河北大学 西方哲学史 2012年硕士研究生考研真题
西方哲学史考研试题答案汇总
第一章古希腊罗马哲学一、名词解释1.始基“始基”是早期古希腊哲学家在解释自然和宇宙时所引用的个体概念。
“始基”即万物的本原，亦即万物之所从来，毁灭之后之所复归，它是事物的基本要素，或是事物存在和运动的缘由。
2.无限（阿那克西曼德）“无限”是阿那克西曼德规定原初物质时所引用的一个概念。
他认为，如果我们要从本身永恒、超越变化的某物获得经验世界中的种种变化，就必须假定万物始基的现实性，这万物始基具有一切必须的特征——即使这样的始基在经验中也是不可能的。
在此，他假定了“无限”这个概念作为真实的来解释经验，并且赋予“无限”不生、不灭、不竭、不可摧毁这些规定性。
“无限”包罗一切，决定一切，另外还赋予这个概念以“神性”。
3.数“数”是毕达哥拉斯解释物质时所用的一个本体概念。
他认为，“数”是万物的本原，“数”被规定为众多的、不变的特征。
他认为，一切事物的性质都可以归结为数的规定性，数字先于事物而存在，是构成事物的基本单元。
4.逻各斯（赫拉克利特）赫拉克利特所说的“逻各斯”即指内在的本原，专门表示“说出的道理”。
逻各斯是就人所认识的道理而言，可以理解为“理性”、“理由”，就其理解为世界的本原而言，可以理解为“原则”、“规律”。
逻各斯就是“世界秩序”，它表现为“在一定分寸上燃烧，在一定分寸上熄灭”的火。
火的运动即万物的生成与毁灭，是可感的，而支配可感运动的逻各斯却是不可感的。
认识“逻各斯”，思想要求在变化着的多样的事物中找到不变的同一原则。
5.存在（巴曼尼德）“存在”被巴曼尼德看作真理对象，具有高度的概括和思辨性。
巴门尼德把“存在”与“非存在”对立，“存在者存在”“不存在的东西必定不存在”，通过这样赋予“存在”普遍性。
在存在与思想的关系中，他把存在与思想等同，认为“思想和存在是同一的”，即思想内容需要由“存在”来表述，思想对象即“存在者”，思想的内容和思想的对象是同一个东西，通过思辨，巴门尼德规定了“存在”的性质：不生不灭、连续性、完满性。
2012年考研英语真题及答案
2012年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试（附答案）英语（一）试题时间:2012年1月7日Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The ethical judgments of the Supreme Court justices have become an important issue recently. The court cannot _1_ its legitimacy as guardian of the rule of law _2_ justices behave like politicians. Yet, in several instances, justices acted in ways that _3_ the court’s reputation for being independent and impartial.Justice Antonin Scalia, for example, appeared at political events. That kind of activity makes it less likely that the court’s decisions will be _4_ as impartial judgments. Part of the problem is that the justices are not _5_by an ethics code. At the very least, the court should make itself _6_to the code of conduct that _7_to the rest of the federal judiciary.This and other similar cases _8_the question of whether there is still a _9_between the court and politics.The framers of the Constitution envisioned law _10_having authority apart from politics. They gave justices permanent positions _11_they would be free to _12_ those in power and have no need to _13_ political support. Our legal system was designed to set law apart from politics precisely because they are so closely _14_.Constitutional law is political because it results from choices rooted in fundamental social _15_ like liberty and property. When the court deals with social policy decisions, the law it _16_ is inescapably political-which is why decisions split along ideological lines are so easily _17_ as unjust.The justices must _18_ doubts about the court’s legitimacy by making themselves _19_ to the code of conduct. That would make rulings more likely to be seen as separate from politics and, _20_, convincing as law.1. [A]emphasize [B]maintain [C]modify [D] recognize2. [A]when [B]lest [C]before [D] unless3. [A]restored [B]weakened [C]established [D] eliminated4. [A]challenged [B]compromised [C]suspected [D] accepted5. [A]advanced [B]caught [C]bound [D]founded6. [A]resistant [B]subject [C]immune [D]prone7. [A]resorts [B]sticks [C]loads [D]applies8. [A]evade [B]raise [C]deny [D]settle9. [A]line [B]barrier [C]similarity [D]conflict10. [A]by [B]as [C]though [D]towards11. [A]so [B]since [C]provided [D]though12. [A]serve [B]satisfy [C]upset [D]replace13. [A]confirm [B]express [C]cultivate [D]offer14. [A]guarded [B]followed [C]studied [D]tied15. [A]concepts [B]theories [C]divisions [D]conceptions16. [A]excludes [B]questions [C]shapes [D]controls17. [A]dismissed [B]released [C]ranked [D]distorted18. [A]suppress [B]exploit [C]address [D]ignore19. [A]accessible [B]amiable [C]agreeable [D]accountable20. [A]by all mesns [B]atall costs [C]in a word [D]as a resultSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1Come on –Everybody’s doing it. That whispered message, half invitation and half forcing, is what most of us think of when we hear the words peer pressure. It usually leads to no good-drinking, drugs and casual sex. But in her new book Join the Club, Tina Rosenberg contends that peer pressure can also be a positive force through what she calls the social cure, in which organizations and officials use the power of