循环系统障碍Common_symptoms_and_signs_of_circulation_system
血液循环系统英语作文初中
血液循环系统英语作文初中The circulatory system is an essential and complex network within the human body, responsible for the transportation of nutrients, oxygen, hormones, and waste products. It is a marvel of biological engineering, ensuring that every cell within our body receives what it needs to function and thrive.Components of the Circulatory SystemAt the heart of the system is the heart, a muscular organthat pumps blood throughout the body. The blood, a specialtype of connective tissue, carries out its duties through a vast network of blood vessels. These vessels include arteries, veins, and capillaries, each with a specific role in the circulation process.The Role of the HeartThe heart's primary function is to pump blood. It does this through a series of rhythmic contractions. The left side ofthe heart pumps oxygen-rich blood to the body, while theright side pumps oxygen-poor blood to the lungs for reoxygenation.Arteries and VeinsArteries are the high-pressure blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart. They have thick, muscular walls towithstand the pressure. Veins, on the other hand, return blood to the heart under lower pressure. They contain valves that prevent the backflow of blood.Capillaries: The Exchange ZoneCapillaries are the smallest and most numerous blood vessels. They form a network where the exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste products occurs. Oxygen and nutrients pass through the capillary walls into the body's cells, while waste products and carbon dioxide move from the cells into the capillaries to be carried away.Blood: The TransporterBlood is composed of plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Plasma is the liquid component that carries cells and nutrients. Red blood cells contain hemoglobin, which binds to oxygen in the lungs and releasesit to the body's tissues. White blood cells are part of the immune system, fighting off infections. Platelets are essential for blood clotting to prevent excessive bleeding.Importance of the Circulatory SystemThe circulatory system is crucial for maintaining life. It ensures that the body's cells receive the oxygen andnutrients they need to function and that waste products are efficiently removed.ConclusionUnderstanding the circulatory system is key to appreciating the intricate balance that sustains life. From the powerful beats of the heart to the microscopic exchanges in the capillaries, each component plays a vital role in keeping us healthy and alive. As we learn more about this system, we gain a deeper respect for the complexity and wonder of the human body.。
血液循环障碍英文课件：PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF HEART FAILURE
Pressure – volume loops recorded under different conditions
Afterload
It is expressed as tension which must be developed in the wall of ventricles during systole to open the semilunar valves and eject blood to aorta/pulmunary artery
Mechanisms involved in changes of contractility • amount of created cross-bridges in the sarcomere
by of Ca ++i concentration - catecholamines Ca++i contractility
afterload: due to - elevation of arterial resistance - ventricular size - myocardial hypotrophy
afterload: due to - arterial resistance - myocardial hypertrophy - ventricular size
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF HEART FAILURE
Jianzhong Sheng MD PhD
Notes to heart physiology
• Essential functions of the heart
• to cover metabolic needs of body tissue
循环系统常见症状体征(英)PPT
2010 Clinical Diagnostics
Dyspnea
Pathophysiology
17
Percussion
Cardiac dullness becomes pear-shaped.
18
梨形心，x ray film
左房增大（左前斜位）
19
Auscultation
➢ Mid and late diastolic crescendo rumbling murmur in apical area
Percussion
The area of cardiac dullness shifts to left and downwards at first, then to right later
2010 Clinical Diagnostics
Auscultation:
★ In apical area, harsh blowing
➢LA pressure↑ ➢Pulmonary circulation pressure↑ ➢Right heart failure
dilation
hypertrophy
failure
10
Symptoms dyspnea: is defined as an abnormally uncomfortable awareness of breathing. That is shortness of breath, difficulty in breathing / labored breathing.
