快速外文文献翻译方法
外文文献及翻译
外文文献原稿和译文原稿DATABASEA database may be defined as a collection interrelated data store together with as little redundancy as possible to serve one or more applications in an optimal fashion .the data are stored so that they are independent of programs which use the data .A common and controlled approach is used in adding new data and in modifying and retrieving existing data within the data base .One system is said to contain a collection of database if they are entirely separate in structure .A database may be designed for batch processing , real-time processing ,or in-line processing .A data base system involves application program, DBMS, and database.THE INTRODUCTION TO DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMSThe term database is often to describe a collection of related files that is organized into an integrated structure that provides different people varied access to the same data. In many cases this resource is located in different files in different departments throughout the organization, often known only to the individuals who work with their specific portion of the total information. In these cases, the potential value of the information goes unrealized because a person in other departments who may need it does not know it or it cannot be accessed efficiently. In an attempt to organize their information resources and provide for timely and efficient access, many companies have implemented databases.A database is a collection of related data. By data, we mean known facts that can be recorded and that have implicit meaning. For example, the names, telephone numbers, and addresses of all the people you know. You may have recorded this data in an indexed address book, or you may have stored it on a diskette using a personalcomputer and software such as DBASE Ⅲor Lotus 1-2-3. This is a collection of related data with an implicit meaning and hence is a database.The above definition of database is quite general. For example, we may consider the collection of words that made up this page of text to be usually more restricted. A database has the following implicit properties:● A database is a logically coherent collection of data with some inherent meaning. A random assortment of data cannot be referred to as a database.● A database is designed, built, and populated with data for a specific purpose. It has an intended group of user and some preconceived applications in which these users are interested.● A database represents some aspect of the real world, sometimes called the miniworld. Changes to the miniworld are reflected in the database.In other words, a database has some source from which data are derived, some degree of interaction with events in the real world, and an audience that is actively interested in the contents of the database.A database management system (DBMS) is composed of three major parts: (1) a storage subsystem that stores and retrieves data in files; (2)a modeling and manipulation subsystem that provides the means with which to organize the data and to add, delete, maintain, and update the data; and (3) an interface between the DBMS and its users. Several major trends are emerging that enhance the value and usefulness of database management systems.●Managers who require more up-to-date information to make effective decisions.●Customers who demand increasingly sophisticated information services and more current information about the status of their orders, invoices, and accounts.