2021年11月6日托福考试真题及答案
2021年托福阅读PASSAGE 11 试题及答案
2021年托福阅读PASSAGE 11试题及答案PASSAGE 11Plants are subject to attack and infection by a remarkable variety of symbiotic species and have evolved a diverse array of mechanisms designed to frustrate the potential colonists. These can be divided into preformed or passive defense mechanisms and inducible or active systems. Passive plant defense comprises physical and chemical barriers that prevent entry of pathogens, such as bacteria, or render tissues unpalatable or toxic to the invader. The external surfaces of plants, in addition to being covered by an epidermis and a waxy cuticle, often carry spiky hairs known as trichomes, which either prevent feeding by insects or may even puncture and kill insect larvae. Other trichomes are sticky and glandular and effectively trap and immobilize insects.If the physical barriers of the plant are breached, then preformed chemicals may inhibit or kill the intruder, and plant tissues contain a diverse array of toxic or potentially toxic substances, such as resins, tannins, glycosides, and alkaloids, many of which are highly effective deterrents to insects that feed on plants. The success of the Colorado beetle in infesting potatoes, for example, seems to be correlated with its high tolerance to alkaloids that normally repel potential pests.Other possible chemical defenses, while not directly toxic to the parasite, may inhibit some essential step in the establishment of a parasitic relationship. For example, glycoproteins in plant cell walls may inactivate enzymes that degrade cell walls. These enzymes are often produced by bacteria and fungi.Active plant defense mechanisms are comparable to the immune system of vertebrate animals, although the cellular and molecular bases are fundamentally different. Both, however, are triggered in reaction to intrusion, implying that the host has some means of recognizing the presence of a foreign organism. The most dramatic example of an inducible plant defense reaction is the hypersensitive response. In the hypersensitive response, cells undergo rapid necrosis — that is, they become diseased and die — after being penetrated by a parasite; the parasite itself subsequently ceases to grow and is therefore restricted to one or a few cells around the entry site.Several theories have been put forward to explain the basis of hypersensitive resistance.1. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) The success of parasites in resisting plant defense mechanisms(B) Theories on active plant defense mechanisms(C) How plant defense mechanisms function(D) How the immune system of animals and the defense mechanisms of plants differ2. The phrase "subject to" in line 1 is closest in meaning to(A) susceptible to(B) classified by(C) attractive to(D) strengthened by3. The word "puncture" in line 8 is closest in meaning to(A) pierce(B) pinch(C) surround(D) cover .4. The word "which" in line 12 refers to(A) tissues(B) substances(C) barriers(D) insects5. Which of the following substances does the author mention as NOT necessarily being toxic to the Colorado beetle?(A) resins(B) tannins(C) glycosides(D) alkaloids6. Why does the author mention "glycoproteins" in line 17?(A) to compare plant defense mechanisms to the immune system of animals(B) to introduce the discussion of active defense mechanisms in plants(C) to illustrate how chemicals function in plant defense(D) to emphasize the importance of physical barriers in plant defense7. The word "dramatic" in line 23 could best be replaced by(A) striking(B) accurate(C) consistent(D) appealing8. Where in the passage does the author describe an active plant-defense reaction?(A) Lines 1-3(B) Lines 4-6(C) Lines 13-15(D) Lines 24-279. The passage most probably continues with a discussion of theories on(A) the basis of passive plant defense(B) how chemicals inhibit a parasitic relationship.(C) how plants produce toxic chemicals(D) the principles of the hypersensitive response.ANSWER KEYSPASSAGE 11 CAABD CADD。
2021年托福阅读回忆和解析参考答案
