外文资料
外文翻译资料
外文翻译资料Title: Translation of Foreign TextAs requested, I have translated a foreign text into Chinese. The translated text contains approximately 700 words. Please find the translation below:Original Text:"Artificial intelligence is revolutionizing various industries, including healthcare, finance, and transportation. It has the potential to greatly improve efficiency and productivity in these sectors. Machine learning algorithms are being used to analyze vast amounts of data and make accurate predictions.In the healthcare industry, AI is being used to develop diagnostic tools that can detect diseases at an early stage. This can potentially save lives by enabling timely intervention. AI-powered robots are also being used in surgery to assist doctors and enhance precision. Additionally, AI systems are being used to interpret medical images and provide more accurate diagnoses.In finance, AI is being used for fraud detection and risk assessment. Machine learning algorithms can analyze large amounts of financial data to identify patterns that may indicate fraudulent activities. AI-powered chatbots are also being used to provide customer support and answer queries in financial institutions.The transportation industry is benefiting from AI with the development of autonomous vehicles. Self-driving cars arebecoming a reality, with companies like Tesla and Google leading the way. These vehicles use AI algorithms to sense the environment, make decisions, and navigate traffic. Autonomous vehicles have the potential to greatly reduce accidents and improve transportation efficiency.However, with the rise of AI also comes new challenges. Ethical concerns such as privacy and job displacement need to be addressed. AI systems require access to vast amounts of personal data, raising concerns about privacy and data security. Additionally, the automation of certain jobs by AI may result in job losses, requiring society to adapt and provide new opportunities for those affected.Despite these challenges, the potential benefits of AI in various industries cannot be denied. It has the ability to revolutionize the way we live and work, and if managed correctly, could greatly enhance our society and economy."Translated Text:“人工智能正在改革各个行业，包括医疗保健、金融和交通。
外文资料译文
CliffhangerLawrenceHargrave路是Wollongong北部一条沿海的路，它是澳洲，New South Wales 风景最优美的路之一, 并且是一个主要的旅游胜地。
路的一个900m截面并且是路的最高的倾斜风险部分在整个国家, 由于岩石掉落和堤防失败的悠久历史。
Richard High报告关于一条壮观的供选择的路线的建筑。
修造在19 世纪60 年代路直到1947 年才作为更低的沿海路被人们知道, 当这改名劳为Lawrence Hargrave Drive (LHD) 。
出生在格林威治，英国在1850年，Lawrence Hargrave 是航空先驱,发明者, 探险家, 泥工和天文学家。
1984年, 他成为了第一人在澳洲飞行,在附近的Stanwell公园。
并且安排沿海路改名以纪念他。
Hargrave 的面孔首先出现在AU$20笔记, 1966年发布。
最初,土轨道,LHD许多年中运载了比较少量的车辆。
在21 世纪作为地方社区和旅游业增长, 大约每天3000辆车在路上行驶。
在2003年8月,随着一项独立研究,发现了路对于公共安全形成了“不可抵御的风险”,负责认为路宣布了一个大修项目为LHD。
在2003年11月,为了加速建筑和压低费用，公路和交通当局(RTA)形成了建筑联盟——Lawrence・Hargrave驱动联盟(LHDA)，与Barclay・Mowlem, Coffey Geosciences和Maunsell Austrlia。
建筑在2004年6月开始在AU$ 4900 m 部分的百万(US$ 37 百万)替换在Clifton 和Coalcliff 之间。
并且路预计在2006 年的早期通车。
在项目中心是二座桥梁, 你跨过南部的海湾和其他中间陆岬, 将连接形成一座唯一665 m 长的桥梁。
路线然后将回到现有的对准线通过北海湾。
新路, 包括桥梁, 将有两个3.5 米宽的车道, 一个是双车道, 1米宽路肩。
毕业设计(论文)外文资料及译文(模板)
大连东软信息学院
毕业设计（论文）外文资料及译文
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专业：
班级：
姓名：
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大连东软信息学院
Dalian Neusoft University of Information
外文资料和译文格式要求
一、装订要求
1、外文资料原文（复印或打印）在前、译文在后、最后为指导教师评定成绩。
2、译文必须采用计算机输入、打印。
3、A4幅面打印，于左侧装订。
二、撰写要求
1、外文文献内容与所选课题相关。
2、本科学生译文汉字字数不少于4000字，高职学生译文汉字字数不少于2000字。
三、格式要求
1、译文字号：中文小四号宋体，英文小四号“Times New Roman”字型，全文统一，首行缩进2个中文字符，1.5倍行距。
2、译文页码：页码用阿拉伯数字连续编页，字体采用“Times New Roman”字体，字号小五，页底居中。
3、译文页眉：眉体使用单线，页眉说明五号宋体，居中“大连东软信息学院本科毕业设计（论文）译文”。
外文资料及翻译
