高盛 2010年8月 全球替代能源研究报告

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专业技术继续教育低碳经济试题与答案单选

专业技术继续教育低碳经济试题与答案单选

专业技术继续教育低碳经济试题与答案单选1.欧盟排放交易体系(EUETS交)易主体是(A)欧盟各国的排放实体(B)自愿加入的企业会(C)附件1国家之间(D)美国西部五个州内企业2.2010年,国家发改委发布了《关于开展低碳省区和低碳城市试点工作的通知》(发改气候[2010]1587号),决定首先在“五省八市”开展低碳省区和城市的试点工作。

下面哪个城市不是低碳试点城市?()(A)上海(B)南昌(C)贵阳(D)保定1.第一次工业革命从1765年第一台()的诞生开始(A)蒸汽机(B)汽车(C)轮船(D)火车2.受到地理环境条件的制约,气候变化对()的影响远大于其他发达国家。

(A)中国(B)日本(C)英国(D)美国1.目前世界上风电装机容量最多的国家是(A)荷兰(B)中国(C)法国(D)比利时2.生态文明秉承()、顺应自然、保护自然的理念和价值取向(A)征服自然(B)尊重自然(C)掠夺自然(D)11.()是一种由“资源——产品——污染排放”所构成的物质单向流动的经济。

(A)低碳经济(B)绿色经济(C)循环经济(D)传统经济2.我国电力生产结构以()为主(A)水电(B)火电(C)核电(D)风电1.在2009年召开的哥本哈根气候变化峰会前夕,中国政府提出要2020年单位GDP二氧化碳排放将比2005年减少()。

(A)16%(B)32%(C)40%~45%(D)45%2.低碳生活是通过转变消费观念和行为方式,在保证生活质量不断提高的前提下,()二氧化碳等温室气体的排放。

(A)减少(B)不变(C)增加(D)保持1.根据财政部等四部委联合出台了《关于开展私人购买新能源汽车补贴试点的通知》,对购买发动机排量1.6L及以下节能型汽车在全国范围内每辆补贴()元。

(A)1500(B)3000(C)6000(D)100002.低碳产业的概念最早出现在(A)中国(B)美国(C)日本(D)英国1.德国航空税的税收金额将取决于到最终目的地距离,到目的地距离在2500~6000千米的航班,将对每位乘客征收()欧元的航空税(A)8(B)25(C)45(D)602.欧盟所有成员国都制定了()(A)成本控制(B)减排目标(C)治理制度(D)国家分配方案(NAP)1.()人类社会继工业文明之后出现的一种新型文明形态(A)农业文明(B)原始文明(C)生态文明(D)社会文明2.联合履行机制(JI)产生()(A)欧盟配额(B)减排单位(C)核证减排量(D)分配数量单位1.碳隔离技术目前最典型的是()(A)二氧化碳捕获与埋存(CCS)(B)核能(C)生物质能(D)风能2.低碳产业的概念最早出现在(A)中国(B)美国(C)日本(D)英国1.资源相对不足、()有限已经成为我国国情的基本特征(A)环境容量(B)经济容量(C)财政容量(D)文化容量2.下列哪些行为不属于低碳消费的范畴?(A)采用节能照明设备(B)在夏天将空调温度控制在26摄氏度以上(C)提供和使用一次性产品(D)垃圾分类处理1.根据2008年日本提出的(),其减排长期目标是到2050年温室气体排放量比目前减少60%~80%,把日本打造成为世界上第一个低碳社会。

金融危机笼罩下的世界替代能源工业

金融危机笼罩下的世界替代能源工业
司 和 项 目还 有 :阿 文 提 可 再 生 能 源 公
新 生工 业 ,一段 时对 发展 基 础设 施 和保 证原 料来 源 . 法律 是必 要 的 。 不遵 守 对 规 定 的生产 商 、 销商 予 以处 罚 , 有 分 将 助 于保 证需 求 。政府 支持 高 乙 醇掺 混 量 的基 础设 施 的开 发和解 决 一些 可 持 续发 展 问题 ( 括 生物 燃料 用地 等 ) 包 都
的 投 资 风 险 。 陶 氏 化 学 报 告 要 求 将 激 励 措 施 的 到 期 日延 长 到 2 1 0 6年 。
这 些 激 励 措 施 包 括 生 产 生 物 柴 油 补 贴 1美 元/ 仑 ; 由生 物 质 生 产 柴 油 加 补贴 1美元 /Ⅱ : 由生 物 质 和 石 油 力仑 的混 合物 生产 柴 油补贴 5 0美 分/ 加 仑。
纪 8 0年代 初 期情 况 就是 这样 , 时世 当
时 替代 能源 有 可能 被一 些 国家 政府 和 消 费者 看做 是花 钱 多 的奢侈 品。在 这
种环 境 下 .一些 长期 的 发展 计划 有 时 会 被牺 牲 。 由于 能 力 过 剩 和 乙 醇 价 格 下 跌 , 美 国对 生 物燃 料 的投 资 正 在 撤 离 。 替 代 能源 工业 的并 购 加速 。 由于低 迷 期
美 国大 部 分 油 气 公 司 的 主 管 都 在 越 来 越 多 地 考 虑 公 司 如 何 参 与 国 家 向 可 再 生 能源 和其 他 替 代 燃 料 的转 换 , 许 多 公 司 认 为 石 油 公 司 应 该 帮 助 国
家 使 用 更 多 的可 再 生 能 源 和 其 他 替
是很 必要 的。
能源 的投 资可 能会 停 止 。 际上 , 国 实 美 替代 能 源 市 场 原 本 由 于能 力 过 剩 , 价 格 降低 , 已经 出现 了减慢 的迹象 。 虽然