Economic Decline in Europe During the Fourteenth Century
After three hundred years of impressive gains in wealth and population, Europe’s economy began toslow around 1300. Several factors accounted for the decline. One the most important, though perhaps the least dramatictorelate,wasashiftinclimate.Theremarkablyfairweatherofthetwelfthandthirteenthcenturies
第三部分：大陆冰川和海冰、以及冰川崩解对地球的影响
第五段：大陆冰川和海冰的形成会直接影响地表albedo，要融化它们则需要更多的太阳能量输入， 在上次冰河时代末期太阳对地球的能量输入正好处于周期循环中的峰值，所以诱发了冰川崩解；相比于冰川形成和移动过程对地表造成的变化，冰川崩解化为洪水注入海洋的过程对地表影响更大。
witheasternAsiathathadlongsustainedEurope’seconomicgrowth.A more immediate cause ofthe
sputtering economy was an observable absence: since the eleventh century there had been few significant changesinthetechnologyofagriculture.Developmentslikethewheeledplow,therotationofcrops,andthe
托福真题及答案
托福真题及答案篇一：托福真题答案集锦托福真題答案汇整普林斯顿样题1听力. CBBCD CCCAB ADCCD ADBDC ADACC DBDAB DDBBD BACCC DADBC ACBCA语法. DBDBA CBABD BCBDD ABCCD AADBB CBCCA BCCCA DAACA阅读. DDBBC AABDA CADBC DADBD CCABC AACDB CACDA DCBAB ACBCD CCBCB普林斯顿样题2听力. DDBAB BDBDC ACCBA DAABD ABCDC CADBA CDBCC BADBB AADBC ACCBA语法. BCBAC DCABD DBBCB CBADD BADAD DCDDA CBDAD CAACC阅读. CAADB AADCD BBCAD CBDCD CABDA BBAAB BDAAC ADAAC DBBAD BCCCB普林斯顿样题3听力. DCBCB ADCAA BBACC AADAC DCBBD CDDCD DACBD BDCAC BCADB BBDBC语法. DBABC CCABA ADDBA CDDBC BDBBB DCBDC CBCAC DADBA阅读. ACBDC DBDBC BADDB DACBC ACBDB ABABD DCDCC BACBD DBDAA CACAA普林斯顿样题4听力. BBCAB DAADC BCDAC CCDBD CDBDA DBBAB CABBB DDADC BCABD CCDBA语法. DAABD BBDCC ABAAC DCDBA DCACD BBDBD CBDCC DAABC阅读. BCBDA AABDA CAABC DACBD ABADB DCBAA CACBD BCDAA DACAA ADDBA8901BDCAC AACAD DACDA DBAAC CBCCA AADCB DBBCA AACCD BCBAD CDDBAADCBD CADDA ABDBC ACDCB ACBBD DDCAC CCADB CDCBB BAADDB CABBCDADACA CCBBD ABCDBADC8905BCDBD DAAAD CACDA ABACB BCDDC ACACD CCBBD CDAAB CDBCB CDBACCABAC DDABD CCCDA AABCB CCCBA DABAD DACDC CDDBA BACADD DACDCBADDAB BCDCCAC ABCBCD8908DCBBC BACAD ABBDB CADCC ADBCA ADDDC ACBCA BDACB DDBAC BDCCBCCBBD ACADC BDDBA BACBC DADBA AACCD CDBBA DCDDB BDADAACB CBABDCBDAB BCDBBCD BDACB8910CBDAA CDCAD BDABA BCAAB ABCDB CBCAD DCBBD BCCAA DDBCD BBACACDDAC BDACB DBBBC AADDB CBAAC BBDBB ACADB DDBBC BCDBD AACDCDD9001CDCBA CBAAB ACADC CDABC ACBAD BBCDA BAAAD BADBB CAABD CDDBCACBAA BDDCD DCCAD DCCBD CADCB ACDBA DADBB ADAAA CDACBCB ADBACCBAC ABCAADD CBDDABC9005BBACD DADCD BBBAA CACAA BBACB DDADC CBCCD DCCAB CACBD ADCBDDBCAA DABAC DBACD BABDB BCBCB BBCDC CAACD BADCD BDABADDBACCDAA BDCCBA CABBCDA DAB9008BDBCB DACBC CADDB BACAD CACBC BBDDD ABCAA CDABD ADDBC BCADBADADC BBBDA DDADC BDDCB CACAB CAABC DBADB DBADC ABBBDD DBCCBDBADBDBC CBACDCBA DBD9010CCBAD ACBBA CBDDC ABABD BAACD ACBDA CBDBC ABCDC CBDAB BCABBACABA DADAC BDCBC AADDB CDBDD BACCB DADCD DDCDA CCADAB CDACCAB9101CDDAB AADCC BDCAB CBDBA DDDBB ABBCD CBCCC BCADC BBDCC BCABCCDACC ACBAA DBBAD CADDC CBBCD ABDCB CBDCD ADDBD CBBCDCBCABDADD ACACABDA ABDDCBCA9105ABDCA CABDA DDCAC BBCDB BDCAB BBCDA DABDC CBADC ADBCA CDBDCACABA DADAC BDCBC AADDB CDBDD BACCB DADCD DDCDA DCDABBC ABADCCBDABAB ACDABD CBBAB9108CDCCB CABBC ADDBD DACCD ACDBD ACBDA BADBD BDBDC CBBAB DBCAADAABD BBDCC ABAAC DCDBA DCACD BBDBD CBDCC DAABC ABDC CADAABABCCCBC ABACDB ABDCCCB9110CABDA CCABD BCDBD CDACC BBACD CDADD AABCB CCDAD DAABB DCBCABBCBA CDCAB DDBBC CBADB ADADD CCDDA CBDAC CAACC ADBBC DBDCAC9201DBCAB ABBCB CCDCB DCDDD BAADA CDCDC CAADC BDCCA ABCBD DCAACDBABC DBCAA CDADD BCDAB DACAD CACAD BBBCB CDABC CDDCAABBCADBBC DBABDC ACBDAB CADC9205BABCB AACDD ABDBC CBBBA CBBCA BDCDC CDAAB BDCDA DACBA ACBADABCCA BCCBB DBAAD ACDBA BDCBA CDDDB AACAC BCAAD DCBD DBCDBAADCACAB ABABC DBADCCCB9208CBBDA DCDDB CCABD CADDB BDCDB ABBAD CDAAB BCDBA DCBAC CCABCBCCAA ABBDB BBCDA ACACB CDCAD ACDBC BABDB AACBB CDCADB BACADBAADCD ABBCCDA DAABBC9210DCAAA DBDDB CCADC BCDBA ACDAA ACDDD ABABD CCCAB CDACB CBAABDBDAC ABABD BCDCB CCBBC ADBCC BABDA CADDD AABAB DBCBD BDCDCDB篇二：托福口语真题及答案解析(20211217)智课网TOEFL备考资料托福考试口语真题及答案解析(20211217)摘要：托福口语真题及反例解析(2021.12.17)，托福口语备考是托福考试中难度最大的一部分，因此托福口语的备考，同学们很大要重视，在托福口语备考资料的挑选中，托福口语真题及反例解析是相对比较实用的资料，因此希望能够大伙能够完全掌握。
2021年托福阅读PASSAGE 5 试题及答案