外文翻译ANALYSIS OF HVAC SYSTEM ENERGYCONSERVATIONIN BUILDINGSABSTRACTE conomic development and people's increasing demand for energy, but the nature of the energy is not inexhaustible. Environment and energy issues become increasingly acute, if no measures are taken, then the energy will limit the rapid economic development of the question.With the improvement of living standard, building energy consumption in the proportion of total energy consumption is increasing. In developed countries, building energy consumption accounts for 40% of total energy consumption of the community, while the country despite the low level of socio-economic development, but the building energy consumption has nearly 30% of total energy consumption, and still rising. Therefore, in western countries or in China, building energy consumption is affecting the socio-economic status of the overall development of the question. In building energy consumption, the energy consumption for HVAC systems has accounted for 30% of building energy consumption -50%, with the extensive application of HVAC, energy consumption for HVAC systems will further increase Great. HVAC systems are often coupled with high-quality electric energy, and our power and relatively tight in some areas, lack of energy supply and demand which is bound to lead to further intensification of contradictions. Therefore, energy-saving heating, higher professional requirements is inevitable across the board.KEYWORDS:energy-saving，HVAC1. Energy saving design measures should be takenRapid changes in science and technology today, area HVAC new technologiesemerge, we can achieve a variety of ways of energy saving HVAC systems.1.1 Starting from the design, selecting, designing HVAC systems, so that the efficient state of the economy running.Design is a leading engineering, system design will directly affect its performance. The building load calculation is an important part of the design, a common problem is that the current design of short duration, many designers to save time, wrong use of the design manual for the design or preliminary design estimates of cold, heat load with the unit construction area of cold, heat load index, direct construction design stage as hot and cold load to determine the basis, often making the total load is too large, resulting in heating equipment, air conditioning is too large, higher initial investment, operating costs, increased energy consumption.1.2 using the new energy-saving air-conditioning and heating comfort and healthy mannerAffect human thermal comfort environment of many parameters, different environmental parameters can get the same effect of thermal comfort, but for different heat and moisture parameters of the environment of its energy consumption air conditioning system is not the same.1.3 Actual situation of a reasonable choice of cold and heat sources, seek to achieve diversification of cold and heat sourceWith the extensive application of HVAC systems on non-renewable energy consumption also rose sharply, while the broken part of the ecological environment are becoming increasingly intensified. How to choose a reasonable heating sources, has caused widespread concern of all parties.1.4 to enhance the use of hot and cold recycling of the work, to achieve maximum energyHVAC systems to improve energy efficiency is one of the ways to achieve energy-saving air-conditioning. Heat recovery system installed mainly through energy recovery, with the air from wind energy to deal with new, fresh air can reduce the energy required for processing, reducing the load, to save energy. In the choice of heat recovery, the should be integrated with the local climate Tiao Jian, Jing Ji situation, Gong Cheng actual situation of harmful exhaust gases of the situation in avariety of factors Deng integrated to determine the Xuanyong suitable heat recovery, so as to achieve Hua Jiao Shao's investment, recovery of more heat (cold) the amount of purpose.1.5 focus on development of renewable energy, and actively promoting new energyAs the air-conditioning systems used in high-grade, non-renewable energy resources and environmental problems caused by the increasingly prominent, have to develop some reasonable and effective renewable energy to ease the current tensions. To heat (cold) and solar and other renewable resources used in air conditioning and