托福阅读笔记之TPO7 地中海的地质史
托福阅读备考之长难句分析：消失的化石记录
托福阅读备考之长难句分析：消失的化石记录下面给大家分享托福阅读备考之长难句分析：消失的化石记录的相关内容，希望你们喜欢。
托福阅读备考之长难句分析：消失的化石记录Many plants and animals disappear abruptly from the fossil record as one moves from layers of rock documenting the end of the Cretaceous up into rocks representing the beginning of the Cenozoic (the era after the Mesozoic). (TPO 8 E某tinction of the Dinosaurs) 句子分析本句的主句是Many plants and animals disappear abruptly from the fossil record，而as引导的是时间状语从句，表示“随着……〞。
在这个时间状语从句中，documenting和representing都是现在分词作后置定语，分别修饰前面的layers of rock和rocks。
词汇精记the Cretaceous指的是“白垩纪〞，是中生代的一个纪。
在这个时期里，大陆之间被海洋分开，地球变得温暖、干旱，于此同时，许多新的恐龙物种也开始出现。
the Cenozoic指的是“新生代〞，是地球历史上最新的一个地质时代。
随着恐龙的灭绝，中生代结束，新生代开始。
这一时期以哺乳动物和被子植物的高度繁盛为特点。
The Mesozoic就是“新生代之前的中生代时期〞。
abruptly作副词，表示“突然地〞，比方：It had never occurred to her that a new possibility would crop up abruptly. 她万万没有想到会突然出现一种新的可能性。
托福tpo阅读真题训练：地理和地貌
托福tpo阅读真题训练：地理和地貌小马过河为大家准备了“托福tpo阅读真题训练：地理和地貌”，供各位备考托福的考生们参考使用，来提高自己的托福成绩！免费咨询电话：400-0123-267Geology and LandscapeMost people consider the landscape to be unchanging, but Earth is a dynamic body, and its surface is continually altering-slowly on the human time scale, but relatively rapidly when compared to the great age of Earth (about 4,500 billion years). There are two principal influences that shape the terrain: constructive processes such as uplift, which create new landscape features, and destructive forces such as erosion, which gradually wear away exposed landforms.Hills and mountains are often regarded as the epitome of permanence, successfully resisting the destructive forces of nature, but in fact they tend to be relatively short-lived in geological terms. As a general rule, the higher a mountain is, the more recently it was formed; for example, the high mountains of the Himalayas are only about 50 million years old. Lower mountains tend to be older, and are often the eroded relics of much higher mountain chains. About 400 million years ago, when the present-day continents of North America and Europe were joined, the Caledonian mountain chain was the same size as the modern Himalayas. Today, however, the relics of the Caledonian orogeny (mountain-building period) exist as the comparatively low mountains of Greenland, the northern Appalachians in the United States, the Scottish Highlands, and the Norwegian coastal plateau.The Earth's crust is thought to be divided into huge, movable segments, called plates, which float on a soft plastic layer of rock. Some mountains were formed as a result of these plates crashing into each other and forcing up the rock at the plate margins. In this process, sedimentary rocks that originally formed on the seabed may be folded upwards to altitudes of more than 26,000 feet. Other mountains may be raised by earthquakes, which fracture the Earth's crust and can displace enough rock to produce block mountains. A third type of mountain may be formed as a result of volcanic activity which occurs in regions of active fold mountain belts, such as in the Cascade Range of western North America. The Cascades are made up of lavas and volcanic materials. Many of the peaks are extinct volcanoes.Whatever the reason for mountain formation, as soon as land rises above sea level it is subjected to destructive forces. The exposed rocks are attacked by the various weather processes and gradually broken down into fragments, which are then carried away and later deposited as sediments. Thus, any landscape represents only a temporary stage in the continuous battle between the forces of uplift and those of erosion.The weather, in its many forms, is the main agent of erosion. Rain washes away loose soil and penetrates cracks in the rocks. Carbon dioxide in the air reacts with the rainwater, forming a weak acid (carbonic acid) that may chemically attack the rocks. The rain seeps underground and the water may reappear later as springs. These springs are the sources of streams and rivers, which cut through the rocks and carry away debris from the mountains to the lowlands.Under very cold conditions, rocks can be shattered by ice and frost. Glaciers may form in permanently cold areas, and these slowly moving masses of ice cut out valleys, carrying with them huge quantities of eroded rock debris. In dry areas the wind is the principal agent of erosion. It carries fine particles of sand, which bombard exposed rock surfaces, thereby wearing them into yet more sand. Even living things contribute to the formation of landscapes. Tree roots force their way into cracks in rocks and, in so doing, speed their splitting. In contrast, the roots of grasses and other small plants may help to hold loose soil fragments together, thereby helping to prevent erosion by the wind.Paragraph 1: Most people consider the landscape to be unchanging, but Earth is a dynamic body, and its surface is continually altering-slowly on the human time scale, but relatively rapidly when compared to the great age of Earth (about 4,500 billion years). There are two principal influences that shape the terrain: constructive processes such as uplift, which create new landscape features, and destructive forces such as erosion, which gradually wear away exposed landforms.1. According to paragraph 1, which of the following statements is true of changes in Earth's landscape?