●Users who find that they can develop custom applications with database systems in a fraction of the time it takes to use traditional programming languages.●Organizations that discover information has a strategic value; they utilize their database systems to gain an edge over their competitors.A DBMS can organize, process, and present selected data elements from the database. This capability enables decision makers to search, probe, and query database contents in order to extract answers to nonrecurring and unplanned questions that aren’t available in regular reports. These questions might initially be vague and/or p oorly defined, but people can “browse” through the database until they have the needed information. In short, the DBMS will “mange” the stored data items and assemble the needed items from the common database in response to the queries of those who aren’t programmers. In a file-oriented system, user needing special information may communicate their needs to a programmer, who, when time permits, will write one or more programs to extract the data and prepare the information. The availability of a DBMS, however, offers users a much faster alternative communications path.DATABASE QUERYIf the DBMS provides a way to interactively enter and update the database ,as well as interrogate it ,this capability allows for managing personal database. However, it does not automatically leave an audit trail of actions and does not provide the kinds of controls necessary in a multi-user organization .There controls are only available when a set of application programs is customized for each data entry and updating function.Software for personal computers that perform some of the DBMS functions has been very popular .Individuals for personal information storage and processing intended personal computers for us .Small enterprises, professionals like doctors, architects, engineers, lawyers and so on have also used these machines extensively. By the nature of intended usage ,database system on there machines are except from several of the requirements of full-fledged database systems. Since data sharing is not intended, concurrent operations even less so ,the software can be less complex .Security and integrity maintenance are de-emphasized or absent .as data volumes will be small, performance efficiency is also less important .In fact, the only aspect of a database system that is important is data independence. Data independence ,as stated earlier ,means that application programs and user queries need not recognize physical organization of data on secondary storage. The importance of this aspect , particularly for the personal computer user ,is that this greatly simplifies database usage . The user can store ,access and manipulate data at ahigh level (close to the application)and be totally shielded from the low level (close to the machine )details of data organization.DBMS STRUCTURING TECHNIQUESSpatial data management has been an active area of research in the database field for two decades ,with much of the research being focused on developing data structures for storing and indexing spatial data .however, no commercial database system provides facilities for directly de fining and storing spatial data ,and formulating queries based on research conditions on spatial data.There are two components to data management: history data management and version management .Both have been the subjects of research for over a decade. The troublesome aspect of temporal data management is that the boundary between applications and database systems