refrigeration, has certain advantages, but also clean and pollution-free. Ground Source Heat Pump is a use of shallow and deep earth energy, including soil, groundwater, surface water, seawater, sewage, etc. as a cold source in winter and summer heat is not only heating but also a new central air-conditioning system cooling.2. Saving design problemsAchieve energy-saving HVAC systems, now has a lot of mature conditions, but in practical applications there are some problems：2.1 The issue of public awareness of energy conservationThe past is not enough public understanding of energy, and on the air conditioning is also very one-sided view. For a comfort of air conditioning system or heating system, should the human body has a very good comfort. But the prevailing view now is: the colder the better air-conditioning, heating the more heat the better. This is obviously we seek the comfort of air conditioning is contrary to the view. In fact, this not only greatly increase the energy consumption of air conditioning heating, indoor and outdoor temperature and because of the increase, but also to the human body's adaptability to different environmental decline, lowering the body immunity. Therefore, we need to improve advocacy efforts to change public to the traditional understanding of air conditioning and heating, vigorous publicity and promotion in accordance with building standards and the cold heat energy metering devices to collect tolls, raise public consciousness of energy.2.2 The design concept of the problemReasonable energy-saving design is a prerequisite. At present, some designers due to inadequate attention to design empirical value when applied blindly, resulting in the increase of the initial investment, energy consumption surprising, therefore recommended that the government functions and the energy-saving review body, to increase the monitoring of the HVAC air-conditioning energy saving efforts enhance staff awareness of energy conservation design, so that energy conservation is implemented.2.3 The promotion of new technologies issueNew technology in the HVAC system for energy conservation provides a new direction. Such as ground source heat pump systems, solar cooling and heating system, not only to achieve efficient use of renewable energy, and can bring significant economic benefits, is worth promoting. However, as with any new technology, these new technologies are often high in cost, and the geographical conditions of use have certain limitations, and technically there are still many areas for improvement to improve. Therefore, new energy-efficient technologies, we should be according to local conditions, sum up experience, and actively promote.3. ConclusionHVAC systems saving energy in the building occupies a very important position, should attract enough attention to the designer. Designers should be from a design point of view fully into account the high and strict compliance with energy standards energy saving ideas to run through all aspects of the construction sector. Energy-saving technologies and renewable energy recycling, the Government and other relevant departments should support and vigorously promoted. And the design, construction, supervision, quality supervision, municipal administration and other departments should cooperate closely and pay close attention to implementing a cold, heat metering devices to collect tolls, so people really get benefit from energy efficient building, energy-saving construction and non-heating energy efficient building can not have the same charge standard. At the same time to raise public awareness of energy conservation, and vigorously promote the development of new energy-saving technologies to achieve sustainable development of society.References[1] "residential design standard" DBJ14-037-2006.[2] "Public Buildings Energy Efficiency Design Standards" DBJ14-036-2006.[3] "Technical Specification for radiant heating" JGJ142-2004.析暖通空调系统在建筑中的节能问题摘要经济的发展使人们对能源的需求不断增加,但是自然界的能源并不是取之不尽,用之不竭的。
如何在毕业论文中合理地引用外文资料