(4)○They occur more often by uplift than by erosion.○They occur only at special times.○They occur less frequently now than they once did.○They occur quickly in geological terms.2. The word “relatively” in the passage is closest in meaning to (2)○ unusually○ comparatively○ occasionally○ naturallyParagraph 2: Hills and mountains are often regarded as the epitome of permanence, successfully resisting the destructive forces of nature, but in fact they tend to be relatively short-lived in geological terms. As a general rule, the higher a mountain is, the more recently it was formed; for example, the high mountains of the Himalayas are only about 50 million years old. Lower mountains tend to be older, and are often the eroded relics of much higher mountain chains. About 400 million years ago, when the present-day continents of North America and Europe were joined, the Caledonian mountain chain was the same size as the modern Himalayas. Today, however, the relics of the Caledonian orogeny (mountain-building period) exist as the comparatively low mountains of Greenland, the northern Appalachians in the United States, the Scottish Highlands, and the Norwegian coastal plateau.3. Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 2 about the mountains of the Himalayas?(2)○Their current height is not an indication of their age.○At present, they are much higher than the mountains of the Caledonian range.○They were a uniform height about 400 million years ago.○They are not as high as the Caledonian mountains were 400 million years ago.4. The word “relics” in the passage is closest in meaning to(3)○resemblances○regions○remains○restorationsParagraph 3: The Earth's crust is thought to be divided into huge, movable segments, called plates, which float on a soft plastic layer of rock. Some mountains were formed as a result of these plates crashing into each other and forcing up the rock at the plate margins. In this process, sedimentary rocks that originally formed on the seabed may be folded upwards to altitudes of more than 26,000 feet. Other mountains may be raised by earthquakes, which fracture the Earth's crust and can displace enough rock to produce block mountains. A third type of mountain may be formed as a result of volcanic activity which occurs in regions of active fold mountain belts,such as in the Cascade Range of western North America. The Cascades are made up of lavas and volcanic materials. Many of the peaks are extinct volcanoes.5. According to paragraph 3, one cause of mountain formation is the(3)○effect of climatic change on sea level○slowing down of volcanic activity○force of Earth's crustal plates hitting each other○rep lacement of sedimentary rock with volcanic rockParagraph 5: The weather, in its many forms, is the main agent of erosion. Rain washes away loose soil and penetrates cracks in the rocks. Carbon dioxide in the air reacts with the rainwater, forming a weak acid (carbonic acid) that may chemically attack the rocks. The rain seeps underground and the water may reappear later as springs. These springs are the sources of streams and rivers, which cut through the rocks and carry away debris from the mountains to the lowlands.6. Why does the author mention Carbon dioxide in the passage?(1)○To explain the origin of a chemical that can erode rocks○To contrast carbon dioxide with carbonic acid○To give an example of how rainwater penetrates soil○To argue for the de sirability of preventing erosion7. The word “seeps” in the passage is closest in meaning to (2)○dries gradually○flows slowly○freezes quickly○warms slightlyParagraph 6: Under very cold conditions, rocks can be shattered by ice and frost. Glaciers may form in permanently cold areas, and these slowly moving masses of ice cut out valleys, carrying with them huge quantities of eroded rock debris. In dry areas the wind is the principal agent of erosion. It carries fine particles of sand, which bombard exposed rock surfaces, thereby wearing them into yet more sand. Even living things contribute to the formation of landscapes. Tree roots force their way into cracks in rocks and, in so doing, speed their splitting. In contrast, the roots of grasses and other small plants may help to hold loose soil fragments together, thereby helping to prevent erosion by the wind.8. The word them in the passage refers to (2)○cold areas○masses of ice○valleys○rock debrisParagraph 2: Hills and mountains are often regarded as the epitome of permanence, successfully resisting the destructive forces of nature, but in fact they tend to be relatively short-lived in geological terms. As a general rule, the higher a mountain is, the more recently it was formed; for example, the high mountains of the Himalayas are only about 50 million years old. Lower mountains tend to be older, and are often the eroded relics of much higher mountain chains. About 400 million years ago, when the present-day continents of North America and Europe were joined, the Caledonian mountain chain was the same size as the modern Himalayas. Today, however, the relics of the Caledonian orogeny (mountain-building period) exist as the comparatively low mountains of Greenland, the northern Appalachians in the United States, the Scottish Highlands, and the Norwegian coastal plateau.9. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.(2)○When they are relatively young, hills and mountains successfully resist the destructive forces of nature.○Although they seem permanent, hills and mountains exist for a relatively short period of geological time.○Hills and mountains successfully resist the destructive forces of nature, but only for a short time.○Hills and mountains resist the destructive forces of nature better than other types of landforms.Paragraph 6: Under very cold conditions, rocks can be shattered by ice and frost. Glaciers may form in permanently cold areas, and these slowly moving masses of ice cut out valleys, carrying with them huge quantities of eroded rock debris. █In dry areas the wind is the principal agent of erosi on. █It carries fine particles of sand, which bombard exposed rock surfaces, thereby wearing them into yet more sand. █Even living things contribute to the formation of landscapes. █Tree roots force their way into cracks in rocks and, in so doing, speed th eir splitting. In contrast, the roots of grasses and other small plants may help to hold loose soil fragments together, thereby helping to prevent erosion by the wind.10. According to paragraph 6, which of the following is both a cause and result of erosion?(4)○glacial activity○rock debris○tree roots○sand11. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.(1)Under different climatic conditions, another type of destructive force contributes to erosion.Where would the sentence best fit?12. Directions: Three of the answer choices below are used in the passage to illustrate constructive processes and two are used to illustrate destructive processes. Complete the table by matching appropriate answer choices to the processes they are used to illustrate. This question is worth 3 points.CONSTRUCTIVE PROCESSESDESTRUCTIVE PROCESSSES● (1)●(5)●(6)● (3)● (7)Answer Choices○Collision of Earth's crustal plates○Separation of continents○Wind-driven sand○Formation of grass roots in soil○Earthquakes○Volcanic activity○Weather processes参考答案：1. ○ 4This is a Factual Information question asking for specific information that can be found in paragraph 1. The correct answer is choice 4. Sentence 1 of the paragraph explicitly states that Earth's landscape changes relatively rapidly compared to Earth's overall age. Choice 1, on the frequency of landscape changes, is contradicted by the paragraph. Choice 2, that landscape changes occur only at special times, is also contradicted by the paragraph. Choice 3, the frequency of landscape changes, is not mentioned.2. ○ 2This is a Vocabulary question. The word being tested is relatively, and it is highlightedin the passage. The correct answer is choice 2. The sentence in which relatively appears is comparing Earth's time scale to the human time scale, so "comparatively" is the correct answer.3. ○ 2This is an Inference question asking for an inference that can be supported by paragraph 2. The correct answer choice 2, the Himalayas arc higher than the Caledonian mountains. The paragraph states that younger mountains are general& higher than older mountains. It also states that the Himalayas are much younger than the Caledonians. Since the Himalayas are the younger range and Lounger mountain ranges are higher- than older ranges, we can infer that the younger Himalayas are higher than the older Caledonians.Choices 1 and 4 are incorrect because that explicitly contradict the passage. The height of the Himalayas is an indication of their age, and the Himalayas are about the same height that the Caledonians were 400 million years ago. Choice 3 is incorrect because nothing there is nothing in the paragraph about "uniform height."4. ○ 3This is a Vocabulary question. The word being tested is relics, and it is highlighted in the passage. Choice 3 is the correct answer. The 1.e1ic.s of the Caledonian range are what is left of them. "Remains" means what is left of something, so it is the correct answer.5. ○ 3This is a Factual Information question asking for specific information that can be found in paragraph 3. The correct answer is choice 3, mountains are formed by crustal plates hitting each other. The paragraph states that mountains are formed in three ways: by, crustal plates hitting each other, by earthquakes, and by volcanoes. Choices 1,2, and 4 are not among these causes of mountain formation, so they are therefore incorrect.6. ○ 1This is a Rhetorical Purpose question. It asks why the author mentions "carbon dioxide" in the passage. This term is highlighted in the passage. The correct answer is choice 1; carbon dioxide is mentioned to explain the origin of a chemical that can erode rocks. The author is describing a particular cause of erosion, and the starting point of that process is carbon dioxide.7. ○ 2This is a Vocabulary question. The word being tested is seeps, and it is highlighted in the passage. Choice 2, "Rows slowly," is the correct answer. The sentence is describing the way in which rain moves underground from Earth's surface. It cannot do this by "drying" (choice 1), "freezing" (choice 3), or "warming"(choice 4).8. ○ 2This is a Reference question. The word being tested is them, and it is highlighted in the passage. Choice 2, "masses of ice" is the correct