group dynamics to help individuals improve their lives and possibly the word.Rosenberg, the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize, offers a host of example of the social cure in action: In South Carolina, a state-sponsored antismoking program called Rage Against the Haze sets out to make cigarettes uncool. In South Africa, an HIV-prevention initiative known as LoveLife recruits young people to promote safe sex among their peers.The idea seems promising，and Rosenberg is a perceptive observer. Her critique of the lameness of many pubic-health campaigns is spot-on: they fail to mobilize peer pressure for healthy habits, and they demonstrate a seriously flawed understanding of psychology.‖ Dare to be differ ent, please don’t smoke!‖ pleads one billboard campaign aimed at reducing smoking among teenagers-teenagers, who desire nothing more than fitting in. Rosenberg argues convincingly that public-health advocates ought to take a page from advertisers, so skilled at applying peer pressure. But on the general effectiveness of the social cure, Rosenberg is less persuasive. Join the Club is filled with too much irrelevant detail and not enough exploration of the social and biological factors that make peer pressure so powerful. The most glaring flaw of the social cure as it’s presented here is that it doesn’t work very well for very long. Rage Against the Haze failed once state funding was cut. Evidence that the LoveLife program produces lasting changes is limited and mixed.There’s no doubt that our peer groups exert enormous influence on our behavior. An emerging body of research shows that positive health habits-as well as negative ones-spread through networks of friends via social communication. This is a subtle form of peer pressure: we unconsciously imitate the behavior we see every day.Far less certain, however, is how successfully experts and bureaucrats can select our peer groups and steer their activities in virtuous directions. It’s like the teacher who br eaks up the troublemakers in the back row by pairing them with better-behaved classmates. The tactic never really works. And that’s the problem with a social cure engineered from the outside: in the real world, as in school, we insist on choosing our own friends.21. According to the first paragraph, peer pressure often emerges as[A] a supplement to the social cure[B] a stimulus to group dynamics[C] an obstacle to school progress[D] a cause of undesirable behaviors22. Rosenberg holds that public advocates should[A] recruit professional advertisers[B] learn from advertisers’ experience[C] stay away from commercial advertisers[D] recognize the limitations of advertisements23. In the author’s view, Rosenberg’s book fails to[A] adequately probe social and biological factors[B] effectively evade the flaws of the social cure[C] illustrate the functions of state funding[D]produce a long-lasting social effect24. Paragraph 5shows that our imitation of behaviors[A] is harmful to our networks of friends[B] will mislead behavioral studies[C] occurs without our realizing it[D] can produce negative health habits25. The author suggests in the last paragraph that the effect of peer pressure is[A] harmful[B] desirable[C] profound[D] questionableText 2A deal is a deal-except, apparently ,when Entergy is involved. The company, a major energy supplier in New England, provoked justified outrage in Vermont last week when it announced it was reneging on a longstanding commitment to abide by the strict nuclear regulations.Instead, the company has done precisely what it had long promised it would not challenge the constitutionality of Vermont’s rules in the federal court, as part of a desperate effort to keep its Vermont Yankee nuclear power plant running. It’s a stunning move.The conflict has been surfacing since 2002, when the corporation bought Vermont’s only nuclear power plant, an aging reactor in Vernon. As a condition of receiving state approval for the sale, the company agreed to seek permission from state regulators to operate past 2012. In 