CH 320N - Organic Chemistry II Colapret

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《CNGC2和PEPR2调节拟南芥细胞内外钙动态变化的分子机理及生理功能研究》范文

《CNGC2和PEPR2调节拟南芥细胞内外钙动态变化的分子机理及生理功能研究》范文

《CNGC2和PEPR2调节拟南芥细胞内外钙动态变化的分子机理及生理功能研究》篇一一、引言在植物生理学领域,细胞内外钙动态变化对于维持植物的正常生长和应对环境压力具有关键作用。

拟南芥作为一种模式植物,其在这方面的研究尤为重要。

本文旨在研究CNGC2(钙离子依赖性阴离子通道蛋白)和PEPR2(多肽受体蛋白)如何调节拟南芥细胞内外钙动态变化的分子机理及其生理功能。

二、CNGC2和PEPR2的概述CNGC2是一种钙离子依赖性阴离子通道蛋白,其功能主要涉及细胞内外的离子交换和信号传导。

而PEPR2则是一种多肽受体蛋白,能够识别并响应特定的多肽信号分子。

这两种蛋白质在拟南芥中均具有重要功能,共同参与细胞内外钙动态变化。

三、CNGC2和PEPR2的分子机理(一)CNGC2的分子机理CNGC2通过在细胞膜上形成通道,调节细胞内外钙离子的交换。

当细胞内钙离子浓度升高时,CNGC2通道会开放,使钙离子流出细胞;而当细胞外钙离子浓度升高时,CNGC2通道会关闭,防止钙离子过度流入细胞。

这种调节机制有助于维持细胞内外钙离子的平衡。

(二)PEPR2的分子机理PEPR2通过识别特定的多肽信号分子,引发一系列的信号级联反应,从而影响细胞内钙离子的浓度。

这些多肽信号分子可能来源于植物自身的代谢过程,也可能来自外部环境。

PEPR2的激活会导致细胞内钙离子浓度的快速变化,进而影响其他生物过程。

四、CNGC2和PEPR2的生理功能(一)维持细胞内外钙平衡CNGC2和PEPR2共同参与维持拟南芥细胞的钙平衡。

在应对环境压力时,如干旱、盐渍等,这两种蛋白质能够迅速响应,调节细胞内外钙离子的浓度,以维持正常的生理功能。

(二)参与植物生长发育除维持钙平衡外,CNGC2和PEPR2还参与植物的生长发育过程。

例如,它们可能参与调控花粉管的生长、根的发育以及叶片的光合作用等过程。

这些过程对于植物的生存和繁衍至关重要。

(三)抵御环境压力在应对环境压力时,如病原菌入侵或干旱等,CNGC2和PEPR2能够通过调节细胞内外的钙离子浓度,触发一系列的防御反应和适应性反应。

碳酸钾催化绿色合成2-氨基-3-氰基-1,4,5,6-四氢吡喃并[3,2-c]喹啉-5-酮衍生物

碳酸钾催化绿色合成2-氨基-3-氰基-1,4,5,6-四氢吡喃并[3,2-c]喹啉-5-酮衍生物

碳酸钾催化绿色合成2-氨基-3-氰基-1,4,5,6-四氢吡喃并[3,2-c]喹啉-5-酮衍生物姚孟建【摘要】以4-羟基喹啉-2-酮、丙二腈、芳醛为起始原料,以碳酸钾为催化剂,在乙醇中一锅合成了2-氨基-3-氰基-1,4,5,6-四氢吡喃并[3,2-c]喹啉-5-酮衍生物.该方法具有反应条件温和、操作简单、产物易纯化、产率高等优点,是一种无毒、高效的绿色合成方法.%Five kinds of 2-aryloxy-thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4(3H)-one derivatives were synthesized by aza-rnWittig reaction. Firstly carbodiimides were synthesized by iminophosphorane and aromatic isocyanates, then, thernobject compounds were synthesized by carbodiimides and substituted phenol in the presence of catalyst solidrnK2CO3 with yield of 62% ? 85%. And their structures were characterized by elemental analysis, IR, MS,1HNMR.【期刊名称】《化学与生物工程》【年(卷),期】2012(029)004【总页数】3页(P51-53)【关键词】4-羟基喹啉-2-酮;丙二腈;芳醛;碳酸钾【作者】姚孟建【作者单位】西南大学化学化工学院生物有机化学实验室,重庆 400715【正文语种】中文【中图分类】O62吡喃并喹啉及其衍生物是某些天然产物的基本成分[1~6],具有广泛的生物活性和药理活性,如抗血小板凝聚活性、抗真菌活性、抗细胞毒素活性等,可用作杀虫剂、抗菌杀菌剂、止痛药、解热药、抗组胺剂、治疗增殖疾病药物[1~9]等,已引起研究者的广泛关注。

