water environment carrying capacity
保护水资源英语
保护水资源英语Protecting Water ResourcesWater is a precious resource that is essential for all life on Earth. It is important that we take steps to protect and conserve water resources to ensure a sustainable future. In this essay, I will discuss the significance of water conservation and propose some practical measures to protect our water resources.Firstly, water conservation is important to ensure asufficient supply of clean and safe water for future generations. With increasing population and economic development, the demand for water has been steadily rising, especially in industriessuch as agriculture, manufacturing, and energy production. As a result, many water sources are being depleted at an alarming rate. By conserving water, we can help to reduce the strain on these sources, allowing them to replenish naturally and be available for future use.Secondly, water conservation is crucial for the preservation of ecosystems and biodiversity. Many ecosystems, such as wetlands, rivers, and lakes, rely on a consistent supply ofwater to support their unique plant and animal species. When water resources are mismanaged or e某ploited, these ecosystems can suffer greatly, leading to habitat destruction, loss of biodiversity, and even the e某tinction of certain species. By conserving water and ensuring its sustainable use, we can helpto preserve these valuable ecosystems and maintain the delicate balance of nature.To protect water resources, we must adopt a multi-faceted approach that includes both individual and collective efforts.At an individual level, we can start by practicing simple yet effective water-saving habits. These include turning off taps when not in use, fi某ing leaks promptly, collecting rainwaterfor gardening purposes, and using water-efficient appliances. Moreover, we should be conscious of our water consumption habits, avoiding e某cessive use and unnecessary wastage. By makingthese small changes in our daily lives, we can contribute significantly to water conservation.On a larger scale, governments and water management authorities must play a key role in protecting water resources. They should implement strict regulations and policies to manage water usage in various sectors, promote the use of water-saving technologies, and invest in research and development for sustainable water management practices. Additionally, theyshould raise public awareness about water conservation and advocate for responsible water use through educational campaigns and initiatives.Furthermore, international cooperation is essential for protecting shared water resources, such as rivers and lakes that span across national borders. Countries should collaborate andnegotiate agreements to ensure equitable and sustainable use of these resources, taking into account the needs of all stakeholders and considering long-term environmental effects.In conclusion, protecting water resources is of utmost importance for a sustainable future. By conserving water and adopting responsible water use practices, we can ensure a sufficient supply of clean water for future generations, preserve ecosystems and biodiversity, and promote a more sustainable and resilient planet. Water conservation requires a collective effort from individuals, governments, and international organizations, and it is our responsibility to take action now before it is too late. Let us all work together to protect and preserve our precious water resources.。
汉英口译-环境保护词汇
汉英口译分类词汇--环境保护词汇(1)21世纪议程Agenda 21 （the international plan of action adopted by governments in 1992 in Rio de Janeiro Brazil（巴西里约）, - provides the global consensus on the road map towards sustainable development）世界环境日World Environment Day （June 5th each year）世界环境日主题World Environment Day Themes环境千年-行动起来吧！（2000）The Environment Millennium - Time to Act！拯救地球就是拯救未来！（1999）Our Earth - Our Future - Just Save It！为了地球上的生命-拯救我们的海洋！（1998）For Life on Earth - Save Our Seas！为了地球上的生命（1997）For Life on Earth我们的地球、居住地、家园（1996）Our Earth, Our Habitat, Our Home国际生物多样性日International Biodiversity Day （29 December）世界水日World Water Day （22 March）世界气象日World Meteorological Day（23 March）世界海洋日World Oceans Day （8 June ）联合国环境与发展大会（环发大会）United Nations Conference on Environment and Development （UNCED）环发大会首脑会议Summit Session of UNCED 联合国环境规划署United Nations Environment Programs （UNEP）2000年全球环境展望报告GEO-2000；Global Environmental Outlook 2000入选"全球500佳奖" be elected to the rank of Global 500 Roll of Honor联合国人类居住中心UN Center for Human Settlements （UNCHS）改善人类居住环境最佳范例奖Best Practices in Human Settlements Improvement人与生物圈方案Man and Biosphere （MAB）Programme （UNESCO）中国21世纪议程China's Agenda 21中国生物多样性保护行动计划China Biological Diversity