托福TPO经典加试题总汇下载
托福培训考试题库及答案
托福培训考试题库及答案托福（Test of English as a Foreign Language，简称TOEFL）是一项测试非英语母语者英语能力的标准化考试，广泛用于申请英语国家的大学和专业机构。
以下是一些托福培训考试题库及答案，供考生练习使用：听力部分1. 听一段关于生物学讲座的录音，然后回答以下问题：- 讲座的主题是什么？- 教授提到了哪些关键的生物学概念？- 学生在讲座中提出了哪些问题？答案：- 讲座的主题是细胞分裂的过程。
- 教授提到了有丝分裂和减数分裂两个关键概念。
- 学生询问了细胞周期的不同阶段及其功能。
2. 听一段校园广播，然后回答以下问题：- 广播中提到了哪些校园活动？- 活动的时间和地点是什么？- 广播中是否提到了参与活动的要求？答案：- 广播中提到了国际文化节和环保讲座。
- 国际文化节将在下周六在学生中心举行，环保讲座将在下周三在图书馆报告厅举行。
- 广播中提到参与国际文化节需要提前注册，环保讲座则无需注册。
阅读部分1. 阅读一篇关于气候变化的文章，然后回答以下问题：- 文章的主要论点是什么？- 作者提供了哪些证据来支持其观点？- 文章提出了哪些解决方案？答案：- 文章的主要论点是气候变化对全球环境和经济的严重影响。
- 作者提供了科学研究数据、历史气候记录和专家意见作为证据。
- 文章提出了减少温室气体排放、发展可再生能源和国际合作等解决方案。
2. 阅读一篇关于历史事件的短文，然后回答以下问题：- 短文描述了哪个历史事件？- 事件的主要原因和结果是什么？- 作者对事件的评价是什么？答案：- 短文描述了法国大革命。
- 事件的主要原因是社会不平等和经济危机，结果是推翻了君主制并建立了共和国。
- 作者认为法国大革命是一次重要的社会和政治变革，但同时也指出了其带来的暴力和混乱。
口语部分1. 描述你最喜欢的季节，并解释为什么。
- 我最喜欢的季节是秋天。
秋天的天气凉爽宜人，树叶的颜色变化丰富多彩，给人一种宁静和收获的感觉。
托福经典加试题
注：从09年的情况来看，阅读部分重复的加试题目很多都是鸟鸣和电报这两个，听力部分则基本是下列部分。
但是，加试有时候也会是非经典加试（这个就看rp了）。
附：ETS出加试题的真正目的（虽然这是08年的一片文章，但是我想对于忽略加试题的同学们还是有参考价值的）据熟人线报，其实ETS出加试题的真正目的并非是为了以后的试题来做难度测试（这就是为什么加试题基本不变和加试题从未出现被运用于正式考试，最后出现了T友所谓的经典加试的原因）而是为了测试此次考生的平均水平的参照物，从而测试当天考试正题的难度，由此决定这次考试所谓的加权平均值。
首先，ETS会找到他们所认为的全球考生平均水平（例如做加试题平均水平应为20分）在随后的一次阅读考试中，如果大家的正题平均分是20分，而阅读加试部分也做的是20分，那么ETS认为此次阅读难度适中，不必加权平均。
如果正题20分，加试10分，ETS则认为是这次考生水平普遍较低，考试难度偏小，所以会相应减少每个人的阅读得分。
反之，如果正题10分，加试25分，那么ETS就认为在考生水平那么高的情况下阅读平均分还那么低，一定是因为题目难度偏大,所以会给每个考生平均加上几分。
这也是为什么托福考生普遍反映难度不太稳定，分数却较为稳定的原因（惨案除外）。
这同时也就是ETS所谓的“在考生水平有波动的情况下，我们依然能给以每个考生最公平的分数“的原因。
所以请大家以后都认真对待加试题吧,因为加试题分数的高低可能直接影响了你和所有广大T友的最终成绩，希望所有的T友能万众一心。
听力经典加试题目第一篇：关于bird migration的term paperLong conversation: Student having difficulties in writing term paper男student: Professor, I hope to discuss my term paper with you. I got stuck in writing the paper on bird migration. I have difficulties in finding enough materials about bird migration. (老师，今儿，我想跟你说说我的学期论文的事儿。
托福(阅读)历年真题试卷汇编4(题后含答案及解析)
托福（阅读）历年真题试卷汇编4(题后含答案及解析) 题型有： 3. Reading ComprehensionSections Three：Reading ComprehensionEarly Theories of Continental DriftP1: The idea that the geography of Earth was different in the past than it is today is not new. As far back as 1620, Francis Bacon spotted that the west coast of Africa and the east coast of South America looked as if they would fit together, like pieces of a jigsaw puzzle. Between then and 1912, other people identified further similarities between other continental coastlines. But because much of the early support for mobilism was based on far-flung intercontinental similarities, geologists tended to be skeptical of the fieldwork of others.P2: During the late nineteenth century, Austrian geologist Eduard Suess proposed the name “Gondwanaland”in his book The Face of the Earth (1885) and gave far greater emphasis to the evolutionary nature of the earth and he noted the similarities among the Late Paleozoic plant fossils of India, Australia, South Africa, and South America. Based upon glossopteris fern fossils in such regions, he explained that the three land masses were once connected in a supercontinent which he names Gondwanaland, and that the ocean flooded the spaces currently between those lands. Thus, in his view, the similarities of fossils on these continents could be accounted for by postulating the concept of a land bridge that existed once but subsided later.P3: Later, a number of refinements to Suess’s theory were made. The American geologist Frank Taylor published a pamphlet in 1910 presenting his concept of “horizontal displacement”. He explained the formation of mountain ranges as a result of the lateral movements of continents. With the earth’s capture of the moon, the gravitational forces between them generated a pull towards lower latitudes where they thickened and formed folded mountain belts especially in middle latitudes. Although we now know that Taylor’s explanation of continental drift is erroneous, one of his most significant contributions was his suggestion that the Mid-Atlantic Ridge—an underwater mountain range discovered by the 