二苯基甲烷系列的二胺和多胺的制备方法[发明专利]

二苯基甲烷系列的二胺和多胺的制备方法[发明专利]

专利名称:二苯基甲烷系列的二胺和多胺的制备方法
专利类型:发明专利
发明人:T·哈根,S·格拉布沃斯基,R·亚当森,D·科克,S·韦斯霍芬申请号:CN200610071877.5
申请日:20060329
公开号:CN1840521A
公开日:
20061004
专利内容由知识产权出版社提供
摘要:二苯基甲烷系列的二胺和多胺通过以下步骤制得:a)使第一部分苯胺与酸催化混合,b)使第二部分苯胺与甲醛混合,以及c)使步骤a)和b)中分别制得的混合物相互混合并反应。

用该方法制备的二胺然后可通过光气化反应形成相应的二异氰酸酯/多异氰酸酯。

申请人:拜尔材料科学股份公司
地址:德国莱沃库森
国籍:DE
代理机构:上海专利商标事务所有限公司
代理人:徐迅
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二(氨基苯基)甲烷的制备方法[发明专利]

二(氨基苯基)甲烷的制备方法[发明专利]

专利名称:二(氨基苯基)甲烷的制备方法
专利类型:发明专利
发明人:S·克莱因,D·格罗特约翰,C·门多萨-弗郎,D·科克,H·H·穆勒,H·G·珀克,R·尤克朵夫,G·韦格纳
申请号:CN01804976.1
申请日:20010201
公开号:CN1400965A
公开日:
20030305
专利内容由知识产权出版社提供
摘要:本发明涉及二(氨基苯基)甲烷(MDA)的制备方法,本方法制备的MDA单体的含量高而邻位MDA含量低,本方法是通过在固体酸上催化重排由苯胺和福尔马林或其它合适的提供亚甲基基团的试剂(如三噁烷或聚-甲醛)的缩合产物(称为缩醛胺或N,N-二苯基亚甲基二胺)。

本发明的特征是所用的苯胺含有100ppm以下的脂肪胺。

申请人:拜尔公司
地址:德国莱沃库森
国籍:DE
代理机构:上海专利商标事务所
代理人:徐迅
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三苯胺类有机染料及其合成方法[发明专利]

三苯胺类有机染料及其合成方法[发明专利]

专利名称:三苯胺类有机染料及其合成方法专利类型:发明专利
发明人:方敬坤,李珂,许梦晨,赵思雨
申请号:CN201910676991.8
申请日:20190725
公开号:CN110423486A
公开日:
20191108
专利内容由知识产权出版社提供
摘要:本发明公开了一种三苯胺类有机染料及其合成方法。

所述的三苯胺类有机染料的化学结构通式如式(1)所示:式中,R选自氢基或苯已烯基,R选自氢基或苯已烯基,为喹喔啉衍生物。

本发明的三苯胺类有机染料具有长的共轭D‑π‑A结构,同时分子中含有氰基和羧基,吸电子基团是氰基乙酸,可作为太阳能电池敏化剂,在染料敏化太阳能电池中具有良好的应用前景。

申请人:南京理工大学
地址:210094 江苏省南京市孝陵卫200号
国籍:CN
代理机构:南京理工大学专利中心
代理人:刘海霞
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棕榈油酸用于制备预防或治疗炎症性疾病的组合物的用途[发明专利]