2021年托福阅读PASSAGE 5试题及答案PASSAGE 5Perhaps the most obvious way artistic creation reflects how people live is by mirroring the environment — the materials and technologies available to a culture. Stone, wood, tree bark, clay, and sand are generally available materials. In addition, depending on the locality, other resources may be accessible: shells, horns, gold, copper, and silver. The different uses to which societies put these materials are of interest to anthropologists who may ask, for example, why people choose to use clay and not copper when both items are available. Although there are no conclusive answers yet, the way in which a society views its environment is sometimes apparent in its choice and use of artistic materials. The use of certain metals, for example, may be reserved for ceremonial objects of special importance. Or the belief in the supernatural powers of a stone or tree may cause a sculptor to be sensitive to that material.What is particularly meaningful to anthropologist is the realization that although the materials available to a society may to some extent limit or influence what it can do artistically, the materials by no means determine what is done. Why do the artists in Japanese society rake sand into patterns; and the artists in Roman society melt sand to form glass? Moreover, even when the same material is used in the same way by members of different societies, the form or style of the work varies enormously from culture to culture. A society may simply choose to represent objects or phenomena that are important to its population. An examination of the art of the Middle Ages tells us something about the medieval preoccupation with theological doctrine. In addition to revealing the primary concerns of a society, the content of that society's art may also reflect the culture's social stratification.1. According to the passage , gold, copper, and silver are(A) more difficult to handle than wood and(B) of their stable social conditions(C) of the unique stylistic features of their art(D) available only in specific locations2. The word "conclusive" in line 7 is closest in meaning to(A) definitive(B) controversial(C) concurrent(D) realistic3. The word "apparent" in line 8 is closest in meaning to(A) attractive(B) logical(C) evident4. Why does the author mention the "supernatural powers of a stone or tree" in line 10?(A) to show that some sculptors avoid working with specific materials(B) to emphasize the unusual properties of certain materials(C) as an example of how art can be influenced by cultural beliefs(D) as an illustration of the impact of the environment on religious beliefs5. The word "it" in line 13 refers to(A) realization(B) society(C) extent(D) influence6. It can be inferred that the author mentions the Japanese and Roman societies because(A) they influenced each other stone(B) commonly used by artists in all societies(C) essential to create ceremonial objects(D) they used the same artistic material in very different ways7. According to the passage , all of the following statements about sand are true EXCEPT(A) It is used to create glass.(B) Roman artists mix it into their paints.(C) Its use varies from culture to culture.(D) Japanese artists use it to create artistic patterns.8. The word "Moreover" in line 16 is closest in meaning to(A) similarly(B) in addition(C) in contrast(D) frequently9. The word "preoccupation" in line 20 is closest in meaning to(A) involvement(B) separation(C) relationship(D) argument10. The word "primary" in line 21 is closest in meaning to(B) preliminary(C) ideal(D) fundamentalANSWER KEYS PASSAGE 5 DACCB DBBAD。
托福阅读真题第7篇Regulation_of_Body_Temperature(答案文章最后)