answer. This is a simple pronoun-referent item. The word tlze11z refers to the glaciers that are carrying eroded rock. Notice that in this case, a whole series of words separates the pronoun from its referent.9. ○ 2This is a Sentence Simplification question. As with all of these items, a singlesentence in the passage is highlighted:Hills and mountains are often regarded as the epitome of permanence: successfully resisting the destructive forces of nature, but in fact they tend to be relatively short-lived in geological terms.The correct answer is choice 2. That choice contains all of the essential information in the highlighted sentence. it omits the information in the second clause of the highlighted sentence ("successfully resisting the destructive forces of nature") because that information is not essential to the meaning. Choices 1, 3, and 1 are all incorrect because they change the meaning of the highlighted sentence. Choice 1 adds information on the age of a mountain that is not mentioned in the highlighted sentence. Choice 3 introduces information about how long mountains resist forces of nature in absolute terms; the highlighted sentence says that the resistance is relatively short in geological terms, which is an entirely different meaning. Choice 4 compares mountains to other land forms. The highlighted sentence does not make any such comparison.10. ○ 4This is a Factual Information question asking for specific information that can be found in paragraph 6. The correct answer is choice 4, "sand." Sentences 3 and 4 of that paragraph describe erosion in dry areas. Sand is carried by wind and bombards rock; this bombardment breaks down the rock, and, as a result, more sand is created. Thus sand is both the cause and the result of erosion, so choice 4 is correct. Glacial activity (choice 1) and tree roots (choice 3) are both mentioned only as causes of erosion. Rock debris (choice 2) is mentioned only as a result of erosion.11. ○ 1This is an Insert Text question. You can see the four black squares in paragraph 6 that represent the possible answer choices here.Under very cold conditions, rocks can be shattered by ice and frost. Glaciers may form in permanently cold areas, and these slowly moving masses of ice cut out valleys, carrying withthem huge quantities of eroded rock debris. ■ In dry areas the wind is the principal agent of erosion. ■ It carries fine particles of sand, which bombard exp osed rock surfaces, thereby wearing them into yet more sand. ■ Even living things contribute to the formation of landscapes. ■ Tree roots force their way into cracks in rocks and, in so doing, speed their splitting. In contrast, the roots of grasses and other small plants may help to hold loose soil fragments together, thereby helping to prevent erosion by the wind.The sentence provided, "Under different climatic conditions, another type of destructive force contributes to erosion,'' is best inserted at square 1.Square 1 is correct because the inserted sentence is a transitional sentence, moving the discussion away from one set of climatic conditions (cold) to another set of climatic conditions (dryness). It is at square 1 that the transition between topics takes place.Squares 2, 3, and 4 all precede sentences that provide details of dry climatic conditions. No transition is taking place at any of those places, so the inserted sentence is not needed.12.○Constructive processes: 1, 5, 6○Destructi ve processes: 3, 7This is a Fill in a Table question. It is completed correctly below. The correct choices for the "constructive processes” column are 1, 5, and 6. Choices 3 and 7 are the correct choices for the "destructive processes" column. Choices 2 and 4 should not be used in either column.参考译文：地理和地貌大部分人认为自然风景是一成不变的，事实上地球是一个动态的机体,他的外貌在人类文明进程中一直保持着持续缓慢的变化。
托福听力考题--地质？地理？
地质？地理？地质学（注意：不是地理就有一篇关于地质的内容。
具体是讲“冰期形成也许是因为南了大西洋和太平。
大西洋北，此地区降水减少，，导致冰期”中学时代没好好学习的童鞋们，看着中文介绍都眼晕吧？那更不要说听英文了！看过《冰河世纪》的小嘛，确实是哦，但是这还是那个Anna Mama讲了很多次的道理：“对于托福听力部分的考试，除了要从题型（就是你需要的ji4qiao3）的角度来分类去练习TOEFL听力材料，在lecture这个部分，还应当按照学科话题的分类来分析总结听力材料(就是你需要积累的词汇+不同学科的内容逻辑脉络)。
在看地质学科的高频基础词汇之前，先明白geology与geography的区别，因为课上有太多同学问到Anna mama这个问题啦！●geology是研究地球本身的学科。
It is an earth science comprising the study of solid Earth, the rocksof which it is composed, and the processes by which they change. Geology can also refer generally to the study of the solid features of any celestial body (such as the geology of the Moon or Mars).●geography是一门描述地球表面的科学(surface of the Earth)。
地理学描述和分析发生在地球表面上的自然、生物和人文现象的空间变化，探讨它们之间的相互关系. Geography is a field of science dedicated to the study of the lands, the features, the inhabitants, and the phenomena of Earth. Modern geography is an all-encompassing discipline that foremost seeks to understand the Earth and all of its human and natural complexities—not merely where objects are, but how they have changed and come to be.地质学科在TPO中讲述过“dating technique(TPO1), Lechuguilla Cave (TPO16), (TPO10), glacial movement(TPO7), tectonic plate movement (TPO31)”等等地质类话题。
托福阅读真题第6篇OriginsofEarthsSaltyOceans
托福阅读真题第6篇OriginsofEarthsSaltyOceans所有的，科学家们发现对地球水的确定和如此的原因非常有帮助。
有人在地球的地球上一直很温暖，并没有发现水（和氧气都存在，如和氧气）因此，地球的太阳风（太阳发出的光芒）从地球的那一刻起，与陨星彗星或类似的氪星陨石或类似的氪星陨石和水的陨石的碰撞将地球使用水的气体成分与地岩成分的比较，特别是与大气和随后的空气形成的概念表，非星陨金属气体。
不与其他材料发生反应。
太空中肯定有棉花的冰以这种方式供应我们的水（和大气）。