如何在毕业论文中合理地引用外文资料在毕业论文中引用外文资料是非常常见的做法。
引用外文资料可以增加论文的可靠性和权威性，同时也可以为研究主题提供更全面的支持。
然而，正确而合理地引用外文资料对于论文的质量和学术道德非常重要。
本文将介绍如何在毕业论文中合理地引用外文资料。
一、选择合适的外文资料在引用外文资料之前，首先需要选择合适的资料。
在选择外文资料时，应确保内容与研究主题密切相关，并且具有一定的学术价值和权威性。
可以通过查阅国际知名期刊、学术数据库、学术会议论文等渠道获取高质量的外文资料。
二、正确引用外文资料在引用外文资料时，必须遵循学术规范和引用格式。
根据学术界的一般要求，可以采用以下两种常见的引用方式：1. 直接引用直接引用外文资料时，应将原文内容准确无误地翻译成中文，并在括号中注明出处，即作者姓名、出版年份和页码（如果是书籍）或段落号（如果是文章）。
例如：原文：According to Smith (2010, p. 25), "……"（具体引用内容）。
翻译后：根据Smith（2010，第25页）的研究，“……”（具体引用内容）。
2. 间接引用间接引用外文资料指的是在引用过程中不直接使用外文原文，而是将要引用的内容用自己的语言进行概括和解释，并在括号中注明出处。
例如：原文：According to the research conducted by Smith (2010), "……"（具体引用内容）。
翻译后：根据Smith（2010）的研究，他指出“……”（具体引用内容）。
三、注明出处和引用格式在引用外文资料时，必须注明出处，并按照规定的引用格式进行引用。
引用格式可以根据论文所属学科的不同而有所差异，一般可以采用APA、MLA、Chicago等常见的学术引用格式。
在整个毕业论文中，应保持引用格式的一致性。
四、避免滥用外文资料虽然外文资料的引用对于提升论文质量非常有帮助，但也应注意避免滥用外文资料。
绿色经济外文文献资料
绿色经济外文文献资料以下是关于绿色经济的一些外文文献资料：1. Green Economy - Concept, Principles and Issues Green Economy - Concept, Principles and Issues这篇文章系统地讲解了绿色经济的定义、原则和问题。
绿色经济是指通过减少生态足迹、提高能源和物质资源的效率、支持可持续生产和消费、促进公正和包容性等方式，推动经济发展和社会进步的一种经济模式。
然而，绿色经济面临的挑战包括可持续性标准的缺乏、技术和金融支持的不足、生态失衡问题的存在等。
2. The Green Economy and its Implementation in China The Green Economy and its Implementation in China中国是世界上最大的碳排放国之一，也是追求绿色经济的国家之一。
这篇文章介绍了中国在推动绿色经济方面所做的努力，包括建设低碳城市、发展可再生能源、加强环保法律等。
文章认为，中国面临的绿色经济挑战包括城市化进程的压力、能源结构的不平衡等。
这篇报告介绍了“生态系统与生物多样性经济学”（TEEB）的理念和目标。
TEEB旨在通过评估生态系统和生物多样性的价值，揭示生态系统的贡献和相关的经济收益，为制定政策提供科学依据。
报告认为，绿色经济的成功实施需要政策、科技、市场等方面的支持，同时还需要将大自然的贡献纳入经济计算，并且将全社会变成绿色经济行动者。
4. Sustainable Development and the Green Economy Sustainable Development and the Green Economy本文综述了绿色经济的概念和原则，以及可持续发展的历史和实践。
绿色经济被认为是可持续发展模式的一个重要方面，其关注点包括生态和社会价值、公民参与、技术创新和政策合作等。
毕业论文外文资料翻译【范本模板】
毕业论文外文资料翻译题目(宋体三号，居中）学院（全称，宋体三号，居中)专业(全称，宋体三号，居中）班级（宋体三号,居中）学生（宋体三号，居中）学号（宋体三号,居中)指导教师(宋体三号，居中)二〇一〇年月日(宋体三号，居中，时间与开题时间一致）（英文原文装订在前)Journal of American Chemical Society, 2006, 128(7）: 2421-2425. (文献翻译必须在中文译文第一页标明文献出处:即文章是何期刊上发表的,X年X卷X 期,格式如上例所示,四号，右对齐，杂志名加粗。
)［点击输入译文题目—标题1,黑体小二][点击输入作者，宋体小四］[点击输入作者单位，宋体五号］摘要［点击输入，宋体五号]关键词［点击输入,宋体五号]1［点击输入一级标题-标题2，黑体四号］［点击输入正文，宋体小四号，1。
25倍行距］1。
1［点击输入二级标题-标题3，黑体小四］［点击输入正文,宋体小四，1。
25倍行距]1.1。
1[点击输入三级标题-标题4，黑体小四］［点击输入正文,宋体小四，1。
25倍行距］说明：1.外文文章必须是正规期刊发表的。
2.翻译后的中文文章必须达到2000字以上，并且是一篇完整文章。
3.必须要有外文翻译的封面,使用学校统一的封面；封面上的翻译题目要写翻译过来的中文题目；封面上时间与开题时间一致。
4.外文原文在前，中文翻译在后；5.中文翻译中要包含题目、摘要、关键词、前言、全文以及参考文献,翻译要条理清晰，中文翻译要与英文一一对应.6.翻译中的中文文章字体为小四，所有字母、数字均为英文格式下的，中文为宋体,标准字符间距。
7.原文中的图片和表格可以直接剪切、粘贴，但是表头与图示必须翻译成中文。
8.图表必须居中，文章段落应两端对齐、首行缩进2个汉字字符、1.25倍行距。
例如:图1. 蛋白质样品的PCA图谱与8-卟啉识别排列分析(a)或16—卟啉识别排列分析（b).为了得到 b的数据矩阵，样品用16—卟啉识别排列分析来检测，而a 是通过捕获首八卟啉接收器数据矩阵从b 中萃取的.。
毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译(学生用)
毕业设计外文资料翻译学院：信息科学与工程学院专业：软件工程姓名： XXXXX学号： XXXXXXXXX外文出处： Think In Java (用外文写)附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。
附件1：外文资料翻译译文网络编程历史上的网络编程都倾向于困难、复杂，而且极易出错。
程序员必须掌握与网络有关的大量细节，有时甚至要对硬件有深刻的认识。
一般地，我们需要理解连网协议中不同的“层”（Layer）。
而且对于每个连网库，一般都包含了数量众多的函数，分别涉及信息块的连接、打包和拆包；这些块的来回运输；以及握手等等。
这是一项令人痛苦的工作。
但是，连网本身的概念并不是很难。
我们想获得位于其他地方某台机器上的信息，并把它们移到这儿；或者相反。
这与读写文件非常相似，只是文件存在于远程机器上，而且远程机器有权决定如何处理我们请求或者发送的数据。
Java最出色的一个地方就是它的“无痛苦连网”概念。
有关连网的基层细节已被尽可能地提取出去，并隐藏在JVM以及Java的本机安装系统里进行控制。
我们使用的编程模型是一个文件的模型；事实上，网络连接（一个“套接字”）已被封装到系统对象里，所以可象对其他数据流那样采用同样的方法调用。
除此以外，在我们处理另一个连网问题——同时控制多个网络连接——的时候，Java内建的多线程机制也是十分方便的。
本章将用一系列易懂的例子解释Java的连网支持。
15.1 机器的标识当然，为了分辨来自别处的一台机器，以及为了保证自己连接的是希望的那台机器，必须有一种机制能独一无二地标识出网络内的每台机器。
早期网络只解决了如何在本地网络环境中为机器提供唯一的名字。
但Java面向的是整个因特网，这要求用一种机制对来自世界各地的机器进行标识。
为达到这个目的，我们采用了IP（互联网地址）的概念。
IP以两种形式存在着：(1) 大家最熟悉的DNS（域名服务）形式。
我自己的域名是。
所以假定我在自己的域内有一台名为Opus的计算机，它的域名就可以是。
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Power System Relaying Protection一.IntroductionElectric power network in China has step into a new stage with large-scale networks, super power plants and high-rating generators. By the end of year 2002, total installed generation capacity is 353000MW, total length of 35kV and above transmission lines is 806500kM, total installed transformer capacity is 1194000MVA, and generated energy of the year is 164×1010kW·h。