全球以替代性能源为动力的商业汽车市场

全球以替代性能源为动力的商业汽车市场

北京佐思信息咨询有限责任公司Room 502, Unit 3, Tower C,Changyuan Tiandi Bldg, No.18,Suzhou Street,Haidian District, Beijing, 100080Tel: 400-009-0050全球以替代性能源为动力的商业汽车市场Alternatively Powered Commercial Vehicles: Global MarketsReport DescriptionREPORT HIGHLIGHTSThe global market for alternative powered commercial vehicles totaled $8.1 billion in 2014 and $5.7 billion in 2015. The market should total $13.2 billion by 2020, in the base case of $80-per-barrel oil, demonstrating a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) o f 18.4% from 2015 to 2020.This report provides:An overview of the global markets for alternatively powered commercial vehicles.Analyses of global market trends, with data from 2014, 2015, and projections of compound annual growth rates (CAGRs) through 2020.Multiple scenarios of the future environm ent for the cost of fuel, the cost of the incremental equipment, and the savings generated by the increm ental equipment utilizing the alternative fuels.A regional breakdown of the market into North America, Latin America, EMEA, and Asia-Pacific.Further breakdowns within the above regions into heavy duty, medium duty, and light duty commercial vehicles.Coverage of eight alternative power/fuel types including liquid natural gas (LNG), compressed natural gas (CNG), liquid petroleum gas (LPG), hybrids, electric (all electric) bio fuels, Hydrogen, and fuel cells.Profiles of key players and suppliers.The global market for the increm ental up-fit costs to equip commercial vehicles for alternative fuels are measured for 2014 and projected from 2015 through 2020.This report focuses on 10 major alternative fuels for commercial vehicles across North America; Latin America; Europe, the Middle East and Africa (EMEA); and theAsia -Pacific region:Compressed natural gas (CNG).Liquid natural gas (LNG).Liquid petroleum gas (LPG), also known as autogas.Dimethyl ether (DME).Renewable natural gas (Bio Methane).Biodiesel.Ethanol.Methanol.Hydrogen.Hythane.To maintain a commonality within only those power sources that are utilized by internal combustion engines this report excludes:All electric (battery) vehicles.Hybrid electric battery and generator/internal combustion vehicles.Fuel-cell powered electric vehicles.ANALYST'S CREDENTIALSJon T. Gabrielsen is president and CEO of J.T. Gabrielsen Consulting LLC, an Atlanta, Ga.-based market research and growth strategy consulting firm. He has 38 years of vehicular industry experience in roles ranging from market strategy and finance to operations and engineering.TABLE OF CONTENTSCHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTIONSTUDY GOALS AND OBJECTIVESREASONS FOR DOING THE STUDYINTENDED AUDIENCESCOPE OF REPORTINFORMATION SOURCESSECONDARY SOURCESAcademic Research Papers at UniversitiesIndustry AnalystsTrade AssociationsTrade Journals and WebsitesGovernment AgenciesQuasi-Governmental AgenciesGeneral Media and WebsitesMETHODOLOGY FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF MARKET SIZING AND GROWTH PROJECTIONS ANALYST'S CREDENTIALSRELATED BCC RESEARCH REPORTSBCC RESEARCH WEBSITEDISCLAIMERACRONYMSCHAPTER 2 - SUMMARYSUMMARY TABLE: GLOBAL MARKET FOR ALTERNATIVE FUELS FOR COMMERCIAL VEHICLES, BY BENCHMARK OIL PRICE POINT, THROUGH 2020 ($ MILLIONS)SUMMARY FIGURE: GLOBAL MARKET FOR ALTERNATIVE FUELS FOR COMMERCIAL VEHICLES, BY BENCHMARK OIL PRICE POINT, 2014-2020 ($ MILLIONS)CHAPTER 3 - OVERVIEWINTRODUCTIONHISTORICAL AND CURRENTLY DOMINANT FUELSFUELS AT THE DAWN OF THE INTERNAL COMBUSTION AGEDOMINANT FUELSGasolineBackgroundFeedstockFIGURE 1: GASOLINE PRODUCTION PROCESSEfficiency from Well to Vehicle TankFuel StateVolumeWeightFIGURE 2: GASOLINE DISTRIBUTION NETWORKDieselBackgroundFeedstockFIGURE 3: DIESEL PRODUCTION PROCESSEfficiency from Well to Vehicle TankFuel StateVolumeWeightFIGURE 4: DIESEL DISTRIBUTION NETWORKCurrent Dominant FuelsALTERNATIVE FUELSALTERNATIVE FUEL FEEDSTOCKSLIQUIDSMethanolBackgroundFeedstockFIGURE 5: METHANOL PRODUCTION PROCESSEfficiency from Well to Vehicle TankFuel StateVolumeWeightFIGURE 6: METHANOL FUEL DISTRIBUTION NETWORKFuel Blends, Performance and TradeoffsTABLE 1: METHANOL FUEL BLENDS, PERFORMANCE AND TRADEOFFSTABLE 2: METHANOL SUMMARYEthanolBackgroundFeedstocksFIGURE 7: ETHANOL PRODUCTION PROCESSFuel StateVolumeWeightFIGURE 8: ETHANOL FUEL DISTRIBUTION NETWORKFuel Blends, Performance and TradeoffsTABLE 3: ETHANOL FUEL BLENDS, PERFORMANCE AND TRADEOFFSTABLE 4: SUMMARY OF ETHANOLBiodieselBackgroundFeedstockFIGURE 9 BIODIESEL