2015年7月，彗星在天上发现了15天。
降落在彗星上的那颗冰和它们，还发现了各种各样的松散，散落的星团，彗星的团块。
就算是现成的，带来了生命的成分，即使是现成的，这个团的成分还在这2015年10月被报道了。
那——随着彗星这些缓慢解冻——分子氧（02）以相对于入水的比例和高比例（1%到10%）逸出，这颗彗星还含有惊人的原始（当时氧被大量在）彗星的形成过程中。
其他工作支持地球上冰的化学成分不同。
含的一小部分石块水，因此小行星的地球表面上是非常大的陨石。
因此，提出了一个小行星是一种小行星。
聚集在一起的原始行星在它们的岩石中携带了形成它会以蒸汽的形式从行星内部逸出，而蒸汽又会在表和早期大气中成水。
它代表了我们对海洋盐的种类有了更全面的了解。
在水、风的天气的作用下，或或例如，这些岩石和水的反应来源。
罗西湾风化反应将岩石划分成带电原子或分子，称为离子，它们在溶液中被河水和地下水清除。
当您将食盐溶解在水中时发生的情况是：矿物盐成碳离子和氯离子，并保留在溶液中。
早期的大气中含有高浓度的化学酸性溶液。
火山岩很容易从早期的溶解情况中释放出来。
的输入和神秘的原因，很明显，海洋中大量的盐分已经很明显了，因为它的海洋一直是海洋运输的终端站。
盐分——而输送的淡水继续风化循环。
1、地球科学家，我们确定了水的原因和如此咸咸的一些人海洋，地球的地球非常热，因此没有对水存在，如和氧气被太阳风（太阳发出的带电粒子流）迅速带地球。
史上最全托福TPO1-31阅读 题材结构科目分类
史上最全托福TPO1-31阅读题材结构科目分类自然科学一、地质学冰川类1 OG：Green Icebergs2 TPO 15：Glacier Formation3 TPO 19：Discovering The Ice Ages地质现象1 OG：Geology and Landscape2 TPO 01：Groundwater3 TPO 02：Desert Formation4 TPO 03：Depletion of The Ogallala Aquifer5 TPO 07：The Geologic History of The Mediterranean6 TPO 12：Water in The Desert7 TPO 20：Fossil Preservation8 TPO 21：Geothermal Energy9 TPO 24：Lake Water10 TPO 28-1：Groundwater11 TPO 27-2：The Formation of Volcanic Islands二、天文学火星类1 TPO 08：Running Water On Mars2 TPO 25：The Surface of Mars其他行星类1 TPO 16：Planets in Our Solar System2 TPO 22：The Allende Meteorite生物科学一、植物学1 Sample：Opportunity and Competitors2 TPO 01：Timberline Vegetation on Mountains3 TPO 05：Minerals and Plants4 TPO 09：The Arrival of Plant Life in Hawaii5 TPO 22：Spartina6 TPO 25：The Evolutionary Origin of Plants二、动物学动物特点1 OG：Swimming Machines2 OG：Feeding Habits of East African Herbivores3 TPO 04：Deer Population of The Puget Sound4 TPO 13：Biological Clock5 TPO 15：A Warm-blooded Turtle6 TPO 17-3：Symbiotic Relationship动物变化1 Sample：Meteorite Impact and Dinosaur Extinction2 TPO 05：The Cambrian Explosion3 TPO 08：Extinction of The Dinosaurs4 TPO 15：Mass Extinctions5 TPO 31-1: Speciation in Geographically Isolated Populations6 TPO 30-2： The Pace of Evolutionary Change动物行为1 TPO 02：The Origins of Cetaceans2 TPO 11：Begging by Nestlings3 TPO 11：Orientation and Navigation4 TPO 17：Ani mal Signals in The Rain Forest5 TPO 30-1 Role of Play in Development6 TPO 29-2：Competition7 TPO 28-3：Buck Rubs and Buck Scrapes8 TPO 27-3：Predator-Prey Cycles三、生态/环境/能源1 TPO 03：The Long-Term Stability of Ecosystems2 TPO 19：Succession, Climax, and Ecosystems3 TPO 26：Survival of Plants and Animals in Desert Conditions4 TPO 31-3: Savanna Formation1 Sample：Electricity from Wind2 TPO 04：Petroleum Resources3 TPO 29-3：The History of Waterpower3 TPO 10：Variations in The Climate4 TPO 18：Lightning5 TPO 23：Urban Climates社会科学一、艺术绘画/雕塑/陶瓷1 Sample：Lascaux Cave Paintings2 TPO 04：Cave Art in Europe3 TPO 10：Chinese Pottery4 TPO 11：Ancient Egyptian Sculpture5 TPO 23：Rock Art of the Australian Aborigines6 TPO 29-1：Characteristics of Roman Pottery7 TPO27-1：Crafts in the Ancient near East建筑/戏剧/电影/摄影1 OG：Applied Arts and Fine Arts2 TPO 01：The Origins of Theater3 TPO 02：Early Cinema4 TPO 03：Architecture5 TPO 12：Transition to Sound in Film10 TPO 22：The Birth of Photography二、历史/考古学工业化介绍1 OG：Artisans and Industrialization2 TPO 06：Powering The Industrial Revolution3 TPO 18：Industrialization in The Netherlands and Scandinavia4 TPO 26：Energy and the Industrial Revolution5 TPO 30-3: The Invention of the Mechanical Clock贸易/经济介绍1 TPO 10：Seventeenth-Century European Economic Growth2 TPO14：Pastoralism in Ancient Inner Eurasia3 TPO 16：Trade and The Ancient Middle East4 TPO 17：Europe’s Early Sea Trade with Asia5 TPO 25：The Decline of Venetian Shipping农业发展介绍 1 TPO 07：Agriculture, Iron, and The Bantu Peoples2 TPO21：The Origins of Agriculture3 TPO 23：Seventeenth-Century Dutch Agriculture国家/城市特点1 OG：Nineteenth-Century Politics in The United States2 TPO 07-2：Ancient Rome and Greece3 TPO 08：The Rise of Teotihuacan4 TPO 14：Maya Water Problems5 TPO 19：The Roman Army’s Impact on Britain6 TPO 26：Sumer and The First Cities of The Ancient Near East 人口变化特点1 TPO 05：The Origins of The Pacific Island People2 TPO 09：Colonizing The Americas Via The Northwest Coast3 TPO 20：Westward Migration4 TPO 20：Early Settlement in The Southwest Asia5 TPO 24：Moving into Pueblos6 TPO 28-2: Early Saharan Pastoralists三、心理/生理学1 OG：Aggression2 OG：The Expression of Emotion3 TPO06：Infantile Amnesia4 TPO 13：Methods of Studying Infant Perception5 TPO 18：The Mystery of Yawning6 TPO 21：Autobiographical Memory7 TPO 24：Breathing During Sleep四、社会学1 TPO09：Reflection in Teaching2 TPO 13：Types of Social Groups3 TPO 14：Childrenand Advertising4 TPO 31-2： Early Children Education其他学科类1 OG：Loie Fuller2 TPO 06：William Smith3 TPO 16：Development of The Periodic Table4 TPO 12：Which Hand Did They Use?结构体裁难度系数现象到解释：形成过程Exposition 现象到解释：形成过程Exposition现象到解释：形成过程：对比Exposition现象到解释Exposition现象到解释：原因：分类Exposition现象到解释Exposition现象到解释：形成过程Historical现象到解释：分类Exposition现象到解释Exposition现象到解释Exposition5现象到解释：对比Exposition 现象到解释：对比Exposition现象到解释Exposition现象到解释：总分Historical现象到解释Exposition现象到解释Exposition现象描述：分类Exposition现象到解释：分类Exposition现象到解释（含研究）理论解释（新旧对比）现象到解释（含研究）Exposition现象描述：分类Exposition现象到解释（含研究）Exposition现象到解释（含研究）Exposition现象到解释（含研究）Exposition现象到解释（含研究）Exposition现象到解释Exposition现象到解释总分：分类起源及发展Historical起源及发展Historical现象到解释：形成过程Exposition现象到解释总分：分类Historical HistoricalHistoricalHistoricalHistorical 现象到解释Historical 现象到解释Historical现象描述：分类Exposition起源及发展Historicalcandinavia起源及发展Historical现象到解释：总分Historical现象到解释：总分HistoricalHistorical 现象到解释：总分：Classificatio现象到解释： Classification Historical 现象到解释：总分Historical Exposition 现象到解释：总分：Classificatio现象到解释（含研究）Exposition 现象到解释（含研究）。