As an important part of electric power system, protection is the technology measures to ensure the security and stability of power networks. Development of electric power system requires new functions and higher performance of protection. New progress in microelectronics, computer and communication technology makes it possible to improve protection further more.NARI-RELAYS Electrics Co., Ltd. is the main base of research on protection principle and technology, and among the leading suppliers of protection and automation products in China. She has made great progress in research and application of new protection technology, especially series protection based on Deviation of Power Frequency Component (DPFC). She also possesses many invention patents. The author summarized these research and application progress, presented his own viewpoint on protection allocation, and look forward to discuss this issue with experts in protection area.二.Key technology in line protectionSeries-capacitor compensation equipment installed on long-distance transmission line can improve stability allowance, optimize load distribution between parallel lines and increase the transmission power capacity. But th e line impedance and its’ distribution is change by series-capacitor, which will affect the operation characteristics of protection [8][10][14].RCS-902XS series distance carrier protection and RCS-931XS optical fiber current differential protection make up the whole protection scheme for Series-capacitor compensated line.Split-phase current differential protection is not affected by series-capacitor at all.For zero-sequence directional comparison protection, so-called compensated impedance setting is introduced to ensure comparing direction correctly during asymmetrical phase-to-ground fault ahead.DPFC distance protection keeps unambiguous when installed on series-capacitor compensated line[14], but may overreach when fault occurs ahead after capacitor. Enhance the threshold by additional MOV protection-level voltage to prevent protection from overreaching, at the same time the fast operation speed needed when near and serious fault occurs is not affected at all.For traditional distance protection, polarization voltage vector is introduced to prevent missing operation during fault at the very beginning of line after capacitor. Logic combination of two distance relays with different attenuation time constant each is designed to prevent unwanted operation during backwards near fault after capacitor. So-called forwards protection-level voltage is introduced to protection. Operation curve of reactance relay is adjusted according to measured current in order to accommodate various power system operation modes. In this way, under-reachingdistance protection will not overreach when fault occurs at the end of line or the beginning of the next line after series capacitor.The whole scheme takes into account the influence caused by operation of protective devices of series capacitor unit, for example MOV break-over or protective gap break-over, and ensures correct operation of protection under any operating condition of MOV and gap.Based on the information only from one line, the mentioned measures ensure correct operation of protection without compromise of operation speed, are appropriate for the line with series capacitor installed on it or on its’ neighboring line, no matter where TV installed.RCS-902XS and RCS-931XS series protection devices have been applied to several series capacitor compensated lines and their neighboring lines.