循环系统障碍Common_symptoms_and_signs_of_circulation_system
factors that affect S2
Aortic and pulmonary artery pressure Integrity and elasticity of semilunar valve
factors that enhance S2
P2 enhancement in: Pulmonary hypertension Pulmonary circulation congestion
Common symptoms of heart disease——cough
Cause
Cardiogenic factors: cardiac dysfunction pulmonary embolism, etc
Non-cardiogenic factors: respiratory system disease central cough
upright positin
lying position
hydropericardium
Heart rate and rhythm change
Fast and regular: sinus tachycardia, paroxysmal tachycardia
Slow and regular: sinus bradycardia, conduction block of level III with escape rhythm
Other
Common symptoms of heart disease——syncope
keypoints of inquiry
1, Attack position 2, Precipitating factor 3, Symptoms before the attack 4, Accompanied symptoms
多器官功能障碍综合征(教学课件)
MODS
ARF
“显性失水”指：尿、粪、呕吐物、胃肠道引流等途径丢失的水分； “非显性失水”指：皮肤、呼吸道挥发的水分；
“内生水”指：食物氧化、细胞新陈代谢所产生、释放的水分。
MODS
ARF
预防和治疗hyperkalemia ： • 严禁补钾
• 控制感染，清除坏死组织，纠正酸中毒（acidosis），不输库血
各种炎性介质 细胞因子
+
SIRS
MODS
肠道（细菌库）损伤→肠壁屏障受损→细菌/内毒素移位
+
全身
性内皮细胞→IM/cytokine释放→SIRS →MODS
全身感染→毒素攻击→单核细胞（monocyte）过度释放促炎性介质： TNF-α、IL-1、cytokine、补体片段、NO、花生四烯酸等→组织破坏
MODS 概论
初步诊断标准：
MODS 概论
预防和治疗： 积极治疗原发病（primary disease / protopathy） 重点监测患者的生命体征（vital sign）
防治感染 改善全身情况和免疫调理治疗 保护肠粘膜的屏障功能 及早治疗首先发生功能障碍的器官
脏器衰竭
MODS诊断指标尚未统一
MODS诊断：病史（medical history）+临床+化验（assay）+辅检 （accessory examination）
注意事项：
熟悉常见病因，警惕高危因素
及时更详尽的体检
动态监测心、肺、肾功能
关注其它脏器变化
熟悉MODS诊断指标
MODS 概论
临床表现（clinical manifestation）及诊断（diagnosis）：
循环系统名词解释
循环系统名词解释1.充血hyperemia ：器官或局部组织的动脉血管内血液含量增多。
2淤血congestion：由于静脉血液回流受阻，血液淤积于小静脉和毛细血管内，使局部组织或器官血管内的血液含量增多。
3.心力衰竭细胞（heart failure cells）：左心衰竭肺淤血时，有些巨噬细胞吞噬了红细胞并将其分解，胞浆内形成含铁血黄素，此时这种细胞称为心力衰竭细胞。
4.肺褐色硬化(brown induration) ：长期的左心衰竭和慢性肺淤血，会引起肺间质网状纤维胶原化和纤维结缔组织增生，使肺质地变硬，加之大量含铁血黄素的沉积，肺呈棕褐色，称为肺褐色硬化。
5.槟榔肝(nutmeg liver) : 慢性肝淤血时，肝小叶中央区除淤血外，肝细胞因缺氧、受压而萎缩或消失，小叶外围肝细胞出现脂肪变，这种淤血和脂肪变的改变，在肝切面上构成红黄相间的网络状图纹，形似槟榔，故有槟榔肝之称。
6.血栓形成thrombosis 在活体的心脏和血管内，血液发生凝固或血液中某些有形成分凝集形成固体块状物的过程。
7.血栓thrombus：在活体的心脏和血管内，血液发生凝固或血液中某些有形成分凝集所形成的固体质块称为血栓。
8.白色血栓Pale thrombus ：由血小板和纤维蛋白聚集形成的灰白色血栓称为白色血栓。
9.混合血栓Mixed thrombus 在血小板小梁间血流几乎停滞，血液乃发生凝固，可见红细胞被包裹于网状纤维蛋白中，肉眼上呈灰白色与红褐色相间的条纹状结构，这种血栓称为混合血栓。
10.红色血栓red thrombus ：见于血管阻塞后，局部血流停滞，血液发生凝固，主要由红细胞形成的暗红色凝血块称为红色血栓。
11..透明血栓Hyaline thrombus ：发生于微循环血管内，由纤维蛋白构成的半透明状、微小血栓称为透明血栓，又称微血栓。
12..栓塞embolus ：在循环血液中出现的不溶于血液的异常物质，随血流运行阻塞血管腔的现象。
循环系统障碍
Left ventricular enlargement
Left ventricular enlargement
Apex pulse: lower-left shift Apex pulse range: greater than 2 cm The apex : lifting type impulse Cardiac dullness border: lower-left enlargement
Right ventricular enlargement
Right ventricular enlargement
Common symptoms of heart disease——Palpitation
Common cause:
heartthrob enhance arrhythmia tachycardia bradycardia arrhythmia cardiac neurosis
Common symptoms of heart disease——Palpitation
cardiogenic： AP AMI Acute pericarditis Cardiac neurosis
other
Common symptoms of heart disease——chest pain
keypoints of inquiry ❖1, location ❖2, nature and degree ❖3, duration ❖4, incentive ❖5, reliever ❖6, radiation ❖7, accompanied symptoms
Common symptoms of heart disease——cyanosis
Keypoints of inquiry
[教育]循环系统障碍Commonsymptomsandsignsofcirculationsystem
![[教育]循环系统障碍Commonsymptomsandsignsofcirculationsystem](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/74e46ea50b4e767f5bcfce58.png)
• factors that weaken S2
❖P2 weakened in pulmonary valve lesions ❖A2 weakened in aortic lesions
•expiratio n
•Common symptoms of heart disease——cough
•Cause
Cardiogenic factors: cardiac dysfunction pulmonary embolism, etc
Non-cardiogenic factors: respiratory system disease central cough
• Right ventricular enlargement
• Right ventricular enlargement Apex pulse: • left-shift
•Precordium : lifting type impulse
•Subxyphoid apex pulse:
common in pulmonary emphysema with right ventricular enlargement
[教育]循环系统障碍 Commonsymptomsan dsignsofciຫໍສະໝຸດ culationsystem
Common symptoms of heart disease
Chest Pain Dyspnea Palpitation Syncope Edema Cyanosis
Common symptoms of heart disease——chest pain •Cause:
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Cause: Central cyanosis: cardiovascular pulmonary