1872-1876 British HMS Challenger expeditions—might mark the site at which an ancient continent broke apart, forming the present-day Atlantic Ocean.P4: However, it is Alfred Wegener, a German meteorologist, who is generally credited with developing the hypothesis of continental drift. In his monumental book, The Origin of Continents and Oceans (1915), Wegener theorized that a single supercontinent he called “Pangaea”existed sometime between 350 million to 225 million years ago. Wegner portrayed his grand concept of continental movement in a series of maps showing the breakup of Pangaea and the movement of various continents to their present-day locations. What evidence did Wegener use to support his hypothesis of continental drift? First, Wegener noted that there is geographical similarity along both the coasts of the Atlantic Ocean. The opposing coasts of the Atlantic can be fitted together in the same way as two cut off pieces of wood can be refitted. Furthermore, mountain ranges and glacial deposits seem tomatch up in such a way that suggests continents could have once been a single landmass. Finally, many of the same fossils and vegetative remains are found today on widely separated continents, indicating that the continents must have been in proximity at one time. During his days, Wegener was regarded as an advocate rather than as an impartial scientific observer, appearing to ignore vast evidence unfavorable to his ideas and distort other evidence to bring it into harmony with the theory.P5: After Wegener’s death, a South African geologist Alexander Du Toit continued to assemble fossil evidence for Pangaea. He noted that fossils of the now extinct reptile “Mesosaurus”occur in rocks of the same age in both Brazil and South Africa. Because the physiology of freshwater and marine animals is completely different, it is hard to imagine how a freshwater reptile could have swum across the Atlantic Ocean and then found a freshwater environment nearly identical to its former habitat. Moreover, if Mesosaurus could have swum across the ocean, its fossil remains should be widely dispersed. It is more logical to assume that Mesosaurus lived in lakes in what were once adjacent areas of South America and Africa when it was united into a single continent. Notwithstanding all of the empirical evidence in favor of continental drift theory presented here, most geologists at the time refused to entertain the idea.P6 :The debate over continental drift has the same role and stature in the history of the earth sciences as the debate over Darwinian evolution in the history of life sciences and the debates over relativity and quantum theory in the history of physics. In the largest sense, the history of earth science, the history of biology, and the history of physics in the 20th century are all histories of the consolidation of opinion and the formation of broad consensus—that these theories were the best way to organize and advance these sciences.P5: After Wegener’s death, a South African geologist Alexander Du Toit continued to assemble fossil evidence for Pangaea.■He noted that fossils of the now extinct reptile “Mesosaurus” occur in rocks of the same age in both Brazil and South Africa.■Because the physiology of freshwater and marine animals is completely different, it is hard to imagine how a freshwater reptile could have swum across the Atlantic Ocean and then found a freshwater environment nearly identical to its former habitat. ■Moreover, if Mesosaurus could have swum across the ocean, its fossil remains should be widely dispersed. It is more logical to assume that Mesosaurus lived in lakes in what were once adjacent areas of South America and Africa when it was united into a single continent. ■Notwithstanding all of the empirical evidence in favor of continental drift theory presented here, most geologists at the time refused to entertain the idea.1．According to paragraph 2, Eduard Suess believed that similarities of plant and animal fossils on the southern continents were due toA．living in the southern climateB．crossing the land bridgesC．fossilization in the coal layersD．movements of the supercontinent正确答案：B解析：【事实信息题】题目问动植物化石的相似性是因为什么，文中提到“the similarities of fossils on these continents could be accounted for by”所以原因是之前有陆桥后来消失了，答案是B。