【小站教育】托福TPO阅读文章话题匹配
托福TPO阅读文章话题匹配自然科学一、地质学冰川类1 OG：Green Icebergs2 TPO 15：Glacier Formation3 TPO 19：Discovering The Ice Ages地质现象1 OG：Geology and Landscape2 TPO 01：Groundwater3 TPO 02：Desert Formation4 TPO 03：Depletion of The Ogallala Aquifer5 TPO 07：The Geologic History of The Mediterranean6 TPO 12：Water in The Desert7 TPO 20：Fossil Preservation8 TPO 21：Geothermal Energy9 TPO 24：Lake Water二、天文学火星类1 TPO 08：Running Water On Mars2 TPO 25：The Surface of Mars其他行星类1 TPO 16：Planets in Our Solar System2 TPO 22：The Allende Meteorite生物科学一、植物学1 Sample：Opportunity and Competitors2 TPO 01：Timberline Vegetation on Mountains3 TPO 05：Minerals and Plants4 TPO 09：The Arrival of Plant Life in Hawaii5 TPO 22：Spartina6 TPO 25：The Evolutionary Origin of Plants二、动物学动物特点1 OG：Swimming Machines2 OG：Feeding Habits of East African Herbivores3 TPO 04：Deer Population of The Puget Sound4 TPO 13：Biological Clock5 TPO 15：A Warm-blooded Turtle6 TPO 17：Symbiotic Relationship动物变化1 Sample：Meteorite Impact and Dinosaur Extinction2 TPO 05：The Cambrian Explosion3 TPO 08：Extinction of The Dinosaurs4 TPO 15：Mass Extinctions动物行为1 TPO 02：The Origins of Cetaceans2 TPO 11：Begging by Nestlings3 TPO 11：Orientation and Navigation4 TPO 17：Ani mal Signals in The Rain Forest三、生态/环境学生态系统1 TPO 03：The Long-Term Stability of Ecosystems2 TPO 19：Succession, Climax, and Ecosystems3 TPO 26：Survival of Plants and Animals in Desert Conditions 环境特点1 Sample：Electricity from Wind2 TPO 04：Petroleum Resources3 TPO 10：Variations in The Climate4 TPO 18：Lightning5 TPO 23：Urban Climates社会科学一、艺术绘画/雕塑/陶瓷1 Sample：Lascaux Cave Paintings2 TPO 04：Cave Art in Europe3 TPO 10：Chinese Pottery4 TPO 11：Ancient Egyptian Sculpture5 TPO 23：Rock Art of the Australian Aborigines建筑/戏剧/电影/摄影1 OG：Applied Arts and Fine Arts2 TPO 01：The Origins of Theater3 TPO 02：Early Cinema4 TPO 03：Architecture5 TPO 12：Transition to Sound in Film10 TPO 22：The Birth of Photography二、历史/考古学工业化介绍1 OG：Artisans and Industrialization2 TPO 06：Powering The Industrial Revolution3 TPO 18：Industrialization in The Netherlands and Scandinavia4 TPO 26：Energy and the Industrial Revolution贸易/经济介绍1 TPO 10：Seventeenth-Century European Economic Growth2 TPO14：Pastoralism in Ancient Inner Eurasia3 TPO 16：Trade and The Ancient Middle East4 TPO 17：Europe’s Early Sea Trade with Asia5 TPO 25：The Decline of Venetian Shipping农业发展介绍1 TPO 07：Agriculture, Iron, and The Bantu Peoples2 TPO21：The Origins of Agriculture3 TPO 23：Seventeenth-Century Dutch Agriculture国家/城市特点1 OG：Nineteenth-Century Politics in The United States2 TPO 07：Ancient Rome and Greece3 TPO 08：The Rise of Teotihuacan4 TPO 14：Maya Water Problems5 TPO 19：The Roman Army’s Impact on Britain6 TPO 26：Sumer and The First Cities of The Ancient Near East 人口变化特点1 TPO 05：The Origins of The Pacific Island People2 TPO 09：Colonizing The Americas Via The Northwest Coast3 TPO 20：Westward Migration4 TPO 20：Early Settlement in The Southwest Asia5 TPO 24：Moving into Pueblos三、心理/生理学1 OG：Aggression2 OG：The Expression of Emotion3 TPO06：Infantile Amnesia4 TPO 13：Methods of Studying Infant Perception5 TPO 18：The Mystery of Yawning6 TPO 21：Autobiographical Memory7 TPO 24：Breathing During Sleep四、社会学1 TPO09：Reflection in Teaching2 TPO 13：Types of Social Groups3 TPO 14：Childrenand Advertising其他学科类1 OG：Loie Fuller2 TPO 06：William Smith3 TPO 16：Development of The Periodic Table4 TPO 12：Which Hand Did They Use?以上就是关于托福阅读文章话题匹配(更新至TPO 26)的详细内容，希望对考生们复习托福阅读有所帮助，400-080-6358。
托福阅读文章分类(OG+TPO1-31)
托福阅读文章分类（更新至TPO 30）1. 自然科学1.1地质学1.1.1冰川类1OG：Green Icebergs2TPO 15：Glacier Formation3TPO 19：Discovering The Ice Ages1.1.2地质现象1 OG：Geology and Landscape2TPO 01：Groundwater3TPO 02：Desert Formation4TPO 03：Depletion of The Ogallala Aquifer 5TPO 07：The Geologic History of The Mediterranean6TPO 12：Water in The Desert7TPO 20：Fossil Preservation8TPO 21：Geothermal Energy 9TPO 24：Lake Water10TPO27：The Formation of Volcanic Islands11TPO28：Groundwater1.2天文学1.2.1火星类1 TPO 08：Running Water On Mars2TPO 25：The Surface of Mars1.2.2其他行星类1TPO 16：Planets in Our Solar System2TPO 22：The Allende Meteorite2. 生物科学2.1植物学1Sample：Opportunity and Competitors2TPO01：Timberline Vegetation on Mountains3TPO 05：Minerals and Plants4TPO 09：The Arrival of Plant Life in Hawaii 5TPO 22：Spartina6TPO 25：The Evolutionary Origin of Plants 2.2动物学2.2.1动物特点1 OG：Swimming Machines2OG：Feeding Habits of East African Herbivores3TPO04：Deer Population of The Puget Sound4TPO 13：Biological Clock5TPO 15：A Warm-blooded Turtle6TPO 17：Symbiotic Relationship2.2.2动物变化1Sample：Meteorite Impact and Dinosaur Extinction2TPO 05：The Cambrian Explosion3TPO 08：Extinction of The Dinosaurs4TPO 15：Mass Extinctions2.2.3动物行为1TPO 02：The Origins of Cetaceans2TPO 11：Begging by Nestlings3TPO 11：Orientation and Navigation4TPO 17：Animal Signals in The Rain Forest 5TPO27：Predator-Prey Cycles6TPO28：Buck Rubs and Buck Scrapes 2.3生态/环境学2.3.1生态系统1TPO 03：The Long-Term Stability of Ecosystems2TPO 19：Succession, Climax, and Ecosystems3TPO 26：Survival of Plants and Animals in Desert Conditions4TPO29：Competition5TPO30：The Pace of Evolutionary Change 2.3.2环境特点1Sample：Electricity from Wind2TPO 04：Petroleum Resources3TPO 10：Variations in The Climate4TPO 18：Lightning5TPO 23：Urban Climates3. 