown below, followed by an example calculation.TEV Capacity = TEV Rating x CF Liquid T emperature x CF Pressure DropExample Calculation: The actual capacity of a Type NX valve with a C38 capacity code on R448A at 20°Fevaporator temperature, 100 psi pressure drop across the TEV , and 90°F liquid temperature entering the TEV is:Actual Capacity = 2.07 (from rating chart) x 1.08 (CF liquid temperature) x 0.89 (CF pressure drop) = 1.99 tonsCapacity Ratings and SelectionkW ■ bar ■ °CPage 8– Bulletin 10-10-10kW ■ bar ■ °C Capacity Ratings and SelectionBulletin 10-10-10 –Page 9kW ■ bar ■ °C Capacity Ratings and SelectionPage 10– Bulletin 100-40-3■ bar ■ °C Correction FactorsCapacity Ratings and SelectionBulletin 10-10-10 – Page 11Dimensions - Inches (mm)Type NX(E)Front ViewT op ViewExternal 1/4” ODF Equalizer FittingType SNX(E)T op ViewExternal 1/4” ODF Equalizer FittingFront ViewBulletin 10-10-10 / 42021© 2021 Parker Hannifin CorporationParker Hannifin Corporation Sporlan Division206 Lange Drive • Washington, MO 63090 USA phone 636 239 1111 • fax 636 239 ⚠WARNING – USER RESPONSIBILITYFailure or improper selection or improper use of the products described herein or related items can cause death, personal injury and property damage.This document and other information from Parker Hannifin Corporation, its subsidiaries and authorized distributors provide product or system options for further investigation by users having technical expertise.The user, through its own analysis and testing, is solely responsible for making the final selection of the system and components and assuring that all performance, endurance, maintenance, safety and warning requirements of the application are met. The user must analyze all aspects of the application, follow applicable industry standards, and follow the information concerning the product in the current product catalog and in any other materials provided from Parker or its subsidiaries or authorized distributors.To the extent that Parker or its subsidiaries or authorized distributors provide component or system options based upon data or specifications provided by the user, the user is responsible for determining that such data and specifications are suitable and sufficient for all applications and reasonably