has not been clearly drawn. Specifically, it is not clear how much of the typical semantics and facilities of temporal data management can and should be directly incorporated in a database system, and how much should be left to applications and users. In this section, we will provide a list of short-term research issues that should be examined to shed light on this fundamental question.The focus of research into history data management has been on defining the semantics of time and time interval, and issues related to understanding the semantics of queries and updates against history data stored in an attribute of a record. Typically, in the context of relational databases ,a temporal attribute is defined to hold a sequence of history data for the attribute. A history data consists of a data item and a time interval for which the data item is valid. A query may then be issued to retrieve history data for a specified time interval for the temporal attribute. The mechanism for supporting temporal attributes is to that for supporting set-valued attributes in a database system, such as UniSQL.In the absence of a support for temporal attributes, application developers who need to model and history data have simply simulated temporal attributes by creating attribute for the time interval ,along with the “temporal” attribute. This of course may result in duplication of records in a table, and more complicated search predicates in queries. The one necessary topic of research in history data management is to quantitatively establish the performance (and even productivity) differences betweenusing a database system that directly supports attributes and using a conventional database system that does not support either the set-valued attributes or temporal attributes.Data security, integrity, and independenceData security prevents unauthorized users from viewing or updating the database. Using passwords, users are allowed access to the entire database of the database, called subschemas. For example, an employee database can contain all the data about an individual employee, but one group of users may be authorized to view only payroll data, while others are allowed access to only work history and medical data.Data integrity refers to the accuracy, correctness, or validity of the data in the database. In a database system, data integrity means safeguarding the data against invalid alteration or destruction. In large on-line database system, data integrity becomes a more severe problem and two additional complications arise. The first has to do with many users accessing the database concurrently. For example, if thousands of travel agents book the same seat on the same flight, the first agent’s booking will be lost. In such cases the technique of locking the record or field provides the means for preventing one user from accessing a record while another user is updating the same record.The second complication relates to hardware, software or human error during the course of processing and involves database transaction which is a group of database modifications treated as a single unit. For example, an agent booking an airline reservation involves several database updates (i.e., adding the passenger’s name and address and updating the seats-available field), which comprise a single transaction. The database transaction is not considered to be completed until all updates have been completed; otherwise, none of the updates will be allowed to take place.An important point about database systems is that