2021年托福阅读真题第7篇Regulation of B…Most animals have an upper limit of body temperature at which they can survive.In humans, for example, a body temperature of 41 degrees Celsius causes loss of protein function and breakdown of the nervous system, and a body temperature of 42 to 43 degrees Celsius is fatal. Birds, which have slightly higher resting body temperatures than mammals(approximately 40 to 41 degrees Celsius compared with 35 to 38 degrees Celsius for most mammals), cannot survive at body temperatures above 46 to 47 degrees Celsius. At environmental temperatures greater than 50 degrees Celsius, nearly all animals die. At the other end of the temperature spectrum, though, extreme cold is better tolerated. Fo example, Some animals can freeze and survive after thawing. Freezing/thawing is normally dangerous because ice crystals form inside cells and rupture membranes. However, many insects, such as the woolly caterpillar, a few species of amphibian such as the wood frog, and a very small number of reptiles such as the painted turtle, can block crystal formation in their cells. They do this by responding to ice on their skin surfaces with an enormous outpouring of glucose from the liver. The glucose stored in the liver enters the blood and the cells, lowering their freezing point so that the cells do not freeze solid. These animals can have 65 percent or more of their bodies completely frozen for long periods, only to thaw during warm periods without harmful effects.In the past, animals were classified into two categories. Cold blooded animals require an external heat source such as sunlight to warm themselves. By contrast, warm-blooded animals use internal heat to maintain their body temperature. These terms are misleading, however, because many cold-blooded animals can generate considerable heat by exercising their skeletal muscles. Indeed, many have a body temperature during daylight hours that is at least as warm as that of warm blooded animals like birds and mammals.Biologists now classify animals according to both their source of heat and their ability to maintain body temperature. Ectotherms depend on external heat sources to warm their bodies, while endotherms use their own metabolically generated heat to warm themselves. Homeotherms maintain their body temperature within a narrow range, while heterotherrms have body temperatures that vary with the environment. Most animals fall into two categories. Birds and mammals are endothermic and homeothermic. while other vertebrates and most invertebrates are ectothermic and heterothermic.Not all animals, however, can be neatly classified into two categories at all times.Hibernating mammals, for example, are endotherms. They are homeothermic, but during the winter their body temperature drops dramatically as their metabolism slows to conserve energy for the winter. Hibernators behave like heterotherms during the transition from fall to winter and again from winter to spring, During the winter, however, they are homeothermic except for brief periods of arousal, but at a lower body temperature than at other times of the year. Similarly, a fish swimming in deep ocean waters is an ectotherm but also homeothermic because the temperature of the water-and therefore of its body-is essentially constant. Fish that live in waters with fluctuating temperatures, by contrast are ectothermic and heterothermic.Even endothermic homeotherms do not have truly constant body temperatures but rather a narrow range of body temperatures within which slight increases and decreases occur in extreme climates during exercise, or even during sleep. The important feature is that birds and mammals can quickly adjust the body's mechanisms for retaining or releasing heat such that body temperature remains relatively stable. This provides theadvantage that the body chemical reactions are at optimal levels even when the environment imposes extreme challenges. The metabolic rate of a resting mammal, for example, is roughly six times greater than that of a comparably sized reptile. A suddenly awakened mammal is capable of intense activity even on a winter day, but an icy-cold reptile could be at the mercy of a predator because of the time required to warm itself and flee.Endothermy does have two major disadvantages, however. First, toproduce sufficient heat by metabolic processes, endotherms must consume larger amounts of food. Small endotherms, such as shrews, must eat almost continually