社会科学3.1艺术3.1.1绘画/雕塑/陶瓷1Sample：Lascaux Cave Paintings2TPO04：Cave Art in Europe3TPO 10：Chinese Pottery4TPO 11：Ancient Egyptian Sculpture5 TPO 23：Rock Art of the Australian Aborigines6TPO27：Crafts in the Ancient near East7TPO29：Characteristics of Roman Pottery 3.1.2建筑/戏剧/电影/摄影1 OG：Applied Arts and Fine Arts2TPO 01：The Origins of Theater3TPO02：Early Cinema4 TPO03：Architecture5TPO 12：Transition to Sound in Film6 TPO 22：The Birth of Photography7TPO30：The Role of Play in Development 3.2历史/考古学3.2.1工业化介绍1 OG：Artisans and Industrialization2TPO 06：Powering The Industrial Revolution3TPO 18：Industrialization in The Netherlands and Scandinavia4TPO 26：Energy and the Industrial Revolution5TPO29：The History of waterpower6TPO30：The Invention of the Mechanical Clock3.2.2贸易/经济介绍1TPO 10：Seventeenth-Century European Economic Growth2TPO14：Pastoralism in Ancient Inner Eurasia3TPO 16：Trade and The Ancient Middle East4TPO 17：Europe’s Early Sea Trade with Asia 5TPO 25：The Decline of Venetian Shipping 3.2.3农业发展介绍1TPO 07：Agriculture, Iron, and The Bantu Peoples2TPO21：The Origins of Agriculture3TPO 23：Seventeenth-Century Dutch Agriculture3.2.4国家/城市特点1OG：Nineteenth-Century Politics in The United States2TPO 07：Ancient Rome and Greece3TPO 08：The Rise of Teotihuacan 4TPO 14：Maya Water Problems5TPO 19：The Roman Army’s Impact on Britain6 TPO 26：Sumer and The First Cities of The Ancient Near East3.2.5人口变化特点1TPO 05：The Origins of The Pacific Island People2TPO 09：Colonizing The Americas Via The Northwest Coast3TPO 20：Westward Migration4TPO 20：Early Settlement in The Southwest Asia5TPO 24：Moving into Pueblos6TPO28：Early Saharan Pastoralists3.3心理/生理学1 OG：Aggression2 OG：The Expression of Emotion3 TPO 06：Infantile Amnesia4 TPO 13：Methods of Studying Infant Perception5TPO 18：The Mystery of Yawning6TPO 21：Autobiographical Memory7 TPO 24：Breathing During Sleep3.4社会学1 TPO 09：Reflection in Teaching2TPO 13：Types of Social Groups3TPO 14：Children and Advertising4. 其他学科类1 OG：Loie Fuller2 TPO 06：William Smith3TPO 16：Development of The Periodic Table4TPO 12：Which Hand Did They Use?。
【托福听力资料】托福TPO7听力文本——Lecture 4
【托福听力资料】托福TPO7听力文本——Lecture 4众所周知，托福TPO材料是备考托福听力最好的材料。
相信众多备考托福的同学也一直在练习这套材料，那么在以下内容中我们就为大家带来托福TPO听力练习的文本，希望能为大家的备考带来帮助。
TPO 7 Lecture 4 GeologyLast time, we started to talk about glaciers and how these masses of ice form from crystallized snow, and some of you were amazed at how huge some of these glaciers are. Now, even though it may be difficult to understand how a huge mass of ice can move or flow, it’s another word for it, it’s really known that no secret that the glaciers flow because of gravity. But how they flow, the way they flow, needs some explaining.Now, the first type of glacier flow is called: basal slip. Basal slip orsliding as it’s often called, basically refers to the slipping or sliding of aglacier across bedrock, actually across a thin layer of water on top of the bedrock. So, this process shouldn’t be too hard to imagine. What happens is that the ice at the base of the glacier is under a great deal of pressure-- the pressure coming from the weight of the overlying ice. And you probably know that under pressure, the melting temperature of water, of the ice I mean, is reduced.So, ice at the base of the glacier melts, even though it’s below zero degree Celsius. And this results in a thin layer of water between the glacier and the ground. This layer of water reduces friction is... is like a lubricant. And it allows the glacier to slide or slip over the bedrock. OK?Now the next type of movement we will talk about is called: deformation. You’v already known that ice is brittle, if you hit it with a hammer, it will shatter like glass. But ice is also plastic, it can change shape without breaking. If you leave, for example, a bar of ice supported only at one end, the end, the unsupported end will deform under its own weight, it’ll kind of flatten out at one end, get distorted, deformed. Think of deformation as a very slow oozing. Depending on the stresses on the glacier, the ice crystal within it reorganize. And during this re-organization the ice crystals realign in a way that allows them to slide pass each other. And so the glacier oozes downhill without any ice actually melting.Now, there are a couple of factors that affect the amount of deformation that takes place or the speed of the glacier’s movement for example. Deformation is more likely to occur the thicker the ice is, because of the gravity of the weight of the ice. And temperature also plays a part here, in that cold ice does not move as easily as ice that is close to the melting point, in fact, it is not too different from… the way oil is, thicker at lower temperatures. So, if you have a glacier in a slightly warmer region, it will flow faster than a glacier in a cooler region.Ok, um… Now, I’d like to touch briefly on extension and compression. Your textbook includes these as types, as a particular type of glacier movement, but you will see that there are …as many textbooks that omit it as a type of movement as include it. And I might not include it right now, if it weren’t inyour textbook. But, basically, the upper parts of glaciers have less pressure onthem. So, they don’t deform easily, they tend to be more brittle. And