TOEFL托福阅读真题整合
TOEFL托福阅读真题整合托福阅读真题1__ 31Rent control is the system whereby the local government tells building owners how much they can charge their tenants in rent. In the United States, rent controls date back to at least World War II.In 1943 the federal government imposed rent controls to help solve the problem of housing shortages during wartime. The federal program ended after the war, but in some locations, including New York City, controls continued. Under New York's controls, a landlord generally cannot raise rents on apartments as long as the tenants continue to renew their leases. In places such as Santa Monica, California, rent controls are more recent. They were spurred by the inflation of the 1970's, which, combined with California's rapid population growth, pushed housing prices, as well as rents, to record levels. In 1979 Santa Monica's municipal government ordered landlords to roll back their rents to the levels charged in 1978. Future rents could only go up by two-thirds as much as any increase in the overall price level.In any housing market, rental prices perform three functions: (1) promoting the efficient maintenance of existing housing and stimulating the construction of new housing, (2) allocating existing scarce housing among competing claimants, and (3) rationing use of existing housing by potential renters.One result of rent control is a decrease in the construction of new rental units. Rent controls have artificially depressed the most important long-term determinant of profitability —rents. Consider some examples. In a recent year in Dallas, Texas, with a 16 percent rental vacancy rate but no rent control laws, 11,000 new housing units were built. In the same year, in San Francisco, California, only 2,000 units were built. The major difference? San Francisco has only a 1.6 percent vacancy rate but stringent rent control laws. In New York City, except for government-subsidized construction, the only rental units being built are luxury units, which are exempt from controls. In Santa Monica, California, new apartments are not being constructed. New office rental space and commercial developments are, however. They are exempt from rent controls.1. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) The construction of apartments in the United States.(B) Causes and effects of rent control(C) The fluctuations of rental prices(D) The shortage of affordable housing in the United States.2. The word They in line 9 refers to(A) the tenants(B) their leases(C) places(D) rent controls.3. Which of the following was NOT a reason for the introduction of rent controls in Santa Monica,California?(A) rapid population growth(B) inflation(C) economic conditions during wartime(D) record-high housing prices4. The phrase roll back in line 11 is closest in meaning to(A) credit(B) measure(C) vary(D) reduce5. The word stimulating in line 15 is closest in meaning to(A) experimenting with(B) identifying(C) estimating(D) encouraging6. It can be inferred that the purpose of rent control is to(A) protect tenants(B) promote construction(C) increase vacancy rates(D) decrease sales of rental units7. The word depressed in line 19 is closest in meaning to(A) saddened(B) created(C) lowered(D) defeated8. The information in the last paragraph supports which of the following statements?(A) San Francisco has eliminated its rent control laws.(B) Rent control leads to a reduction in the construction of housing units(C) Luxury apartments are rarely built when there is rent control(D) There is a growing need for government-subsidized housing.9. According to the passage , which of the following cities does NOT currently have rent controls?