PRODUCTION PROCESSEfficiency from Crop to Vehicle TankFuel StateFIGURE 10: COMPARISON BETWEEN FOSSIL FUEL DIESEL AND BIODIESEL FUEL PRODUCTION PROCESSINGVolumeWeightFIGURE 11: BIODIESEL DISTRIBUTION NETWORKFuel Blends, Performance and TradeoffsTABLE 5: BIODIESEL SUMMARYGASSESCompressed Natural GasFeedstockFIGURE 12: COMPRESSED NATURAL GAS PRODUCTION PROCESSEfficiency From Well to Vehicle TankFuel StateVolumeWeightDistribution NetworkFuel Blends, Performance and TradeoffsTABLE 6: COMPRESSED NATURAL GAS FUEL BLENDS, PERFORMANCE AND TRADEOFFS TABLE 7: COMPRESSED NATURAL GAS SUMMARYLiquid Natural GasFeedstock to FuelFIGURE 13: LIQUID NATURAL GAS PRODUCTION PROCESSEfficiency From Well to Vehicle TankFuel StateVolumeWeightFIGURE 14: LIQUID NATURAL GAS DISTRIBUTION NETWORKFuel Blends, Performance and TradeoffsTABLE 8: LIQUID NATURAL GAS FUEL BLENDS, PERFORMANCE AND TRADEOFFS TABLE 9: LIQUID NATURAL GAS SUMMARYLiquid Petroleum GasFeedstockFIGURE 15: LIQUID PETROLEUM GAS PRODUCTION PROCESSEfficiency From Well to Vehicle TankFuel StateVolumeWeightFIGURE 16: LIQUID PETROLEUM GAS DISTRIBUTION NETWORKTABLE 10: LIQUID PETROLEUM GAS FUEL BLENDS, PERFORMANCE AND TRADEOFFS TABLE 11: LIQUID PETROLEUM GAS SUMMARYDimethyl EtherFeedstockFIGURE 17: DIMETHYL ETHER PRODUCTION PROCESSFuel StateVolumeWeightDistribution NetworkFIGURE 18: DIMETHYL ETHER DISTRIBUTION NETWORKTABLE 12: DIMETHYL ETHER FUEL BLENDS, PERFORMANCE AND TRADEOFFS TABLE 13: DIMETHYL ETHER SUMMARYRenewable Natural Gas (Bio-Methane)FeedstockFuel Production Process and Efficiency from Biomass Source to Vehicle Tank FIGURE 19: BIO-METHANE PRODUCTION PROCESSFuel StateVolumeWeightDistribution NetworkBlendsPerformance DifferencesTABLE 14: BIO-METHANE SUMMARYHydrogenFeedstockFIGURE 20: HYDROGEN PRODUCTION PROCESSEfficiency from Well to Vehicle TankFuel StateVolumeWeightFIGURE 21: HYDROGEN DISTRIBUTION NETWORKTABLE 15: HYDROGEN FUEL BLENDS, PERFORMANCE AND TRADEOFFSTABLE 16: HYDROGEN SUMMARYHythaneFeedstockFIGURE 22: HYTHANE PRODUCTION PROCESSEfficiency from Well to Vehicle TankFuel StateVolumeWeightDistribution NetworkFIGURE 23: HYTHANE DISTRIBUTION NETWORKTABLE 17: HYTHANE FUEL BLENDS, PERFORMANCE AND TRADEOFFSTABLE 18: HYTHANE SUMMARYCHAPTER 4 - REQUISITE ENABLING SYSTEMS FOR ALTERNATIVE FUELS INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVESTHREE MAJOR FUEL SYSTEM APPROACHES BY COMBUSTION IGNITION METHODFUEL ADDITIVES FOR LIQUID ALTERNATIVE FUELSSPARK PLUG OR GLOWPLUG IGNITIONPILOT INJECTION WITH HIGH-PRESSURE DIRECT INJECTIONDUAL FUELCOMPONENT PORTIONS AMONG ALTERNATIVE FUELSONBOARD VEHICLESTATIONARY SUPPORT EQUIPMENTMETHANOLFIGURE 24: INCREMENTAL ON-BOARD COMMERCIAL VEHICLE UP-FIT EQUIPMENT FOR METHANOL FUELSTATIONARY SUPPORT EQUIPMENTETHANOLFIGURE 25: INCREMENTAL ON-BOARD COMMERCIAL VEHICLE UP-FIT EQUIPMENT FOR ETHANOL FUELSTATIONARY SUPPORT EQUIPMENTBIODIESELCOMPRESSED NATURAL GASFIGURE 26: INCREMENTAL ON-BOARD COMMERCIAL VEHICLE UP-FIT EQUIPMENT FOR COMPRESSED NATURAL GAS FUELFIGURE 27: INCREMENTAL STATIONARY EQUIPMENT FOR SUPPORT OF COMPRESSED NATURAL GAS FUELED COMMERCIAL VEHICLESLIQUEFIED NATURAL GASFIGURE 28: INCREMENTAL ON-BOARD COMMERCIAL VEHICLE UP-FIT EQUIPMENT FOR LIQUEFIED NATURAL GAS FUELFIGURE 29: INCREMENTAL STATIONARY EQUIPMENT FOR SUPPORT OF LIQUEFIED NATURAL GAS FUELED COMMERCIAL VEHICLESLIQUID PROPANE GASFIGURE 30: INCREMENTAL ON-BOARD COMMERCIAL VEHICLE UP-FIT EQUIPMENT FOR LIQUID PROPANE GAS FUELFIGURE 31: INCREMENTAL STATIONARY EQUIPMENT FOR SUPPORT OF LIQUID PROPANE GAS-FUELED COMMERCIAL VEHICLESDIMETHYL EITHERFIGURE 32: INCREMENTAL ON-BOARD COMMERCIAL VEHICLE UP-FIT EQUIPMENT FOR DIMETHYL EITHER FUELFIGURE 33: INCREMENTAL STATIONARY EQUIPMENT FOR SUPPORT OF DIMETHYL EITHER-FUELED COMMERCIAL VEHICLESCOMPRESSED HYDROGENFIGURE 34: INCREMENTAL ON-BOARD COMMERCIAL VEHICLE UP-FIT EQUIPMENT FOR COMPRESSED HYDROGEN FUELFIGURE 35: INCREMENTAL STATIONARY EQUIPMENT FOR SUPPORT OF COMPRESSED HYDROGEN-FUELED COMMERCIAL VEHICLESLIQUEFIED HYDROGENFIGURE 36: INCREMENTAL ON-BOARD COMMERCIAL VEHICLE UP-FIT EQUIPMENT FOR LIQUEFIED HYDROGEN FUELFIGURE 37: INCREMENTAL STATIONARY EQUIPMENT FOR SUPPORT OF LIQUEFIED HYDROGEN-FUELED COMMERCIAL VEHICLESHYTHANEFIGURE 38: INCREMENTAL ON-BOARD COMMERCIAL VEHICLE UP-FIT EQUIPMENT FOR COMPRESSED HYTHANE FUELCHAPTER 5 - BUSINESS CASE ECONOMICS BY FUEL TYPE AND REGION INTRODUCTION OF THE KEY GRAPH FORMAT DEFINITIONS AND INTERPRETATIONTABLE 19: INCREMENTAL INVESTMENT ASSUMPTIONS PER ALTERNATIVELY FUELED COMMERCIAL VEHICLEFIGURE 39: KEY GRAPH