机械制造专业英语课后翻译答案
机械制造专业英语课后短语翻译
英语课后重点短语LESSON 1(P15)1)the fundamental concept 基本概念2)cross section 横截面3)the internal stresses produced in the bar 棒内应力4)continuous distribution of bydrostatic pressure 净水压力的连续分布5)the tensile load 拉伸载荷6) a uniform distribution over the cross section 横截面上的均匀分布7)arbitrary cross-sectional shape 任意横截面形状8)tensile stress 拉应力9)compressive stresses 压应力10)a normal stress 正应力11)through the centroid of the cross sectional area 通过质心的横截面积12)the uniform stress condition 均应力状态13)the stress distribution at the end of the bar14)high localized stresses 局部高应力15)an axially loaded bar 轴向加载杆16)a tensile strain 拉伸应变17)an elongation or stretching of the material 延长或拉伸的材料18)a compressive strain 压应变19)the ratio of two lengths20)purely statical and geometrical considerations 从纯静态和几何关系考虑LESSON 2(P25)1)the main manifestations of capacity 功能的主要表现形式2)the maximum unit load(stress) 最大单位载荷3)stress-strain diagram 应力-应变图4)the simple tensile test 简单拉伸试验5)the percentage elongation at rupture 断裂延伸率6)the end of tensile specimens 拉伸试样的末端7)permanent deformation 永久变形8)the resulting load-displacement curve 所产生的载荷-位移曲线9) a substsntial yielding of the material 大量高产的物质10)yield point 屈服点11)the trainsition from elastic to plastic behavior12)material property table 材料性能表13)plastic defomation 塑性变形14)a specified standard length of the specimen 指定的标准试样的长度15)at the moment of rupture 在破裂时16)short cylindrical specimens 短圆柱试样17)ductile materials 任性材料18)high stress concentration 高应力集中19)ultimate tensile strength 极限抗拉强度20)strain hardening zone 应变硬化区LESSON 3(P37)1)circular cross section 圆截面2)the position of mountings 安装位置3)nominal size 标准尺寸4)length of shaft subjected to twist 轴的受扭长度5)minimize stress concentration 尽量减小应力集中6)from the standpoint of stress 从应力角度7)equations for a shaft in pure torsion 轴纯扭转的方程式8)diameter of solid shaft 实心轴的直径9)outside diameter of hollow shaft 空心轴的外径10)the amount of twist in a shaft 轴的扭转量11)torsional deflection 扭转变形12)shear modulus of elasticity 剪切弹性模量13)be closer to the vertical load 接近于垂直载荷14)the endurance limit 疲劳极限15)the allowable shearing stress 许用剪切应力16)equation for equivalent moments 方程的等效力矩17)the design stress values for flexure 设计弯曲应力值18)the angle of twist 扭转角19)antifricton bearings 滚动轴承20)the amount of twist in a shaft 轴的扭转量LESSOM 4(P51)1)herringbone gears 人字齿轮2)spiral gears 螺旋齿轮3)worn gears 蜗轮4)bevel gears 圆锥齿轮5)hypoid gears 准双曲面齿轮6)sizes of spur-gear teeth 齿轮轮齿的尺寸7)the automotive rear axle drives 汽车后桥驱动8)rack-and-pinion drives 齿条和小齿轮驱动器9)diametral pitch 径节10)pitch circle 节圆11)the tangency point 切点12)pressure angles 压力角13)an involute curve 渐开线14)the radial distant 径向距离15)at right angles 成直角16)the average number of teeth in contact17)the reciprocal of the diametral pitch 对等径节18)to change inches to millimeters 把英寸换算成毫米19)a line perpendicular to the centerlines 垂直中心线的直线20)center distance between two meshed gears 两个齿轮的中心距LESSION 5(P62)1)plate cams 盘形凸轮2)cylindrical cams 圆柱凸轮3)the cam assembles in automatic record players 汽车发动机上的凸轮组件4)cam profiles 凸轮轮廓5)make a full-scale template 制造一个实体样板6)in the course of several revolutions of the cam 在凸轮中转几圈7) a tangential plate cam 切向盘形凸轮8) a translation cam 移动凸轮9)the groove in the periphery of the cam 凸轮表面的槽10)a guided vertical reciprocated follower 做垂直运动的往复件11)a constant-diameter cam 等径凸轮12)automatic washing machines13)a face cam 面凸轮14)the edge of a pivoted follow 摆动从动件的边缘15)a reciprocating knife-edged follower 作往复运动的刀口式从动件16)miniature snap-action electrical switchies 小的速动开关17)a pivoted flat-faced follower 安装在摆臂上的滚子从动件18)air pilot values19)the abrupt change in cam profile 在凸轮轮廓上的突变20)a Scotch yoke mechanism 苏格兰的克机构LESSION 6(P73)1)developing and demanding industry 一个处在发展中社会需要的产业2)propeller shaft 传动轴3)suspension components4) a sliding splined type of joint 滑动花键连接5)two rear axle shafts 两个后半轴6)to mesh with a larger bevel gear 与更大的锥齿轮啮合7)the universal joint 万向节8) a steering wheel 转向轮9)unevenness of road surfaces 路面的不平度10)the transverse line of the axle shafts 后横半轴11)to cause excessive tyre wear 造成轮胎的过度磨损12)the exactly similar diameter 直径非常接近13)quarter-elliptic leaf springs 四分之一随圆形钢板板式弹簧14)the transmission of shock 冲击15)road surface variation 路面变化16)the final-drive gears 最终传动齿轮副17)the precise alignment of shaft 精确同轴18)a rotating drum 转动筒鼓19)a hand lever 手刹杆20)be locked in the one position 被固定某一位置LESSION 8(P99)1)bulk deformation of metals 金属的变形2)forging，rolling or extruding 锻造滚压挤压3)plastic deformation 塑性变形4)impact blows 冲击5)the