(A) Santa Monica(B) Dallas(C) San Francisco(D) New York City10. The word stringent in line 23 is closest in meaning to(A) straightforward(B) strict(C) expanded(D) efficient11. According to the passage , which of the following is NOT exempt from rent control?(A) Luxury apartments(B) Commercial development(C) Moderately priced apartments(D) Office space.__ 31 BDCDD ACBBB C托福阅读真题232By 1776 the fine art of painting as it had developed in western Europe up to this time had been introduced into the American colonies through books and prints, European visitors andimmigrants, and traveling colonists who brought back copies (and a few original) of old master paintings and acquaintance with European art institutions.By the outbreak of the Revolution against British rule in 1776, the status of the artists had already undergone change. In the mid-eighteenth century, painters had been willing to assume such artisan-related tasks as varnishing, gilding teaching, keeping shops, and painting wheel carriages, houses, and signs. The terminology by which artists were described at the time suggests their status: limner was usually applied to the anonymous portrait painter up to the 1760's; painter characterized anyone who could paint a flat surface. By the second half of the century, colonial artists who were trained in England or educated in the classics rejected the status of laborer and thought of themselves as artists. Some colonial urban portraitists, such as John Singleton Copley, Benjamin West, and Charles Wilson Peale, consorted with affluent patrons. Although subject to fluctuations in their economic status, all three enjoyed sufficient patronage to allow them to maintain an image of themselves as professional artists, an image indicated by their custom of signing their paintings. A few art collectors James Bowdoin III of Boston, William Byrd of Virginian, and the Aliens andHamiltons of Philadelphia introduced European art traditions to those colonists privileged to visit their galleries, especially aspiring artists, and established in their respective communities the idea of the value of art and the need for institutions devoted to its encouragement.Although the colonists tended to favor portraits, they also accepted landscapes, historical works, and political engravings as appropriate artistic subjects. With the coming of independence from the British Crown, a sufficient number of artists and their works were available to serve nationalistic purposes. The achievements of the colonial artists, particularly those of Copley, West, and Peale, lent credence to the boast that the new nation was capable of encouraging genius and that political liberty was congenial to the development of taste — a necessary step before art could assume an important role in the new republic.1. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) European influence on colonial American painting(B) The importance of patronage to artist(C) The changing status of artists in the American colonies in the eighteenth century(D) Subjects preferred by artists in the American colonies in theeighteenth century.2. The word outbreak in line 5 is closest in meaning to(A) cause(B) beginning(C) position(D) explanation3. The word undergone in line 6 is closest in meaning to(A) led to(B) transformed(C) preferred(D) experienced4. According to the passage , before the American Revolution the main task of limners was to(A) paint wheel carriages(B) paint portraits(C) varnish furniture(D) paint flat surfaces5. I t can be inferred from the passage that artists who were trained in England(A) considered artists to be superior to painters(B) barely painted portraitists(C) were often very wealthy(D) imitated English painters6. The word consorted in line 14 is closest in meaning to(A) made decisions(B) studies(C) agreed(D) associated7. The word sufficient in line 16 is closest in meaning to(A) adequate(B) temporary(C) friendly(D) expensive8. According to the passage , artists such as Copley, West and Peal signed their paintings(A) increased the monetary value of the paintings(B) made it more difficult for other artists to copy the paintings(C) supported the artists' image of professionalism(D) distinguished colonial American artists from European artists9. The author mentions James Bowdoin III and William Byrd in line 17 as examples of which ofthe following?