the database should exist independently of any of the specific applications. Traditional data processing applications are data dependent.When a DMBS is used, the detailed knowledge of the physical organization of the data does not have to be built into every application program. The application program asks the DBMS for data by field name, for example, a coded representationof “give me customer name and balance due” would be sent to the DBMS. Without a DBMS the programmer must reserve space for the full structure of the record in the program. Any change in data structure requires changes in all the applications programs.Data Base Management System (DBMS)The system software package that handles the difficult tasks associated with creating ,accessing and maintaining data base records is called a data base management system (DBMS). A DBMS will usually be handing multiple data calls concurrently.It must organize its system buffers so that different data operations can be in process together .It provides a data definition language to specify the conceptual schema and most likely ,some of the details regarding the implementation of the conceptual schema by the physical schema.The data definition language is a high-level language, enabling one to describe the conceptual schema in terms of a “data model “.At the present time ,there are four underling structures for database management systems. They are :List structures.Relational structures.Hierarchical (tree) structures.Network structures.Management Information System(MIS)An MIS can be defined as a network of computer-based data processing procedures developed in an organization and integrated as necessary with manual and other procedures for the purpose of providing timely and effective information to support decision making and other necessary management functions.One of the most difficult tasks of the MIS designer is to develop the information flow needed to support decision making .Generally speaking ,much of the information needed by managers who occupy different levels and who have different levels and have different responsibilities is obtained from a collection of exiting information system (or subsystems)Structure Query Language (SQL)SQL is a data base processing language endorsed by the American NationalStandards Institute. It is rapidly becoming the standard query language for accessing data on relational databases .With its simple ,powerful syntax ,SQL represents a great progress in database access for all levels of management and computing professionals.SQL falls into two forms : interactive SQL and embedded SQL. Embedded SQL usage is near to traditional programming in third generation languages .It is the interactive use of SQL that makes it most applicable for the rapid answering of ad hoc queries .With an interactive SQL query you just type in a few lines of SQL and you get the database response immediately on the screen.译文数据库数据库可以被定义为一个相互联系的数据库存储的集合。
外文文献及翻译
外文文献及翻译1. 文献："The Effects of Exercise on Mental Health"翻译：运动对心理健康的影响Abstract: This article explores the effects of exercise on mental health. The author discusses various studies that have been conducted on this topic, and presents evidence to support the claim that exercise can have positive impacts on mental well-being. The article also examines the mechanisms through which exercise affects mental health, such as the release of endorphins and the reduction of stress hormones. Overall, the author concludes that exercise is an effective strategy for improving mental health and recommends incorporating physical activity into daily routines.摘要：本文探讨了运动对心理健康的影响。