recrystallization point of the mental6)hot working and cold working 热加工和冷加工7)better surface finish8)hammer forging 锤锻9)striking the hot metal 锻打热金属10)a slow squeezing action 缓慢加压11)open dies and closed dies 开模和闭模12)bevel gears with traight or helical teeth 用直齿或螺旋加工锥齿轮13)impression dies 型腔模14)each of several die cavities 每一个模膛15)mass production16)a homogeneous circumferential grain fiow 均匀的周向纤维流17)the three-dimensional description 三维描述18)computer simulation 计算机仿真19)hydraulic presses 液压压力20)be rough- and finished-machined 粗加工和精加工LESSION 9(P110)1)carrying high-amperage current 携带高安培电流2)the electrode and the work-piece 电机和工件3)the weld pool 焊接熔池4) a column of ionized gas called plasma 一个列的电离气体称为等离子体5)the oxides and nitrides 氧化物和氮化物6)the positive ions 阳离子7)deleterious substances 有害物质8)the newly solidified mental 刚凝固的金属9)in overhead welding 仰焊10)current density 电流密度11)deposition rate 沉积速率12)an unbalanced magnetic field 不平横磁场13)arc blow 电弧偏吹14)the electrode coating 电极涂层15)in overhead position 在仰焊的位置16)the cooling rate of the deposited metal 沉积金属的冷却速度17)a more homogeneous microstructure 更均匀的微观结构18)a smooth flow of molten metal 顺畅熔融19)cellulosic-coated electrodes 纤维质涂层的焊条20)perpendicular to the current path 与电路垂直LESSION 10(P123)1)plain carbon steel 碳素钢2)carbon content 碳含量3)low carbon steel 低碳钢4)medium carbon steel 中碳钢5)high carbon steel 高碳钢6)be cold worked 冷加工7)be heat treated 热处理8)contain 20 point of carbon 含20%的碳9)in the hot-rolled condition 在热轧条件下10)heat-treat-hardened plain carbon steel 热处理硬化普通碳钢11)free-machining steels 易切削钢12)hot short 热脆性13)cold shortness 冷脆性14)the isothermal transformation curves 等温移动曲线15)grain refinement 细化晶粒16)stainless steel 不锈钢17)AISI steels 美国钢铁协会钢18)Iron-carbon equilibrium diagram 铁碳平衡表19)Tool and die steel 工具钢和模具钢20)High corrosion chemical resistance 高耐腐蚀和耐化学性能LESSION 11(P134)1)allotropic materials 同素异晶材料2)plain low carbon steel 普通低碳钢3)hypoeutectiod steel 亚共析钢4)normalized steel 正火钢5)hypereutectoid steel 过共析钢6)eutectoid composistion 共析钢7)grain houndaries 晶界8)ferrite matrix 铁氧体矩阵9)about 60℃about the Ac1 temperature 大约Ac1温度以上60摄氏度10)the nose of the I-T curve I-T曲线鼻共处11)cooling rate 冷却速率12)quenching shock 淬火介质13)thermal stress 热应力14)thermal shock 热冲击15)a tempered steel 回火钢16)temper brittlement 回火脆性17)in the tempering or drawing proceduce 在回火阶段18)hardened steel 硬化钢19)full annealing 充分退火20)to dissolve all the cementite 溶解渗碳体LESSION 15(P177)1)turning，facing and boring 车削，车端面和镗孔2)split nut 对开螺母3) a single setup of the workplace 工件在一次性定位安装4)headstock assembly 主轴箱组件5)tailstock assembly 尾座组件6)carriage assembly 溜板箱组件7)lead screw and feed rod 丝杠和光杆8)two sets of parallel，longitudinal ways 两组平行的导轨9)to assure accuracy of alignment 为了保证装配的精确度10)a set of transmission gears 一套传动齿轮11)the maximum size of bar stock 棒料的最大尺寸12)gear box 齿轮箱13)a V-belt or silent-chain drive V型带和无声传动装置14)carbide and ceramic tools 硬质合金和金属陶瓷刀15)the inner ways of the end 床身的内侧导轨16)tailstock quill 尾座套筒17)a graduated scale 通常情况18)in the direction normal to the axis of rotation of the work 在垂直工件旋转轴线方向19)manual movement of the carriage 托盘的手工移动20)per revolution of the spindle 主轴旋转一周LESSION 16 (P188)1) a multiple-tooth cutter 多齿铣刀2)progressive formation 逐渐成形3)in a direction perpendicular to the axis of the cutter 在垂直刀具轴线的方向4)the metal removal rate 金属切除率5)produce good surface finish 产生好的表面光洁度6)in job-shop and tool and die work7)teeth located un the periphery of the cutter body8)slab milling 板铣9)face milling 端面铣削10)up milling 逆铣11)down milling 顺铣12)the direction of feed of the workpiece 工件的进给方向13)the clamping device 夹具14)the smoothness of the generated surface 铣削表面的平整度15)the sharpness of the cutter edges 切削刃的锋利程度16)at the end of the tooth engagement17) p rofile cutters 仿形铣刀18) c arbide- and ceramic- tipped cutters 硬质合金及陶瓷-硬质合金刀具19)negative-rake-angle cutters 负倾角刀20)arbor cutters and shank cutters 乔木刀和柄刀。
机械制造专业英语课后翻译标准答案
应力与应变第一单元That branch of scientific analysis which motions, times and forces is called mechanicsand is made up of two parts, statics and dynamics.研究位移、时间和力运动乘力是科学分析法的一个分歧，被称作力学，力学由两大部静力学和动力学。
分组成，For example, if the force operating on a sleeve bearing becomes too high, it will squeeze outthe oil film and cause metal-to-metal contact, overheating and rapid failure of the bearing.例如：如果止推轴承上的作用力过大的话，会挤出油膜，引起金属和金属之间的相互接触，轴承将过热而迅速失效。
and of place application, direction, concept Our intuitive of force includes such ideas asmagnitude, and these are called the characteristics of a force.。