(A) Art gallery owners who displayed only European art(B) Art collectors who had a profound influence on American attitudes toward art(C) Artists who gave financial support to other artists(D) Patrons whose helped to encourage artisans to become artists10. With which of the following would the author be most likely to agree?(A) Countries that have not had a political revolution are unlikely to develop great art.(B) The most successful art collectors are usually artists themselves.(C) The value of colonial American paintings decreased after the Revolution.(D) Colonial artists made an important contribution to the evolving culture of the new nation.__ 32 CBDBA DACBD托福阅读真题3__ 33Researchers in the field of psychology have found that one of the best ways to make an important decision, such as choosing auniversity to attend or a business to invest in, involves the utilization of a decision worksheet. Psychologists who study optimization compare the actual decisions made by people to theoretical ideal decisions to see how similar they are. Proponents of the worksheet procedure believe that it will yield optimal, that is, the best decisions. Although there are several variations on the exact format that worksheets can take, they are all similar in their essential aspects. Worksheets require defining the problem in a clear and concise way and then listing all possible solutions to the problem. Next, the pertinent considerations that will be affected by each decision are listed, and the relative importance of each consideration or consequence is determined. Each consideration is assigned a numerical value to reflect its relative importance. A decision is mathematically calculated by adding these values together. The alternative with the highest number of points emerges as the best decision.Since most important problems are multifaceted, there are several alternatives to choose from, each with unique advantages and disadvantages. One of the benefits of a pencil and paper decision-making procedure is that it permits people to deal with more variables than their minds can generally comprehend and remember.On the average, people can keep about seven ideas in their minds at once. A worksheet can be especially useful when the decision involves a large number of variables with complex relationships. A realistic example for many college students is the question What will I do after graduation? A graduate might seek a position that offers specialized training, pursue an advanced degree, or travel abroad for a year.A decision-making worksheet begins with a succinct statement of the problem that will also help to narrow it. It is important to be clear about the distinction between long-range and immediate goals because long-range goals often involve a different decision than short-range ones. Focusing on long- range goals, a graduating student might revise the question above to What will I do after graduation that will lead to successful career?1. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) A tool to assist in making complex decisions.(B) A comparison of actual decisions and ideal decisions(C) Research on how people make decisions(D) Differences between long-range and short-range decision making2. The word essential in line 7 is closest in meaning to(A) introductory(B) changeable(C) beneficial(D) fundamental3. The word pertinent in line 9 is closest in meaning to(A) relevant(B) preceding(C) insightful(D) responsive4. Of the following steps, which occurs before the others in making a decision worksheet?