Protection Action Plan中国跨世纪绿色工程规划China Trans-Century Green Project Plan国家环境保护总局State Environmental Protection Administration （SEPA）中国环保基本方针China's guiding principles for environmental protection坚持环境保护基本国策adhere to the basic state policy of environmental protection推行可持续发展战略pursue the strategy of sustainable development贯彻经济建设、城乡建设、环境建设同步规划、同步实施、同步发展（三同步）的方针carry out a strategy of synchronized planning, implementation and development in terms of economic and urban and rural development and environmental protection （the "three synchronizes" principle）促进经济体制和经济增长方式的转变promote fundamental shifts in the economic system and mode of economic growth实现经济效益、社会效益和环境效益的统一bring about harmony of economic returns and contribution to society and environmental protection 中国环保基本政策the basic policies of China's environmental protection预防为主、防治结合的政策policy of prevention in the first place and integrating prevention with control污染者负担的政策"the-polluters-pay" policy强化环境管理的政策policy of tightening up environmental management一控双达标政策policy of "One Order, Two Goals"："一控"：12种工业污染物的排放量控制在国家规定的排放总量The total discharge of 12 industrial pollutants in China by the end of 2000 shall not exceed the total amount mandated by the central government.；"双达标"：1. 到2000年底，全国所有的工业污染源要达到国家或地方规定的污染物排放标准The discharge of industrial pollutants should meet both national and local standards by the end of 2000. 2. 到2000年底，47个重点城市的空气和地面水达到国家规定的环境质量标准 2. Air and surface water quality in all urban districts in 47 major cities should meet related national standards by the end of 2000.对新项目实行环境影响评估conduct environmental impact assessments （EIA）on start-up projects提高全民环保意识raise environmental awareness amongst the general public查处违反环保法规案件investigate and punish acts of violating laws and regulations on environmental protection环保执法检查environmental protection law enforcement inspection限期治理undertake treatment within a prescribed limit of time中国已加入的国际公约international conventions into which China has accessed控制危险废物越境转移及其处置的巴塞尔公约Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal 关于消耗臭氧层物质的蒙特利尔议定书Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer生物多样性公约Convention on Biological Diversity防治荒漠化国际公约Convention to Combat Desertification气候变化框架公约United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change生态示范区eco-demonstration region；environment-friendly region国家级生态示范区（珠海）Nationally Designated Eco-Demonstration Region国家级园林城市Nationally Designated Garden City放射性废料积存accumulation of radioactive waste 有机污染物organic pollutants氰化物、砷、汞排放cyanide, arsenic, mercury discharged铅、镉、六价铬lead, cadmium, sexivalent chromium 城市垃圾无害化处理率decontamination rate of urban refuse垃圾填埋场refuse landfill垃圾焚化厂refuse incinerator防止过度利用森林protect forests from overexploitation森林砍伐率rate of deforestation水土流失water and soil erosion土壤盐碱化soil alkalization农药残留pesticide residue水土保持conservation of water and soil生态农业environment-friendly agriculture; eco-agriculture水资源保护区water resource conservation zone海水淡化sea water desalinization保护珊瑚礁、红树林和渔业资源protect coral reefs, mangrove and fishing resource绿化祖国turn the country green全民义务植树日National Tree-Planting Day造林工程afforestation project绿化面积afforested areas; greening space森林覆盖率forest coverage防风林wind breaks （防沙林sand breaks）速生林fast-growing trees降低资源消耗率slow down the rate of resource degradation开发可再生资源develop renewable resources环保产品environment-friendly products自然保护区nature reserve野生动植物wild fauna and flora保护生存环境conserve natural habitats濒危野生动物endangered wildlife珍稀濒危物种繁育基地rare and endangered species breeding center自然生态系统natural ecosystems防止沙漠化（治沙、抗沙）desertification环境负荷carrying capacity of environment三废综合利用multipurpose use of three types of wastes先天与后天，遗传与环境nature-nurture美化环境landscaping design for environmental purposes防止沿海地带不可逆转恶化protect coastal zones from irreversible degradation环境恶化environmental degradation城市化失控uncontrolled urbanization温饱型农业subsistence agriculture贫困的恶性循环vicious cycle of poverty大气监测系统atmospheric monitoring system空气污染浓度air pollution concentration酸雨、越境空气污染acid rain and transboundary air pollution二氧化硫排放sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions悬浮颗粒物suspended particles工业粉尘排放industrial dust discharged烟尘排放soot emissions二氧化氮nitrate dioxide (NO2)矿物燃料（煤、石油、天然气）fossil fuels: coal, oil,and natural gas清洁能源clean energy汽车尾气排放motor vehicle exhaust尾气净化器exhaust purifier无铅汽油lead-free gasoline天然气汽车gas-fueled vehicles电动汽车cell-driven vehicles; battery cars氯氟烃CFCs温室效应greenhouse effect厄尔尼诺南徊ENSO (El Nino Southern Oscillation) 噪音noise （分贝db; decibel）化学需氧量（衡量水污染程度的一个指标）COD；chemical oxygen demand生物需氧量BOD; biological oxygen demand工业废水处理率treatment rate of industrial effluents 城市污水处理率treatment rate of domestic sewage 集中处理厂centralized treatment plant红潮red tide (rapid propagation of sea algae英语"气象"用语表达法1、气候种类山地气候mountain