力的直观概念包括力的作用点、大小、方向，这些被称为力的三要素All bodies are either elastic or plastic and will be deformed if acted upon by forces. When thedeformation of such bodies is small, they are frequently assumed to be rigid, i.e., incapableof deformation, in order to simplify the analysis.的，如果受到力的作用就产生变形。
机械类专业英语课文参考翻译整理版
第一课It is known that metals are very important in our life. Metals have the greatest importance for industry. All machines and other engineering constructions have metal parts; some of them consist only of metal parts.众所周知，金属在我们的生活中是非常重要的，金属对于工业而言是有巨大的重要性，所有机器和其他工程构造都有金属零部件，其中一些还只能由金属组成。
There are two large groups of metals:1) Simple metal- more or less pure chemical elements2) Alloys- materials consisting of a simple metal combined with some other elements.有两大类金属：（1）纯金属——或多或少的金属元素（2）合金——组成纯金属的原料结合其他元素。
About two thirds of all elements found in the earth are metals, but not all metals may be used in industry. Those metals which are used in industry are called engineering metals. The most important engineering metal is iron, which in the form of alloys with carbon and other elements, finds greater use than any other metal. Metals consisting of iron combined with some other elements are known as ferrous metals; all the other metals are called nonferrous metals. The most important nonferrous metal are copper, aluminum, lead, zinc, tin, but all these metals are used much less than ferrous metals, because the ferrous metals are much cheaper.在地球上发现的所有元素中，大约三分之二是金属元素，但是并不是所有的金属都能够用于工业上。
机械制造专业英语课后翻译答案
第一单元1.That branch of scientific analysis which motions, times and forces is called mechanics and is made up of two parts, statics and dynamics.研究位移、时间和力运动乘力是科学分析法的一个分歧，被称作力学，力学由两大部分组成，静力学和动力学。
2.For example, if the force operating on a sleeve bearing becomes too high, it will squeeze out the oil film and cause metal-to-metal contact, overheating and rapid failure of the bearing.例如：如果止推轴承上的作用力过大的话，会挤出油膜，引起金属和金属之间的相互接触，轴承将过热而迅速失效。
3.Our intuitive concept of force includes such ideas as place of application, direction, and magnitude, and these are called the characteristics of a force.力的直观概念包括力的作用点、大小、方向，这些被称为力的三要素。
4.All bodies are either elastic or plastic and will be deformed if acted upon by forces. When the deformation of such bodies is small, they are frequently assumed to be rigid, i.e., incapable of deformation, in order to simplify the analysis.所有的物体既可以是弹性的也可以是塑性的，如果受到力的作用就产生变形。
机械制造专业英语4B原文及翻译(章跃主编)
CHAIN DRIVESChain drives occupy a unique position in the mechanical field.In a sense,they are similar to belt drives;a chain connects sprockets on the driving and driven shafts.The velocity ratio transmitted from one shaft to the other depends on the size of the two sprockets(at the pitch line);unlike that found with belts,the ratio is positive.In belt drive ,creep and slip play important roles and must be considered;in a chain drive,which is made up of numerous links,there is a small amount of play in the total length of the chain.This may be desirable in case of small overloads.A chain drive is similar to the open-belt type of dirve in that the driving and driven shafts rotate in the same direction.There are also similarities between chain drives and gear drives.Both types transmit a positive velocity ratio.In a regular spur-gear drive,the driving and driven shafts turn in opposite directions unless an idler is employed.In gear drives employing an annular or ring gear,however,the input and output shafts rotate in the same direction.In a spur-gear drive there is very little contact between meshing gears;therefore,tooth loads are excessive.Since the connection between a chain and its sprocket extends over several teeth,no one tooth is subjected to heavy loads.Chain drives are often noisy.The silent chain type of drive was developed to counteract this undesirable characteristic.Belt,chain,and gear drives are all dangerous.Belt and chain speeds are high,as is the pitch-line velocity of most gear drives.All should be adequately covered by suitable guards(or completely enclosed) so that no boby or clothing parts can possibly be caught in the moving components.Other comparisons can be made among chain,belt,and gear drives.Gear drives can operate at higher speeds than the others,and are usually more compact.However,chain drives do not require the mounting precision that is so essential for gearing.An advantage of chain drives in comparison to belt drives is that the former do not require tension on the