棕榈油酸用于制备预防或治疗炎症性疾病的组合物的用途[发明专利]

专利名称:棕榈油酸用于制备预防或治疗炎症性疾病的组合物的用途
专利类型:发明专利
发明人:蔡青青
申请号:CN201910589996.7
申请日:20190702
公开号:CN112168812A
公开日:
20210105
专利内容由知识产权出版社提供
摘要:本发明提供了棕榈油酸用于制备预防或治疗炎症性疾病的组合物的用途。

本发明还提供了棕榈油酸用于制备预防或治疗自身免疫性疾病的组合物的用途。

本发明还提供了棕榈油酸用于制备提高Foxp3表达水平的组合物的用途。

本发明还提供了棕榈油酸用于制备降低TNF‑α与IL‑17分泌的组合物的用途。

棕榈油酸可以显著提高Foxp3表达水平而增加调节性T细胞的数量及功能,还可以降低TNF‑α与IL‑17的分泌,控制炎症的发生发展,对自身免疫性及炎症性疾病具有治疗或预防的效果。

申请人:瑞微(深圳)生物科技有限公司
地址:518172 广东省深圳市龙岗区龙城街道黄阁坑社区腾飞路9号创投大厦3009
国籍:CN
代理机构:广州新诺专利商标事务所有限公司
代理人:曹爱红
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凯氏定氮法课件


2NH4Cl + 4H3BO3
(注: NCOC, Nitrogen containing organic compounds )
整个过程分三步:消化、蒸馏与吸收、滴定
1. 消化
要预防暴沸
<1>加硫酸钾 作为增温剂,提升溶液沸点, 纯硫酸沸点 340℃,加入硫酸钾之后能够提升 至400℃以上。也可加入硫酸钠,氯化钾等提 高沸点,但效果不如硫酸钾。
凯氏定氮法
测定蛋白质含量旳措施 凯氏定氮法
双缩脲法
Folin-酚试剂法
紫外吸收法
• 其中: • 凯氏定氮法——最常用旳,国内外应用普遍。
凯氏定氮法
• 凯氏定氮法可分为全量法、微量法及经改 善后旳改良凯氏定氮法。
微量法:取消化液旳10%加碱蒸馏
常量法:取消化液旳全部加减蒸馏。
(一)常量凯氏定氮法
(NH4)2SO4 检验
⑩蒸馏前加NaOH要足量,溶液应变为深蓝色或 黑褐色↓(Cu(OH)2、CuO、铜氨离子),如 颜色不变可能碱不够 。
⑾蒸馏完毕后,应先将冷凝管下端提离液面清洗 管口,再蒸1分钟后关掉热源.不然可能造成吸 收液倒吸。
⑿H3BO3吸收液旳温度不应超出40℃,不然对 NH3旳吸收作用减弱而造成损失。
原理
样品与浓硫酸和催化剂一同加热消化,使蛋白质分 解,其中碳和氢被氧化为二氧化碳和水逸出,而样品中 旳有机氮转化为氨与硫酸结合成硫酸铵。然后加碱蒸馏, 使氨蒸出。
① 用H3BO3吸收后再以原则HCl滴定或H2SO4溶液滴定。 根据原则酸消耗量能够计算出蛋白质旳含量。
② 也能够用过量旳原则H2SO4或原则HCl溶液吸收后再ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ以原则NaOH滴定过量旳酸。
马铃薯含非蛋白氮多。