climate 恒风constant wind 微风breeze冬季季风气候winter monsoon climate 逆风headwind 台风typhoon季风气候monsoon climate 高气压high-pressure 锋面frontal edge亚热带气候sub-tropical climate 气团air mass 热浪heat wave高原气候plateau climate 闪电lightning 雾fog 海滨气候littoral climate 凉cool 霜frost极地气候polar climate 雪堆snowdrift 露dew 热带气候tropical climate 寒冷chilly 3、风的名称温带沙漠气候temperate desert climate 间歇雨intermittent rain 无风calm温带干燥气候temperate arid climate 大雨heavy rain 轻风light breeze热带季风气候tropical monsson climate 信风trade wind 微风gentle breeze大陆气候continental climate 天气预报weather forecast 和风moderate breeze沙漠气候desert climate 甘霖welcome rain 清风fresh breeze沿海气候coastal climate 冰柱icicle 强风strong breeze高地气候highland climate 西北风northwester 疾风near gale海洋气候marine climate 地形雨local rains 大风gale森林气候forest climate 狂风squall 烈风strong gale温带气候temperate climate 雨季rainy season 狂风storm湿润气候humid climate 雨点raindrops 暴风violent storm温带草原气候temperate grassy climate 东北信风northeast trades 飓风hurricane热带雨林气候tropical rainy climate 东南风southeaster 台风typhoon热带海洋气候tropical marine climate 风级wind scale 龙卷风tornado2、气象用语虹rainbow 4、浪的名称小雨light rain 阵雨shower 平静calm毛毛雨drizzle,fine rain 疾风gusty wind 微波rippled反常天气freakish weather 气旋cyclone 微浪smooth wavelets北风north wind 气压barometric pressure 细浪light seas冰ice 阴天cloudy day 小浪moderate seas冰点freezing point 雪花snow flake 中浪rough seas西南风southwester 晴clear 大浪very rough seas冷峰cold front 顺风favorable wind 强浪high seas低气压low-pressure 闷热天气muggy weather 巨浪very high seas雨量rainfall 雹hail 狂浪monster waves东北风northeaster 雷thunder 5、自然灾害东风east wind 滂沱大雨downpour 火山地震volcanic earthquake炎热scorching heat 暖锋warm front 海啸tidal wave风眼eye of a storm 零度zero 山崩landslide零度以下subzero。
基站选址与周边建筑、道路的安全距离
基站选址与周边建筑、道路的安全距离基站选址满足覆盖要求的同时，还要满足与周边建筑、道路的安全距离。
1、基站选址与铁路、高速公路、城市外的国道安全距离：参照2010年7月份湖北省移动下发的《基站规划及选址指导意见》，至少在距铁路、高速公路防护区域之外和1.3倍塔高距离之外建站。
2、基站选址位于市政道路管辖区内时：遵照《湖北省武汉市城市道路桥梁管理办法》等相关市政道路管理条例、安全施工规范等执行。
应持有关批准文件，报经城市管理部门审核同意，由城市管理、工商、环卫等部门分别核实后才可施工建设；严禁损坏市政设施和妨碍交通安全。
建筑施工必须采取安全措施，并在施工地点周围临时砌筑高一米至二米的围墙，确保行人安全。
3、基站选址位于城市轨道交通管辖区内时：遵照《武汉市轨道交通建设运营暂行办法》等相关市政轨道交通管理条例、安全施工规范等执行。
应持有相关批准文件，报经轨道交通运营单位同意。
建筑施工必须采取安全措施，并在施工地点周围临时砌筑高一米至二米的围墙，确保行人安全。
4、输送电线路、变电站与铁塔的安全距离：参照《电力设施保护条例实施细则》。
输送电线路、变电站设施塔桅水平距离不小于5米，同时满足在塔桅倒伏距离之外。
通信机房应保持20米以上的距离。
5、水利工程与基站选址的距离要求：参照《水利工程建设安全生产管理规定》、《河道管理范围内建设项目管理的有关规定》等相关规定。
水利工程、河道管理范围内的建设项目，应按照水利、河道相关规定执行。
经水利、河道主管机关审查同意后，方可按照基本建设相关手续程序执行。
6、加油加气站与基站选址的距离要求：参照《汽车加油加气站设计与施工规范》。
油罐、加油机和通气管管口与站外建、构筑物的防火距离，不小于50米。
液化石油气罐与站外建、构筑物的防火距离，不小于100米。
7、民航导航台、定向台及短波站与基站选址的距离要求：参照《航空无线电导航台站电磁环境要求GB6364-86》。
以中波导航台天线为中心，半径500 m以内不得有110kV及以上架空高压输电线；半径150m以内不得有铁路、电气化铁路、架空金属线缆、金属堆积物和电力排灌站；半径120m以内不得有高于8m的建筑物；半径50 m 以内不得有高于3 m的建筑物（不合机房）、单棵大树和成片树林。
Unit6 carrying capacity 课文加翻译
Unit6 carrying capacity：earth’s bottom lineIt takes no stretch of the imagination to see that thehuman species is now an agent of change of geologicproportions. We literally move mountains to mine theearth’s minerals, redirect rivers to build cities in thedesert, torch forests to make way for crops and cattle,and alter the chemistry of the atmosphere in disposing of our wastes. At humanity’s hand, the earth isundergoing a profound transformation-one withconsequences we cannot fully grasp.没有一点点想象明白人类带来地理比例的变化,我们移山开采地球的矿物质,重定向的河流在沙漠中建造城市,为了农作物和畜牧烧森林来让路,并改变大气的化学处理的废物。
对于人类,地球正在经历一个深远的改变-这一结果我们不能完全控制.It may be the ultimate irony that, in our efforts tomake the earth yield more for ourselves, we arediminishing its ability to sustain lifeof all kinds,humans included. Signs of environmental constraintsare now pervasive. Cropland is scarcely expandingany more, and a good portion of existing agriculturalland is losing fertility. Grasslands have been overgrazed and fisheries overharvested, limiting theamount of additional food from these sources. Waterbodies have suffered extensive depletion and pollution, severely restricting future food production andurban expansion. And natural forests-which helpstabilize the climate, moderate water supplies, and harbor a majority of the planet’s terrestrial biodiversity-continue to recede.它可能是最终的讽刺,在我们努力使地球产量更多,我们正在消弱其维持生命的能力。
有关水的英语作文