2006, the state went a step further, requiring that any extension of the plant’s license be subject to Vermont legislature’s approval. Then, too, the company went along.Either Entergy never really intended to live by those commitments, or it simply didn’t foresee what would happen next. A string of accidents, including the partial collapse of a cooling tower in 207 and the discovery of an underground pipe system leakage, raised serious questions about both Vermont Y ankee’s safety and Entergy’s management–especially after the company made misleading statements about the pipe. Enraged by Entergy’s behavior, the Vermont Senate voted 26 to 4 last year against allowing an extension.Now the company is suddenly claiming that the 2002 agreement is invalid because of the 2006 legislation, and that only the federal government has regulatory power over nuclear issues. The legal issues in the case are obscure: whereas the Supreme Court has ruled that states do have someregulatory authority over nuclear power, legal scholars say that Vermont case will offer a precedent-setting test of how far those powers extend. Certainly, there are valid concerns about the patchwork regulations that could result if every state sets its own rules. But had Entergy kept its word, that debate would be beside the point.The company seems to have concluded that its reputation in Vermont is already so damaged that it has noting left to lose by going to war with the state. But there should be consequences. Permission to run a nuclear plant is a poblic trust. Entergy runs 11 other reactors in the United States, including Pilgrim Nuclear station in Plymouth. Pledging to run Pilgrim safely, the company has applied for federal permission to keep it open for another 20 years. But as the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) reviews the company’s application, it should keep it mind what promises from Entergy are worth.26. The phrase ―reneging on‖(Line 3.para.1) is closest in meaning to[A] condemning.[B] reaffirming.[C] dishonoring.[D] securing.27. By entering into the 2002 agreement, Entergy intended to[A] obtain protection from V ermont regulators.[B] seek favor from the federal legislature.[C] acquire an extension of its business license .[D] get permission to purchase a power plant.28. According to Paragraph 4, Entergy seems to have problems with its[A] managerial practices.[B] technical innovativeness.[C] financial goals.[D] business vision29. In the author’s view, the Vermont case will test[A] Entergy’s capacity to fulfill all its promises.[B] the mature of states’ patchwork regulations.[C] the federal authority over nuclear issues .[D] the limits of states’ power over nuclear issues.30. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that[A] E ntergy’s business elsewhere might be affected.[B] the authority of the NRC will be defied.[C] Entergy will withdraw its Plymouth application.[D] Vermont’s reputation might be damaged.Text 3In the idealized version of how science is done, facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method to carry out their work. But in the everyday practice of science, discovery frequently follows an ambiguous and complicated route. We aim to be objective, but we cannot escape the context of our unique life experience. Prior knowledge and interest influence what we experience, what we think our experiences mean, and the subsequent actions we take. Opportunities for misinterpretation, error, and self-deception abound. Consequently, discovery claims should be thought of as protoscience. Similar to newly stakedmining claims, they are full of potential. But it takes collective scrutiny and acceptance to transform a discovery claim into a mature discovery. This is the credibility process, through which the individual researcher’s me, here, now becomes the community’s anyone, anywhere, anytime. Objective knowledge is the goal, not the starting point.Once a discovery claim becomes public, the discoverer receives intellectual credit. But, unlike with mining claims, the community takes