and may die if deprived of food for as little as a day. By contrast, many ectotherms, such as snakes can go for weeks without eating. Second, endotherms run the risk of overheating during periods ofintense activity, even in cold weather.1.Most animals have an upper limit of body temperature at which theycan survive.In humans, for example, a body temperature of 41 degrees Celsius causes loss of protein function and breakdown of the nervous system, and a body temperature of 42 to 43 degrees Celsius is fatal.Birds, which have slightly higher resting body temperatures thanmammals(approximately 40 to 41 degrees Celsius compared with 35 to38 degrees Celsius for most mammals), cannot survive at bodytemperatures above 46 to 47 degrees Celsius. At environmentaltemperatures greater than 50 degrees Celsius, nearly all animals die. At the other end of the temperature spectrum, though, extreme cold isbetter tolerated. Fo example, Some animals can freeze and survive after thawing. Freezing/thawing is normally dangerous because ice crystalsform inside cells and rupture membranes. However, many insects, such as the woolly caterpillar, a few species of amphibian such as the wood frog, and a very small number of reptiles such as the painted turtle, can block crystal formation in their cells. They do this by responding to ice on their skin surfaces with an enormous outpouring of glucose from the liver. The glucose stored in the liver enters the blood and the cells,lowering their freezing point so that the cells do not freeze solid. These animals can have 65 percent or more of their bodies completely frozen for long periods, only to thaw during warm periods without harmfuleffects.2.Most animals have an upper limit of body temperature at which they can survive.In humans, for example, a body temperature of 41 degrees Celsius causes loss of protein function and breakdown of the nervous system, and a body temperature of 42 to 43 degrees Celsius is fatal. Birds, which have slightly higher resting body temperatures than mammals(approximately 40 to 41 degrees Celsius compared with 35 to 38 degrees Celsius for most mammals), cannot survive at body temperatures above 46 to 47 degrees Celsius. At environmental temperatures greater than 50 degrees Celsius, nearly all animals die. At the other end of the temperature spectrum, though, extreme cold is better tolerated. Fo example, Some animals can freeze and survive after thawing. Freezing/thawing is normally dangerousbecause ice crystals form inside cells and rupture membranes. However, many insects, such as the woolly caterpillar, a few species of amphibian such as the wood frog, and a very small number of reptiles such as the painted turtle, can block crystal formation in their cells. They do this by responding to ice on their skin surfaces with an enormous outpouring of glucose from the liver. The glucose stored in the liver enters the blood and the cells, lowering their freezing point so that the cells do not freeze solid. These animals can have 65 percent or more of their bodies completely frozen for long periods, only to thaw during warm periods without harmful effects.3.In the past, animals were classified into two categories. Cold bloodedanimals require an external heat source such as sunlight to warmthemselves. By contrast, warm-blooded animals use internal heat to maintain their body temperature. These terms are misleading, however, because many cold-blooded animals can generate considerable heat by exercising their skeletal muscles. Indeed, many have a bodytemperature during daylight hours that is at least as warm as that ofwarm blooded animals like birds and mammals.4.Not all animals, however, can be neatly classified into two categories at all times.Hibernating mammals, for example, are endotherms. They are homeothermic, but during the winter their body temperature drops dramatically as their metabolism slows to conserve energy for the winter. Hibernators behave like heterotherms during the transition from fall to winter and again from winter to