AND DEFINITIONSFIGURE 40: KEY GRAPH WITH SCENARIOSTABLE 20: ALTERNATIVE FUEL BREAKEVEN PRICES PER DIESEL EQUIVALENT UNIT (DGE AND DLE) ($)METHANOLTABLE 21: INCREMENTAL INVESTMENT ASSUMPTIONS PER METHANOL-FUELED COMMERCIAL VEHICLENORTH AMERICATABLE 22: NORTH AMERICAN METHANOL BREAKEVEN PRICES PER DIESEL EQUIVALENT UNIT (DGE AND DLE) ($)FIGURE 41: NORTH AMERICAN METHANOL BREAKEVEN PRICES PER DIESEL GALLON EQUIVALENTDiscussion and ImplicationsConclusionsLATIN AMERICATABLE 23: LATIN AMERICAN METHANOL BREAKEVEN PRICES PER DIESEL EQUIVALENT UNIT(DGE AND DLE) ($)FIGURE 42: LATIN AMERICAN METHANOL BREAKEVEN PRICES PER DIESEL GALLON EQUIVALENTDiscussion and ImplicationsConclusionsEUROPE, MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICATABLE 24: EUROPEAN, MIDDLE EASTERN AND AFRICAN METHANOL BREAKEVEN PRICES PER DIESEL EQUIVALENT UNIT (DGE AND DLE) ($)FIGURE 43: EUROPEAN, MIDDLE EASTERN AND AFRICAN METHANOL BREAKEVEN PRICES PER DIESEL GALLON EQUIVALENTDiscussion and ImplicationsConclusionsASIA-PACIFICTABLE 25: ASIA-PACIFIC METHANOL BREAKEVEN PRICES PER DIESEL EQUIVALENT UNIT (DGE AND DLE) ($)FIGURE 44: ASIA-PACIFIC METHANOL BREAKEVEN PRICES PER DIESEL GALLON EQUIVALENTDiscussion and ImplicationsConclusionsETHANOLTABLE 26: INCREMENTAL INVESTMENT ASSUMPTIONS PER ETHANOL FUELED COMMERCIAL VEHICLENORTH AMERICATABLE 27: NORTH AMERICAN ETHANOL BREAKEVEN PRICES PER DIESEL EQUIVALENT UNIT (DGE AND DLE) ($)FIGURE 45: NORTH AMERICAN ETHANOL BREAKEVEN PRICES PER DIESEL GALLON EQUIVALENTDiscussion and ImplicationsConclusionsLATIN AMERICATABLE 28: LATIN AMERICAN ETHANOL BREAKEVEN PRICES PER DIESEL EQUIVALENT UNIT (DGE AND DLE) ($)FIGURE 46: LATIN AMERICAN ETHANOL BREAKEVEN PRICES PER DIESEL GALLON EQUIVALENTDiscussion and ImplicationsConclusionsEUROPE, MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICATABLE 29: EUROPEAN, MIDDLE EASTERN AND AFRICAN ETHANOL BREAKEVEN PRICES PER DIESEL EQUIVALENT UNIT (DGE AND DLE) ($)FIGURE 47: EUROPEAN, MIDDLE EASTERN AND AFRICAN ETHANOL BREAKEVEN PRICES PER DIESEL GALLON EQUIVALENTDiscussion and ImplicationsConclusionsASIA-PACIFICTABLE 30: ASIA-PACIFIC ETHANOL BREAKEVEN PRICES PER DIESEL EQUIVALENT UNIT (DGE AND DLE) ($)FIGURE 48: ASIA-PACIFIC ETHANOL BREAKEVEN PRICES PER DIESEL GALLON EQUIVALENT ($)Discussion and ImplicationsConclusionBIODIESELTABLE 31: INCREMENTAL INVESTMENT ASSUMPTIONS PER BIODIESEL- FUELED COMMERCIAL VEHICLENORTH AMERICATABLE 32: NORTH AMERICAN BIODIESEL BREAKEVEN PRICES PER DIESEL EQUIVALENT UNIT (DGE AND DLE) ($)FIGURE 49: NORTH AMERICAN BIODIESEL BREAKEVEN PRICES PER DIESEL GALLON EQUIVALENT ($)Discussion and ImplicationsConclusionsLATIN AMERICATABLE 33: LATIN AMERICAN BIODIESEL BREAKEVEN PRICES PER DIESEL EQUIVALENT UNIT (DGE AND DLE) ($)FIGURE 50: LATIN AMERICAN BIODIESEL BREAKEVEN PRICES PER DIESEL GALLON EQUIVALENTDiscussion and ImplicationsConclusionsEUROPE, MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICATABLE 34: EUROPEAN, MIDDLE EASTERN AND AFRICAN BIODIESEL BREAKEVEN PRICES PER DIESEL EQUIVALENT UNIT (DGE AND DLE) ($)FIGURE 51: EUROPEAN, MIDDLE EASTERN AND AFRICAN BIODIESEL BREAKEVEN PRICES PER DIESEL GALLON EQUIVALENT ($)Discussion and ImplicationsConclusionsASIA-PACIFICTABLE 35: ASIA-PACIFIC BIODIESEL BREAKEVEN PRICES PER DIESEL EQUIVALENT UNIT (DGE AND DLE) ($)FIGURE 52: ASIA-PACIFIC BIODIESEL BREAKEVEN PRICES PER DIESEL GALLON EQUIVALENT ($)Discussion and ImplicationsConclusionsCOMPRESSED NATURAL GASTABLE 36: INCREMENTAL INVESTMENT ASSUMPTIONS PER COMPRESSED NATURAL GAS-FUELED COMMERCIAL VEHICLENORTH AMERICATABLE 37: NORTH AMERICAN SELF-COMPRESSED NATURAL GAS BREAKEVEN PRICES PER DIESEL EQUIVALENT UNIT (DGE AND DLE)FIGURE 53: NORTH AMERICAN SELF-COMPRESSED COMPRESSED NATURAL GASBREAKEVEN PRICES PER DIESEL GALLON EQUIVALENT ($)Discussion and ImplicationsConclusionsLATIN AMERICATABLE 38: LATIN AMERICAN SELF-COMPRESSED NATURAL GAS BREAKEVEN PRICES PER DIESEL EQUIVALENT UNIT (DGE AND DLE) ($)FIGURE 54: LATIN AMERICAN SELF-COMPRESSED NATURAL GAS BREAKEVEN PRICES PER DIESEL GALLON EQUIVALENT ($)Discussion and ImplicationsConclusionsEUROPE, MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICATABLE 39: EUROPEAN, MIDDLE EASTERN AND AFRICAN SELF-COMPRESSED NATURAL GAS BREAKEVEN PRICES PER DIESEL EQUIVALENT UNIT (DGE AND DLE) ($)FIGURE 55: EUROPEAN, MIDDLE EASTERN AND AFRICAN SELF-COMPRESSED NATURAL GAS BREAKEVEN PRICES PER DIESEL GALLON EQUIVALENT ($)Discussion and ImplicationsConclusionsASIA-PACIFICTABLE 40: ASIA-PACIFIC SELF-COMPRESSED NATURAL GAS BREAKEVEN PRICES