Mixed cyanosis: Cardiac dysfunction Abnormal hemoglobin derivant
Peripheral cyanosis: Relative increase of peripheral oxygen consumption Arterial ischemia
Others:
Common symptoms of heart disease——dyspnea
keypoints of inquiry
❖1, acute or chronic ❖2, relationship with position and movement ❖3, accompanied symptoms
cardiogenic： AP AMI Acute pericarditis Cardiac neurosis
other
Common symptoms of heart disease——chest pain
keypoints of inquiry ❖1, location ❖2, nature and degree ❖3, duration ❖4, incentive ❖5, reliever ❖6, radiation ❖7, accompanied symptoms
A2 enhancement in: Hypertension Aortic atherosclerosis
factors that weaken S2
❖P2 weakened in pulmonary valve lesions ❖A2 weakened in aortic lesions
expiration
Common symptoms of heart disease——cough
Cause
Cardiogenic factors: cardiac dysfunction pulmonary embolism, etc
Non-cardiogenic factors: respiratory system disease central cough
relative valvular insufficiency
shunt of large blood vessels or chambers of heart
intracardiac floaters
Heart murmurs mechanism
❖1.Blood flow speedy ❖2. Valvular lesions ❖3. Large blood vessels or cardiac enlargement ❖4. Shunt ❖5. Intracardiac floaters
listenning content of cardiac murmur
❖ location ❖ time ❖conduction of murmur ❖tones of murmur ❖loudness of murmur ❖relationship between murmur and breathing,
Common symptoms of heart disease——dyspnea
Cause
Cardiac factors: cardiac dysfunction, pericardial tamponade, etc. Non-cardiac factors: disease of respiratory system, disease of blood system, etc.
speedy blood flow
stenosis of valve opening or blood vessel
relative stenosis caused by ventricular enlargement or large blood vessels dilation
valvular insufficiency
Arrhythmia: sinus arrhythmia, premature beat, conduction block above II, atrial fibrillation
normal
S1 S2
bottom apex
S1 enhance S1 recede S1 division
bottom
Common symptoms of heart disease——edema
Keypoints of inquiry ❖1,Past history ❖2,Starting position ❖3,Accompanied symptoms
Common symptoms of heart disease——cyanosis
factors that enhance S1
Mitral stenosis Tachycardia High CO
factors that weaken S1
❖Mitral valve insufficiency ❖Atrioventricular block level I ❖Myocardial damage
position, movement or some drugs
Cardiac auscultation region
Systolic murmurs strength classification
Level 1: weak noise, a very short time, unheard during the first few seconds Level 2: weak noise, more easily heard Level 3: noise of medium intensity Level 4: a loud noise, often accompanied by tremor
Protrusion of precordium:
onset during childhood
Cardiac dullness border: left enlargement
pear-shaped heart mitral (valve) stenosis
boot-shaped heart aortic insufficiency
Common symptoms and signs of circulation system
Common symptoms of heart disease
Chest Pain Dyspnea Palpitation Syncope Edema Cyanosis
Common symptoms of heart disease——chest pain Cause:
Common symptoms of heart disease——Palpitation
Common cause:
heartthrob enhance arrhythmia tachycardia bradycardia arrhythmia cardiac neurosis
Common symptoms of heart disease——Palpitation
keypoints of inquiry
❖1, precipitating factor ❖2, accompanied symptoms ❖3, primary disease
Common symptoms of heart disease——syncope
Cause Cardiogenic Cardiac output block Arrhythmia
12 1 A2P2 1 P2A2
inspiration
general Splitting 1 A2P2
fixed splitting
1
A2P2
reversed splitting
1
2
Extral sound
❖gallop rhythm ❖ opening snap ❖abnormal heart sounds after prosthetic valve
Other
Common symptoms of heart disease——syncope
keypoints of inquiry
❖1, Attack position ❖2, Precipitating factor ❖3, Symptoms before the attack ❖4, Accompanied symptoms
replacement
gallop rhythm
❖mid-diastolic gallop ❖presystolic gallop ❖quadruple rhythm
opening snap
❖Meaning: mitral stenosis ❖ Mechanism
abnormal heart sounds after prosthetic valve replacement
Left ventricular enlargement
Left ventricular enlargement
Apex pulse: lower-left shift Apex pulse range: greater than 2 cm The apex : lifting type impulse Cardiac dullness border: lower-left enlof heart disease——cyanosis
Keypoints of inquiry
❖1,Onset age ❖2,Heart and lung disease history ❖3,Accompanied symptoms