control of what happens next. Within the complex social structure of the scientific community, researchers make discoveries; editors and reviewers act as gatekeepers by controlling the publication process; other scientists use the new finding to suit their own purposes; and finally, the public (including other scientists) receives the new discovery and possibly accompanying technology. As a discovery claim works it through the community, the interaction and confrontation between shared and competing beliefs about the science and the technology involved transforms an individual’s discovery claim into the community’s credible discovery.Two paradoxes exist throughout this credibility process. First, scientific work tends to focus on some aspect of prevailing Knowledge that is viewed as incomplete or incorrect. Little reward accompanies duplication and confirmation of what is already known and believed. The goal is new-search, not re-search. Not surprisingly, newly published discovery claims and credible discoveries that appear to be important and convincing will always be open to challenge and potential modification or refutation by future researchers. Second, novelty itself frequently provokes disbelief. NobelLaureate and physiologist Albert Azent-Gyorgyi once described discovery as ―seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought.‖ But thinking what nobody else has thought and telling others what they have missed may not change their views. Sometimes years are required for truly novel discovery claims to be accepted and appreciated.In the end, credibility ―happens‖ to a discovery claim –a process that corresponds to what philosopher Annette Baier has described as th e commons of the mind. ―We reason together, challenge, revise, and complete each other’s reasoning and each other’s conceptions of reason.‖31. According to the first paragraph, the process of discovery is characterized by its[A] uncertainty and complexity.[B] misconception and deceptiveness.[C] logicality and objectivity.[D] systematicness and regularity.32. It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that credibility process requires[A] strict inspection.[B]shared efforts.[C] individual wisdom.[D]persistent innovation.33.Paragraph 3 shows that a discovery claim becomes credible after it[A] has attracted the attention of the general public.[B]has been examined by the scientific community.[C] has received recognition from editors and reviewers.[D]has been frequently quoted by peer scientists.34. Albert Szent-Gy?rgyi would most likely agree that[A] scientific claims will survive challenges.[B]discoveries today inspire future research.[C] efforts to make discoveries are justified.[D]scientific work calls for a critical mind.35.Which of the following would be the best title of the test?[A] Novelty as an Engine of Scientific Development.[B]Collective Scrutiny in Scientific Discovery.[C] Evolution of Credibility in Doing Science.[D]Challenge to Credibility at the Gate to Science.Text 4If the trade unionist Jimmy Hoffa were alive today, he would probably represent civil servant. When Hoffa’s Teamsters were in their prime in 1960, only one in ten American government workers belonged to a union; now 36% do. In 2009 the number of unionists in America’s public sector passed that of their fellow members in the private sector. In Britain, more than half of public-sector workers but only about 15% of private-sector ones are unionized.There are three reasons for the public-sector unions’ thriving. First, they can shut things down without suffering much in the way of consequences. Second, they are mostly bright and well-educated. A quarter of America’s public-sector workers have a university degree. Third, they now dominate left-of-centre politics. Some of their ties go back a long way. Britain’s Labor Party, as its name implies, has long been associated with trade unionism. Its current leader, Ed Miliband, owes his position to votes from public-sector unions.At the state level their influence can be even more fearsome. Mark