slack side;this leads to better bearing life.In general,chain drives are more compact than the belt type;for a given ratio,the sprockets can be smaller than belt pulleys.For a given load,chain widths are narrower than comparable flat belts.The connecting link on chain drives makes them easy to install—the chain is merely placed over the sprockets and the proper pins are placed in position.In most belt installations,force is needed to place the belt in the proper position;such action is detrimental to mounting bearings.The angle of contact for the driving sprocket can be smaller than the driving pulley for a belt drive.For a chain drive,this angle can be as small as 120 degrees.The center distance can also be small;if a 120-degree angle of contact is provided,the center distance need be no more than just enough to provide clearance for the sprocket teeth.An essential part of any chain drive is the sprocket.A chain drive requires a sprocket on the driving shaft and another on the driven shaft.Chain drives sometimes contain additional sprockets,used for additional power take-offs or for taking up chain slack.When used to take up chain slack,they are known as idlers.Idlers should be mounted on the slack side,not on the tight side.It is desirable to have an adjustment for idler positioning where possible.Fig.4-5 showsa roller-chain sprocket.Sprocket teeth are standardized to accommodate the roller chain.Various sizes of sprockets may be used,and several types are available.The simplest type is one without a hub.Sprockets are also available with hubs on one side or on both sides.Special arrangements are also possible.Certain of these are used in conjunction with a shear-pin hub;the shear pin is designed to fail in case of an accidental or unexpected overload.Some types can be installed on large lineshafts;these sprockets are made in two parts so that they can be installed without disconnecting the long length of shafting.Smaller sprockets are usually made solid;large ones are sometimes constructed with arms or spokes to reduce weight.In general,the selection of a sprocket depends on the type of application.链传动链传动在机械领域中占据了独特的地位。
2012机械设计制造及其自动化专业外语参考答案
一词汇a 英译汉Dimension 尺寸Machine tool Adhesiveness Compound rest复合刀具台机床粘性Apron 挡板，Climb-cut Peripheral milling Slab milling阔面铣削同向铣削Centerless grinding无心轮磨Machinery Cylindrical hole Snag 障碍机械圆柱孔Coarseness 粗糙度Up-milling逆铣Abrasive belt磨带Profile Machine table剖面机表Rectilinear Protecctive guards 直线防护String milling连续铣削b 汉译英刚度，硬度hardess 圆柱形端铣刀cylindric end mill 进给速度feed speed 托架bracket软刚，低碳钢mild steel沉头螺钉sunk screw螺线spiral 平面磨surface grind镗床boring machine 摩擦离合器friction clutch多刃刀具multipoint tool 牛头刨床shaping machine被动皮带轮Passive pulley润滑油lubricating oil燕尾槽dovetail groove 卡盘chuck材料去除装备Material removal equipment插入式磨削Plug-in grinding冷却液coolant 床头箱headstock二翻译句子1) The slides a nd slideways of a machine tool locate and guide members which move relative to each other,usually changing the position of the tool relative to the workpiece.车刀机床的滑块和滑道s使定位和导向构件之间将对移动，常常用于改变工件与工作台的相对位置2）In order to maintain a constant angular velocity, the individual tooth profile must obey the fundamental law of gearing: for a pair of gears to transmit a constant angular velocity ratio, the shape of their contacting profile must be such that the common normal passes through a fixed point on the line of the centers为了维持一个恒定的角速度,单个齿廓必须遵守啮合基本定律:对于一对以固定角速度传动的齿轮,他们的传动比两轮连心线被齿廓接触点公共法线分割的两顿先吨的反比3）Plain milling cutters are adapted to cut by teeth with cutting edges situatued on the surface of a cylinder which can be circumscribed on cutter. face mills are adapted to cutting by teeth with cutting edges situated on the surface of the mill and partially on its cylindrial surface平铣刀适用于使用位于圆柱面上的齿上的切削刃工作的铣削，平面铣刀适用于使用位于铣刀表面和其部分圆柱面的齿上的切削刃做的铣削4）Pressures angles for spur gear are usually 14.5 or 20 degrees, although other values can be used. Meshing gears must have the same pressure angles.虽然其他值也也可以使用，但齿轮的压力角经常为14.5度或20度，相啮合的齿轮必须有相同的压力角5）The cross section of the milled surface corresponds to the outline or contour of the milling cutter or combination of cutters used.加工表面的界面要与使用的刀具或组合刀具的外轮廓一致6）Lets us now discuss the different concepts associated with the manufacturing accuracy required modern mass-production technologies.让我们来讨论有关现代大规模生产技术所要求的制造精度的不同概念。
机电英语课后汉译英
一1最常见的机械零件是齿轮，齿轮式实际上是由轮子和杆组成的带齿的轮子。
The most common machine element is the gear, which combines the feature of the wheel and the lever to form a toothed wheel.2齿轮的坚硬性决定了它的耐磨能力。