3,3'-二羟基偶氮苯 的合成

3,3'-二羟基偶氮苯的合成
3,3'-二羟基偶氮苯是一种有机化合物,分子式为C12H10N2O2,常用于染料和医药中。

下面介绍一种合成方法:
材料:苯胺、硝酸、硫酸、氢氧化钠、亚硝酸钠、盐酸、醇。

步骤:
1.将苯胺和硝酸加入减压蒸馏瓶中,加入少量硫酸,并进行搅拌,加热至90℃,反应3小时。

2.在绝对黑暗与保持冷却的条件下,将反应液慢慢加入亚硝酸钠的水溶液中,保持pH在6至7之间。

3.将第2步的产物加入氢氧化钠溶液中,并搅拌至pH为10,产生沉淀。

4.将沉淀用水洗涤数次,用盐酸溶液中和至pH为6,产生橙色固体沉淀。

5.将橙色固体沉淀过滤,用醇和水混合溶液中和至pH为7,产生3,3'-二羟基偶氮苯沉淀。

6.再用醇和水混合溶液洗涤产物,最后用醇溶解得到目标产物。

三原色染料二

B row n BN F g ran, R ed 4BN F 150% g ran N avy B lue GN F g ran 或 M a rine BN F g ran ( 7) Sum ifix Sup ra E 2 XF 型 Yellow B row n E 2 XF g ran, R ufine E 2 XF g ran B lue E 2 XF g ran ( 8) Sum ifix H F 型 Yellow 3R 2 H F , R ed 2B 2 H F , B lue 2R 2 HF ( 9) R em azo l RV 2 N 型 EXL
Cl O 2N N = N Cl N CH 2CH 2O CO CH 3 CH 2CH 2CN
溶剂的溶解度参数 ∆ 可从摩尔汽化热 ∃H 计算 (R 气体常数为 1. 987, T 为绝对温度 K ) , ∃H 可从文献中 查阅得到, 是计算 ∆ 值最直接和最精确的方法, 但在绝 大 多数情况下, 在所要求的温度下的汽化热 ∃H 不能 直接从文献中查阅到或直接得到。
由于有关基团的吸引力常数f仅针对偶氮型分散染料对于蒽醌型和杂环型分散染料还没有提供这方面的基础数据这就很难计算出溶解度参数国产分散染料低温型分散黄e23r红e24b艳蓝e24r分散黄m23rl红玉m2gfl蓝2brl分散黄m24g红玉m2gf22rl高温型分散黄棕h22rl深蓝hgl分散橙s24rl蓝s23bg分散黄棕h22rlianixkisianix黄kis2uianixamianix黄棕kis2mianixtanuminousyellowgnredfd2gcyaninepalanilecocc以及cc2s型三原色yellowbrownc2vseredc2vavyc2vsekayalonpolyesterlwkayalonpolyesteryellowbrownylwredrlwblueblwsumikaronsumikaronred3rsumikaronulsumikaronulyellowgxulredgxulbluegxcibacetelcibacetyellowel2f2gscarletel2f2gblueel2bterasilyellow2g3red10用于聚乳酸playellowbrownc2vsepalanilecorubinecc及palanildarkblue3rtflavinexfrubinec2b150rialblue01浅色高耐光miketonecoyellowcc2eike2tonecoredcc2erialblue014结束语三原色染料对染料应用单位非常重要工厂只要贮备三原色染料和包括黑色在内的几种辅助染料以很方便得到各种色谱使工厂的染料贮备量降低到最低限度以便于染料管理并使生产成本降低更有利于电子测色配色的可控染色

染料 -- 合成橘色二号

NaNO 2+HClONO染料--合成橘色二號一、實驗目的:重氮鹽(Diazonium )在芳香族化合物的合成是非常有用的中間體,本實驗即是先合成重氮鹽當中間體再進一步合成常見的染料--橘色二號(Orange II )。

二、實驗方程式: Sulfanilic acidSulfobenzene azonium2-naphthol orange II反應機構:+2NH 23Na++H 2O2HCl NaNO 22NaCl N +SO 3-N +OHN +SO 3-N +OH NNSO 3-NON H HNN HN OHN NPrefer path 1:三、實驗原理:1、胺類和亞硝酸(Nitrous acid -HNO 2)的反應的性質:11°胺-合成脂肪族或芳香族重氮鹽。