Water is an essential element of life,playing a crucial role in the sustenance of all living organisms on Earth.It is a vital resource for various purposes,including drinking, agriculture,industry,and maintaining the natural environment.Importance of Water in Daily Life1.Hydration:Water is the primary source of hydration for the human body.It helps regulate body temperature,aids in digestion,and transports nutrients to cells.2.Health Benefits:Drinking sufficient water daily can prevent dehydration and reduce the risk of certain health issues such as kidney stones and urinary tract infections.3.Agriculture:Water is indispensable for farming.It nourishes crops,ensuring food security for the growing global population.4.Ecosystem Balance:Water bodies like rivers,lakes,and oceans are habitats for a diverse range of aquatic life.They also play a role in the water cycle,which is vital for maintaining the planets climate.Challenges in Water Availability1.Scarcity:In many parts of the world,access to clean water is a significant challenge. Droughts,poor infrastructure,and pollution contribute to water scarcity.2.Pollution:Industrial waste,agricultural runoff,and improper waste disposal have led to the contamination of water sources,affecting both human health and the environment.3.Inequality in Access:There is an unequal distribution of water resources globally,with some regions suffering from overallocation while others face severe shortages. Conservation Efforts1.Water Conservation:Individuals can contribute to water conservation by using watersaving appliances,fixing leaks,and being mindful of water usage in daily activities.2.Policy and Legislation:Governments can enact policies to protect water resources, regulate water usage,and promote sustainable practices.cation and Awareness:Raising awareness about the importance of water and the need for its conservation is crucial for encouraging responsible water use.Technological Innovations1.Desalination:Technological advancements in desalination can help convert seawater into freshwater,providing a solution for waterscarce regions.2.Recycling and Reuse:Technologies for recycling wastewater for agricultural and industrial use can help reduce the demand for fresh water.3.Smart Water Management:The use of smart technology in water management systems can optimize water distribution and reduce waste.ConclusionWater is a precious resource that must be cherished and protected.As the global population grows and climate change impacts water availability,it is more important than ever to adopt sustainable practices and technologies to ensure that water remains accessible and clean for future generations.By understanding the value of water and taking action to conserve and protect it,we can help secure a sustainable future for all.。
200605-201005-CATTI二级笔译实务真题及答案(打印版)
2010年5月CATTI二级笔译综合能力测试完型填空原文以及答案When We Talk About Privacy——by Ruth Suli UrmanWhen we talk about privacy issues with teenagers, what are we really talking about? Most importantly, trust. It's only natural for adolescents growing into their teen years, to want some privacy, some alone time, where they can think about who they are becoming, who they want to be and perhaps, just to relax and be out of earshot of the rest of the world. Teens, like adults, work hard too. And when we consider how much socializing they are forced to do, when they attend school all day, sometimes they just want to come home, go into their room, close the door and just listen to the music of their choice. As adults, it helps to remember not to take these things personally.We also need to remember that teenagers can experience "bad" days, too. In giving them the space to be irritable or sad, without demanding that they put on a cheerful face and façade - as we certainly can't expect anything from them that we don't expect from ourselves! - we are honoring their feelings, as we honor our own feelings.Keeping journals, having private conversations with their friends on the phone, and wanting some alone time is a teen's way of becoming who they are. They are slipping into their bodies, their minds, and their distinct individualities. It helps to remember what it was like to be a teen: the writing we may not have wanted to show our parents, the conversations with friends about "crushes," the times that we wanted to listen to The Beatles when our parents only wanted to hear classical music.It is helpful to think about how we want to be treated, as an adult. Remember: respect is earned, not taken for granted. In order to expect our teenagers to be respectful of us, we must be their teachers and their guides, so that they can mirror our behavior. They will give us back what we are giving them, even without consciously thinking about it. What happens if they "hole" themselves up and we never see their lovely faces? As a beginning, in balancing their alone time, we can reach out and make the time to gather the family together, such as meal times, to create communication. This way our children don't end up living their lives behind closed bedroom doors (where we miss out on their childhood years).Coming together as a family is important, too. There is an immense feeling of satisfaction knowing that we are not strangers to our children, and they are not strangers to us. If there is any concern about what they are doing when you