作者讨论了在这个主题上进行的各种研究，并提出证据支持运动对心理健康有积极影响的观点。
该文章还探讨了运动如何影响心理健康的机制，如内啡肽的释放和压力激素的减少。
总的来说，作者得出结论，运动是改善心理健康的有效策略，并建议将体育活动纳入日常生活。
2. 文献： "The Benefits of Bilingualism"翻译：双语能力的好处Abstract: This paper examines the benefits of bilingualism. The author presents research findings that demonstrate the cognitiveadvantages of being bilingual, such as enhanced problem-solving skills and improved attention control. The article also explores the social and cultural benefits of bilingualism, such as increased cultural awareness and the ability to communicate with people from different backgrounds. Additionally, the author discusses the positive effects of bilingualism on mental health, highlighting its role in delaying the onset of cognitive decline and in providing a buffer against age-related memory loss. Overall, the author concludes that bilingualism offers a range of advantages and recommends promoting bilingual education and language learning. 摘要：本文研究了双语能力的好处。
外文文献怎么翻译
外文文献的翻译方法和技巧在科学研究领域，阅读和理解外文文献是非常重要的，因为这些文献包含了世界各地研究者的最新成果和观点。
然而，由于语言障碍，许多人可能觉得翻译外文文献是一项困难的任务。
本文将介绍一些有效的翻译方法和技巧，帮助读者更好地理解和翻译外文文献。
选择合适的翻译工具在翻译外文文献时，选择合适的工具是非常重要的。
一些常见的翻译工具包括在线翻译网站和翻译App。
这些工具可以帮助读者快速翻译文献，但需要注意的是，这些工具可能存在一定的翻译误差，因此在使用时要注意核对翻译结果。
保持原文的风格和语气在翻译外文文献时，要尽可能保持原文的风格和语气。
这样可以更好地传达原作者的意图和思想。
在翻译过程中，读者可以使用词典等工具帮助理解原文中的专业术语和文化背景，以确保翻译的准确性和通顺性。
注意语法和语法结构另一个翻译外文文献的重要方面是注意语法和语法结构。
外文文献往往使用复杂的句子结构和语法规则，因此在翻译时要保持句子的逻辑和结构。
正确理解原文中的句子结构和语法规则，可以帮助读者更好地翻译文献并消除歧义。
查找背景知识和参考资料翻译外文文献时，有时可能会遇到一些专业术语和概念，读者不熟悉。
在这种情况下，建议读者查找相关背景知识和参考资料，帮助理解原文中的内容。
这样不仅可以提高翻译的准确性，还可以扩展读者的知识面。
结语总的来说，翻译外文文献是一项需要一定技巧和耐心的工作。
通过选择合适的翻译工具、保持原文的风格和语气、注意语法和语法结构、查找背景知识和参考资料，读者可以更好地理解和翻译外文文献。
希望本文介绍的方法和技巧对读者有所帮助。
外文文献查找方法及翻译要求
文献查找：根据自己课题到知网或类似的数据库网站查找，有相关英文文章可以进行下载之后翻译。
如果不能下载，网站的中英文摘要一般都可以看到，根据英文关键词到谷歌搜索里面搜相关的英文文章。
要求的翻译原文不一定是专业的科技文章，只要内容相关，难度跟篇幅合适都可以拿来用。
如果想翻译专业的英文文献，可以通过谷歌的学术搜索网站/schhp?hl=zh-CN，给出的链接比较多，多数是链接到数据库上，没有账号不能下载，但是有些时候搜索出来的条目会有PDF链接，直接点击就能下载下来。
还可以通过维基百科查找相关词条的英文解释，/wiki/Main_Page，但无论英文还是中文都要符合模板中的格式要求，如果英文原文不能编辑，可以不作处理。
英译中：翻译一段检查一段，中文语言一定要通顺，不要有漏译。
不知道的单词一定要查，不要猜。
另一个是，同一个单词在文章里多次出现，每次翻译的时候都要用同样的单词翻译，不能原文同一个单词，在译文里出现的时候是不同的单词。
格式和原文要完全一样，原文有表格，就在译文里也画表格，原文是图片，译文也是图片，原文图片里文字的位置和译文图片里文字的位置要一致。
还有，整个文章统一字体。
查词顺序：先查英语国语字典或者用GOOGLE英文网页，理解英文单词的意思，然后用翻译软件英译中翻译，用翻译软件翻译出来的中文单词，用百度查中文单词的意思，如果查到的中文单词的意思和英语国语字典或者用GOOGLE英文网页的英文单词的解释是一致，翻译软件翻译的是正确的，如果不一致，翻译软件翻译的是错的！翻译工具：1) 在线词典有道词典：/爱词霸：/responsibly/用爱词霸的词典选项。
注：以上两个在线词典的准确率相对较高，可用于查词组译法，灵格斯字典，360上下载，到软件管家里找就可以，这里技术类名词多一些。
爱词霸英中互译翻译软件：/尽量不使用GOOGLE翻译软件。
可参考：GOOGLE翻译软件: /#ja|zh-CN|%0D%0A GOOGLE翻译软件总有翻译错的时候，所以，用GOOGLE翻译软件要注意！牛津字典，或者英语国语词典，灵格斯字典下载一个，自己下载一个吧！注意！！必须有英语国语词典，网上的！。
中英文参考文献转换
中英文参考文献转换
要将中文参考文献转换为英文参考文献，可以按照以下步骤进行：
1. 将中文作者的姓名转换为英文。
可以根据拼音或者姓名的汉语翻译来进行转换。
例如，将“李明”转换为“Li Ming”。
2. 将中文文章的标题转换为英文。
可以直接将中文标题翻译为英文，或者进行适当的修改和调整。
例如，将“中文参考文献
转换”翻译为“Translation of Chinese References”.
3. 转换中文期刊名称为英文。
可以参考已有的英文期刊名称进行翻译，或者根据该期刊的英文官方名称进行转换。
4. 转换中文出版地和出版社为英文。
可以直接将中文出版地和出版社名称翻译为英文，或者寻找对应的英文出版地和出版社名称。
5. 根据期刊的引用格式要求，转换中文文献的引用信息为英文。
这包括文章的页码、卷号、期号等信息。
对于已有的中文参考文献，转换为英文参考文献后应该包括以下信息：
- 作者的英文姓名
- 文章的英文标题
- 期刊的英文名称
- 文章的年份
- 文章的页码
- 期刊的卷号和期号
- 出版地和出版社的英文名称
最后，确保转换后的英文参考文献格式符合所使用的引用格式要求，如APA、MLA等。
怎么翻译外文文献
怎么翻译外文文献
翻译外文文献的方法和步骤可以总结为以下七个步骤：
1. 阅读全文：在开始翻译之前，先通读一遍外文文献，了解主要内容和结构。
2. 理解上下文：将外文文献的上下文理解清楚，包括作者所表达的意思、目的和主题。
3. 提取关键信息：根据主题和目的，提取出自己需要的关键信息，例如数据、结论或主要观点。
4. 查找术语和专业词汇：在翻译过程中，遇到不熟悉的术语和专业词汇时，可以借助词典、学术论坛或专业资源进行查找。
5. 构建句子结构：根据源文档的语法和结构，构建出准确和流畅的句子，确保翻译的准确性和可理解性。
6. 避免直译：尽量避免直译源文档，而是根据目标语言和文化背景，进行合适的转换和调整。