有時在低溫下,脂肪族重氮鹽會自動分解為N 2及碳陽離子,而碳陽離子會繼續產生烯、醇、鹵烷的混合物,藉由質子的移除,再與水及鹵陰離子反應。

22°胺-33°胺-Nitroation 發生幾乎完全在對位,少許發生在鄰位。

因為-NR 2其位親電子性取代反應的強活化取代基。

ortho 2(-OH: E.D. ortho. para director)ortho 2:NNNNNNN+NN++NNOH NN+RNH 2+HNO 2RN N(CH 3)2NH +HCl +NaNO 2(CH 3)2N N NaNO 2+HCl +NHCH 3N N OCH 3OHN +SO 3-N +OH NNSO 3-2、芳香族重氮鹽的取代反應(Sandmeyer reaction ):芳香族重氮鹽和氯化亞酮、溴化亞酮、氰化亞酮反應得到重氮基分別被-Cl 、-Br 、-CN 所取代的產物,此種反應稱為山德美反應。

1重氮鹽類幾乎都是由1°芳香族胺類的重氮化作用而來。

而大部分芳香族的重氮鹽類在5~10℃以上不穩定,乾燥時可能會發生爆炸。

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Instructional Staff:Role Name Office Hours LocationLecturer Dr. John A. Colapret M & W 10:30-12 TBATA TBA TBACourse E-Mail : All e-mail related to CH 320N should be sent to the following address: jcolapret@Note: Dr Colapret does not use any social media-all communication with Dr Colapret will be conducted through the official UT email account above.Course Web Site:To reach the web site for CH 320N , point your browser to the following URL:/courses/The web site will be an integral component of this course! It will be updated regularly with course announcements, lecture notes, homework assignments, and exam information. Important updates will be announced in lecture, but you should plan to visit the web site regularly so you don’t miss anything.Course Materials:Textbook (required): Brown, Iverson, Ansyln Organic Chemistry, 6th Ed., Brooks/Cole, 2012.Study Guide (recommended): Iverson & Iverson, Student Study Guide and Solutions Manual for Organi c Chemistry, 6th Ed., Brooks/Cole, 2012. Purchase of a molecular models kit is also highly recommended. Although use of models will not be allowed during exams, most students find them to be extremely helpful when first learning how to visualize the 3-dimensional structures of organic molecules.Prerequisites and Co-requisites:The development of organic chemical structure, nomenclature, and reactivity. Only one of the following may be counted: Chemistry 610A, 310M, 618A, 318M. Prerequisite: Credit of registration for Chemistry 210C or 220C; and the following coursework with a grade of at least C- in each: Chemistry 204 or 317; and 310M, 318M, 320M, or 328M.Adds, Drops and Withdrawal:Monday, Jan 7th: Last day of the official add/drop period. After this date, changes in registration require the approval of the department chair and usually the student’s dean. Last day an undergraduate student may add a course except for rare and extenuating circumstances. Last day to drop the course for a possible refund.Thurs, Jan 17th : Last day to drop the class without possible academic penalty.Mon Apr 1st : Last day a Q drop can/will be assigned by the instructor. You will need the approval of Dr. Colapret, your academic adviser, and your college’s dean to drop the course at this point. After this date, withdrawal from the course requires a substantial non-academic reason, and can only be approved by your college’s dean.Friday May 3: Last Class Day.All questions related to enrollment in the course should be directed to the Chemistry Lower Division Office in WEL 2.212.Attendance: Although attendance will not be monitored, the lectures are the heart of this course. Attendance at all lectures is expected and all students will be responsible for information and announcements presented in lecture. Cell phones, pagers, watch alarms, etc. must be turned off during all lectures and examinations.Office Hours: Please take advantage of office hours if you have any questions about the course content (lecture notes, textbook readings, homework assignments). Although e-mail has become increasingly important as a means of communication in modern society, it does not provide a convenient forum to discuss a visual subject like organic chemistry. You’ll need to visit us in person to have your chemistry questions answered so that we can draw structures! The complete schedule of office hours will be published as soon as the schedules are ready. Any changes to this schedule will be announced as far in advance as possible on the course web site, and if possible in lecture.Homework:The exams in this class require that you solve problems. The best way to prepare for the exams, then, is to work as many practice problems as you possibly can. To encourage this good habit, two different types of homework will be assigned on a regular basis:(1) Several homework problems from the textbook will be suggested at the beginning of the semester. You should attempt to work these problems after you study your lecture notes. Assigned problems from the textbook will not be collected or graded, but you’ll want to work through as many of them as possible so that you can develop the analytical skills you’ll need in order to do well on the exams. Students who make an effort to work through and understand the textbook problems perform significantly better on exams than students who do not.