spring, During the winter, however, they are homeothermic except for brief periods of arousal, but at a lower body temperature than at other times of the year. Similarly, a fish swimming in deep ocean waters is an ectotherm but also homeothermic because the temperature of the water-and therefore of its body-is essentially constant. Fish that live in waters with fluctuating temperatures, by contrast are ectothermic and heterothermic.5.Even endothermic homeotherms do not have truly constant body temperatures but rather a narrow range of body temperatures within which slight increases and decreases occur in extreme climates during exercise, or even during sleep. The important feature is that birds and mammals can quickly adjust the body's mechanisms for retaining or releasing heat such that body temperature remains relatively stable. This provides the advantage that the body chemical reactions are at optimal levels even when the environment imposes extreme challenges. The metabolic rate of a resting mammal, for example, is roughly six times greater than that of a comparably sized reptile. A suddenly awakened mammal is capable of intense activity even on a winter day, but an icy-cold reptile could be at the mercy of a predator because of the time required to warm itself and flee.6.Even endothermic homeotherms do not have truly constant body temperatures but rather a narrow range of body temperatures within which slight increases and decreases occur in extreme climates during exercise, or even during sleep. The important feature is that birds and mammals can quickly adjust the body's mechanisms for retaining or releasing heat such that body temperature remains relatively stable. This provides the advantage that the body chemical reactions are at optimal levels even when the environment imposes extreme challenges. The metabolic rate of a resting mammal, for example, is roughly six times greater than that of a comparably sized reptile. A suddenly awakened mammal is capable of intense activity even on a winter day, but an icy-cold reptile could be at the mercy of a predator because of the time required to warm itself andflee.7.Even endothermic homeotherms do not have truly constant body temperatures but rather a narrow range of body temperatures within which slight increases and decreases occur in extreme climates during exercise, or even during sleep. The important feature is that birds and mammals can quickly adjust the body's mechanisms for retaining or releasing heat such that body temperature remains relatively stable. This provides the advantage that the body chemical reactions are at optimal levels even when the environment imposes extreme challenges. The metabolic rate of a resting mammal, for example, is roughly six times greater than that of a comparably sized reptile. A suddenly awakened mammal is capable of intense activity even on a winter day, but an icy-cold reptile could be at the mercy of a predator because of the time required to warm itself and flee.8.Endothermy does have two major disadvantages, however. First, to produce sufficient heat by metabolic processes, endotherms must consume larger amounts of food. Small endotherms, such as shrews, musteat almost continually and may die if deprived of food for as little as a day. By contrast, many ectotherms, such as snakes can go for weeks without eating. Second, endotherms run the risk of overheating during periods of intense activity, even in cold weather.9.⬛Most animals have an upper limit of body temperature at which they can survive.