Baldassare of the Public Policy Institute of California points out that much of the state’s budget is patrolled by unions. The teachers’ unions keep an eye on schools, the CCPOA on prisons and a variety of labor groups on health care.In many rich countries average wages in the state sector are higher than in the private one. But the real gains come in benefits and work practices. Politicians have repeatedly ―backloaded‖ public-sector pay deals, keeping the pay increases modest but adding to holidays and especially pensions that are already generous.Reform has been vigorously opposed, perhaps most egregiously in education, where charter schools, academies and merit pay all faced drawn-out battles. Even though there is plenty of evidence that the quality of the teachers is the most important variable, teachers’ unions have fought against getting rid of bad ones and promoting good ones.As the cost to everyone else has become clearer, politicians have begun to clamp down. In Wisconsin the unions have rallied thousands of supporters against Scott Walker, the hardline Republican governor. But many within the public sector suffer under the current system, too.John Donahue at Harvard’s Kennedy Sch ool points out that the norms of culture in Western civil services suit those who want to stay put but is bad for high achievers. The only American public-sector workers who earn well above $250,000 a year are university sports coaches and the president of the United States. Bankers’ fat pay packets have attracted much criticism, but a public-sector system that does not reward high achievers may be a much bigger problem for America.36. It can be learned from the first paragraph that[A] Teamsters still have a large body of members.[B] Jimmy Hoffa used to work as a civil servant.[C] unions have enlarged their public-sector membership.[D]the government has improved its relationship with unionists.37. Which of the following is true of Paragraph 2?[A] Public-sector unions are prudent in taking actions.[B] Education is required for public-sector union membership.[C] Labor Party has long been fighting against public-sector unions.[D]Public-sector unions seldom get in trouble for their actions.38. It can be learned from Paragraph 4 that the income in the state sector is[A] illegally secured.[B] indirectly augmented.[C] excessively increased.[D]fairly adjusted.39. The example of the unions in Wisconsin shows that unions[A]often run against the current political system.[B]can change people’s political attitudes.[C]may be a barrier to public-sector reforms.[D]are dominant in the government.40. John Donahue’s attitude towards the public-sector system is one of[A]disapproval.[B]appreciation.[C]tolerance.[D]indifference.Part BDirections:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.（10 points）Think of those fleeting moments when you look out of an aeroplane window and realise that you are flying, higher than a bird. Now think of your laptop, thinner than a brown-paper envelope, or your cellphone in the palm of your hand. Take a moment or two to wonder at those marvels. You are the lucky inheritor of a dream come true.The second half of the 20th century saw a collection of geniuses, warriors, entrepreneurs and visionaries labour to create a fabulous machine that could function as a typewriter and printing press, studio and theatre, paintbrush and gallery, piano and radio, the mail as well as the mail carrier.(41)The networked computer is an amazing device, the first media machine that serves as the mode of production, means of distribution, site of reception, and place of praise and critique. The computer is the 21st century's culture machine.But for all the reasons there are to celebrate the computer, we must also tread with caution. (42)I call it a secret war for two reasons. First, most people do not realise that there are strong commercial agendas at work to keep them in passive consumption mode. Second, the majority of people who use networked computers to upload are not even aware of the significance of what theyare