(2) There will be homework sets available for “credit”. Each set will cover a specific topic, which we have covered in class. They will be published on the WEB site and you may download & print them from that site. There will be a “due date” on each set and you will turn in your work to the homework mail boxes, outside the undergrad office (WEL 2.212), by 3 PM on the due date. You will receive either a “credit” or “no credit” on each homework set. The accumulation of “credits” will be used by Dr. Colapret in the determination of final letter grades for close, borderline cases. A minimum of 80% credits is required for this consideration. (E.G. a student’s course grade calculations come to 89.4; Dr Colapret will check the credits score to make the decision of B or A course letter grade). The “Credit Homework” is open book and open note. Please feel free to discuss the homework problems with other students in the class, but the written work you submit should be your own. The TA’s will be able to answer general questions about the related chemistry, but they will not answer specific questions about the graded homework assignments. Evening Major Exams:Three evening major exams will be given during the semester. These exams are scheduled from 7:00 to 9:00 p.m. on the Wednesday evenings listed below. These dates were published in the Spring 2013 course schedule.Exam*Date(exam time is 7─9 p.m.)Locations(Subject to change)Exam #1 Wednesday, 2/13 TBA Exam #2 Wednesday, 3/20Exam #3 Wednesday, 4/17*The exam will emphasize material covered in lectures. Organic chemistry is a cumulative subject, however, so you will still be expected to know the material from earlier in the course.All exams will be “closed book”, and you will not be allowed to use molecular models, calculators, books, or notes. Exams written in pencil will not be eligible for re-grades. Answers written in pencil with ink overlay will not be graded. Answers written in red ink will not be graded.Please bring your valid UT ID card to all exams, since you will need to show it when attendance is taken during the exam. Exams will commence promptly at the stated time. Students arriving after the first exam has been turned in will not be allowed to take the exam!!! Instances of academic dishonesty will be handled according to university policy, and will likely result in failure of the course. Each major exam will be worth a total of 150 raw points (this provides the graders with maximum flexibility in assigning partial credit). Your raw score (out of 150) will then be converted into a percentage (out of 100), which in turn will be converted into a standard T-score. The T-score represents your “curved” grade on the exam, on a 100 point scale. T-scores are calculated using the following formula:T = [((x–X)/s)•10]+70where x = your raw percentage (out of 100)X = the raw percentage average for the class = Σ x/NN = number of exam scores recordeds = standard deviation = [Σ (x–X)2/(N–1)]1/2Use of standard T-scores allows an effective averaging of grades without introducing a bias in favor of tests with the greatest standard deviations. Since it is based on a normal (Gaussian) distribution, it generally represents the fairest way of grading. (Nearly all national exams such as the SAT, MCAT, and GRE use a similar form of Standard T-scores.)*****Important Notice******In general, using T-scores increases everyone's grades compared to using absolute percentages. Nevertheless, we will keep track of your absolute percentage scores on every test. If your absolute percentage is ever higher than your T-score, we will use the absolute percentage score for your course grade calculation. No grade will be lowered by using a curving system.Failure to take two of the midterm exams without a valid, documented excuse will automatically result in a failing grade for the course.Exam File and Keys:Answer keys for homework will be posted on the WEB site and exams will be posted on Blackboard, after the deadline for submitting the assignment has passed.Conflict Exams:Only those students having an excusable, documented conflict are eligible to take the conflict exams which will be offered before each midterm. An excusable conflict is another regularly scheduled class or lab (published in the course schedule) which meets on Wednesday evening between 7:00 and 9:00 p.m., an evening exam in another class scheduled at the same time as our exam (please be prepared to provide documentation, i.e. a copy of the syllabus from the other class), or a religious observance. An organizational meeting or a job is not an excusable conflict!!! If you have a job and you normally work on Wednesday evenings, plan now to change