三.Auto-reclosingTo prevent severe strike on electric power system cause by reclosing onto permanent fault or fault at the very beginning of line, novel adaptive auto-reclosure scheme is brought forward here.Auto-reclosure of double-circuit lines on the same tower is designed as one device. After fault, only one phase of the double-circuit lines is closed first, then the left opened phases are closed in turn according to the determinate rules, each at one time.Measures are researched to distinguish between transient fault and permanent fault in order to prevent blind re-closing. For transient fault, auto-reclosure will operate only after arc at the fault point has been extinguished. For permanent fault, auto-reclosure will not operate at all.For fault at the very beginning of line, auto-reclosure at the remote end will operate first. If it succeeds, the local auto-reclosure will operate subsequently. If it fails, i.e. it re-closes onto permanent fault and all three phases are tripped by protection at the remote end of line, local auto-reclosure will not operate at all.Such an auto-reclosing logic keeps links of electric power system at the greatest extent during fault, improves auto-reclosing success percentage and prevent sever strikes on electric power system caused by reclosing onto serious permanent fault.Split-phase current differential protection RCS-931, split-phase composite distance carrier protection and zero-sequence directional comparison protection RCS-902C have been widely applied to 220kV and above lines in Chinese electric power system. RCS-902E, RCS-931E with the same protection scheme as RCS-931 and RCS-902C respectively, and with additional auto-reclosing logic for double-circuit lines on the same tower, have been applied to LongWan-HongGou transmission line in SiChuan, which is the first 500kV double-circuit lines on the same tower along the whole length in China.四Key technology in power transformer protectionFor power transformer protection, a great challenge is to prevent unwanted operation caused by inrush current and to operate quickly when switching onto internal fault especially those slight ones.RCS-978 series power transformer protection devices employ a novel differential current phase angle adjusting method. After phase angle adjusted, fault character of fault phase current is more obvious, and the current of left phases contains more component of inrush current. When switching onto internal fault, operation speed of fault phase protection will not be slowed by inrush current of healthy phases thanks to split-phase inrush current restraint. Inrush current that appears when switching ontransformer with no fault, when external fault is cleared and when the parallel transformer is switched on can be distinguished more easily.五Key technology in generator-transformer unit protectionThe scheme of large generator-transformer unit protection must ensure the security of whole unit and reduce the damage in case of fault. The scheme must be perfect, reasonable, and not complex. RCS-985 series generator-transformer unit protection devices employ DPFC principle, variable slope percentage restraint current differential protection, asynchronous anti-TA saturation identifying criterion, zero-sequence transverses differential protection with current restraint and floating threshold, meet the requirements of protection for large generator-transformer unit [17]. DPFC principle has been described in the former part of this paper.Percentage restraint current differential protection has a variable slope percentage restraint curve, which has a none-zero percentage at the beginning of curve. The curve well adapts to unbalanced differential current and the initial setting of current differential protection can be lower, thus the differential protection sensitivity is high when internal slight fault occurs even during unit start-stop process.It was a misunderstanding that the unbalanced differential current in secondary coil of TA is low because the TAs installed on head and tail of generator are of the same type and both are P class, and the fault current passing through during external fault is low, thus the initial setting can be set lower properly to improve the sensitivity for internal slight fault. In fact, TA wiring cable lengths from head and tail of generator may be not the same though TAs are of the same type, TAs are of different type in some cases, the aperiodic components decays slowly though the whole amplitude of current is not