上世纪妇女运动【英文】
Feminist_movement_女权运动
• Definition of Feminist Movement • Three waves of Feminist Movement • Liberation in the Unite States • Social Changes
DEFINITION
• The Feminist Movement, also known as the Women’s Movement, Women’s Liberation, refers to a series of campaigns for reforms on issues such as reproductive right, domestic violence, maternity leave, equal pay, women’s suffrage, sexual harassment and sexual violence.
LIBERATION IN U.S.
• Women’s liberation was first used in 1964, 1966 in print • “Liberation” is a specific goal • Origins of Women’s liberation (2 branches) The older one : legal and economic obstacles The younger one : influenced by actions of Civil Rights Movement and the motivation to create change came from groups like Students for a Democratic Society
The Historical Roots of Modern Feminism
The Historical Roots of ModernFeminism近几年来，全球范围内的女权主义运动崛起，对整个社会产生着日益快速而深远的影响。
当代女性组织和运动家推动了一系列重要的改革，如打击性骚扰、推广妇女健康权和实现男女工资平等。
妇女争取平等和自由的斗争与过去相比有了许多更深层次和更广泛的支持。
然而，女性解放运动的现代起源是什么，许多人可能并不了解。
在这篇文章中，我们将探讨现代女性解放运动的历史背景，以了解今天的女权主义运动的根源。
一、女性解放运动现代起源虽然女性在历史上一直受到种种歧视，但是直到19世纪末20世纪初，妇女争取平等的现代运动才正式诞生。
女权主义运动的崛起很大程度上是因为一系列重大社会、政治和科技变革，这些变革在19世纪的欧洲引发了蓬勃发展的进步主义运动。
19世纪，科技进步迅速，始终是交通和通讯领域的重大进步。
铁路和蒸汽船的出现使人们可以迅速、便捷地旅行和交流；电报的广泛使用则使分散的人们能够近乎瞬间地交换意见。
这些进步带来的变化、问题和矛盾在很大程度上是以女性为代表的劳动力和普通社区中的妇女问题。
随着科技的发展和城市化进程的不断加速，女性的劳动力被彻底改变。
在欧洲的经济和社会结构中，工业革命的崛起使得许多传统产业和职业逐渐消失，出现了新的市场和领域，这些领域以前主要由男性掌握，但其趋势是逐渐为女性所占领。
例如，纺织品行业一度被认为是女性的职业，而银行和保险行业则是男性的专属领域。
这导致了社会结构中的重大变化和妇女角色的重新定义，这一点对今天的女权主义运动也产生了重大影响。
妇女开始要求改善她们的工作环境和劳动条件，并强烈要求投票权。
英国的萨弗朗合作社联邦已成立，该联合体的目的是为妇女提供一份针对性很强的保障自身利益的组织，推动妇女的反对运动，使她们更自由、更平等地融入社会和经济生活。
并在一些国家，出现了妇女组织，起初主要是促进教育和社会参与。
总的来说，这些现代女性解放运动的第一波推动者，都是在追求平等、保护自身利益和争取民主权的基础上，持续推动一系列改革措施，来消除性别歧视，并为妇女提供机会，使她们更像独立的人。
英国文学史及选读第二册
4. Features of Victorian novels In this period，the novel became the most widely read & the most vital & challenging expression of progressive thought. While sticking to the principle of faithful representation of the 18th-century realist novel, novelists in this period carried their duty forward to the criticism of the society & the defense of the mass. Although writing from different points of view & with different techniques, they shared one thing in common, that is, they were all concerned about the fate of the common people. They were angry at the inhuman social institutions, the decaying social morality as represented by the moneyworship & Utilitarianism & the widespread misery, poverty & injustice. Their truthful depiction of people’s life & bitter & strong criticism of the society had done much in awakening the public consciousness to the social problems & in the actual improvement of the society. Victorian literature, in general, truthfully represents the reality & spirit of the age. The high-spirited vitality, the down-to-earth earnestness, the good-natured humor & unbounded imagination are all unprecedented. In almost every genre it paved the way for the coming century, where its spirits, values & experiments are to witness their bumper harvest.
英国妇女解放运动
• Women's suffrage in the United Kingdom was a national movement that began in 1872. Women were not prohibited from voting in the United Kingdom until the 1832 Reform Act and the 1835 Municipal Corporations Act. Both before and after 1832, establishing women's suffrage on some level was a political topic, although it would not be until 1872 that it would become a national movement with the formation of the National Society for Women's Suffrage and later the more influential National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies (NUWSS). Little victory was achieved in this constitutional campaign in its earlier years up to around 1905. It was at this point that the militant campaign began with the formation of the Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU). However, although effective in publicising the issue, the WSPU's advocacy of violence was not popular and the overwhelming majority of active supporters of female suffrage continued to support the NUWSS.