The hardness of a gear determines its ability to resist wear.3制造业的工程师们集中精力，研制标准化的零件。
Manufacturing engineers have centered their efforts on the development of standardized elements.4这些零件是在大批量，高规格和低成本的条件下生产的。
There parts are produced in large quantities with a high degree of perfection at reduced cost.5可以说，零件表面是零件和设备的功能信息的载体。
It seems that the machine part surface is the carrier of functional information for both machine element and processing apparatus.6这些机械零件的正确使用，取决于是否懂得作用于结构上的力和所用材料的强度等相关方面的知识。
Proper application of these machine elements depends upon knowledge of the force on the structure and the strength of the materials employed.二1.深沟球轴承是应用最广泛的的一种球轴承。
机械专业外语_习题集(含答案)
《机械专业外语》课程习题集一、短文翻译(英译汉)1. The solution to most design problems does arise from a set of equations, instead it is a compromise to satisfy a number of design requirements and practical limitations such as available tooling and servicing ease. Designs are often revised to introduce new features, but as much as possible of the old design is retained for economic reasons. Producing a revised design is usually not as difficult as producing a new design because the history of the original is available for evaluation.2. When cutting screw threads, power is provided to the gearbox of the apron by the lead screw. In all other turning operations, it is feed rod that drives the carriage. The lead screw goes through a pair of half nuts, which are fixed to the rear of the apron. When actuating a certain lever, the half nuts are clamped together and engage with the rotating lead screw as a single nut, which is feed , together with the carriage along the bed.3.Generally, grinding is considered to be a finishing process that is usually used for obtaining high-dimensional accuracy and better surface finish. Grinding can be performed on flat, cylindrical, or even internal surfaces by employing specialized machine tools, which are referred to as grinding machines. Obviously, grinding machines differ in construction as well as capabilities, and the type to be employed is determined mainly by the geometrical shape and nature of the surface to be ground. -e.g. cylindrical surfaces are ground on cylindrical grinding machines.4. The dielectric serves to concentrate the discharge energy into a channel of very small crosssectional area. It also cools the two electrodes, and flushes away the products of machining from the gap. The electrical resistance of the dielectric influences the discharge spark energy and time of spark initiation .if the resistance is low , an early discharge spark occurs. If it is large the capacitor will attain a higher value charge before the discharge spark occurs.5. As we previously saw, CNC,DNC and computer-assisted part programming are different kinds of preplanned computerized control of machine tools. In all cases, the tool path has to be established beforehand through a program, the person who prepares the programs employs his or her experience in order to bring the processing time to minimum and not to cause any damage or distortion to the workpiece. This is, in many cases, a difficult problem that involves many factors, alternatives, and constraints. Obviously, this is exactly where an expert system is needed.6. Equipment productively is improved because of the better utilization of machines whenCIM is implemented. We can see that factors like program ability of equipment and computerized monitoring and control of the whole manufacturing facility would largely improve the efficiency of machine utilization. Higher labor and equipment productivity would certainly result in lower product cost.7. Where loads are due to contact, a pair of equal and opposite forces occur. One force acts as an external load on one contacting member. This action-reaction force pairing is one of the basic natural laws put to practical use by engineers. Tracing these power transmission forces through connected machine linkages is an extremely useful visualization aid for identifying machine component loads.8. Element design is concerned with the proper sizing of machine elements to perform a given function at some stated life criterion. Mechanical designers must also be familiar with properties of materials and machining processes to achieve optimal design. In addition, designers must always contend with the question of cost. The watchword should be simplicity, since a simple