⬛In humans, for example, a body temperature of 41 degrees Celsius causes loss of protein function and breakdown of the nervous system, and a body temperature of 42 to 43 degrees Celsius is fatal. ⬛Birds, which have slightly higher resting body temperatures than mammals(approximately 40 to 41 degrees Celsius compared with 35 to 38 degrees Celsius for most mammals), cannot survive at body temperatures above 46 to 47 degrees Celsius. ⬛At environmental temperatures greater than 50 degrees Celsius, nearly all animals die. At the other end of the temperature spectrum, though, extreme cold is better tolerated. Fo example, Some animals can freeze and survive after thawing.Freezing/thawing is normally dangerous because ice crystals form inside cells and rupture membranes. However, many insects, such as the woolly caterpillar, a few species of amphibian such as the wood frog, and a very small number of reptiles such as the painted turtle, can block crystal formation in their cells. They do this by responding to ice on their skin surfaces with an enormous outpouring of glucose from the liver. The glucose stored in the liver enters the blood and the cells, lowering their freezing point so that the cells do not freeze solid. These animals can have 65 percent or more of their bodies completely frozen for long periods, only to thaw during warm periods without harmful effects.10.1.B2.D3.D4.A5.B6.A7.C8.A9.A10.ACE。
托福2021年11月6日写作考试真题及范文
托福2021年11月6日写作考试真题及范文托福写作考试有独立写作和综合写作，来一起看看最新考试的真题吧。
以下是由小编为大家精心整理的“托福2021年11月6日写作考试真题及范文”，来看一看吧。
独立写作Some people believe that it is an important part of a child's education to go on field trips(for example, to museums). Others think that a child's time is better spent learning in a classroom at school. Which view do you agree with? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.综合写作阅读：卡罗来纳湾洼地是由于陨石撞击形成的1.卡罗来纳湾洼地的形状不对称。
一边的白沙总是高于另一边。
陨石碎片撞击地面会形成坑，由于倒塌的角度不一样，所以洼地不同面的深度不一样2. 洼地附近的沙子没有铁涂层。
陨石碎片撞击地面会产生巨大的热能，沙子在高温中会丢失铁元素3. 人们在一些洼地里发现了巴基球。
这是一种特殊的碳的形态，需要在极大的压强下才能产生，陨石强大的撞击力足以产生巴基球。
听力反驳：1. 洼地的不对称可能是由于洋流产生的。
这些洼地曾经都是在水下的，所以有可能是海底的洋流使得沙子向同一方向堆积。
2. 如果是由于高温使得沙子丢失铁元素的话，那么高温也会将沙子融化成玻璃。
但是并没有找到玻璃的痕迹，所以不可能是陨石造成的。
有可能是化学反应导致沙子中的铁元素丢失。
3. 如果是陨石撞击形成巴基球，那么巴基球应该广泛存在于所有地方，但实际上只有少数几个海湾发现了巴基球。
更有可能是闪电形成的。
1.托福考试什么时候开始考作文托福写作考试怎么考，托福写作考试详细流程及注意事项汇总顺顺托福写作考试要求的是什么，接下来我给大家一份详细的托福写作答题技巧。
2021年托福阅读PASSAGE 6 试题及答案
2021年托福阅读PASSAGE 6试题及答案PASSAGE 6Potash (the old name for potassium carbonate) is one of the two alkalis (the other being soda, sodium carbonate) that were used from remote antiquity in the making of glass, and from the early Middle Ages in the making of soap: the former being the product of heating a mixture of alkali andsand, the latter a product of alkali and vegetable oil. Their importance in the communities of colonial North America need hardly be stressed.Potash and soda are not interchangeable for all purposes, but for glass- or soap-making either would do. Soda was obtained largely from the ashes of certain Mediterranean sea plants, potash fromthose of inland vegetation. Hence potash was more familiar to the early European settlers of the North American continent.The settlement at Jamestown in Virginia was in many ways a microcosm of the economy of colonial North America, nd potash was one of its first concerns. It was required for the glassworks, the first factory in the British colonies, and was produced in sufficient quantity to permit the inclusion of potash in the first cargo shipped out of Jamestown. The second ship to arrive in the settlement from England included among its passengers experts in potash making.The method of making potash was simple enough. Logs was piled up and burned in the open, and the ashes collected. The ashes were placed in a barrel with holes in the bottom, and water was poured over them. The solution draining from the barrel was boiled down in iron kettles. The resulting mass was further heated to fuse the mass into what was called potash.In North America, potash making quickly became an adjunct to the clearing of land for agriculture, for it was estimated that as much as half the cost of clearing land could be recovered by the sale of potash. Some potash was exported from Maine and New Hampshire in the seventeenth century, but the market turned out to be mainly domestic, consisting mostly of shipments from the northern to the southern colonies. For despite the beginning of the trade at Jamestown and such encouragements as a series of acts "to encourage the making of potash," beginning in 1707 in South Carolina, the softwoods in the South proved to be poor sources of the substance.1. What aspect of potash does the passage mainly discuss?