CampaignMovement：英语中的两种“运动”
CampaignMovement：英语中的两种“运动”五月四日是中国的青年节，起源于1919年的五四运动，是现代历史上的重要事件。
在英语中，五四运动称为The May Fourth Movement。
除了Movement，英语中还有另一个词语Campaign，也经常翻译成中文的“运动”，但却不能用来称呼五四运动这样的“运动”。
虽然中文都称为“运动”，Movement和Campaign的来源、含义、和用法，却大相径庭。
Movement主要用来指自发的、没有严密组织的“运动”，而Campaign则是指有明确的目标和规划的“运动”。
Movement / muvmənt /Movement来源于Move这个动词，本质上是一种比喻，用具象的“移动”来比喻抽象的“变化、变革”。
在牛津词典中，对Movement的定义是：a group of people who share the same ideas or aims，拥有相同的观点和目标的人群团体。
相关的例子包括：The ‘me too.’ movementThe women's movement争取女性权利的运动The peace movement争取和平、反对战争的运动The Romantic Movement浪漫主义运动，指18和19世纪时在欧洲各地发生的文学和思想变革可以看到，英语的Movement强调的是“人群”，而中文的“运动”似乎偏重于指“事件和趋势”；如果细究起来，两者的含义略有出入，并不是完全相同。
Campaign/ kæmpeɪn /Movement主要用来指，自发的、没有严密组织的“运动”，通常缺少集中统一的掌握控制，因此比较散漫，偏重于指人们思想意识上的变革变化。
与之相比，Campaign这种运动，来源于军事领域的“战役”，原义是指，为了达成某个明确目标，所进行的一系列Battles会战。
例如二战时期，就有North African campaign北非战役，D-Day Campaign诺曼底登陆战役。
翻译练习(9)
Blue JeansWith the rise of the women’s movement in the late 1960s, the political significance of dress became increasingly explicit. Rejecting orthodox sex roles, blue jeans were a woman’s weapon against uncomfortable popular fashions and the view that women should be passive. This was the cloth of action; the cloth of labor became the badge of freedom.随着20世纪60年代末女权运动的高涨，服饰所具有的政治意义变得非常明显。
为了抵制传统的性别角色，女性将牛仔裤作为一种武器，用来反抗的压迫女人身体的时尚潮流和那种女人应该处于被动地位的观点。
因此，牛仔裤成为了运动的制服；而这种曾经为劳力所喜爱的服饰现在成为了自由的象征。
If blue jeans were for rebels in 1960s and early 1970s, by the 1980s they had become a foundation of fashion—available in a variety of colors, textures, fabrics, and fit.如果在20世纪60年底到70年代牛仔裤是叛逆的象征，那么到80年代，牛仔裤已经成为了一种时尚的元素——并且有了各种各样的颜色、质感、材料和比例。
On television, in magazine advertising, on the sides of buildings and buses, jeans call out to us. Their humble past is obscured; practical roots are incorporated into a new aesthetic. Jeans are now the universal symbol of the individual and Western democracy. They are the costume of liberated women, with a fit tight enough to restrict like the harness of old—but with the look of freedom and motion.无论是在电视上还是在杂志广告上，甚至是在建筑物和公共汽车的两边，我们都可以看到牛仔裤在向我们召唤。
The working women in American society
The working women in American society【摘要】美国妇女的发展历史是美国历史的一个重要组成部分，其内容涉及到如历史、政治、经济、文化等诸多领域。
而美国妇女运动同样在美国历史上留下了永远不可磨灭的印记。
【关键词】妇女美国职业妇女美国妇女运动1 The history of American WomenThe immigrants to American brought with not only the production technology of their countries, but also the ideas about the natural differences between males and females. The American colonists believed that males and females were essentially different with males superior to females. Women engaged in any activity must under the authority of their husbands.1.1The social status of American women in the pastIn the 19th century, women began working outside their homes in large numbers, but women’s treatment was very badly, they worked in the poorly ventilated, crowed rooms for nearly 12 hours a day and got low payment. Until the 1910s, the United States began to pass legislation limit the working hours and improve working conditions of women. However, the sex discrimination was the most significant factor that impact American women’s life. Many retail stores would not issue independent credit card to unmarried women. Some labor laws were restrict the rights of working women. For example, some laws prohibited women from working more than eight hours a day and working at night, which effectively prevented women from holding some important positions that require work overtime.1.2 The work of American women in the pastThe industrial revolution made people’s way of work changed greatly. The use of machine and the produce shifted from home to factory eliminated women as the producers of goods, many young women became the first industrial labor force in the United States. But most of occupations for American working women were limited to factory work. At the early of 20th century, women also had not greatly improved their status of working. The majority of women were still employed in factory work and service jobs. Secretaries, bookkeepers, and typists took a large portion of American working women. The teaching profession was the largest field of career for Americanwomen. It was very hard for a woman to enter the employment field of male.2 The present situation of American womenIn the modern American society, large numbers of women have entered the