(A) Listing the consequences of each solution(B) Calculating a numerical summary of each solution(C) Deciding which consequences are most important(D) Writing down all possible solutions5. According to decision-worksheet theory, an optimal decision is defined as one that(A) has the fewest variables to consider(B) uses the most decision worksheets(C) has the most points assigned to it(D) is agreed to by the greatest number of people6. The author develops the discussion in paragraph 1 bymeans of(A) describing a process(B) classifying types of worksheets(C) providing historical background(D) explaining a theory7. The author states that On the average, people can keep about seven ideas in their minds atonce (lines 17-18) to explain that(A) most decisions involve seven steps(B) human mental capacity has limitations(C) some people have difficulty making minor as well as major decisions(D) people can learn to keep more than seven ideas in their minds with practice8. The word succinct in line 24 is closest in meaning to(A) creative(B) satisfactory(C) personal(D) concise9. Which of the following terms is defined in the passage(A) Proponents (line 5)(B) Optimal (line 5)(C) Variables (line 17)(D) Long-range goals (line 25)10. The word it in line 24 refers to(A) worksheet(B) problem(C) distinction(D) decision11. The word revise in line 26 is closest in meaning to。
托福英语试题题库及答案
托福英语试题题库及答案1. 阅读部分：阅读以下段落，并回答相关问题。
In the early 20th century, the industrial revolution brought about significant changes in the way people worked and lived. Factories became the new centers of economic activity, and cities grew rapidly as people moved from rural areas to urban centers in search of employment opportunities.问题1：工业革命发生在哪个世纪？答案：20世纪。
问题2：工业革命对人们的工作方式和居住方式产生了怎样的影响？答案：工业革命使得工厂成为新的经济活动中心，人们为了寻找就业机会从农村地区迁移到城市中心，导致城市迅速扩张。
2. 听力部分：听以下对话，并回答相关问题。
Speaker 1: I'm really looking forward to the weekend. I've planned a hiking trip to the mountains.Speaker 2: That sounds like a great idea. I've been feeling a bit stressed lately, and I think getting out in nature woulddo me good.问题1：Speaker 1计划在周末做什么？答案：去山里徒步旅行。
问题2：Speaker 2为什么认为去徒步旅行是个好主意？答案：因为最近感到有些压力，认为在大自然中走走会对自己有好处。
3. 口语部分：描述你最喜欢的一种户外活动，并解释为什么喜欢它。
托福经典听力加试
托福加试题一: 神经元细胞lecture神经胶质细胞研究。
教授说早期对人类大脑的研究集中在神经细胞neuron，让一男生起来回答上节课的主要内容，男生说生物电生物电bioelectricity 通过神经细胞传导，通过两个神经细胞的接触点传到下一个细胞，有趣的是。
说到这里被教授打断，说他答得已经很完整了（有题，问教授打断他的用意）。
神经胶质细胞glial cells的作用在早期被忽视了，人们认为胶质细胞只有支持神经细胞的作用。
后来人们发现胶质细胞也有传导信息的作用，不是通过生物电，而是化学物质传导。
于是总共有三种传导方式，神经细胞间，胶质细胞间，神经和胶质细胞互相传导。
而且发现胶质细胞的数量及其巨大，远多于神经细胞。
同时还可能有修复神经细胞，决定哪些神经长的大［记得可能不准］。
教授又说，胶质细胞可能与智力有关，越多智商越高，但这不确定。
教授说对胶质细胞的研究是一个很open up的领域，建议学生们可以考虑毕业后作深入研究（有题）。
重要：biology 讲glial cell。
以往人们对神经传导的研究仅限于neuron（神经元），也叫nerve cell。
神经传导通过electrical communication从一个结点传到另一个结点，神经元被认为起主要作用，glial cell 研究的很少，一直被忽略，被看作help the growth of neurons (出题)，起辅助作用。
后来偶然发现大脑中glial cell比neuron的数目多很多，glial cell引起了科学家的重视，开始研究它究竟起什么作用（此处出题，问glial cell怎么引起科学家注意的）。
后来有一重大突破，发现glial cell传导信号不是用的electrical signal，而是用chemical conductor（一说chemical communication）（此处出题）。
传统观点一直误以为glial cell也像nerve cell一样用电信号。
托福加场试题及答案
托福加场试题及答案1. 阅读部分A. 文章摘要在阅读部分，考生需要阅读一篇关于海洋生物多样性的科学文章，并回答相关问题。
B. 问题及答案1. 文章主要讨论了什么？A. 海洋生物多样性的减少B. 海洋生物多样性的增加C. 海洋生物多样性的稳定性D. 海洋生物多样性的分布答案：A2. 作者提到了哪种海洋生物？A. 海豚B. 鲸鱼C. 海龟D. 珊瑚答案：D2. 听力部分A. 听力材料概述听力材料包括一段关于城市交通问题的讨论。
B. 问题及答案1. 讨论中提到了哪些交通问题？A. 交通拥堵B. 空气污染C. 噪音污染D. 所有以上答案：D2. 讨论中提出了哪些解决方案？A. 增加公共交通B. 限制私家车C. 建设自行车道D. 所有以上答案：D3. 口语部分A. 口语题目描述一次你解决困难的经历。
B. 参考答案在一次团队项目中，我遇到了困难。
我们团队成员之间意见不一致，导致项目进度缓慢。
我首先组织了一次会议，让每个成员表达自己的观点。
然后，我提出了一个折中的方案，将大家的想法整合在一起。
最后，我们达成了共识，项目得以顺利进行。
4. 写作部分A. 写作题目你是否同意以下观点：政府应该投资更多的钱在教育上？B. 参考答案我同意政府应该投资更多的钱在教育上。
首先，教育是提高国民素质的关键。
投资教育可以培养更多的专业人才，推动社会进步。
其次，良好的教育可以减少贫困，提高人们的生活水平。
最后，教育投资有助于创新和科技发展，为国家带来长远的利益。
请注意，以上试题及答案仅供参考，实际考试内容可能会有所不同。
托福写作经典加试题及答案