are not with them, find a good time and place where they are comfortable (and you are feeling relaxed about talking) and tell them about your concerns. Life is a series of balances, and in the instance of privacy, we can balance that too. Let them know in a loving way how much you care and perhaps share one of your own teenage stories.In teaching them to balance their privacy needs, there is nothing wrong with asking them questions about where they are going, and expecting them to honor our house rules about curfew, etc. We are still the parents and if we decide we need more information about their friends, by all means, take notes on where they are headed off to, or better yet, offer to be a part of their lives, as much as they are willing to let you in: personally meet their friends' parents; become active in their school. It's a great way to find out about their friendships-which are invaluable to teens, and to foster a close relationship with our teenagers - especially if we come from a place of love and caring and not from a sense of snooping or spying.实务英译汉－必译题In the European Union, carrots must be firm but not woody, cucumbers must not be too curved and celery has to be free of any type of cavity. This was the law, one that banned overly curved, extra-knobbly or oddly shaped produce from supermarket shelves.But in a victory for opponents of European regulation, 100 pages of legislation determining the size, shape and texture of fruit and vegetables have been torn up. On Wednesday, EU officials agreed to axe rules laying down standards for 26 products, from peas to plums.In doing so, the authorities hope they have killed off regulations routinely used by critics - most notably in the British media - to ridicule the meddling tendencies of the EU.After years of news stories about the permitted angle or curvature of fruit and vegetables, the decision Wednesday also coincided with the rising price of commodities. With the cost of the weekly supermarket visit on the rise, it has become increasingly hard to defend the act of throwing away food just because it looks strange.Beginning in July next year, when the changes go into force, standards on the 26 products will disappear altogether. Shoppers will the be able to chose their produce whatever its appearance.Under a compromise reached with national governments, many of which opposed the changes, standards will remain for 10 types of fruit and vegetables, including apples, citrus fruit, peaches, pears, strawberries and tomatoes.But those in this category that do not meet European norms will still be allowed onto the market, providing they are marked as being substandard or intended for cooking or processing."This marks a new dawn for the curvy cucumber and the knobbly carrot," said Mariann Fischer Boel, European commissioner for agriculture, who argued that regulations were better left to market operators."In these days of high food prices and general economic difficulties," Fischer Boel added, "consumers should be able to choose from the widest range of products possible. It makes no sense to throw perfectly good products away, just because they are the 'wrong' shape."That sentiment was not shared by 16 of the EU's 27 nations - including Greece, France, the Czech Republic, Spain, Italy and Poland - which tried to block the changes at a meeting of the Agricultural Management Committee.Several worried that the abolition of standards would lead to the creation of national ones, said one official speaking on condition of anonymity because of the sensitivity of the discussions.Copa-Cogeca, which represents European agricultural trade unions and cooperatives, also criticized the changes. "We fear that the absence of EU standards will lead member states to establish national standards and that private standards will proliferate," said its secretary general, Pekka Pesonen.But the decision to scale back on standards will be welcomed by euro-skeptics who have long pilloried the EU executive's interest in intrusive regulation.One such controversy revolved around the correct degree of bend in bananas - a type of fruit not covered by the Wednesday ruling.In fact, there is no practical regulation on the issue. Commission Regulation (EC) 2257/94 says that bananas must be "free from malformation or abnormal curvature," though Class 1 bananas can have "slight defects of shape" and Class 2 bananas can have full "defects of shape."By contrast, the curvature of cucumbers has been a preoccupation of European officials. Commission Regulation (EEC) No 1677/88 states that Class I and "Extra class" cucumbers are allowed a bend of 10 millimeters per 10 centimeters of length. Class II cucumbers