device is usually the least expensive.9. The tailstock assembly consists basically of three parts, its lower base, an intermediate part, and the quill. The lower base is a casting that can slide on the lathe bed along the guideways, and it has a clamping device to enable locking the entire tailstock at any desired location, depending upon the length of the workpiece. The intermediate part is a casting that can be moved transversely to enable alignment of the axis of the tailstock with that of the headstock.10. Internal grinding is employed for grinding relatively short holed. The workpiece is held in a chuck or a special fixture. Both the grinding wheel and the workpiece rotate during the operation and feed is applied in the longitudinal direction. Any desired depth of cut can be obtained by the cross feed of the grinding wheel. A variation from this type is planetary internal grinding, which is recommended for heavy workpieces that cannot be held in chucks. In the case, the grinding wheel not only spins around its own axis but also rotates around the centerline of the hole that is being ground.11. The intelligent robot has always been the dream of manufacturing engineers, in order to make the automated factory of the future attainable. It is artificial intelligence that will make that dream come true. By definition, an intelligent robot is one that is able to think, sense, and effect, so that it can cope with a changing environment and learn from experience. Since thinking is a brain function, it is obvious that it would fall within the domain of artificial intelligence if it is to be performed by a computer. An integration between sensing, reasoning, and effecting would unify artificial intelligence and robots, with the final outcome an intelligent robot.12. In recent years, there has been a dramatic increase in the range of media used to convey information. Initially, communication was limited to simple forms of media such as voice and paper. This century, however, has witnessed the introduction of a greater variety of media types such as the telephone and visual forms of media. In the latter part of the century,this trend has accelerated and there is now a wide range of media types available to convey information.13. It is well known that a hot plate of metal will cool faster when placed in front of a fan than when exposed to still air. We say that the heat is convected away and we call the process convection heat transfer. Convection is a much simpler physical process than conduction since it merely consists of the actual motion of a volume of hot fluid from one place to another.14.Around the turn of the twentieth century the steam turbine came into use. Steam turbines are very efficient. They can utilize almost 40 percent of the energy supplied to them. They are three times as efficient as reciprocating engines. Steam turbines power many of the world's ships and the majority of the world's electricity generating stations.15. Most small i.C.engines in common use has four cylinders, which fire in a definite and regular sequence. A flywheel is fitted to the crankshaft to keep it running smoothly. It is essential for the inlet and exhaust valves to open and close at exactly the appropriate moment in relation to the position of the piston. Therefore they are actuated by a cam-shaft running in phase with the crankshaft.16. The alternative to forming method is machining. In machining, a sharpened tool of suitable shape removes material in the form of chips until the desired shape is produced. The use of computer and punched-tape control of machine tools makes it possible forthe machining tool to follow any complex three-dimensional path.17. Perhaps because more high-strength, hard, tough, and exotic materials are used, there isa tendency to use chipless machining despite the progress just noted. There is a trend to reduce the amount of metal that needs to be removed. Often chipless machining is more expensive, but the reduced loss of material results in a saving. The increased use of metal forming, forging, rolling, die-casting and other processes illustrates this trend.18.For the semi-mechanized forging of small to medium-sized components, forging hammers powered by various means are employed. The feature common to all of them is that, like the hand forging hammer, they utilize the energy of a falling weight to develop the pressure needed for shaping the metal. Larger