美国现实主义时期文学共17页
20世纪外国文学史课件：欧美现实主义文学
目录
第一节 概 述 第二节 萧伯纳 第三节 劳伦斯 第四节 托马斯·曼 第五节 昆德拉 第六节 纳博科夫 第七节 海明威 第八节 索尔·贝娄 第九节 塞林格
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第一节 概述
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20世纪现代主义文学以其快速、锐气和新颖的表达模 式，实现了文学主潮的华丽转身，而20世纪现实主义文学 延续了19世纪现实主义文学的传统，有着厚重的历史感。
一、英国现代最杰出的戏剧家
• 萧伯纳是英国现代最杰出的戏剧家。 他兼收并蓄地吸收马克思、尼采等人 的哲学思想和布莱克、易卜生等人的 艺术成就，确立了积极乐观的“创造 进化论”、针砭时弊的社会问题剧和 以反讽、悖谬及讨论见长的“萧伯纳 式”风格。
• 1925年萧伯纳获得诺贝尔文学奖，授 奖词称赞他的作品“具有理想主义和 人道精神，其令人激动的讽刺往往浸 润着独特的诗意之美。”
萧伯纳
康拉德 高尔斯华绥 毛姆
戈尔丁
莱辛
三、20世纪现实主义文学的发展概况
• 法国文学
19世纪斯丹达尔和巴尔扎克的创作确立了现实主义的辉煌，随着20世纪 社会状况和审美观念的急剧变化，法国现实主义文学与传统文学相比已 经发生了很多变异。一是长河小说的涌现；二是描写空间的扩大。
罗曼.罗兰
纪德
杜伽尔
杜拉斯
最后伊莉 莎离开息 金斯，嫁 给了一直 追求她的 佛莱第。
二、最受观众喜爱的萧剧——— 《匹克梅梁》
• 《匹克梅梁》的情节引人入胜，内涵丰富，可以从不同角度做出 多种解读，其中最引人深思的还是关于人的社会身份问题。
✓首先，这部戏剧深刻地揭示出人的社 会身份的差别。特权阶级与普通民众 在社会身份上存在着巨大的区隔：一 方面表现为实在性的，主要指占有资 本或财产的多少；另一方面表现为符 号性的，即谈吐、举止、品位的差别。 萧伯纳在本剧中着意探讨的是身份的 符号性。
美国文学第三讲现实主义时期.ppt
Language and Style
• (1) First, he possessed utter clarity of style. The novel is written in a language that is totally different from the rhetorical language used by Emerson, Poe, and Melville. It’s not grand, pompous (very formal and important-sounding words), but simple, direct, lucid, and faithful to the colloquial speech. This unpretentious style of colloquialism is best described as “vernacular”. Before him there had been only American dialect; after him there was an American language. His success in creating this plain but evocative language hastened the end of American reverence (great respect and admiration) for British and European culture. His adherence to American themes, settings, and language set him apart from many other novelists of the day and had a powerful effect on such later writers .
美国现实主义时期文学
Naturalism
•apply scientific theory into art
•not adding an amoral attitudeto their woeks
•more pessimistic
N. is evolved from R. when the author's tone in writing becomes less serious and less sympathetic but more detached and pessimistic, N. is an extreme form of R.. It is no more than a different philosophical approach to reality, or to human existence.
WORKS: Sister Carrie 《嘉莉妹妹》 An American Tragedy 《美国的悲剧》 Jenny 《珍妮姑娘》
1871—1945
By Stone
S. What is the distinction ?
Realism •concern of life directly
从根本上说是一个关于美国人的故事是对美国人的诽谤尤其是对美国女孩的侮辱和冒犯同时因为书中老一从根本上说是一个关于美国人的故事是对美国人的诽谤尤其是对美国女孩的侮辱和冒犯同时因为书中老一还还辈人的形象问题所以本书威胁了美国父母对孩子施加影响和表现威信的权力
美国现实主义时期文学
content：
Literary Features
He said that fiction must be "the realism is true to life ,reflecting the possibility of motives. " WORKS:
美国文学现实主义文学 PPT
Part IV The Literature of Realism
美国现实主义文学 (1860-1914)
I. Historical Introduction II. Literary Movements between the Civil
War and the First World War III. The Establishment of American
Features of Realism
Emphasizes objectivity and offers an objective rather than an idealistic view of human nature and human experience. Realists seek truth that is verifiable by experience and have practical consequences. They expressed the concern for the world of experience, of the commonplace, and for the familiar and the low. Realism is embedded in a mimetic theory of art. Realists believe that literature imitates reality.