your work schedule so that you can be present for the major exams. Students who qualify to take the conflict exams must bring the conflict to the attention of Dr. Colapret by filling out the appropriate paperwork at the Chemistry Lower Division Office (WEL 2.212) on or before Friday, Jan 25. The conflict exams will be given from 4-6 pm on 2/13; 3/20; 4/17Excused Absences:Failure to take two midterm exams will result in an automatic F (or, in the case of justifiable excuse, an X) being assigned for the course. Personal problems, family vacations, weddings, etc. are not valid reasons to receive an excused absence. Excused absences will require appropriate documentation.Final Examination:The final exam is mandatory, and will be given at the time scheduled by the university registrar. Please note that standard final exam times are published in the Spring 2013 course schedule, so you should have been aware of this exam time when you signed up for the course! The final exam will be comprehensive. Material from the entire semester can be included. The final exam will be worth 200 raw points, and will account for 30% of your overall grade in the course. Standard T-scores will be calculated in the manner described above. There will be no make-up or conflict exam for the final. Failure to take the final exam at the scheduled time and place without an approved, documented excuse will automatically result in a failing grade for the course. If an extreme medical emergency or justifiable nonacademic excuse prevents you from taking the final exam at the scheduled time, the symbol “X” (incomplete) will be assigned when final grades are reported at the end of the semester. (The procedure for making up an incomplete will be worked out on an individual basis, but almost always requires a student to take the final exam when it is given at the end of the next long semester.)Students with Special Needs:Any student needing extra time, a reduced distraction environment, aids, etc. for exams is required to notify Dr. Colapret in writing, on or before Friday, Jan 25th . A letter of documentation of special needs must be furnished by the Dean of Students’ office before this deadline; otherwise we may not be able to arrange for suitable accommodations. For more information, please contact the Office of the Dean of Students at 471–6259, 471–4641 TTY.Grading Policy:Your final course grade will be calculated as a weighted numerical average, on a 100 point scale, as described below. All three exams scores will count. T-scores will be used in the calculation of your final weighted numerical average.Weight Graded Item (max. score = 100)30% Final Exam Grade25% Exam 325% Exam 220% Exam 1Remember, if your raw percentage score for any exam is higher than your T-score for that exam, the raw percentage score will be used for the calculation of your grade. Also note that the T-score for each exam represents your curved grade for that exam. Since individual exam grades are curved, no additional curve will be applied at the end of the semester.The following conversion table will be used to determine final course letter grades*:A range: 90.000 ≤ TB range: 80.000 ≤ T ≤ 89.999C range: 70.000 ≤ T ≤ 79.999D range: 60.000 ≤ T ≤ 69.999F range: T < 60.000*Missing two midterms or the final exam without a documented, valid excuse will automatically result in a failing grade.Please note that letter grades in this course are based performance of the work you submit. You earn the grade; I do not give the grade. Grade boundaries do need to be established, and a consequence is that some students will finish with a “borderline” grade. Final grades assigned according to the scheme described above will indeed be final.Regrade Policy:Requests for major exam re-grades must be submitted in writing to the Lower Division Office (WEL 2.212) within one week after the return of the graded material. When you fill out the re-grade request form, please provide a clear and concise explanation of the perceived problem. To demonstrate that you have reviewed the “official” answer key, you will also be asked to staple a copy of the relevant page(s) from the posted answer key to your re-grade request form. Re-grades will not be considered for exams written in pencil, for questions answered in red ink, or for questions that refer to “see back of page” or that give similar instructions to graders. Re-grades will not be considered for less than a 5 raw point change, except for mistakes in addition by graders. Do not write on the exam itself, as submitting an altered exam for a re-grade is considered to be cheating and will be treated as such! (A random sample of exams will be photocopied before graded exams are returned.) We will usually re-grade the entire exam and that may