professions, the trades, and businesses of every kind. The right of a married woman to work outside the home is no longer in question. About 60 % of wives now working for wages. With the independent in economy, the American woman today is in the position to exercise more authority within her home or to end an unhappy marriage. Women’s issue-sex discrimination, reproductive rights, care of children, economic equality-get full attention from the policy makers.Although the women’s movement has achieved greatly and women’s status has changed greatly, there still some problems faced by American women. First, it is very hard for working women to enter into the leadership. The result of a survey showed that only six percent of managers are female at American big companies. A small proportion of female were in the field of physical science, engineering, agriculture, and law.。
women's rights movement(女权运动)
May 1869
The primary goal of the organization is to achieve voting rights for women by means of a Congressional amen dment（国会修正案） to the Constitution(宪法）.
1935
Mary McLeod Bethune organizes the National Council of Negro Women, a coalition of black women's groups that lobbies against job discrimination, racism, and sexism.
The National Women's Trade Union League
1916
• Margaret Sanger opens the first U.S. birth-control clinic in Brooklyn, N.Y. Although the clinic is shut down 10 days later and Sanger is arrested, she eventually wins support through the courts and opens another clinic in New York City in 1923.
National Woman's Party
The National Woman's Party (NWP), was a women's organization founded in 1917 that fought for women's rights during the early 20th century in the United States, particularly for the right to vote on the same terms as men.
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THE TWENTIES WOMAN
After the tumult of World War I, Americans were looking for a little fun in the 1920s. Many women began to assert their independent, reject the values of the 19th century, and demand the same freedoms as men.
Life of a Flapper
The life of a flapper was a lot of fun!
It consisted of constant partying. Flappers smoked cigarettes and drank alcohol – all of which were unheard of if you were a woman! They lived very reckless lives and would cling to their youth.
Entertainment
Dancing
Dancing was a flappers favorite pastime. They would dance the Charleston, Black Bottom and the Shimmy.
Chicago 1926
THE FLAPPER was born
Challenged the traditional ways. Revolution of manners and morals. A Flapper was an emancipated young woman who embraced the new fashions and urban attitudes.
The Flapper Look
The twenties changed the way the world looked at hair styles. “The Bob” is the infamous hair style that was everywhere in the 20’s.
Part Two
Characteristics of a Flapper:
Short, bobbed hair Short hems on their skirts Listened to Jazz music Wore makeup Drank hard liquor Smoked cigarettes Treating sex in a more casual manner Were opposed to the conventional social and sexual
Flappers wore heavy make up with scarlet lips and heavy eye make up. Before the flappers, only “loose” women wore make up. Women tried to look more like men in the twenties. They would tightly wrap their chest with strips of cloth to flatten it. They were trying to look around the age of a 15 year old boy.
Most women haircuts were very short in the back and 20 % longer in the front. The Cloche Hat was a must during the day. This was a hat that fit snuggly over short hair and reached the eyebrows.
Flappers were the first of the women to flaunt their sexuality.
Their lifestyles were shown in the way that they dressed and danced.
Flappers
These women challenged traditional American values.
she designed such an image which ultimately was recognized as flapper fashion She propagated loose fitting clothes for women to be comfortable. Chanel put women into slacks All the famous innovations in fashion and design cannot outshine the fame of the single Chanel Little Black Dress Chanel black dress “a Ford”, meaning it’s simplicity and it's potential for an enormous and long-lasting success
Coco Chanel
One of the first women to wear trousers, cut her hair and reject the corset was Coco Chanel. Probably the most influential woman in fashion of the 20th century, Coco Chanel did much to further the emancipation and freedom of women's fashion.