PER DIESEL EQUIVALENT UNIT (DGE AND DLE) ($)FIGURE 56: ASIA-PACIFIC SELF-COMPRESSED NATURAL GAS BREAKEVEN PRICES PER DIESEL GALLON EQUIVALENT ($)Discussion and ImplicationsConclusionsNORTH AMERICATABLE 41: NORTH AMERICA RETAIL COMPRESSED NATURAL GAS BREAKEVEN PRICES PER DIESEL EQUIVALENT UNIT (DGE AND DLE) ($)FIGURE 57: NORTH AMERICAN RETAIL COMPRESSED NATURAL GAS BREAKEVEN PRICES PER DIESEL GALLON EQUIVALENT ($)Discussion and ImplicationsConclusionsLATIN AMERICATABLE 42: LATIN AMERICAN RETAIL COMPRESSED NATURAL GAS BREAKEVEN PRICES PER DIESEL EQUIVALENT UNIT (DGE AND DLE) ($)FIGURE 58: LATIN AMERICAN RETAIL COMPRESSED NATURAL GAS BREAKEVEN PRICES PER DIESEL GALLON EQUIVALENT ($)Discussion and ImplicationsConclusionsEUROPE, MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICATABLE 43: EUROPEAN, MIDDLE EASTERN AND AFRICAN RETAIL COMPRESSED NATURAL GAS BREAKEVEN PRICES PER DIESEL EQUIVALENT UNIT (DGE AND DLE) ($)FIGURE 59: EUROPEAN, MIDDLE EASTERN AND AFRICAN RETAIL COMPRESSED NATURAL GAS BREAKEVEN PRICES PER DIESEL GALLON EQUIVALENT ($)Discussion and ImplicationsConclusionsASIA-PACIFICTABLE 44: ASIA-PACIFIC RETAIL COMPRESSED NATURAL GAS BREAKEVEN PRICES PER DIESEL EQUIVALENT UNIT (DGE AND DLE) ($)FIGURE 60: ASIA-PACIFIC RETAIL COMPRESSED NATURAL GAS BREAKEVEN PRICES PER DIESEL GALLON EQUIVALENT ($)Discussion, Implications and ConclusionsLIQUID NATURAL GASTABLE 45 INCREMENTAL INVESTMENT ASSUMPTIONS PER LIQUID NATURAL GAS FUELED COMMERCIAL VEHICLENORTH AMERICATABLE 46: NORTH AMERICAN LIQUID NATURAL GAS BREAKEVEN PRICES PER DIESEL EQUIVALENT UNIT (DGE AND DLE) ($)FIGURE 61: NORTH AMERICAN LIQUID NATURAL GAS BREAKEVEN PRICES PER DIESEL GALLON EQUIVALENTDiscussion and ImplicationsConclusionsLATIN AMERICATABLE 47: LATIN AMERICAN LIQUID NATURAL GAS BREAKEVEN PRICES PER DIESEL EQUIVALENT UNIT (DGE AND DLE) ($)FIGURE 62: LATIN AMERICAN LIQUID NATURAL GAS BREAKEVEN PRICES PER DIESEL GALLON EQUIVALENTDiscussion and ImplicationsConclusionsEUROPE, MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICATABLE 48: EUROPEAN, MIDDLE EASTERN AND AFRICAN LIQUID NATURAL GAS BREAKEVEN PRICES PER DIESEL EQUIVALENT UNIT (DGE AND DLE) ($)FIGURE 63: EUROPEAN, MIDDLE EASTERN AND AFRICAN LIQUID NATURAL GAS BREAKEVEN PRICES PER DIESEL GALLON EQUIVALENT ($)Discussion and ImplicationsConclusionsASIA-PACIFICTABLE 49: ASIA-PACIFIC LIQUID NATURAL GAS BREAKEVEN PRICES PER DIESEL EQUIVALENT UNIT (DGE AND DLE) ($)FIGURE 64: ASIA-PACIFIC LIQUID NATURAL GAS BREAKEVEN PRICES PER DIESEL GALLON EQUIVALENT ($)Discussion and ImplicationsConclusionsLIQUID PROPANE GASTABLE 50: INCREMENTAL INVESTMENT ASSUMPTIONS PER LIQUID PROPANE GAS-FUELED COMMERCIAL VEHICLENORTH AMERICATABLE 51: NORTH AMERICAN LIQUID PROPANE GAS BREAKEVEN PRICES PER DIESEL EQUIVALENT UNIT (DGE AND DLE) ($)FIGURE 65: NORTH AMERICAN LIQUID PROPANE GAS BREAKEVEN PRICES PER DIESEL GALLON EQUIVALENT ($)Discussion and ImplicationsConclusionsLATIN AMERICATABLE 52: LATIN AMERICAN LIQUID PROPANE GAS BREAKEVEN PRICES PER DIESEL EQUIVALENT UNIT (DGE AND DLE) ($)FIGURE 66: LATIN AMERICAN LIQUID PROPANE GAS BREAKEVEN PRICES PER DIESEL GALLON EQUIVALENT ($)Discussion and ImplicationsConclusionsEUROPE, MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICATABLE 53: EUROPEAN, MIDDLE EASTERN AND AFRICAN LIQUID PROPANE GAS BREAKEVEN PRICES PER DIESEL EQUIVALENT UNIT (DGE AND DLE) ($)FIGURE 67: EUROPEAN, MIDDLE EASTERN AND AFRICAN LIQUID PROPANE GAS BREAKEVEN PRICES PER DIESEL GALLON EQUIVALENT ($)Discussion and ImplicationsConclusionsASIA-PACIFICTABLE 54: ASIA-PACIFIC LIQUID PROPANE GAS BREAKEVEN PRICES PER DIESEL EQUIVALENT UNIT (DGE AND DLE) ($)FIGURE 68: ASIA-PACIFIC LIQUID PROPANE GAS BREAKEVEN PRICES PER DIESEL GALLON EQUIVALENT ($)Discussion and ImplicationsConclusionsDIMETHYL ETHERTABLE 55: INCREMENTAL INVESTMENT ASSUMPTIONS PER DIMETHYL ETHER-FUELED COMMERCIAL VEHICLENORTH AMERICATABLE 56: NORTH AMERICAN DIMETHYL ETHER BREAKEVEN PRICES PER DIESEL EQUIVALENT UNIT (DGE AND DLE) ($)FIGURE 69: NORTH AMERICAN DIMETHYL ETHER BREAKEVEN PRICES PER DIESEL GALLON EQUIVALENT ($)LATIN AMERICATABLE 57: LATIN AMERICAN DIMETHYL ETHER BREAKEVEN PRICES PER DIESEL EQUIVALENT UNIT (DGE AND DLE) ($)FIGURE 70: LATIN AMERICAN DIMETHYL ETHER BREAKEVEN PRICES PER DIESEL GALLON EQUIVALENT ($)EUROPE, MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICATABLE 58: EUROPEAN, MIDDLE EASTERN AND AFRICAN DIMETHYL ETHER BREAKEVEN PRICES PER DIESEL EQUIVALENT UNIT (DGE AND DLE) ($)FIGURE 71: EUROPEAN, MIDDLE EASTERN AND AFRICAN DIMETHYL