7. 校对和编辑：完成翻译后，进行校对和编辑，确保翻译的准确性和流畅性，并与原文对照，检查漏译或错误。
在翻译外文文献时，为了保证翻译的准确性和专业性，最好选择具备相关背景知识的翻译者或专业翻译团队。
另外，翻译过程中可以借助一些翻译工具和资源，例如在线翻译软件、术语
词典或翻译论坛，提高翻译效率和准确度。
同时，保持对源文档的敬意和尊重，尽量保持原文的风格和质感。
论文外文文献翻译流程
论文外文文献翻译流程论文外文文献翻译是研究工作中常见的一项任务，其流程可以分为以下几个步骤：1. 选择文献：首先，需要从相关学术期刊、会议论文集或其他学术资源中选择适合自己研究方向的外文文献。
在选择时，要根据研究目的和问题确定文献的质量和可靠性，以确保所选文献具有较高的学术价值。
2. 阅读理解：在开始翻译之前，要对选定的外文文献进行仔细阅读和理解。
这包括理解文献的结构和核心内容，获取对于自己研究的重要信息和观点。
3. 翻译规划：在开始翻译之前，需要制定一个翻译计划。
这包括确定翻译的时间安排、分工和所需的翻译工具，以确保翻译的高效进行。
4. 翻译过程：在翻译过程中，可以采用逐句翻译的方式，将原文逐句翻译成目标语言，注意保持原文的准确性和清晰度。
如果遇到词汇或表达不明确的地方，需要进行相关的查询和澄清。
在翻译过程中，还要注意语法和句子结构的准确性，以确保翻译的流畅度和可读性。
5. 校对修改：在完成翻译后，需要进行校对和修改。
在这个阶段，要比对原文和译文，检查译文的准确性和信息的完整性。
如果发现有任何错误或不完善之处，需要进行相应的修改和调整。
6. 审稿意见：在完成校对修改后，可以邀请一些专业人士或同行进行审稿。
他们可以对翻译的准确性和语言的表达提出宝贵的意见和建议，以进一步提高翻译质量。
7. 格式调整：在翻译完成后，需要对文献进行格式调整。
这包括调整字体、段落、标点和引用等格式，以符合目标语言的学术写作要求。
8. 最终定稿：最后一步是最终定稿，将翻译后的外文文献整理成最终的版本。
在这个阶段，要检查文献的所有细节，确保没有任何错误和遗漏。
整个外文文献翻译流程需要仔细和耐心地进行，以确保翻译的准确性和质量。
熟悉外文学术规范和术语的使用是提高翻译效果的关键。
并且，要合理利用翻译工具和辅助资源，提高翻译的效率和准确性。
最终的翻译成果将为研究工作提供重要的支持和参考。
五分钟搞定5000字-外文文献翻译
五分钟搞定5000字－外文文献翻译在科研过程中阅读翻译外文文献是一个非常重要的环节，许多领域高水平的文献都是外文文献，借鉴一些外文文献翻译的经验是非常必要的。
由于特殊原因我翻译外文文献的机会比较多，慢慢地就发现了外文文献翻译过程中的三大利器：Google“翻译”频道、金山词霸（完整版本）和CNKI“翻译助手"。
具体操作过程如下：1.先打开金山词霸自动取词功能，然后阅读文献；2.遇到无法理解的长句时，可以交给Google处理，处理后的结果猛一看，不堪入目，可是经过大脑的再处理后句子的意思基本就明了了；3.如果通过Google仍然无法理解，感觉就是不同，那肯定是对其中某个“常用单词”理解有误，因为某些单词看似很简单，但是在文献中有特殊的意思，这时就可以通过CNKI的“翻译助手”来查询相关单词的意思，由于CNKI的单词意思都是来源与大量的文献，所以它的吻合率很高。
另外，在翻译过程中最好以“段落”或者“长句”作为翻译的基本单位，这样才不会造成“只见树木，不见森林”的误导。
注：1、Google翻译：/language_tools google，众所周知，谷歌里面的英文文献和资料还算是比较详实的。
我利用它是这样的。
一方面可以用它查询英文论文，当然这方面的帖子很多，大家可以搜索，在此不赘述。
回到我自己说的翻译上来。
下面给大家举个例子来说明如何用吧比如说“电磁感应透明效应”这个词汇你不知道他怎么翻译，首先你可以在CNKI里查中文的，根据它们的关键词中英文对照来做，一般比较准确。
在此主要是说在google里怎么知道这个翻译意思。
大家应该都有词典吧，按中国人的办法，把一个一个词分着查出来，敲到google里，你的这种翻译一般不太准，当然你需要验证是否准确了，这下看着吧，把你的那支离破碎的翻译在google里搜索，你能看到许多相关的文献或资料，大家都不是笨蛋，看看，也就能找到最精确的翻译了，纯西式的！我就是这么用的。
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在科研过程中阅读翻译外文文献是一个非常重要的环节，许多领域高水平的文献都是外文文献，借鉴一些外文文献翻译的经验是非常必要的。
由于特殊原因我翻译外文文献的机会比较多，慢慢地就发现了外文文献翻译过程中的三大利器：Google“翻译”频道、金山词霸（完整版本）和CNKI“翻译助手"。
具体操作过程如下：
1.先打开金山词霸自动取词功能，然后阅读文献；
2.遇到无法理解的长句时，可以交给Google处理，处理后的结果猛一看，
不堪入目，可是经过大脑的再处理后句子的意思基本就明了了；
3.如果通过Google仍然无法理解，感觉就是不同，那肯定是对其中某个“常
用单词”理解有误，因为某些单词看似很简单，但是在文献中有特殊的意思，这时就可以通过CNKI的“翻译助手”来查询相关单词的意思，由于CNKI的单词意思都是来源与大量的文献，所以它的吻合率很高。
另外，在翻译过程中最好以“段落”或者“长句”作为翻译的基本单位，这样才不会造成“只见树木，不见森林”的误导。
在科研过程中阅读翻译外文文献是一个非常重要的环节，许多领域高水平的文献都是外文文献，借鉴一些外文文献翻译的经验是非常必要的。
由于特殊原因我翻译外文文献的机会比较多，慢慢地就发现了外文文献翻译过程中的三大利器：Google“翻译”频道、金山词霸（完整版本）和CNKI“翻译助手"。
具体操作过程如下：
1.先打开金山词霸自动取词功能，然后阅读文献；
2.遇到无法理解的长句时，可以交给Google处理，处理后的结果猛一看，不堪入目，可是经过大脑的再处理后句子的意思基本就明了了；
3. 如果通过Google仍然无法理解，感觉就是不同，那肯定是对其中某个“常用单词”理解有误，因为某些单词看似很简单，但是在文献中有特殊的意思，这时就可以通过CNKI的“翻译助手”来查询相关单词的意思，由于CNKI的单词意思都是来源与大量的文献，所以它的吻合率很高。
另外，在翻译过程中最好以“段落”或者“长句”作为翻译的基本单位，这样才不会造成“只见树木，不见森林”的误导。
注：
1、Google翻译：
google，众所周知，谷歌里面的英文文献和资料还算是比较详实的。
我利用它是这样的。
一方面可以用它查询英文论文，当然这方面的帖子很多，大家可以搜索，在此不赘述。
回到我自己说的翻译上来。
下面给大家举个例子来说明如何用吧
比如说“电磁感应透明效应”这个词汇你不知道他怎么翻译，
首先你可以在CNKI里查中文的，根据它们的关键词中英文对照来做，一般比较准确。
在此主要是说在google里怎么知道这个翻译意思。
大家应该都有词典吧，按中国人的办法，把一个一个词分着查出来，敲到google里，你的这种翻译一般不太准，当然你需要验证是否准确了，这下看着吧，把你的那支离破碎的翻译在google里搜索，你能看到许多相关的文献或资料，大家都不是笨蛋，看看，也就能找到最精确的翻译了，纯西式的！我就是这么用的。
2、CNKI翻译：
CNKI 翻译助手，这个网站不需要介绍太多，可能有些人也知道的。
主要说说它的有点，你进去看看就能发现：搜索的肯定是专业词汇，而且它翻译结果下面有文章与之对应（因为它是CNKI检索提供的，它的翻译是从文献里抽出来的），很实用的一个网站。
估计别的写文章的人不是傻子吧，它们的东西我们可以直接拿来用，当然省事了。
网址告诉大家，有兴趣的进去看看，你们就会发现其乐无穷！还是很值得用的。
3、网路版金山词霸（不到1M）：
翻译时的速度：
这里我谈的是电子版和打印版的翻译速度，按个人翻译速度看，打印版的快些，因为看电子版本一是费眼睛，二是如果我们用电脑，可能还经常时不时玩点游戏，或者整点别的，导致最终SPPEED变慢，再之电脑上一些词典（金山词霸等）在专业翻译方面也不是特别好，所以翻译效果不佳。
在此本人建议大家购买清华大学编写的好像是国防工业出版社的那本《英汉科学技术词典》，基本上挺好用。
再加上网站如：google CNKI翻译助手，这样我们的翻译速度会提高不少。