components are forged by means of forging presses operated by steam or compressed air or by hydraulic or electric power. Largely automatic forging machines are used for the quantity production of engineering parts.19. As we know, these are the main tasks of an engineer: to explore new ways, invent new solutions to problems, and design new devices. In the research stage of a project, the engineer usually has found a new way of doing a job and is analyzing it (using mathematics and computers) to see how feasible the idea is and how well it will work. The development stage then follows. Here the idea is carried out in the laboratory. The processes vary among different projects, but the basic point is the same: Turn the idea into a working reality.20.The fact that steel can possess a wide range of useful mechanical properties is of extreme economic importance. This is clearly illustrated in the railroad industry, forex-ample. To move a train from one place to another, we use a locomotive which has the ability to pull a given total load. This load is composed of the weight of the cars and the weight of the freight being transported. If a freight car is made of high strength steel, the structural members can be relatively small and the car will be lighter as well as stronger. This means that the amount of freight can be increased.21.The simplest method of welding two pieces of metal together is known as pressure welding. The ends of metal are heated to a white heat— for iron, the welding temperature should be about 13000C—in a flame, At this temperature the metal becomes plastic. The ends are then pressed or hammered together, and the joint is smoothed off. Care must be taken to ensure that the surfaces are thoroughly clean first, for dirt will weaken the weld. Moreover, the heating of iron or steel to a high temperature causes oxidation, and a film of oxide is formed on the heated surfaces.22. The design of a machine includes many factors other than those of determining the loads and stresses and selecting the proper materials. Before construction or manufacture can begin, it is necessary to have complete assembly and detail drawings to convey all necessary information to the shop men. The designer frequently is called upon to check the drawings before they are sent to the shop. Much experience and familiarity with manufacturing processes are needed before one can become conversant with all phases of production drawings.23. Flat pulleys and belts. This is the oldest and simplest type of pulley and belt. The pulley may be a single pulley, or it may have three or four different diameters. A one-piece pulley having three or four diameters is called a cone pulley. Actually the pulleys are not flat. They are tapered slightly so that the diameter of the pulley is a little larger at its center. We call this a crowned pulley. The pulley is made larger in diameter at the center because a flat belt will always climb to the highest part of a pulley. The crown ensures that the belt will run in the center of the pulley.24.Of course, materials have always been vital to human civilization. Three of humanity’s earliest eras are called the Stone Age, the Bronze Age, and the Iron Age, because the civilization of each was almost entirely dependent on the material after which the era was named. But now, in the twentieth century, materials-not just one, but many-have become a most important factor on which the advance of technology and industry depends. Our progress in space, in electronics, and in atomic energy is directly linked to the solution of crucial materials problems.25.The purpose of the design calculations is of course to attempt to predict the stress or deformation if the part in order that it may safely carry the loads which will be imposed upon it, and that it may last for the expected life of the machine. All calculations are, of course, dependent on the physical properties of the construction materials as determined by laboratory tests. A rational method of design attempts to take the results of relatively simple and fundamental tests and apply them to all the complicated and involved situations encountered in present-day machinery.二、按要求翻译下列句子（略）……答案1.对大多数设计问题的解决并不是来源于一组公式，而是受制于要满足很多设计要求和实际限制诸如可用的工具或使用的舒适性。
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第一单元That branch of scientific analysis which motions, times and forces is called mechanicsand is made up of two parts, statics and dynamics.研究位移、时间和力运动乘力是科学分析法的一个分歧，被称作力学，力学由两大部分组成，静力学和动力学。