第一套：综合写作阅读：对于产品单一或者产业链单一的公司怎么发展(1) 在已有产品上升级版本（新包装）(2) 在产品设计方面推出新产品，比如皮带啊裤子啊你可以生产靴子啊，这样能一起买了(3) .和别的公司合作，比如说巧克力公司.和冰淇淋公司合作推出巧克力味冰淇淋听力：lecture里反驳(1) 老顾客不喜欢新包装，.会觉得被offense，不买新包装，.同时又有人觉得老包装old fashion，就全不买了(2) 一系列产品不能保证质量，万一买了靴子发现质量不好，可能皮带等也都不买了，reputation完了(3) 合作变成竞争，巧克力公司自己也生产冰淇淋了怎么办？不就和冰淇淋公司闹起来了么独立写作Many people spend lots of time watching sports on TV or following their favorite team. Does it have negative impacts on their lives?"To each his own," as the proverb indicates. This is applicable to the hobbies or interests one would spend time on pursuing. Some people however use too much time following their favorite sports teams either on TV or going to the stadium rooting up for their teams or buying team T shirts or caps. Does this have unfavorable impact on them? Yes, in my opinion, those people are negatively affected in their life.First, sports games last a long time and followers need to spend a great deal of time on the event. Although it is a great way to relax，followers will be addicted easily. They will watch these sports programs after finishing working, at night, or on the weekend. Some sports, such as football or tennis, consumes hours in regular conditions or longer in overtime games. In such condition, will the sports followers quit and go back to their work or study? No, of course. They might stay up late or postpone what they are doing for the game. No matter what the result is，they are affected in their life and may not be alert in doing their work. On the other hand, people who are not addicted to the sport can spend time doing other important things that benefit their lives and their plan, for work will have less chance of being interrupted.Second, sports lovers will try all the method to bolster their favorite team. In other words, they might need to spend money and be, sometimes, addicted to legal, but adverse habits. For example, some game cards provide bets as "non-profits" or "for-disabled" kind of charitable purpose. My male coworker, who loves to watch Euro football match, spent a lot of money for gambling. However, the chance to win is rare. Eventually, he had a huge debt because of gambling on his favorite sport: Euro football. In addition，following the favorite team on live competitions has the costs, such as paying for the ticket to the games，the cost of commuting, food, hotel and etc. This money needs to be deducted from savings and any budget that are prepared for their study or tuition.Admittedly, there are petty benefits watching or following their favorite teams on TV. For instance, when they watch the games, they shout out loud for their team, which is a great pressure reliever. In addition, watching sports are usually considered a group activity. In other words, they will enhance the relationship with their friends, colleges or family members when they enjoy and appreciate the sports together. However, either watching TV at home or physically attend the sports events is costly. Besides，they sit all day and eat all day during the event which is undoubtedly harmful to their health in the long run.Finally, everything has its downside. For the sports related activities，it will bring more negative impacts on people's life. As we usually hear from TV that the followers become violent when the team they support lose the game. The impacts are so profound that people might not be eager to fulfill their duties and they might need to spend a great deal of cash for this interest.第二套：综合写作1.阅读：marsupials不如placental mammals.适应性强。
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最新全套托福阅读加试复习资料助您成功目录一、托福阅读加试一: 电报 (2)二、托福阅读加试二: 鸟鸣【Birds Song】 (3)三、托福阅读经典加试一: 达尔文进化论 (4)四、托福阅读经典加试二: 苏美尔文明 (6)五、托福阅读经典加试三: 威尼斯盐业 (12)六、托福阅读加试: 蜜蜂（貌似很少考到） (13)七、TOEFL阅读补充加试 (16)八、托福考试模拟题 (18)托福阅读加试汇总为帮助同学们更好的复习托福考试,为同学们搜集了最全的托福阅读加试.包括托福阅读经典加试: 达尔文进化论, 苏美尔文化,威尼斯盐业,以及最新托福阅读加试电报和小鸟唱歌等等.供同学们参考.一、托福阅读加试一: 电报本文主要讲述了电报在美国起步阶段所遇到的障碍。
其原因主要是：第一，缺乏资金；第二，缺乏政府监管；第三，美国政府当时致力于电话的研究。
本文还讲述了电报尽管是一项**性的发明，但是，它对人类的生活影响很小。
概述：科技进步，1840S 的电报已经有了长足进步 Telegraph 有很重大的意义：拉近了 long distance communication。
1. 遇到了什么样的obstacle？解析：A． fund 不够; B．缺少management；2. 电报在美国的发展存在缺陷，原因是？解析：当时 Telegraph 在美国发展得不如在欧洲发展得好，因为还把精力放在telephone 的研究上。
3. 电报在美国发展缓慢，该由谁负责？解析：在美国， telegraph system 掌控在私人企业手里（私有化 private），很多私企行为都用电报来联系。
这些私企有些很垄断（monopoly）。