foreseeable uses of the components or systems.OFFER OF SALEThe items described in this document are hereby offered for sale by Parker Hannifin Corporation, its subsidiaries or its authorized distributors. This offer and its acceptance are governed by the provisions stated in the detailed “Offer of Sale” available at .For safety information see the Safety Guide at /safety or call 1-800-CParker.。
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Thermal Expantion 说明书TS server 特殊使用版---- daddy pitter johnbanq------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 基础合成：这个mod东西有点少，但是都挺实用的无论如何，先从基础开始！月牙扳手[好二，叫扳手不就行了么]这个东西可以通过右击改变TE[这个MOD]机器的方向这也可以拿来当BC扳手使也可以拿来右击原版物品，来使其旋转方向[活塞，弹射器什么的]机器部件：机器底盘气动伺服系统红石线圈新增额外配方：火药纸PS：矿渣在炉子里面烧会得到石棉合金：钢铁[PS：注意，那个是木炭]青铜黄铜黄铜到青铜PS：这些合金可以跟其他forge mod兼容-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 机器：哎哟卧槽！工业没了，没有炉子了！肿么办！！！！！别慌！动能炉来救场！GUI讲解：这里我拿动能炉子做1个示例，以后旁边的东西我就不讲了最左边的蓝色条子，是该物品存储BC动力的量右边的选项，第一条是能量，显示现在使用的MJ/最大MJ用量/储存了多少MJ[PS:MJ是MinecraftJoule，MC焦耳，是BC能源单位]然后下面是各种设置/信息，这里就不详细讲了参数：该炉子可以存储9600MJ（6个煤炭当量）存储的能源最高可以烧1组物品[烧1个物品需要3MJ]输入/输出面[后面会讲]：输入*1:蓝色面输出*1：橙色面[接下来，输入/输出面只说颜色]磨粉机：这个…..少年，说好了啊，这个可不是某工业的打粉机这个机器非常的神奇，可以把1个东西粉碎成另一个东西[这不废话呢么] 有时候还会产生1个副产品：此乃GUI是也！这个吗……..骨头6个骨粉甘蔗2个糖参数：机器使用能源：7MJ/tick机器储存能源上限：22400MJ(14煤炭当量)存储的能源最多可以粉碎一组物品输入/输出面：输入*1：蓝色输出*2：黄色[产品] 红色[副产品]PS：橙色是产品和副产品都输出锯木机：没有木头，或者手残和错东西了，怎么办？？？？锯木机帮你取回木头！GUI：PS：处理原木的时候有多50%的木板可以锯的物品：100%出现的参数：机器运转需求：6MJ/tick 上限存储：19200MJ（12煤当量）存储的能量可以处理1组物品输入/输出面：输入*1：蓝色输出*2：黄色[产品] 红色[副产品]PS：橙色是产品/副产品2个都输出锯末的处理方法：此乃压缩锯末，在炉子里可以烧成木炭感应炉：没了工业，没了粉碎机，没了矿物翻倍啊……莫担心！此乃感应炉！这个炉子只能处理粉末状矿物/原矿状矿物当然，也支持铜/锡/银而且输出乘以2！[记住了，这东西不能烧工业的粉！，所以是别做梦*4了！]烧东西需要注意的：记好了！这东西不是只用放矿就行的，需要1点助焊剂[沙子]每烧1个物品，就会需要1个沙子[自然，输出乘以2]没有沙子就罢工！！！[对了，烧的时候会有副产品，炉渣]炉渣可以再烧一次得到石棉，长得跟羊毛一样，只不过不会被烧万能的GUI参数：工作时需要的能源：9MJ/tick可以存28800MJ（18个煤炭当量）可以烧一组物品输出/输入面：输入*1：蓝色输出*2：黄色[产品] 红色[副产品] 橙色[可选/成品+副产品]冰川除尘器[大误] 冷冻器：正如名字一样，是给冰川除尘……[除泥煤]是拿来冷冻水的把水冷冻成各种各样的……..GUI：输入/输出面：输入：随便，插水管就行[把水桶放进去，水会进去，但是不会弹出空桶] 输出*1：橙色以下是废话[作者说这个机器不需要BC能源的原因]：之所以不让这个机器需要BC能源，是因为将水变成冰需要的阶段改变能源…太低了，以至于可以忽略. 从IC2核电系统的数据，我们可以推导出：一桶水值250点冷却, 然而一块冰值300. 假设1热能单位= 1能源单位(基于铀的发电量和发热量),将水变成冰需要50EU或者20MJ的能量. 这点能量相当的渣渣, 就算需要能源，玩家用1个红石引擎就成了. 为了取得1个平衡点, 合成用的伺服部件用到了制造两个红石引擎中比较“难得“的材料(也就是玻璃和活塞), 这样子就平衡了，而且省空间多了..