For example, if the force operating on a sleeve bearing becomes too high, it will squeeze out the oil film and cause metal-to-metal contact, overheating and rapid failure of the bearing.例如：如果止推轴承上的作用力过大的话，会挤出油膜，引起金属和金属之间的相互接触，轴承将过热而迅速失效。
Our intuitive concept of force includes such ideas as place of application, direction, and magnitude, and these are called the characteristics of a force.力的直观概念包括力的作用点、大小、方向，这些被称为力的三要素。
All bodies are either elastic or plastic and will be deformed if acted upon by forces. When the deformation of such bodies is small, they are frequently assumed to be rigid, i.e., incapable of deformation, in order to simplify the analysis.所有的物体既可以是弹性的也可以是塑性的，如果受到力的作用就产生变形。
当变形很小的时候它们被假设成刚体，也就是不产生变形。
The rigid-body assumption cannot be used in internal stresses and strains due to the applied forces to be analyzed. Thus we consider the body to be capable of deforming.刚体假设不能应用于内应力和内应变的分析，所以在实际力的分析时，要考虑物体的形变。
If all the forces acting on a particle are balanced, the particle will either remain at rest or will continue to move in a straight line at a uniform velocity.如果作用在质点上所有的力是平衡的，质点将会保持静止或做做匀速直线运动。
第二单元A tensile test consists of slowly pulling a sample of material with a tensile load until it breaks. The ends of tensile specimens are usually enlarged to provide extra area for grip-ping and to avoid having the sample break where it is being gripped.拉伸试验包括慢慢加载拉伸载荷直到断裂。
拉伸试件两端加粗为了提供装夹区域和避免试件断裂。
The usual manner of conducting the test is to deform the specimen at a constant speed. For example, in the universal testing machines, the motion between the fixed and moving crossheads can be controlled at a constant speed.通常进行试验的方法就是使试件以恒定速度发生变形。
例如，在万能拉伸试验机上，固定端和移动的十字滑块之间的变形是以恒定速度进行的。
The load that must be applied to enforce this displacement rate varies as the test proceeds. This load F may be divided by the cross-sectional area A to obtain the stress in the specimen at any time during the test.随着实验的进行，用来产生位移的载荷是随位移的变化而变化。
在实验中，载荷F除以横截面积A可以得到任意时刻点的应力。
However actual measurement of ΔL is preferable where this is feasible. Stress and strain based on the initial (undeformed) dimensions, Ai and Li, are called engineering stress and strain.然而，在可行的位置上ΔL的实际测量是更可取的，基于原始尺寸Ai和Li的应力和应变称为工程应力和工程应变。
Ductile and brittle materials behave differently in compression test as well. The compression test is conducted on short cylindrical specimens placed between parallel plates.塑性和脆性材料在压缩试验中表现的特性是不相同的。
压缩试验是把短圆柱形试件放在两平行平板之间进行的。
The compression test diagram for these materials retains the qualitative features of the tension test diagram. The ultimate compressive strength of a brittle of a brittle material is determined in the same way as in tension.材料压缩试验图保持了拉伸试验图性能上的特征。
脆性材料的最大压缩强度与最大拉伸强度得到的方法相同。
第三单元Virtually all machines contain shafts. The most common shape for shafts is circular and the cross section can be either solid or hollow (hollow shafts can result in weight savings).几乎所有的机器都有轴，最常用的外形是圆形的，横截面是空心的或实心的圆形截面（空心轴可以减少重量）。
A shaft must have adequate torsional strength to transmit torque and not be overstressed. It must also be torsionally still enough so that one mounted component does not deviate excessively from its original angular position relative to a second component mounted on the same shaft.一个轴必须有足够的扭转强度来传递扭矩而不会破坏，同样也必须有足够的扭转刚度，这样安装轴就不能过度偏离相对于安装在同一轴上第二个零件的原始位置。
Shafts are mounted on bearings and transmit power through such devices as gears, pulleys, cams and clutches. These devices introduce forces which attempt to bend the shaft; hence, the shaft must be rigid enough to prevent overloading of the supporting bearings.轴安装在轴承上通过齿轮，滑轮，凸轮和离合器这些装置传递力。
这些装置可以产生使轴弯曲的力，所以轴必修有足够的刚性防止支撑轴承的过载。
In addition, the shaft must be able to sustain a combination of bending and torsion and bending.另外，轴必须能承载弯扭组合的载荷，因此，这样就必须考虑弯扭组合的等效载荷。
Components such as gears and pulleys are mounted on shafts by means of key. The design of the key and the corresponding keyway in the shaft must be properly evaluated.齿轮和滑轮构件是用键的方式连接在轴上的，键和对应的键槽的设计必须进行估算。
Another important aspect of shaft design is the method of directly connecting one shaft to another. This is accomplished by devices such as rigid and flexible couplings.轴设计的另一个重要方面是直接连接两轴，通过刚性和柔性的联轴器装置来实现。
第四单元Pressure angles for spur gears are usually 14.5 or 20 degrees, although other values can be used. Meshing gears must have the same pressure angles.直齿轮的压力角通常为14.5°或20°，另外也使用其它的角度，啮合齿轮必须具有相同的压力角。