crevassescan form in this upper layers of the glacier. When the glacier comes intocontact with bedrock walls or is otherwise under some kind of stress, but can’tdeform quickly enough. So, the ice would expand or constrict, and that can causebig fissures big cracks to form in the surface layers of the ice, and thatbrittle surface ice moving is sometimes considered a type of glacier movementdepending on which source you are consulting.Now, as you probably know, glaciers generally move really slowly. Butsometimes, they experience surges, and during these surges, in some places, theycan move at speeds as high as 7000 meters per year. Now, speeds like that arepretty unusual, hundreds of times faster than the regular movement of glaciers,but you can actually see glacier move during these surges, though it israre.。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
托福阅读笔记之TPO7 地中海的地质史说到托福阅读备考，TPO是必不可少的备考神器，通过TPO练习来更好的适应阅读考试的节奏。
本文小编带来的托福阅读笔记是TPO7 The Geologic History of the Mediterranean的内容，希望能够与正在备考的大家一起进步。
TPO7 The Geologic History of the Mediterranean文章题材：自然科学——地中海的地质史常见词汇：calcium['kælsiəm]n. 钙contained[kən'teind]adj. 泰然自若的，从容的;被控制的v.包含;遏制evaluate[i'væljueit]vt. 评估，评价describe[dis'kraib]vt. 描述，画(尤指几何图形)，说成unusual[ʌn'ju:ʒuəl]adj. 不平常的，异常的turbulent['tə:bjulənt]adj. 狂暴的，骚动的，动荡的，汹涌的contain[kən'tein]vt. 包含，容纳，克制，抑制vi. 自制vessel['vesl]n. 容器，器皿，船，舰n. 脉管imply[im'plai]vt. 暗示，意指，含有……的意义inability[.inə'biliti]n. 无能，无力易错题解析：Paragraph 3: With question such as these clearly before them, the scientists aboard the Glomar Challenger processed to the Mediterranean to search for the answers. On August 23, 1970, they recovered a sample. The sample consisted of pebbles of hardened sediment that had once been soft, deep-sea mud, as well as granules of gypsum and fragments of volcanic rock. Not a single pebble was found that might have indicated that the pebbles came from the nearby continent. In the days following, samples of solid gypsum were repeatedly brought on deck as drilling operations penetrated the seafloor. Furthermore, the gypsumwas found to possess peculiarities of composition and structure that suggested it had formed on desert flats. Sediment above and below the gypsum layer contained tiny marine fossils, indicating open-ocean conditions. As they drilled into the central and deepest part of the Mediterranean basin, the scientists took solid, shiny, crystalline salt from the core barrel. Inter-bedded with the salt were thin layers of what appeared to be windblown silt.4.Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 3 about the solid gypsum layer?○It did not contain any marine fossil.○It had formed in open-ocean conditions.○It had once been soft, deep-sea mud.○It contained sediment from nearby deserts.题型：推论题。
答案是(A)解析：以solid gypsum layer做关键词，原文第五句提到samples of solid gypsum，为关键句。
而由第七句可以推论出海洋生物化石不是在gypsum layer中，而是在其上层，所以A选项正确。
B选项和C选项的推断与原文不符，D选项的推断并没有根据，根据文中的四句只能得出gypsum在desert flats上形成，而没有说是nearby deserts。
语法点：介词短语做后置定语、现在分词做结果状语的用法易错选项：B。
Paragraph 4: The time had come to formulate a hypothesis. The investigators theorized that about 20 million years ago, the Mediterranean was a broad seaway linked to the Atlantic by two narrow straits. Crustal movements closed the straits, and the landlocked Mediterranean began to evaporate. Increasing salinity caused by the evaporation resulted in the extermination of scores of invertebrate species. Only a few organisms especially tolerant of very salty conditions remained. As evaporation continued, the remaining brine (salt water) became so dense that the calcium sulfate of the hard layer was precipitated. In the central deeper part of the basin, the last of the brine evaporated to precipitate more soluble sodium chloride (salt). Later, under the weight of overlying sediments, this salt flowed plastically upward to form salt domes. Before this happened, however, the Mediterranean was a vast desert 3,000 meters deep. Then, about 5.5 million years ago came the deluge. As a result of crustal adjustments and faulting, the Strait of Gibraltar, where the Mediterranean now connects to the Atlantic, opened, and water cascaded spectacularlyback into the Mediterranean. Turbulent waters tore into the hardened salt flats, broke them up, and ground them into the pebbles observed in the first sample taken by the Challenger. As the basin was refilled, normal marine organisms returned. Soon layer of oceanic ooze began to accumulate above the old hard layer.10. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.○The strait of Gibraltar reopened when the Mediterranean and the Atlantic became connected and the cascades of water from one sea to the other caused crustal adjustments and faulting.○The Mediterranean was dramatically refilled by water from the Atlantic when crustal adjustments and faulting opened the Strait of Gibraltar, the place where the two seas are joined.○The cascades of water from t he Atlantic to the Mediterranean were not as spectacular as the crustal adjustments and faulting that occurred when the Strait of Gibraltar was connected to those seas.○As a result of crustal adjustments and faulting and the creation of the Strait of Gi braltar, the Atlantic and Mediterranean were connected and became a single sea with spectacular cascades of water between them.题型：句子简化题。