简答

Questions问题Review questions 1,2,3,5 on page 347复习题1,2,3,5 347页Q1: what is the relationship between pareto improvements and the concept of economic efficiency?问：帕累托的改善和经济效率的概念之间的关系是什么？If an action creates greater total benefits for gainers than total harm to losers ,then a side payment exists which ,if transferred from gainers to losers ,would make the action a pareto improvement.如果一个动作创造了更大的总收益为赢家比输家总伤害，然后一方支付存在的，如果从赢家输家，会使行动的帕累托改进。

Economic efficiency is achieved when we cannot rearrange the production or allocation of goods to make one person better off without making anybody else worse off.经济效率是当我们不能重新安排生产或货物的分配使一个人不使别人更糟更好。

Q2: which of the following actions would be pareto improvement? which could become a pareto improvement if the right side payment were include?问：下列哪种行为是帕累托改进？可如果右侧支付包括成为帕累托改进？a. you buy a coke for $4.5 at an airport restaurant .你买瓶可乐斥资4.5美元在机场餐厅。

b. you and a friend go to movie and compromise on which one to see你和一个朋友去看电影和妥协，一看c. an acquaintance ,who values your tennis racket more than you do ,borrows it ,and never returns it.C.一个熟人，珍视你的网球拍的比你多，借用它，永远不会返回。

Q3: briefly explain why, in a perfectly competitive market with no market failure, providing less than the equilibrium quantity cannot be economically efficient.问：简要解释为什么在完全竞争的市场，没有市场失灵，提供低于均衡数量不能经济有效。

In a well-functioning, perfectly competitive market, the equilibrium quantity is also the efficient quantity. Whenever –at some quantity-the demand curve is higher than the supply curve ,the value of one more unit to some consumer is greater than its additional cost to some producer. The efficient quantity of good is the quantity at which the market demand curve and market supply curves intersect.在一个运作良好，完全竞争的市场，均衡数量也有效量。

每当–在一定数量的需求曲线是高于供给曲线，一个单位的一些消费值大于其额外的成本，一些生产商。

良好的有效量的数量在其市场需求曲线和市场供给曲线相交。

Q5: explain how each of the following enhances economic efficiency:问：如何解释下列每提高经济效益：a. criminal law答：刑法by making most involuntary exchanges illegal, criminal law helps to channel our energies into exchanges and productive activities that benefit all parties involved : pareto improvement. In this way, criminal law contributes to economic efficiency.通过最不随意交流违法，刑事法有助于频道精力交流和生产活动，受益各方参与：帕累托改进。

在这种方式中，刑法对经济效率。

b. property lawB.财产法by reducing disputes about property .and channeling resources into production rather than the capture of property belonging to others-contributes to economic efficiency by increasing total production, thus raising the total benefits that markets can provide.通过减少争议性。

和引导资源投入生产而不是捕获属于他人的财物有助于经济效率增加总的生产，从而提高市场所能提供的利益总量。

c. contract lawC.合同法contracts enable us to make exchanges that place over time and in which one person must act first. In this way contracts helps society enjoy the full benefits of specialization and exchange.合同使我们的交流，随着时间的推移，其中一人必须先行动。

这样有助于社会契约享受专业化和交换的全部好处。

d. tort lawD.侵权法tort law deals with interactions among strangers or people not linked by contracts侵权行为法与陌生人或合同联系不上的人之间的互动e. antitrust lawE.反垄断法antitrust law is designed to prevent businesses from making agreement or engaging in other behavior that limits competition and harms consumers.反垄断法的目的是防止企业作出协议或从事其他行为限制竞争和损害消费者。

List Ways to remedy monopoly列表的方式来弥补垄断Since the market would function very well under competitive conditions ,the government could use antitrust law to break the monopoly into several firms.由于市场的作用将很好的竞争环境下，政府可能会利用反垄断法打破垄断为几家公司。

In the case of natural monopoly, regulators tell the firm what price it can charge.在自然垄断的情况下，监管机构告诉企业什么价格可以充电。

Why does the government use AC pricing strategy instead of MC pricing strategy?为什么政府使用AC定价策略不MC的定价策略？With average cost pricing, regulators strive to set the price equal to cost per unit where the AC across the demand curve . at this price the natural monopoly makes zero economic profit ,which provides its owners with a fair rate of return and keeps the monopoly in business. Average cost pricing lowers the price to consumers and increase the quantity they buy ,bring us closer to efficient level.平均成本定价，监管机构努力设定价格等于单位成本在整个需求曲线的交流。

在这一价格自然垄断使零经济利润，它提供的业主提供一个公平的回报率和保持业务的垄断。

平均成本定价的价格降低到消费者，他们购买的数量增加，使我们更有效的水平。

Questions问题Review questions 1,2,3,5复习题1,2,3,5Q1: for each of the following jobs, would you except the compensating wage differential to be positive or negative ? (in each case ,compare to a job as a computer programmer.) Describe what nonmonetary job characteristics and human capital requirements might be at work in each case.问：下列工作，你除了补偿性工资差异是积极的还是消极的？（在每一种情况下，比较一个计算机程序员工作。