4. 19世纪，美国电报的发展为什么发生了转折？解析：在 19 世纪，电报被纳入政府监管（under government regulation）。
之后，尽管美国那时有科技的限制，但电报在美国发展得最好，得到了普及。
5. 电报在欧洲的发展开端？解析：当时很多欧洲国家担心电报会使情报外流，就在犹豫要不要立法来规范电报行为。
6. 欧洲国家的邮政业为什么得到发展？解析：随着发展，欧洲国家把 telegraph 纳入governmental control （国家政府管理）, 主要应用在邮政系统 postal system 方面，因此欧洲国家的传统邮政postal 业又恢复生机。
7. 为什么电报的发明是**性的？解析：电报需要建立 net，这为后来的网络的建立提供了很多思路，所以说telegraph 是非常 revolutionaryinvention。
8. 电报的重要性？解析：虽然 telegraph 重要，但其不像人们猜测的那么重要，因为在当时，transportation 已经发展了，人们之间的距离被缩短了（物流发达），因此，不应过分夸大电报发明的意义。
电报只产生了little change 。
9. ：Novel解析：新奇的，新颖的，新的近义词：new unique unusual二、托福阅读加试二: 鸟鸣【Birds Song】文章：虽然鸟类都会唱歌，但它们唱歌的旋律、调调是各有差异的。
为了研究它们唱歌的技能是先天遗传（基因）的还是后天习得（外界因素）的，researchers 做了很多实验。
Chaffinch 和北美的white X crow （X 可能=necked，winged，billed 等）的幼鸟是如何学会唱歌的。
试验一、Researchers 首先把刚出生的一只小chaffinch 带离鸟巢，放在另外一个地方单独养，与其他大chaffinch 隔isolate，不让它听到大鸟唱歌song。
在三个月以后，到雄性该求爱时放回自然，听它的 song是怎样的。
结果显示该chaffinch 还是会唱这种歌，只是调子有方言variation、很简单、不连续disconnected。
这就证明了chaffinch 先天就有唱歌的本领。
试验二、 Researchers 首先把刚出生的一只小white X crow/sparrow 带离鸟巢，放在另外一个地方单独养，与其它大white X crow 隔离，不让它听到大鸟的歌。
在刚开始的 3 个月，还没有形成自己的歌声前，给小鸟听其它鸟唱歌的磁带recording。
它很快就学会了recording 里的鸟的叫声（dialect），它的调子很快就和那些鸟的调子一样了。
此研究显示：它的dialect 不是由基因决定, 而是与环境有很大关系。
研究还发现4个月以后，它都只会唱自己的调调，再给它听别的recording，它也学不会了unreceptive(考了这个词的意思)。
说明后天学习也有时间限制。
试验三、另一种鸟，F 开头的。
说这种鸟如果不让它们听到自己的声音，它们就只能形成破碎的音节而已，连不成歌。
一定要让它们听见自己在发什么音，才能让它们唱好。
单词题：ultimately, reinforce, proliferate/proliferation, superb, optimal, blur。
最后大题相当变态啊！分三栏。
分别是①chaffinch能做的但Sparrow不能做的②Sparrow能chaffinch不能的③它们都不能的题目:本文主要讨论鸟叫这种本领究竟是先天遗传的还是后天习得的，并为此做了三个实验，得出了不同的结论。
1. 概述：虽然鸟类都会唱歌，但它们唱歌的旋律、调调是各有差异的。
为了研究它们唱歌的技能是 a先天遗传（基因）？b还是后天习得（外界因素）的？researchers 做了很多实验。
2. 试验一中研究人员如何对待小 chaffinch ？Researchers 首先把刚出生的一只小 chaffinch 带离**，放在另外一个地方单独养，与其他大chaffinch 隔离isolate，不让它听到大鸟唱歌 song。
3. 试验一的结果如何？结果显示该 chaffinch 还是会唱这种歌，只是调子有方言（variation）、很简单、不连续（disconnected）。
这就证明了 chaffinch 先天就有唱歌的本领的。
4. 试验二中white necked crow是否被隔离？Researchers 首先把刚出生的一只小white necked crow与其它大鸟隔离，不让它听到大鸟的歌。
5. White necked crow 学习唱歌的过程？在刚开始的 3 个月，还没有形成自己的歌声前，给小鸟听其它鸟唱歌的磁带 recording。
它很快就学会了recording 里的鸟的叫声（dialect）。
6. 试验二的结果是？White necked crow的 dialect 不是由基因决定，而是与环境有很大关系。
研究还发现 4 个月以后，它都只会唱自己的调调，再给它听别的recording，它也学不会了。
说明后天学习也有时间限制.7. 词汇：unreceptive无法接受的8. 试验三的内容？另一种鸟，F 开头的。
说这种鸟如果不让它们听到自己的声音，它们就只能形成破碎的音节而已，连不成歌。
一定要让它们听见自己在发什么音，才能让它们唱好。
9. 词汇：ultimately最后最终—finally10. 词汇：reinforce增强加强—intensify strengthen11. 词汇：proliferate激增迅速繁殖-reproduce rapidly12. 词汇：superb出色的极好的—excellent grandiose13. 词汇：optimal最佳的最优的—best14. 词汇：blur 模糊，使。
变模糊—cloud dim三、托福阅读经典加试一: 达尔文进化论文章:关于natural selection：Darwin 的 natural selection本来需要long time evolution 来验证，本文则是用了两个relatively short evolution's examples 来support natural selection。
开头，达尔文认为自然选择are too slow for people to witness. 首先说达尔文提出由于物种进化需要很长的时间，因此不可能会被人类观察到。
但是最近的一些发现却说明某些物种进化时间很短，可以被科学家所观察。
然后，提出了一个关于环境与物种生存周期的假说，还说某个科学家研究一种鱼类证明了这个假说的合理性。
自然选择对生物的影响（与达尔文的不同）两个例子，guppy 在 predator 多和少池塘里生活，大小不同（offspring 的大小多少）和一种鸟在小岛上适应干旱( large &small) 讲Darwin的nature selection，开始讲到生物的自然演变要经历很长的时间，这种限制是Darwin 当时不能用 experiment证明 nature selection的原因（第一题考），然后讲了现代生物学家发现在短期可以观察到 nature selection给动物的一些特性带来的变化。
1st一种鱼，人为控制条件。
有一种鱼，在predator 多的时候，life-span, size, mate, reproduction都有变化，为什么变化。
然后，再将一部分放入 predator （掠食者）少的 pool中，offspring(后代)发生了很多 changes，比如比它们的 ancestor（祖先） size 上要大，下 egg少了，等等。
整个实验耗时 11y；举例时用 guppy 这种鱼，他们生活在下游时由于 predator 很多，所以繁殖的速度很快；但当科学家把他们带到上游生活（那里的 predator 很少），他们的繁殖的速度明显变慢了。
这种鱼，放在下游，还有好多 predator，所以这些鱼的繁殖速度加快，baby与鱼比以前大，质量差，畸形多，所以就不会超负荷。
而且长得快。
放在上游，并且有很少 predator，它们的繁殖速度就慢，而且 baby 鱼不大并且生长速度慢。
2ed一种鸟，自然条件变化。
我们需要做的只是 observe（观察）。
讲的是 finch （雀类），有关它们 beak（喙）的大小的。
cause是 lethal drought（致命干旱）。
举了一个 bird的例子，有的嘴大有的嘴小。
最小的就只能吃小的seed/nut。
有一段时间干旱，种子大，死了好多鸟，可调查研究发现，死的鸟是有规律的。
死的大多是小嘴的鸟。
后来天气恢复正常之后，发现那些后代鸟比以前的嘴大了。
雨量充沛的话，鸟的嘴又比以前小了。
当干旱（drought）时那些站着长而硬的 beak 的 bird 往往能生存下来（这里考了个生词 decimation＝destruction），这样一来这一地区的这种bird很快都有了长而硬的beak（考：长而硬的 beak可以打碎 large size的 grain）第一段引入：达尔文觉得因为人类不能观察进化因为它太长了，当然实际并非如此第二段：说了一个科学家在自然环境下的一个试验：在某条河的上下游居住着数量不同的 predicators of fish,科学家用了这个环境来检验一个理论：能让最多后代活下来的种群有最大的进化优势。