doing.All animals download, but only a few upload. Beavers build dams and birds make nests. Yet for the most part, the animal kingdom moves through the world downloading. Humans are unique in their capacity to not only make tools but then turn around and use them to create superfluous material goods - paintings, sculpture and architecture - and superfluous experiences - music, literature, religion and philosophy. (43)For all the possibilities of our new culture machines, most people are still stuck in download mode. Even after the advent of widespread social media, a pyramid of production remains, with a small number of people uploading material, a slightly larger group commenting on or modifying that content, and a huge percentage remaining content to just consume. (44)Television is a one-way tap flowing into our homes. The hardest task that television asks of anyone is to turn the power off after he has turned it on.(45)What counts as meaningful uploading? My definition revolves around the concept of "stickiness" - creations and experiences to which others adhere.[A] Of course, it is precisely these superfluous things that define human culture and ultimately what it is to be human. Downloading and consuming culture requires great skills, but failing to move beyond downloading is to strip oneself of a defining constituent of humanity.[B] Applications like , which allow users to combine pictures, words and other media in creative ways and then share them, have the potential to add stickiness by amusing, entertaining and enlightening others.[C] Not only did they develop such a device but by the turn of the millennium they had also managed to embed it in a worldwide system accessed by billions of people every day.[D] This is because the networked computer has sparked a secret war between downloading and uploading - between passive consumption and active creation - whose outcome will shape our collective future in ways we can only begin to imagine.[E] The challenge the computer mounts to television thus bears little similarity to one format being replaced by another in the manner of record players being replaced by CD players.[F] One reason for the persistence of this pyramid of production is that for the past half-century, much of the world's media culture has been defined by a single medium - television - and television is defined by downloading.[G]The networked computer offers the first chance in 50 years to reverse the flow, to encourage thoughtful downloading and, even more importantly, meaningful uploading.Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points) Since the days of Aristotle, a search for universal principles has characterized the scientific enterprise. In some ways, this quest for commonalities defines science. Newton’s laws of motion and Darwinian evolution each bind a host of different phenomena into a single explicatory frame work.(46)In physics, one approach takes this impulse for unification to its extreme, and seeks a theory of everything—a single generative equation for all we see.It is becoming less clear, however, that such a theory would be a simplification, given the dimensions and universes that it might entail, nonetheless, unification of sorts remains a major goal.This tendency in the natural sciences has long been evident in the social sciences too. (47)Here, Darwinism seems to offer justification for it all humans share common origins it seems reasonable to suppose that cultural diversity could also be traced to more constrained beginnings. Just as the bewildering variety of human courtship rituals might all be considered forms of sexual selection, perhaps the world’s languages, music, social and religious customs and even history are governed by universal features. (48)To filter out what is unique from what is shared might enable us to understand how complex cultural behavior arose and what guides it in evolutionary or cognitive terms.That, at least, is the hope. But a comparative study of linguistic traits published online today supplies a reality check. Russell Gray at the University of Auckland and his colleagues consider the evolution of grammars in the light of two previous attempts to find universality in language.The most famous of these efforts was initiated by Noam Chomsky, who suggested that humans are born with an innate language—acquisition capacity that dictates a universal grammar. A few generative rules are then sufficient to unfold the entire fundamental structure of a language, which is why children can learn it so quickly.