岩浆坩埚[我偏向叫做熔化炉]：这个东西很简单，就是用MJ把石材，石头，黑曜石，地狱岩融化成岩浆GUI：输入/输出面：输入*1：蓝色输出：任意一面，有管道就行[放桶进去，要是岩浆够多的话可以把岩浆装桶，但是不会自动弹出，要用木管道抽] [PS2：岩浆是自动出来的，不用抽]生产表：最大使用MJ量：40MJ/t融化石材/石头/黑曜石需要20000MJ 融化地狱岩需要4000MJ以下是废话[作者的设计原因]：对于石头们来说，天下没有免费的午餐–它们需要很多能源才能让岩浆在原版炉子里面烧所产生的能源等价. 之所以让地狱岩少用点能源，是有以下2个原因:1) 这很科学–用你的脚后跟想想，这可是地狱来的石头，别考虑那么多了，用就是2)可以减少服务器大姨妈/卡巴斯基的次数. 流动水自古对服务器不怎么好. 正如你所知道的，地狱里面岩浆是无穷无尽的,当有一个二逼青年意识到并且开始应用的时候. 自然，当他一边抽岩浆一边呵呵呵呵的时候, 就会产生大量的流动岩浆. 这个设备就是让地狱在不卡[不必吸岩浆的情况下]依旧可以是一个很好的岩浆源. 从游戏角度考虑, 也只不过有一丝不同–跑到地狱然后把地狱里面的东西洗劫一空. 而且，这也让地狱岩摆脱渣渣的位置了啊！冷却器/灭火器：这个东西说白了就是把岩浆和水降温，变成石头/石材/黑曜石输入/输出：输入：通水管和岩浆管道就没问题桶岩浆和一桶水，不然不会工作]以下是废话[作者设计的原因]：之所以制造石材不需要水或者岩浆，是因为刷石机已经在MC里面十分常见，而且成为了MC 的一大怪- 这个机器也应该遵循这个有点荒唐的原理. 石头需要岩浆，是因为为了抵消熔炉里面消耗的能量,或者一个有精准采集附魔的镐子. S不过，一桶岩浆可以生成500个石头，但是你要是在炉子里面烧一次的话，用量就是其4倍. 当然，这些生成都是玩家可以自己动手做到的，没必要用BC能源.蓄水器这个东西可以自动抽取旁边一格方块的水当然，你要是通上红石，就会从空气中吸水[速度爆慢]GUI这台机器可以被看成1个1个格子的箱子[好怪]可以用管道送物品进去，也可以抽出来[要是有足够水的话，放进桶就可以自动装桶]注意：要想搞无限水的话，这个方块旁边至少要有2个抽取水源的地方，不然会把造无限水的水源干掉输入/输出：输出：通管道就行，别废话了[PS：液体自动输出，不用抽]以下废话[作者设计的意图]：这个机器是因为2个目的而存在的: 防止服务器卡巴斯基,还有防止无限资源“用尽“. 这货不需要BC能源主要有2个原因:1)这货只能抽水.2) 你真的要无限水，一个红石引擎供能就够了–但是伺服器配件里面已经有需要合成红石引擎的大部分重要物品了. 这个系统的产水量相当于1个连着4个红石引擎的水泵，但是，嘿！这家伙只抽水！你供能有毛线必要啊基础教程：这里将会教授如何使用这个MOD里面的大部分现有机器，专为新人上路使用，若要寻找某个机器的用法，请见专门机器的说明页这个MOD的机器是可以转向的，正如你所知道的，也就代表可以让玩家更加省事地修建工厂：这里将会使用磨碎机作为例子.以下是粉碎机标准的设定:GUI看起来是这样的：在上面的图上我们可以看出，蓝色是输入，黄色和红色是输出. 黄色是主产品–产物会自动送到连接到黄色面的存储器[箱子etc]或者BC管道里. 红色是副产品-产物会自动送到连接到红色面的存储器[箱子etc]或者BC管道里注意:其他机器也可以作为存储器–理论上可以完全做一个不需要管道的生产线在机器放下后，机器就会有默认的配置方案. 在默认情况下,输入在左边, 输出在右边或者上面. 但是，这个设定可以更改.你可以用扳手(1),来改变机器的位置，下面是合成法：:拿着右击机器会改变其方向.让我们右击打开机器，然后选择设定分栏：这个是磨碎机的默认设定,输入在左边和后面, 输出在右边和上面.点击某一面会改变那面的颜色. 来，让我们重新设定一下：:按Esc关闭GUI之后，机器就是这样的了：:so现在机器的输入面在右边和后面, 主产品输出在上面, 左边则是副产品输出. 是不是很酷? 接下来我们继续乱搞一通:默认情况下，机器只有1个输出，而且以橙色来标记输出面.有2个输出的机器则会用红色和黄色. 如果有2个输出的机器有橙色的话, 那么主产品和副产品都会走橙色，红色和黄色就会被忽略你会注意到2个输出槽都变成橙色的了，所以，现在东西都会从橙色区走.同时，输入面不是蓝色的了–因为现在的设计没有蓝色. 这也代表着你不能通过管道系统自动放东西进去了(2).然后这台机器就像没有输入一样了.在这个样本里, 这个机器有2个橙色面, 那么物品走哪个管道呢?这个首先取决于哪个连接了管道. 在这样情况下，如果都连接了，则输出不是随机的. 而是专门针对某1面输出. 要是有多个面得话，输出优先级分别为：下面, 上面,北向, 南向, 西向, 东向.这也就是说生产线只会和你设计的一样运转–检查输出是不会有得到–要是物品跑错了地方，那么你就有必要查查设定了.你也可以设定无色面，就可以应用普通管道系统了[用木头管道抽]你也可以使用红石控制机器，右击打开机器然后选择红石项你将会看见2个按钮:左边的是让机器遵循，还是忽略红石信号.如果你关掉，就会自动忽略红石，这个是默认打开的右边的那个是绝对机器是在什么样的红石信号下打开，开(High)，还是关(Low).这个默认的设定是low.备注1) 月牙锤子的确不是一个存在的工具. 但是月牙扳手是1个真正的工具,.2) RedPower 管道会遵循输入/输出规则–管道将不会将物品送入输出端. 但是,机器会直接连接RP管道. 要使用某些中继才行.。