Local Colorism
❖ Local colorism is dependent upon a specific geographical location. Local colorists give emphasis to the local details by tapping into its folklore, history, mannerism, custom, beliefs and speech. Dialects peculiarities are the defining characteristic of local color writings. They tend to idealize and glorify, but they never forgot to keep an eye on the truthful color of local life.
5-第五节美国现实主义.doc
第五节美国现实主义一．概述1861~1865的南北战争，无论在哪方面都是美国历史上的一个重大转折点，美国从此进入了飞速发展的时期。
美国文学在南北战争后开始进入现实主义阶段，比欧洲约晚半个世纪，至20世纪30年代达到全盛期。
20世纪后，美国文学发展迅速，很快达到高度繁荣，获诺贝尔奖者达8人之多，各种流派不断涌现，最为突出的是现代主义文学。
现代主义是席卷整个西方的文学运动，从19世纪末开始形成，至此已蔚为大潮，取代了现实主义的主流地位。
因为美国现实主义发展较晚，基本上是沿着欧洲现实主义开辟的道路前进，成就不如英、法、俄三国，但也是欧美19世纪现实主义运动重要的方面军。
在艺术上，美国文学对现实主义最突出的贡献是亨利·詹姆斯提出的“人物视角”（the point of view of a character）问题，突破了传统文学中全知全能的作者视角（omniscient point of view）。
传统全能视角是只从作者本身的角度出发去叙述故事，而人物视角则强调从人物本身的角度出发去叙述故事，这大大丰富了小说的写作技巧，对小说形式的发展有重大意义。
美国现实主义的奠基人是威廉·豪威尔斯（William Howells，1837~1920）。
他最先提出现实主义主张并反对浪漫主义，对19世纪后半期的美国文学有重大影响。
他任主编的两份重要的文学刊物《大西洋月刊》和《哈珀杂志》发现并培养了包括马克·吐温和亨利·詹姆斯在内的许多日后成名的作家，号称是美国文学的司令部。
豪威尔斯的主要代表作是长篇小说《赛拉斯·拉帕姆的发迹》（The Rise of Silas Lapham，1885）和《时来运转》（A Hazard of New Fortunes，1889，亦译《新财富的危害》），前者探讨资本主义的商业道德，塑造了一个理想化的资本家形象，后者则叙述了一个冷酷的资本家如何转变到资产阶级人道主义立场上来。
第二章 现实主义时期(美国)
第二部分：美国文学第二章现实主义时期1865年至1914年间的这段时期在美国文学史上称为现实主义时期。
这是一场反映美国精神的美国文学运动，尤其是美国小说。
现实主义是对浪漫主义的一种反动。
它正视现实，远离空想。
现实主义文学又为现代主义文学铺平了道路。
经过内战以后的美国社会为现实主义的兴起和发展提供了肥沃的土壤。
自内战结束到第一次世界大战之间的50年，美国历史上经历了巨大变化，无论是政治、经济、文化，还是宗教。
这一变化规模之大、范围之广，彻底改变了美国社会的性质和观念。
首先，内战给美国的社会价值观带来了很大的影响。
美国已从杰弗逊时期的农业国向工业和商业社会转变。
蛮荒被文明取代。
这场战争还给美国经济带来了明显的变化。
新的组织和管理方法大规模运用，刺激了工业现代化的发展。
1869年第一条横贯大陆的铁路建成。
电力的广泛使用，电话等新的通信工具，给日常生活的诸多方面带来了变革。
各种矿藏的开采有助于国民经济的发展。
在工业生产上的投资增加了四倍以上，工厂的就业率成倍增长，工业产值呈几何级数上升，农业生产也迅速增加。
经济和工业的增长加速了城市的发展。
到第一次世界大战结束时，美国有一半人口集中在十几座城市里。
然而，这些变化也有不利的方面。
工业化和城市化带来了劳动人民的无数痛苦。
在农村，越来越多的农民被迫离开土地，到城里去谋生，造成劳动力过剩，工资偏低。
资本家也不改变工人的劳动条件，致使贫富两极分化。
权利和财富的集中产生了冒险家、巨头，而另一头则是贫民窟。
就思想意识而言，人们处于动摇的状态。
他们怀疑人性和上帝的善。
西部开拓者的精神已经一去不回了。
美国之梦已不复存在，代之而来的就是马克•吐温所称的“镀金时代”。
内战以后的文学界也与以前大不相同。
人们对内战的痛苦记忆、对英雄形象的幻灭和实际生活的无情现实，使得整个民族都反对浪漫主义。
美国人对浪漫主义思想已感厌倦。
新一代作家不满意老一代的浪漫主义思想，产生了新的创作灵感。
他们的特点是对现实生活有浓厚的兴趣，企图对生活的各个方面作出他们的解释，主张客观现实，摒弃主观偏颇、理想主义和浪漫主义的色彩。
美国现实主义文学
Realism lThere is a period in American literature called “Realism ”. The period is ranging from 1865 to 1914 . But how to difine it ？In art and literature, Realism refers to an attempt to describe human behavior and surrounding or to represent figures exactly as they act or appear in life . It was a reaction against Romanticism or sentimentalism .Realism expressed the concern for the world of experience ,of the commonplace ,and for the familiar and the low. Guided by the principle of adhering to the truthful treatment of life. The realists touch upon various contemporary social and political issues , it a comprehensive picture of modern life .Three dominant figures in this period are William dean howells, Mark Twain, and Henry James .But there are other authors ,such as, Emily Dickinson, Harriet Beecher Stowe. O.Henry, Jack London ect. Howells,the champion of the new school ,felt that he must write what he observed and knew ..Howell’s emphasis has always been on ethics .he stresses the need for sympathy and integrity, and show his sympathy to the common and the poor .we can see it from his famous book “The Rise of Chance” ,”The minister’s Charge”, “A Modern Instance” ect. Hen ryJames ,his main theme “the art of fiction ” reveals his literary credo that representation of life should be the main object of the novel .He laid a greater emphasis on the :”inner world” of man .The creative life of Henry James can be divided into 3 distinct periods .In the first period he produced a large number of novels ,among which the most important include “The American ”,”Daisy Miller”, “The Portrait of a Lady ”which won him international fame and which reveals his fascination with his “international theme ”(American innocence in face of European sophistication ) . The second period ,in which he dropped the “international theme ”and wrote his tales of subtle studies of inter –personal relationships. The third period ,he wrote a few novellas and tales about the childhood and adolescence ,he back to his the first period theme internationaltheme ”.His books “The Ambassadors” , “The Wings of the Dove” The Golden Bowl “”, Which represents the summit of his art and career. Mark Tw ain preferred to have his own region and people at the forefront of his stories, which kown as “local colorism, a unique variation of American literary realism .With works like Adventure of Huckleberry Finn and Life on the Mississippi Twain shaped the world’s view of America and made a more extensive combination of American folk humor and serious literature than previous writers had ever done. We can see him use a lot of dialects and humorous words in his products .such as “Huckleberry Adventure "and" The Adventures of Tom Sawyer” , “Life On The Mississippi” ect .Now I want to talk about Harriet Beecher Stowe, and her book Uncle Tom’s Cabin . during this period,it’s her who impress me much ., it’s this little lady who make this big war. She is so powerful . Coming from a family with good Christian tradition ,she was deeply influenced by Christianity and become a pure Christian. As her family were all opposing to raise slaves ,she was influenced by them and held the anti-slavery belief. Harriet Beecher Stowe portrays vivid characters withdistinctive temperament , Uncle tom ,a inherent goodness and piety persan , a passive Christ-figure ,he do nothing when facing the wrongs committed against him . There are two majou plots : uncle tom’s harsh experiences, Eliza’s struggle foe her own happiness and freedom. We can see the evil of slavery ,the discrimination between the whites to the blacks. We show sympathy to the slaves.their lives are under the controls of their owners. We can see the moral powe r of women. Eliza’s struggle for freedom , and lastly she succeded. Tom is an adiremable person, he is faithful , kind, has the conciousness to define the right and wrong , broden-hearted. Loyal .such a person just get a misery ending . Harriet Beecher Stowe use thiu figure to arouse the sympathy from the white people and evoke the white men. The other character Eliza ,she represents the new power, Harriet Beecher Stowe express the highly reward to her. The book shoe us the picture of the united states. It’s a good book..Realism write the common people ,different from the romanticiam. It express the true life of the people. It makes the language as invisible as possible, a neutral reflector impersonal reality. There is no doubt that realism is a property period in American literature history .It creates a lot of wealthy culture. It describe the phenoneme of the society, provide us the real history. It paved the way foe the modernism.。
美国文学现实主义阶段著名作家与作品 The Literature of Realism
Changes in every aspect of American life
Industrialization and the urbanization,
“The Gilded Age”
Tired of sentimental feelings of Romanticism
Interest in reality of life
By 1850, she was the mother of seven children;
In 1850, moved to Brunswick, Maine
Died: 2021/7/1 July 1, 1896 - Hartford, Connecticu12t
Comments on Stowe’s Life
Born in North Carolina, without much schooling and virtually orphaned.
He followed several occupations: a bookkeeper, a drugstore clerk and a Texas Ranger.
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Cincinnati Suspension Bridge over Ohio River
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“The Mother’s Struggle” :
A Scene from Uncle Tom’s Cabin
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Mrs. Stowe’s Life:
Born: June 14, 1811 - Litchfield, Connecticut
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Henry James: Chief Works