(49)The second, by Joshua Greenberg, takes a more empirical approach to universality identifying traits (particularly in word order) shared by many language which are considered to represent biases that result from cognitive constraintsGray and his colleagues have put them to the test by examining four family trees that between them represent more than 2,000 languages.(50)Chomsky’s grammar should show patterns of language change that are independent of the family tree or the pathway tracked through it. Whereas Greenbergian universality predicts strong co-dependencies between particular types of word-order relations. Neither of these patterns is borne out by the analysis, suggesting that the structures of the languages are lire age-specific and not governed by universals.Section III WritingPart A51. Directions: Some internationals students are coming to your university. Write them an email in the name of the S tudents’ Union to1) extend your welcome and2) provide some suggestions for their campus life here.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET2.Do not sign your name at the end of the letter. Use ―Li Ming‖ instead.Do not write the address(10 points)Part B52. Directions: write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay you should1) describe the drawing briefly2) explain its intended meaning, and3) give your commentsYou should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET2. (20 points)答案1.B2.A3.B4.D5.C6.B7.D8.B9.A 10.B11.A 12.C 13.C 14.D 15.A16.C 17.A 18.C 19.D 20.D21.D 22.D 23.A 24.C 25.D26.C 27.A 28.A 29.B 30.B31.A 32.D 33.B 34.D 35.D36.C 37.D 38.B 39.A 40.A41.C 42.D 43.A 44.F 45.G46.在物理学上，一种方法是将这种冲动完美发挥到极点并且导找到一种万能的理论---一条我们都可以看的见，明白的普遍公式。
河北大学2004-2012研究生笔试真题
2004适用专业考试科目民商法学法学基础法理学试题（共50分）（一）名词解释（每题3分，共15分）1，公法 2，法律行为 3，法系 4，目的解释 5，法律程序（二）权利义务在法律中的地位是怎样的？（10分）（三）如何认识法律对于经济秩序的维护？（10分）（四）论述法治的实质要件。
（15分）宪法学试题（共50分）（一）名词解释（每题3分，共15分）1，宪法体系2，人民代表大会制度3，违宪审查4，宪法修改5，特别行政区（二）选举制度的基本原则是什么？（10分）（三）简述宪法实施的原则。
（10分）（四）论述宪政的特征。
（15分）民事诉讼法试题（共50分）（一）名词解释（每题3分，共15分）1，民事诉讼2，诉权3，财产保全4，督促程序5，申请执行（二）一般地域管辖、特殊地域管辖、专属管辖各自的性质是什么？它们之间在适用上为何种关系？（10分）（三）什么叫证明责任倒置？哪些案件适用证明责任倒置？（10分）（四）论民事判决的效力。
（15分）2005适用专业考试科目民商法学法学基础一，法理学试题（50分）（一）名词解释（每题4分，共20分）1，法律体系2，法律移植3，守法4，法律推理5，法律文化（二）简述法律行为的特征。
（10分)（三）简述法产生的一般过程和具体规律。
（10分）（四）简述法对效率的促进作用（15分）二，宪法学试题（50分)（一）名词解释（每题3分，共15分）1，宪法制定2，宪法监督3，政权组织形式4，政治权利5，选区（二）简述宪法与一般普通法律的区别（10分）（三）简述公民的基本义务。
（10分）（四）简述全国人大常委会的职权（10分）三，民事诉讼法试题（50分）（一）名词解释（每题4分，共20分）1，民事诉讼模式2，送达3，公示催告程序4，缺席判决5，执行竞合（二）简述诉讼标的的功能（10分）（三）无需证明的事实包括哪些？（10分）（四）简述当事人申请再审的条件。
（10分）2006适用专业考试科目诉讼法学、民商法学、宪法与行政法学理论法学法理学部分一、名词解释（每题5分）1，行政权力与消极义务2，法律行为3，法律程序4，法律论证5，法的局限性二、简答题（每题12分）1，如何理解法是统治阶级意志的体现。
2012年历史学考研真题(参考答案)
2012年历史学考研真题（参考答案）一、单项选择题1. C。
大汶口文化和河姆渡文化是属于旧石器时代晚期母系氏族文化遗址的主要代表。
龙山文化和良渚文化是新时期时代后期父系氏族文化遗址的主要代表。
其中，龙山文化区私有制的发展、阶级的分化更为明显，其发展同我国最早的阶级社会夏商周有着直接的联系。
因此，此题应选C选项。
2. B。
晋国的建立，与“桐叶封弟”有关，是作为武王诸子进行的分封；西周后期，周宣王封弟友于郑（陕西华县），是为郑桓公；楚国则是在周成王时期分封先王功臣时所建立。
只有宋国，是在周公平武庚之乱后，封纣王的庶兄微子启于商邱地区，是为商族之后裔。
3. C。
《五经正义》由唐太宗令孔颖达等人撰写，是一部解释五经经义的书。
书在高宗朝撰成后，完成了五经内容上的统一。
此后，注释儒经必须以此为标准，科举应试亦必须准此答案，不许自由发挥。
《经典释文》由唐陆德明撰，《四书集注》是《四书章句集注》的简称由南宋朱熹撰成，《十三经注疏》由清阮元撰成。
以上三书均是儒家学习的经典，但或非唐代，或非官方，故只选C。
4. B。
直选法，明朝张居正改革中重要内容，田赋、徭役折银上纳，是我国赋役制度史上重大改革，呈现出“摊丁入亩”的趋势，标志着中国古代白银赋税化的改革。
5. A。
乾隆五十一年（1786年）十一月二十七日夜，彰化县天地会首领林爽文举行起义，建立政权，改元“顺天”，被推为“顺天盟主打元帅”。
而王聪儿是白莲教起义首领，林清是山东天理教起义首领，蔡牵是海盗出身，此三人皆不选。
6. C。
注意时间的限定，很多同学误选A项，而开设厘金当是太平天国时期的主要财政手段。
甲午战后，清政府为了弥补巨额的财政亏空，决定用举借内债的办法筹款，于1898年发行“昭信股票”一万万两，年利五厘，号召王公贵族和文武官员带头“领票缴银”，以推动各地商民踊跃认购。
7. A。
国民政府建立以后，实行反对苏联•亲近帝国主义的政策。
1927年底，蒋介石发表谈话，停止对苏贸易，驱逐苏联侨民，宣布与苏联断交。
全国名校西方哲学史考研真题汇编(含部分答案)