can bend twice as much.It also says cucumbers must be fresh in appearance, firm, clean and practically free of any visible foreign matter or pests, free of bitter taste and of any foreign smell.Such restrictions will disappear next year, and about 100 pages of rules and regulations will go as well, a move welcomed by Neil Parish, chairman of the European Parliament's agriculture committee. "Food is food, no matter what it looks like," Parish said. "To stop stores selling perfectly decent food during a food crisis is morally unjustifiable. Credit should be given to the EU agriculture commissioner for pushing through these proposals. Consumers care about the taste and quality of food, not how it looks."参考译文In the European Union, carrots must be firm but not woody, cucumbers must not be too curved and celery has to be free of any type of cavity. This was the law, one that banned overly curved, extra-knobbly or oddly shaped produce from supermarket shelves.在欧盟，市场出售的胡萝卜必须脆而不糠，黄瓜也不能太弯，芹菜一点空心都不能有。
保护水环境的英语
保护水环境的英语English:Protecting the water environment is essential for the health and well-being of both humans and the ecosystem as a whole. There are several ways to protect the water environment, including reducing pollution from industrial and agricultural sources, implementing stricter regulations on waste disposal, and promoting the sustainable use of water resources. Additionally, creating and enforcing protected areas around water bodies, such as wetlands and riparian buffers, can help to preserve the natural habitat and filter pollutants before they reach the water. Education and awareness programs aimed at the public can also play a crucial role in promoting responsible water usage and the importance of preserving clean water for future generations. Overall, protecting the water environment requires a combination of legislative measures, technological advancements, community engagement, and individual responsibility to ensure the long-term sustainability of water resources.中文翻译:保护水环境对于人类和整个生态系统的健康和福祉至关重要。
和水资源保护相关的英文单词
和水资源保护相关的英文单词Water resources are becoming increasingly important in the world due to climate change, population growth, and economic development. Therefore, water conservation and protection are crucial to ensuring the sustainable use of water resources.Below are some key vocabulary related to water conservation and protection:1. Conservation - the careful use and management of natural resources, including water resources.2. Efficiency - using water resources in the most effective way possible, including reducing waste and minimizing losses.3. Irrigation - the process of providing water to crops during cultivation.4. Water scarcity - a situation where water is not available in sufficient quantities to meet the demands of a given area.5. Drought - a prolonged period of time where there is a significant shortage of rainfall.6. Desalination - the process of removing salt and other minerals from seawater or brackish water to make it suitable for human consumption or agricultural purposes.7. Groundwater - water that is present beneath the Earth's surface.8. Watershed - a geographic area that is drained by a river or other body of water.9. Pollution - the contamination of water resources by humans or natural sources such as chemical runoff, waste dumping or oil spills.10. Clean water - water that is safe for human consumption, free from harmful contaminants, and meets certain standards set by regulatory bodies.11. Water rights – the legal right to use water from a particular water source.12. Water usage - the amount of water used by individuals, industries, and agriculture.13. Water conservation technologies - technologies that help to conserve water, such as low-flow showerheads or drip irrigation systems.14. Water governance - the set of institutions, policies, and practices that govern the use and distribution of water resources. In summary, water conservation and protection are essential to ensure the long-term sustainability of water resources. By understanding these key terms and concepts related to water, individuals, industries and governments can work together to create a more sustainable future.。
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2.2 Model solution Based on the cycle of energy and substance of ecological system at lake, ecological dynamics model of lake eutrophication has been set up. Therefore in this paper the author resolves these sets of differential equations using system dynamics model. In order to simplify the model, the subsystems of zooplankton subsystem and fish subsystem are ignored because the quantities of which are very small. System dynamics model is shown in figure 1.