result in a lower score as well. There will be no re-grades possible for the final exam. Dr. Colapret will look carefullyat the final exams of all students who end up reasonably close (generally within 2 percentage points) to the final letter grade boundaries to determine if each exam was graded correctly, according to the instructions.Academic Dishonesty:We expect each of you to conduct yourselves honorably. Students who violate the University rules on scholastic dishonesty are subject to disciplinary penalties including the possibility of failure in the course and dismissal from the University. The university policies on scholastic dishonesty will be strictly enforced.Emergency Evacuation:The following recommendations regarding emergency evacuation from the Office of Campus Safety and Security, 512-471-5767, /safety/1. Occupants of buildings on The University of Texas at Austin campus are required toevacuate buildings when a fire alarm is activated. Alarm activation or announcement requires exiting and assembling outside.2. Familiarize yourself with all exit doors of each classroom and building you mayoccupy. Remember that the nearest exit door may not be the one you used whenentering the building.3. Students requiring assistance in evacuation shall inform their instructor in writingduring the first week of class.4. In the event of an evacuation, follow the instruction of faculty or class instructors.5. Do not re-enter a building unless given instructions by the following: Austin FireDepartment, The University of Texas at Austin Police Department, or Fire Prevention Services office.Study Guide and Tips for Organic ChemistryOrganic chemistry will be challenging and difficult, even for the brightest students. In this course, you will develop analytical (reasoning) thinking skills to solve organic problems. This is an acquired skill, which take time to develop. Although it will require some memorizing of facts, memorization alone will not be sufficient. You must apply these tools, in an analytical fashion to solving organic problems. Follow these important guides for you to be successful:1.DO NOT FALL BEHIND. There is a large volume of material to be covered andeach concept is built upon the previous one; this means that the material iscumulative. Get into the habit of reviewing each day’s lecture and theprevious days lecture; you will see how the whole is related to the parts. Agood way to do this is to re-copy your class notes. You can add material and other hints and you will quickly recognize things you do not understand. Ask for help that day!2.OUTLINE THE TEXT. This sounds like it would require too much time.However, you will be reading the textbook anyway, so an outline is aneffective way to condense the material and merge it with your class notes. A complete outline will save you hours of study time when you are reviewing for exams.3.UNDERSTAND THE BASICS. All of chemistry is governed by the basic laws ofphysics and mathematics. We will not be dealing with the high levels of math in this class, but the results of the calculations are simplified to drawings ofstructures. Most reactions can be understood by attaching positive “pieces”(electrophiles) to negative “pieces” (nucleophiles). Regardless of the topic,try to identify the basic underlying principle. This approach will always bepresented in the lecture.4.DEVELOP YOUR ANALYTICAL THINKING. This is an acquired skill; all of ushave had to learn it. One of the best ways to develop this cognitive process is to solve as many problems as you can. Homework sets (for graded credit) will be assigned, but all the problems at the end of the chapters deserveattention. Some of those will appear on the major exams.5.BRAIN MAINTENANCE. This material is intense and you can only absorb afinite amount of material in any one study session. You have other courses to study as well. Arrange a daily schedule so that you mix in a non sciencecourse with your science courses; take a study break at least every 2 hrs;exercise and eat balance meals, your brain requires oxygen and glucose tofunction properly; get plenty of sleep; if you plan to be up late, take a nap inthe late afternoon. A certain amount of school (course) anxiety will benatural, but your best defense against it will be thorough preparation.Course OutlineChap 15: Introduction to Organometallic Compounds (Chapter 15) Chap 16: Aldehydes and Ketones (Chapter 16)Chapters 17 & 18 Carboxylic Acids and Carboxylic Acid Derivatives Chapter 19 Enolates and EnaminesChapter 20 Conjugated π Systems and pericyclic reactionsChapter 21 & 22: Benzene, Aromaticity & reactions of aromatic systems Chapter 23 AminesChapters 25–28, selected sections Biological Molecules。

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