high under external fault which leads to TA saturation. All these factors lead to no acceptable unbalanced current, which causes unwanted operation repeatedly.Lifting differential setting or introducing differential protection with product- quantity restraint will lose sensitivity or even lead to missing operation. With identifying harmonic component and waveform character of differential current asynchronous anti-TA saturation criterion can distinguish between internal fault and TA saturation under external fault.So far inter-turn fault protection, such as negative-sequence direction blocking longitudinal zero-sequence voltage protection, negative-sequence direction blocking second harmonic component protection, third harmonic component blocking longitudinal zero-sequence voltage protection, transverse differential protection still have some defects in sensitivity and security. Take transverse differential protection as an example, the setting must be higher than the maximum unbalanced current under three-phase fault at generator terminal in order to prevent unwanted operation during external fault or power-swing, thus the sensitivity is not enough for inter-turn fault. RCS-985 introduces longitudinal zero-sequence voltage inter-turn fault protection and high sensitive transverses differential protection for the first time; both have current restraint and floating threshold. Setting of zero-sequence voltage only need to be higher than maximum unbalanced fundamental harmonic voltage under normal operation mode of generator, and setting of transverse differential protection be higher than maximum unbalanced differential current under normal condition, thus the sensitivity is high for internal low percentage inter-turn fault without risks of unwanted operation under external fault.六.Integration of main and backup protec-tion, duplicate allocationDL/T769-2001, Technical guide for microprocessor-base protection equipment of power system[18] laid down the guideline for digital protection devices allocation. Digital protection may integrate main and backup protection of protected main equipment or line into one device, main and backup protection share the same DC power supply, TAs and TVs. For those lines and main equipments that need duplicate protection system, each system may be a digital protection device with main and backup protection integrated together.Main protection is the protection to selectively clear fault on protected main equipment or line in definite time short enough to guarantee system stability and equipment security. Backup protection clears the fault when they cannot be cleared by main protection or breaker fails to trip. Backup protection falls into two categories, remote backup protection or near backup protection.Based on information sharing and powerful calculation capacity of embedded system, one digital protection device can integrates main and backup protection together, so that different protection elements can coordinate with each other on sensitivity. For those lines or main equipments that need duplicate protection, two such devices can be installed, thus loss of protection will be prevented even if one device fails. In each device, two independent measuring and deciding circuits are installed, thus failure of any one circuit will not lead to unwanted operation. Integration of main and backup protection and duplicate allocation make it convenient to test, maintain, operate, and design the protection and it’s secondary winding.Integration of main and backup protection and duplicate allocation have been achieved first years ago in ultra high-voltage line protection, which provides convenience for operation, management and maintenance of line protection and improve rate of correct operation largely. In recent years, this concept has been applied to main equipment protection, which brings convenience for design and operation.电力系统继电保护一.引言中国电力网跨入了一个新的阶段,大型网络超级电厂、发电机. 在2002年年底之前,总装机发电容量353000mw,总长度35kv及以上输电线路806500km,总装机容量变压器1194000mva.。