ABSTRACT: In this paper, firstly the author sets up the eutrophication ecological dynamics model, which is simplified by system dynamics and the character in the model is determined according to the monitored data in Bosten Lake. Finally the plane two-dimensional eutrophication ecological dynamics model in lake is established to simulate the algae, TN, TP, which is proved to be very similar to the monitored value.
1
INtroduction
In China, Bosten Lake in Xinjiang is the biggest freshwater lake. It lies in Mongolia Bayinguoleng autonomous, and it is the lowest region in the desert oasis - Yanqi basin. The area of the lake is 968 km2 (at water level: 1047.5m), and the average water depth of the lake is 7.38m. With the rapid development of industry, agriculture and the population in Bosten basin, more and more pollutants as well as nourishments such as nitrogen, phosphor and so on are discharged into the lake, which leads to the growth of algae, the decreasement of transparency, the odour of waterbody that effecting severely on water supply, tourism, agriculture and other aspects concerning with the functions of the lake, which directly restricts the development of society and economy at Bosten Lake basin. Eutrophication has been described as a very important environment pollution problem in water pollution area in recent two or three decades because it has the characters of rapid development, difficult to be controlled, slowly to recover and great harmness. So it arises the attention step by step and becomes one hotspot of water pollution area. For comprehending the trend of eutrophication at Bosten Lake, in this paper the author sets up the ecological model of eutrophication and tries to find out how the lake eutrophication develops at Bosten Lake under different development aims.
2
Ecological model of eutrophication
2.1 Model setup According to Jфrgensen’s study at Glumsoe Lake in Danmark in the 1970s, this paper sets up the simplified ecological model of eutrophication. Jфrgensen’s model divides phosphor at lakes into phosphor of phytoplankton, ORG—P, dissolvable abiophosphor. Total phosphor includes organic phosphor and inorganic phosphor, that is grain phosphor and dissolvable phosphor. Nitrogen system in the water body can be divided into nitrogen of phytoplankton, grain nitrogen, ammonia nitrogen, nitrite nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen. Total nitrogen includes organic nitrogen and three kinds of inorganic nitrogen, namely grain nitrogen and dissolvable nitrogen (Zhang 1996; Dai & Wang 1990; Huang 2001; Jin2001).
N3
K6 NMA
ND
N4
MA
Month
1
2
3
4
5
6
AirTemperature（℃）
-11.7
-5.7
5.1
12.6
15.1
22.8
Month
7
8
9
10ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
11
12
AirTemperature（℃）
23.5
22.6
17.2
9.2
-0.5
-8.8
The model finds the answer taking four steps longer - kuta method which has a lot of advantages such as good stability, high calculate precision, etc.
Figure 2. The Simulation Result of Phytoplankton Biology Quantity
Total nitrogen of the lake simulation result is shown in figure 3. From figure 3 we can draw the conclusion that the relationship among the total nitrogen, dissolvable nitrogen and nitrogen in phytoplankton is very close , while gray nitrogen, nitrogen on the top of sediments can be ignored for their concentrations are very low.
The air temperature is shown in table 1. Table 1. the perennial average air temperature at the monitored station in each month in Hejing
Figure 1. Ecological Dynamics Model of Eutrophication at Lakes
Figure 3. the Simulation Result of Total Nitrogen at Lake
Total phosphor of the lake simulate result is shown in figure 4.