目录1．北京大学历年考研真题 (6)2015年北京大学629西方哲学史一考研真题 (6)2015年北京大学628综合考试二（现代西哲＋中哲）考研真题 (7)2014年北京大学850西方哲学史二考研真题（回忆版) (8)2014年北京大学849西方哲学史考研真题（回忆版) (9)2013年北京大学860西方哲学史二考研真题（回忆版） (10)2012年北京大学861西方哲学史二考研真题（回忆版) (11)2012年北京大学629西方哲学史一考研真题（回忆版） (12)2．中山大学历年考研真题 (13)2015年中山大学620西方哲学史考研真题及详解 (13)2014年中山大学620西方哲学史考研真题（回忆版） (16)2012年中山大学618西方哲学史考研真题及详解 (17)3．江西师范大学历年考研真题 (23)2014年江西师范大学802西方哲学史考研真题 (23)2013年江西师范大学802西方哲学史考研真题 (24)2012年江西师范大学802西方哲学史考研真题 (25)4．河南师范大学历年考研真题 (26)2014年河南师范大学841西方哲学史考研真题 (26)2013年河南师范大学841西方哲学史考研真题 (27)2012年河南师范大学841西方哲学史考研真题 (28)5．其他院校历年考研真题 (29)2015年北京师范大学901西方哲学史考研真题及详解 (29)2014年清华大学647西方哲学史考研真题（回忆版） (33)2014年四川大学961西方哲学史考研真题及详解 (34)2014年河北大学801西方哲学史考研真题及详解 (38)2014年中国科学技术大学839西方哲学史考研真题 (43)2014年西北政法大学701中国哲学史和西方哲学史考研真题（回忆版） (44)2014年同济大学869西方哲学史考研真题（回忆版） (45)2014年兰州大学630西方哲学史考研真题（回忆版） (46)2014年华中科技大学858西方哲学史考研真题（回忆版） (47)2013年华中科技大学858西方哲学史考研真题（回忆版） (48)2013年武汉理工大学887西方哲学史考研真题（回忆版） (49)2013年武汉大学842西方哲学史与现代西方哲学考研真题（回忆版） (50)2013年深圳大学911西方哲学史考研真题 (51)2013年山东大学802西方哲学史(从古代至德国古典哲学)考研真题（回忆版） (52)2013年吉林大学801哲学史（中国哲学史、西方哲学史）考研真题（回忆版） (53)2013年华南师范大学801西方哲学史考研真题（回忆版） (54)2013年中国科学技术大学839西方哲学史考研真题（回忆版） (55)2012年清华大学647西方哲学史考研真题（回忆版） (56)2012年北京师范大学901西方哲学史考研真题（回忆版） (57)2012年武汉大学844西方哲学史与现代西方哲学考研真题（回忆版） (58)2012年华南师范大学801西方哲学史考研真题（回忆版） (59)2012年燕山大学B27西方哲学史考研复试真题 (60)2012年西北师范大学801中西方哲学史考研真题（回忆版） (61)2012年华侨大学879西方哲学史考研真题 (62)2012年河北大学801西方哲学史考研真题 (63)2012年同济大学618西方哲学史考研真题（回忆版） (64)2012年兰州大学633西方哲学史考研真题（回忆版） (65)2012年深圳大学904西方哲学史考研真题 (66)2012年山东大学802西方哲学史考研真题（回忆版） (67)1．北京大学历年考研真题2015年北京大学629西方哲学史一考研真题一、名词解释1.德性是知识2.流溢说3.能动的自然和被动的自然二、论述分析题1.柏拉图理念论中“分有说”的困难2.分析贝克莱的“物质”概念3.笛卡尔的“我思”与亚里士多德的”灵魂”异同2015年北京大学628综合考试二（现代西哲＋中哲）考研真题现代部分一、简答题：1．本体论承诺2．范式3．在世之在4．逻各斯中心主义5．公平与正义二、论述题：1．尼采的永恒轮回说2．胡塞尔的生活的世界中哲部分一、论述题：1．荀子正名学说2．张载太和及诚明学说一、简答（10*5分）1．简要解释右边一段话“我们踏进又不踏进同一条河流，我们存在又不存在”2．四因说3．上帝存在的本体论证明（安瑟尔谟）4．简要解释右边一段话“因为一切用以认识和领会蜡的本性或别的物体的本性的理由都更加容易、更加明显地证明我的精神的本性”（笛卡尔）5．《利维坦》6．真观念（斯宾诺莎）7．简要解释右边一段话“普遍同意这个论据本来是被利用证明天赋原则的，在我看来却正好证明了没有什么天赋原则；因为根本就没有什么全人类普遍同意的原则。
【华侨大学2012年考研专业课真题】西方哲学史2012
共2页第2页
2.简答（四题选做三题，每题15分，满分45分。四题全做，前三题计分）
2.1简述亚里士多德的四因说。
2.2笛卡尔的普遍怀疑方法是怎样的，其目的是什么？
2.3康德的“自由概念”是什么？
2.4边沁的“最大幸福原则”是什么？
3.材料分析（两题选做一题，每题35分，满分35分。两题全做，第一题计分。答题要求分析、解释原文大意，并简要阐述、评论其中的重要概念以及思想内涵）
——柏拉图，《理想国》
根据这段材料，试述柏拉图关于个体事物和理念(型相)关系的“分有说”，并指出该学说有哪些经典的困难。
4.问答题（两题选做一题，每题40分，满分40分。两题全做，第一题计分。）
4.1休谟认为，人类所有知识分为“观念关系的知识”和“事实的知识”，试论述该区分，并阐述康德的“先天综合判断”理论对休谟该理论的批评
3.1
“人们单凭运用自己的自然能力，不必借助任何天赋观念的印象，就能够获得他们所拥有的全部知识；他们不必这样一种原初的概念和原则，就可以得到可靠的知识。”
“说有一个概念印在心灵上面，同时又说心灵并不知道它，并从未注意到它，就等于取消了这种印在心灵的说法。”——洛克
“观念与真理是作为倾向、禀赋、习性或自然的潜在能力而天赋地存在于我们心中பைடு நூலகம்并不是作为现实作用而天赋地存在于我们心中，但这种潜在的能力永远伴随着与之相适应的、常常感觉不到的现实作用。”——莱布尼茨
华侨大学2012年硕士研究生入学考试专业课试卷
（答案必须写在答题纸上）
招生专业外国哲学
科目名称西方哲学史科目代码879
各所重点大学“西方哲学史”考研真题集锦
1996年北京大学中国哲学史考研试题名解六府三事、天爵、四法界、德性之知、俱分进化问答（五选三）1、荀子对礼义和人性的看法2、王弼对自然名教的看法3、慧能“本性是佛”说4、王夫之能所关系的论述5、严复的认识论1998北京大学西方哲学史（中国哲学方向）1、费希特的自我发展的三个阶段：——2、——最早提出上帝存在的本体论证明3、单子的预定和谐是——（国名）哲学家——提出的命题4、培根提出的四假象是——5、——（哲学家）在——（著作）提出主奴意识6——（哲学家）认为知识即是美德7、芝诺否定运动的四个论证是——8、思想和广延都是神的属性是——（哲学家）提出的命题9思想是最大的优点，智慧在于说出真理，并且按照自然行事，听自然的话。
是——（哲学家）提出的命题简要解释下列概念或命题5分1、巴门尼德的存在2、原子和虚空3、四因说4、流溢说5、唯实论6、我思故我在7、物是观念的集合8、第一性的质和第二性的质分析题4选3 15分1、柏拉图理念论的分有说及其困难2、休谟的因果学说及其理论基础3、康德的先天综合判断学说及其作用4、黑格尔主体即实体的思想2000年北京大学中国哲学史考研试题名词解释1、《礼记》2、谶纬3、崇本举末4、习与性成5、体用一简答1、郭象与支遁逍遥义的比较2、华严宗的“四法界”说3、戴震论理和欲的关系4、郭店楚简的发现及其意义论述1、《易传》关于道的看法2、王阳明与朱熹格物学说的比较2001年北京大学中国哲学史一、解释下列哲学命题（每小题5分，共25分）1、道常无为而无不为2、以心原物3、圣人体无4、一故神两故化5、物莫非指而指非指二、把下面一段文字标点今译并给以分析评论（25分）求向物于向未尝无责向物于今于今未尝有于今未尝有以明物不来于向未尝无故知物不去复而求今今亦不往是谓昔物自在昔不从今以至昔今物自在今不从昔以至今2002年北京大学中国哲学史考研试题名词解释[不全]1 离坚白 2 淮南格物 3 万理具于一心 4 通为天下第一要义《今年和去年都考了一段给原文标点，翻译和评述》先秦的2005北大中国哲学名解是者（巴门尼德）；理念（柏拉图）；唯名论；启蒙运动；单子......简答与论述毕达哥拉斯的数本原；亚里士多德第一实体与第二实体；笛卡尔的普遍怀疑；斯宾诺莎事物的次序即观念的次序；洛克第一性的质与第二性的质（为何提出此种区分）；休谟的因果观；卢梭的社会契约论康德的哥白尼革命；黑格尔的实体即主体2005北大中国哲学名解与简答中庸；离坚白；以说出故；六理；四法界；能必副其所；四几论述（选二共70分）比较孟子与告子的人性论（仅供留学生）；比较韩非与老子的道论；比较朱熹与罗钦顺的理一分殊；比较王守仁与王夫之的知行观标点翻译（共20分）原文为《中庸章句序》文首至“必如是而后可庶几也”2005年北京大学中国哲学名词解释20中庸,四法界,六理,四几二简答40离坚白,以说出故,崇本举末, 一物两体,能必副其所三问答70 国内考生前3题选2,外国考生4选2 1老子与韩非道论异同2罗钦顺与朱熹理一分殊3王守仁与王夫之知行观异同4孟子与告子人性论比较四标点并翻译古文20分中庸何为而作也？子思子忧道学之失其传而作也。
河北大学2012年硕士研究生入学考试(初试)全部成绩
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