ETHER BREAKEVEN PRICES PER DIESEL GALLON EQUIVALENT ($)ASIA-PACIFICTABLE 59: ASIA-PACIFIC DIMETHYL ETHER BREAKEVEN PRICES PER DIESEL EQUIVALENT UNIT (DGE AND DLE) ($)FIGURE 72: ASIA-PACIFIC DIMETHYL ETHER BREAKEVEN PRICES PER DIESEL GALLON EQUIVALENT ($)Discussion and ImplicationsConclusionsCOMPRESSED HYDROGENTABLE 60: INCREMENTAL INVESTMENT ASSUMPTIONS PER COMPRESSED HYDROGEN-FUELED COMMERCIAL VEHICLE ($)CONCLUSIONNORTH AMERICATABLE 61: NORTH AMERICAN COMPRESSED HYDROGEN BREAKEVEN PRICES PER DIESEL EQUIVALENT UNIT (DGE AND DLE) ($)FIGURE 73: NORTH AMERICAN COMPRESSED HYDROGEN BREAKEVEN PRICES PER DIESEL GALLON EQUIVALENT ($)LATIN AMERICATABLE 62: LATIN AMERICAN COMPRESSED HYDROGEN BREAKEVEN PRICES PER DIESEL EQUIVALENT UNIT (DGE AND DLE) ($)FIGURE 74: LATIN AMERICAN COMPRESSED HYDROGEN BREAKEVEN PRICES PER DIESEL GALLON EQUIVALENT ($)EUROPE, MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICATABLE 63: EUROPEAN, MIDDLE EASTERN AND AFRICAN COMPRESSED HYDROGEN BREAKEVEN PRICES PER DIESEL EQUIVALENT UNIT (DGE AND DLE) ($)FIGURE 75: EUROPEAN, MIDDLE EASTERN AND AFRICAN COMPRESSED HYDROGEN BREAKEVEN PRICES PER DIESEL GALLON EQUIVALENT ($)ASIA-PACIFICTABLE 64: ASIA-PACIFIC COMPRESSED HYDROGEN BREAKEVEN PRICES PER DIESEL EQUIVALENT UNIT (DGE AND DLE) ($)FIGURE 76: ASIA-PACIFIC COMPRESSED HYDROGEN BREAKEVEN PRICES PER DIESEL GALLON EQUIVALENT (%)LIQUID HYDROGENTABLE 65: INCREMENTAL INVESTMENT ASSUMPTIONS PER LIQUID HYDROGEN FUELED COMMERCIAL VEHICLECONCLUSIONNORTH AMERICATABLE 66: NORTH AMERICAN LIQUID HYDROGEN BREAKEVEN PRICES PER DIESEL EQUIVALENT UNIT (DGE AND DLE) ($)FIGURE 77: NORTH AMERICAN LIQUID HYDROGEN BREAKEVEN PRICES PER DIESEL GALLON EQUIVALENT ($)LATIN AMERICATABLE 67: LATIN AMERICAN LIQUID HYDROGEN BREAKEVEN PRICES PER DIESEL EQUIVALENT UNIT (DGE AND DLE) ($)FIGURE 78: LATIN AMERICAN LIQUID HYDROGEN BREAKEVEN PRICES PER DIESEL GALLON EQUIVALENT ($)EUROPE, MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICATABLE 68: EUROPEAN, MIDDLE EASTERN AND AFRICAN LIQUID HYDROGEN BREAKEVEN PRICES PER DIESEL EQUIVALENT UNIT (DGE AND DLE) ($)FIGURE 79: EUROPEAN, MIDDLE EASTERN AND AFRICAN LIQUID HYDROGEN BREAKEVEN PRICES PER DIESEL GALLON EQUIVALENT ($)ASIA-PACIFICTABLE 69: ASIA-PACIFIC LIQUID HYDROGEN BREAKEVEN PRICES PER DIESEL EQUIVALENT UNIT (DGE AND DLE) ($)FIGURE 80: ASIA-PACIFIC LIQUID HYDROGEN BREAKEVEN PRICES PER DIESEL GALLON EQUIVALENTHYTHANETABLE 70: INCREMENTAL INVESTMENT ASSUMPTIONS PER HYTHANE-FUELED COMMERCIAL VEHICLECONCLUSIONNORTH AMERICATABLE 71: NORTH AMERICAN HYTHANE BREAKEVEN PRICES PER DIESEL EQUIVALENT UNIT (DGE AND DLE) ($)FIGURE 81: NORTH AMERICAN HYTHANE BREAKEVEN PRICES PER DIESEL GALLON EQUIVALENT ($)LATIN AMERICATABLE 72: LATIN AMERICAN HYTHANE BREAKEVEN PRICES PER DIESEL EQUIVALENT UNIT (DGE AND DLE) ($)FIGURE 82: LATIN AMERICAN HYTHANE BREAKEVEN PRICES PER DIESEL GALLON EQUIVALENTEUROPE, MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICATABLE 73: EUROPEAN, MIDDLE EASTERN AND AFRICAN HYTHANE BREAKEVEN PRICES PER DIESEL EQUIVALENT UNIT (DGE AND DLE) ($)FIGURE 83: EUROPEAN, MIDDLE EASTERN AND AFRICAN HYTHANE BREAKEVEN PRICES PER DIESEL GALLON EQUIVALENT ($)ASIA-PACIFICTABLE 74: ASIA-PACIFIC HYTHANE BREAKEVEN PRICES PER DIESEL EQUIVALENT UNIT (DGE AND DLE) ($)FIGURE 84: ASIA-PACIFIC HYTHANE BREAKEVEN PRICES PER DIESEL GALLON EQUIVALENT ($)SUMMARY OF ALL ALTERNATIVE FUELS BY REGIONNORTH AMERICAFIGURE 85: NORTH AMERICAN BREAKEVEN PRICES FOR EACH ALTERNATIVE FUEL PER DIESEL GALLON EQUIVALENT ($)LATIN AMERICAFIGURE 86: LATIN AMERICAN BREAKEVEN PRICES FOR EACH ALTERNATIVE FUEL PER DIESEL GALLON EQUIVALENT ($)EUROPE, MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICAFIGURE 87: EUROPEAN, MIDDLE EASTERN AND AFRICAN BREAKEVEN PRICES FOR EACH ALTERNATIVE FUEL PER DIESEL GALLON EQUIVALENT ($)ASIA-PACIFICFIGURE 88: ASIA-PACIFIC BREAKEVEN PRICES FOR EACH ALTERNATIVE FUEL PER DIESEL GALLON EQUIVALENT ($)CHAPTER 6 - MARKET SIZE HISTORY AND FORECASTS BY VEHICLE CLASS FOR ALTERNATIVE FUEL AND REGIONINTRODUCTIONBASE-CASE SCENARIO: LONG-TERM OIL PRICE AT $80 PER BARRELTABLE 75: GLOBAL MARKET FOR ALTERNATIVE FUEL BY TYPE FOR ALL CLASSES OF COMMERCIAL VEHICLES WITH OIL PRICE AT $80 PER BARREL, THROUGH 2020 ($ MILLIONS) TABLE 76: GLOBAL MARKET FOR ALTERNATIVE FUEL BY TYPE FOR ALL CLASSES OF COMMERCIAL VEHICLES WITH OIL PRICE AT $80 PER BARREL, THROUGH 2020 (THOUSAND UNITS)TABLE 77: NORTH AMERICAN MARKET FOR ALTERNATIVE FUEL BY TYPE FOR ALL CLASSES OF COMMERCIAL VEHICLES WITH OIL PRICE AT $80 PER BARREL, THROUGH 