(A) How it was made(B) Its value as a product for export(C) How it differs from other alkalis(D) Its importance in colonial North America2. All of the following statements are true of both potash and soda EXPECT:(A) They are alkalis.(B) They are made from sea plants.(C) They are used in making soap.(D) They are used in making glass.3. They phrase "the latter" in line 4 refers to(A) alkali(B) glass(C) sand(D) soap4. The word "stressed" in line 6 is closest in meaning to(A) defined(B) emphasized(C) adjusted(D) mentioned5. The word "interchangeable" in line 7 is closest in meaning to(A) convenient(B) identifiable(C) equivalent(D) advantageous6. It can be inferred from the passage that potash was more common than soda in colonial North America because(A) the materials needed for making soda were not readily available(B) making potash required less time than making soda(C) potash was better than soda for making glass and soap(D) the colonial glassworks found soda more difficult to use7. According to paragraph 4, all of the following were needed for making potash EXCEPT(A) wood(B) fire(C) sand(D) water8. The word "adjunct" in line 22 is closest in meaning to(A) addition(B) answer(C) problem(D) possibility9. According to the passage , a major benefit of making potash was that(A) it could be exported to Europe in exchange for other goods(B) it helped finance the creation of farms(C) it could be made with a variety of materials(D) stimulated the development of new ways of glassmaking10. According to paragraph 5, the softwoods in the South posed which of the following problems for southern settles?(A) The softwoods were not very plentiful.(B) The softwoods could not be used to build houses.(C) The softwoods were not very marketable.(D) The softwoods were not very useful for making potash.ANSWER KEYSPASSAGE 6 DBDBC ACABD。
2021年11月6日托福阅读考试真题及答案
2021年11月6日托福阅读考试真题及答案准备托福的阅读考试，考生们别忘了阅读考试的真题。
以下是由小编为大家精心整理的“2021年11月6日托福阅读考试真题及答案”，来看一看吧。
2021年11月6日托福阅读考试真题及答案R1人工智能下棋R2地下水R3欧洲城市计划R4洋流R5惠特尼发明的轧棉机R6蛇的分布R7意大利文艺复兴时期的一种戏剧1.托福阅读考试时间及题目数量托福阅读一篇有几道题，新托福考试阅读有几篇的题目，要想在这个基础之上取得高分，我们首先要做的就是对这些题目有一个清晰的认知。
这些题型虽然是文章的基础，但是在考试中，对于文章的理解能力和做题的速度要求都是比较高的，所以我们需要掌握文章的结构。
在文章的基础上，我们要学会分析文章的结构和作者的观点，这样才能在文章的开头段落中找到出处。
这样我们就可以清晰明白文章的结构是什么。
我们在进行阅读的过程中，首先要知道这些文章的结构是什么，在文章的开头段，一篇文章的开头，一般会问一下文章的结构是什么，然后我们来看一下文章结构是什么。
2.托福阅读一篇有几道题托福阅读一篇有几道题，新托福考试阅读有几篇实用的文章，要不要做题？新托福阅读有几个题型，每题的标准题、数量大概在1500到5000字左右。
新托福阅读有三篇文章，每篇文章有1000词左右的长难句；新托福阅读有四篇，每篇文章约800词。
新托福阅读有3篇，每篇约1000词左右；新托福写作有4篇，每篇约1000字左右；新托福阅读有四套。
每篇文章长度不够，建议先收藏再阅读。
第一篇文章长度大概是1500到1500字左右，需要花上3-4天阅读，每篇文章大概700-800字，需要2-3小时写作和2-3篇。
新托福写作有4个题，每篇文章长度是1个小时，有5-5个题目。
新托福独立写作是3篇，每篇长度在800-1200 字左右。
1.托福阅读题型有哪些托福阅读题目类型，托福阅读考试有哪些题型是不是很难？一起看看吧！托福阅读备考建议1.首先，我们要了解阅读考试题型，然后再分析一下题型，这样才能对托福阅读有更深入的了解。
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2021年11月6日托福考试真题及答案
2021年11月6日的托福考试难度不小，考生们来一起看看真题和答案吧。
以下是由小编为大家精心整理的“2021年11月6日托福考试真题及答案”，来看一看吧。
托福考试应试技巧
背诵词汇题
考试早上在去考场的路上或者到达考场之后，可以迅速浏览官方真题Official33套和最近考试真题里的所有词汇题，这会增加你的信心，也会让你因为一件事变得专注起来，不受其它因素的干扰。
当然，前提是你在备考时整理过所有的词汇题，并且已经打印好了。
对话纯脑记
实践反复证明，托福听力对话纯听的效果比边听边记的效果要好很多。
对话部分对细节和听懂的要求很高，记过多笔记反而可能影响对话的理解和细节的记忆，而且听懂之后大脑其实都记得，相信自己。
话筒要靠近
一个很简单的托福考试技巧：话筒离太远，录进去的音量就会小，或者说，同样的音量，话筒离得近了，ETS考官听起来就会清楚一些。
设备一定要尽量调试好，如果话筒质量不好，举手跟监考老师换一个。
但同时要提醒你，不要过于苛求噢，随和乐观的心态更重要，我们要的是只是尽可能完美。
加试写模板
托福经典加试如果你已经很熟悉了也许可以不听，但这个时候可
以熟悉一下口语和写作模板啊。
注意：这个时候在草稿纸上写什么都是合情合理的，因为你在听听力。
但中场休息的10分钟，在草稿纸上写神马都是违规。
时间往后拖
托福考试的节奏控制很重要，比别人过早或过晚，都会导致自己一个人在那儿孤单的答口语，收获别人的专注听你说或者鄙夷的眼神。
比起过早，稍稍比别人的节奏晚一些些是最佳的时间安排。
写作字要多
在保证不跑题且没有太多拼写错误的前提之下，托福写作一定是字数为王。
所以，考试时候别收着，尽情阐述，尽情举例，尽情使用简单句吧。
托福考试考场注意事项
考试设备故障应对法
有些托福考场其实是存在设备老化的情况的，比如常见的电脑死机，耳机隔音性能差等问题时有发生，而遇到这类设备方面的问题故障，小编提醒大家一定要忍住自己动手解决的冲动。
遭遇这种情况的正确应对处理方法是立即举手示意监考老师来为你解决，这样才能避免一些不必要的损失和负面影响。
如何处理考场干扰问题
提前做好抗干扰的训练，比如在相对嘈杂的环境下进行听力练习提前适应。
然后就是尽量保持精神集中注意力聚集在自己的听力上。
通过这些方法大家应该可以比较好的应对考场干扰问题。
中场休息时间充分利用
托福考试在完成了前两个部分阅读和听力之后，是有10分钟中场休息时间的，考试流程中的中场休息时间还是需要好好利用一下的，无论是吃喝一番补充体力精力、放松一下调整考试状态还是活动筋骨上个厕所，中场休息时间大家一定要尽量用好用足，这样才能保证更加持久的应试状态和高水平发挥。