2020 ($ MILLIONS)TABLE 78: NORTH AMERICAN MARKET FOR ALTERNATIVE FUEL BY TYPE FOR ALL CLASSES OF COMMERCIAL VEHICLES WITH OIL PRICE AT $80 PER BARREL, THROUGH 2020 (THOUSAND UNITS)TABLE 79: LATIN AMERICAN MARKET FOR ALTERNATIVE FUEL BY TYPE FOR ALL CLASSES OF COMMERCIAL VEHICLES WITH OIL PRICE AT $80 PER BARREL, THROUGH 2020 ($ MILLIONS) TABLE 80: LATIN AMERICAN MARKET FOR ALTERNATIVE FUEL BY TYPE FOR ALL CLASSES OF COMMERCIAL VEHICLES WITH OIL PRICE AT $80 PER BARREL, THROUGH 2020 (THOUSAND UNITS)TABLE 81: EMEA MARKET FOR ALTERNATIVE FUEL BY TYPE FOR ALL CLASSES OF COMMERCIAL VEHICLES WITH OIL PRICE AT $80 PER BARREL, THROUGH 2020 ($ MILLIONS) TABLE 82: EMEA MARKET FOR ALTERNATIVE FUEL BY TYPE FOR ALL CLASSES OF COMMERCIAL VEHICLES WITH OIL PRICE AT $80 PER BARREL, THROUGH 2020 (THOUSAND UNITS)TABLE 83: ASIA-PACIFIC MARKET FOR ALTERNATIVE FUEL BY TYPE FOR ALL CLASSES OF COMMERCIAL VEHICLES WITH OIL PRICE AT $80 PER BARREL, THROUGH 2020 ($ MILLIONS) TABLE 84: ASIA-PACIFIC MARKET FOR ALTERNATIVE FUEL BY TYPE FOR ALL CLASSES OF COMMERCIAL VEHICLES WITH OIL PRICE AT $80 PER BARREL, THROUGH 2020 (THOUSAND UNITS)TABLE 85: GLOBAL MARKET FOR ALTERNATIVE FUEL BY TYPE FOR MEDIUM AND HEAVY DUTY COMMERCIAL VEHICLES WITH OIL PRICE AT $80 PER BARREL, THROUGH 2020 ($ MILLIONS) TABLE 86: GLOBAL MARKET FOR ALTERNATIVE FUEL BY TYPE FOR MEDIUM AND HEAVY DUTY COMMERCIAL VEHICLES WITH OIL PRICE AT $80 PER BARREL, THROUGH 2020 (THOUSAND UNITS)TABLE 87: NORTH AMERICAN MARKET FOR ALTERNATIVE FUEL BY TYPE FOR MEDIUM AND HEAVY DUTY COMMERCIAL VEHICLES WITH OIL PRICE AT $80 PER BARREL, THROUGH 2020 ($ MILLIONS)TABLE 88: NORTH AMERICAN MARKET FOR ALTERNATIVE FUEL BY TYPE FOR MEDIUM AND HEAVY DUTY COMMERCIAL VEHICLES WITH OIL PRICE AT $80 PER BARREL, THROUGH 2020(THOUSAND UNITS)TABLE 89: LATIN AMERICAN MARKET FOR ALTERNATIVE FUEL BY TYPE FOR MEDIUM AND HEAVY DUTY COMMERCIAL VEHICLES WITH OIL PRICE AT $80 PER BARREL, THROUGH 2020 ($ MILLIONS)TABLE 90: LATIN AMERICAN MARKET FOR ALTERNATIVE FUEL BY TYPE FOR MEDIUM AND HEAVY DUTY COMMERCIAL VEHICLES WITH OIL PRICE AT $80 PER BARREL, THROUGH 2020 (THOUSAND UNITS)TABLE 91: EMEA MARKET FOR ALTERNATIVE FUEL BY TYPE FOR MEDIUM AND HEAVY DUTY COMMERCIAL VEHICLES WITH OIL PRICE AT $80 PER BARREL, THROUGH 2020 ($ MILLIONS) TABLE 92: EMEA MARKET FOR ALTERNATIVE FUEL BY TYPE FOR MEDIUM AND HEAVY DUTY COMMERCIAL VEHICLES WITH OIL PRICE AT $80 PER BARREL, THROUGH 2020 (THOUSAND UNITS)TABLE 93: ASIA-PACIFIC MARKET FOR ALTERNATIVE FUEL BY TYPE FOR MEDIUM AND HEAVY DUTY COMMERCIAL VEHICLES WITH OIL PRICE AT $80 PER BARREL, THROUGH 2020 ($ MILLIONS)TABLE 94: ASIA-PACIFIC MARKET FOR ALTERNATIVE FUEL BY TYPE FOR MEDIUM AND HEAVY DUTY COMMERCIAL VEHICLES WITH OIL PRICE AT $80 PER BARREL, THROUGH 2020 (THOUSAND UNITS)TABLE 95: GLOBAL MARKET FOR ALTERNATIVE FUEL BY TYPE FOR LIGHT DUTY COMMERCIAL VEHICLES WITH OIL PRICE AT $80 PER BARREL, THROUGH 2020 ($ MILLIONS)TABLE 96: GLOBAL MARKET FOR ALTERNATIVE FUEL BY TYPE FOR LIGHT DUTY COMMERCIAL VEHICLES WITH OIL PRICE AT $80 PER BARREL, THROUGH 2020 (THOUSAND UNITS) TABLE 97: NORTH AMERICAN MARKET FOR ALTERNATIVE FUEL BY TYPE FOR LIGHT DUTY COMMERCIAL VEHICLES WITH OIL PRICE AT $80 PER BARREL, THROUGH 2020 ($ MILLIONS) TABLE 98: NORTH AMERICAN MARKET FOR ALTERNATIVE FUEL BY TYPE FOR LIGHT DUTY COMMERCIAL VEHICLES WITH OIL PRICE AT $80 PER BARREL, THROUGH 2020 (THOUSAND UNITS)TABLE 99: LATIN AMERICAN MARKET FOR ALTERNATIVE FUEL BY TYPE FOR LIGHT DUTY COMMERCIAL VEHICLES WITH OIL PRICE AT $80 PER BARREL, THROUGH 2020 ($ MILLIONS) TABLE 100: LATIN AMERICAN MARKET FOR ALTERNATIVE FUEL BY TYPE FOR LIGHT DUTY COMMERCIAL VEHICLES WITH OIL PRICE AT $80 PER BARREL, THROUGH 2020 (THOUSAND UNITS)TABLE 101: EMEA MARKET FOR ALTERNATIVE FUEL BY TYPE FOR LIGHT DUTY COMMERCIAL VEHICLES WITH OIL PRICE AT $80 PER BARREL, THROUGH 2020 ($ MILLIONS)TABLE 102: EMEA MARKET FOR ALTERNATIVE FUEL BY TYPE FOR LIGHT DUTY COMMERCIAL VEHICLES WITH OIL PRICE AT $80 PER BARREL, THROUGH 2020 (THOUSAND UNITS) TABLE 103: ASIA-PACIFIC MARKET FOR ALTERNATIVE FUEL BY TYPE FOR LIGHT DUTY COMMERCIAL VEHICLES WITH OIL PRICE AT $80 PER BARREL, THROUGH 2020 ($ MILLIONS) TABLE 104: ASIA-PACIFIC MARKET FOR ALTERNATIVE FUEL BY TYPE FOR LIGHT DUTY COMMERCIAL VEHICLES WITH OIL PRICE AT $80 PER BARREL, THROUGH 2020 (THOUSAND UNITS)HIGH OIL PRICE SCENARIO: LONG-TERM OIL PRICE AT $120 PER BARRELTABLE 105: GLOBAL MARKET FOR ALTERNATIVE FUEL BY TYPE FOR ALL CLASSES OF COMMERCIAL VEHICLES WITH OIL PRICE AT $120 PER BARREL, THROUGH 2020。

国内外能源结构的变化和替代能源的发展前景精品

国内外能源结构的变化和替代能源的发展前景精品

【关键字】化学、历史、生物、情况、动力、空间、领域、增长、计划、运行、传统、矛盾、战略、系统、继续、充分、抓紧、合理、良好、民主、快速、持续、加大、合作、提升、发展、建设、细化、出台、提出、发现、研究、措施、突出、局面、支撑、稳定、格局、思想、地位、根本、基础、需要、环境、政策、项目、途径、资源、重点、能力、需求、方式、差距、标准、规模、比重、结构、水平、主体、指导思想、任务、反映、速度、力度、倾斜、疏导国内外能源结构的变化及替代能源的发展前景发表时间:2009-3-11 作者:摘要:文/ 胡志鹏摘自《电器工业》2008年第10期石油,作为重要的战略资源,在世界经济不断发展的压力下变得越来越受到各国政府的重视。

除了节约石油资源,开发新的石油替代能源已成为各国解决石油危机的另一条出路。

目前比较普遍的看法是,油价上涨对中国来说是把双刃剑,在不利因素影响的同时,高油价给中国能源结构调整创造了机遇。

世界能源消费格局的变化19世纪工业革命以来,人类对能源的需求快速增长,能源消费结构也在不断变化,大致经历了煤炭替代传统生物质能(木材)、石油替代煤炭以及目前的化石能源为主、多种新能源互补三个阶段。

工业革命之前,生产力不发达,木柴等传统生物质能在能源消费中居首位。

第二次工业革命后,内燃机的问世,汽车、飞机进入日常生活,石油消费不断增长,并在20世纪60年代超过煤炭,成为世界的主要能源,人类也由此进入石油时代。

与此同时,天然气消费增长加快,已由1960年占能源消费总量的14.2%,增加到2007年的25.6%,天然气消费的迅猛增长主要原因在于天然气是化石燃料中最为清洁的能源,而且储量丰富。

在经历过三次石油危机冲击后,水力、核能、风能、太阳能等新能源也不断被人类所利用。

目前,世界能源形成了以石油、天然气、煤炭为主,水力、核能、风能、太阳能为辅的能源消费格局。

2007年全球能源消费结构(见图1、表1)中,石油平均占35.6%(比2006年35.8%下降0.2%)、天然气平均占25.6%(比2006年23.7%上升1.9%),煤炭平均占28.6%(比2006年28.4%上升0.2%),核能平均占5.6%,水力平均占6.4%。

2010年的全球光伏行业

2010年的全球光伏行业

上年回顾—2010年的全球光伏行业(2011-01-26 14:25:42)2009年世界太阳能光伏产业受全球金融危机冲击,进入了一轮阶段性低迷期,而2010年随着全球宏观经济环境的逐步好转,全球光伏产业又迈入了一轮新的增长期。

2010年上半年全球光伏行业基本上还处在恢复性增长期,而下半年则进入了常规增长轨道。

虽然与全球光伏行业发展情况相关的许多数据当前还未出炉,但是从已经掌握的一些数据来看,2010年世界光伏电站新增装机容量将会实现翻番增长。

一、2010年太阳能光伏产业链上各板块均呈现出良好的发展态势2010年初以来,全球太阳能光伏行业在金融危机中受到抑制的需求又重新被激发出来,全年新增光伏装机容量将达到16GW左右,与2009年7.2GW的增量相比,增长率有望达到了120%,2010年世界光伏电站装机容量的大幅增长非常直观的反映出了该行业的景气度。

但是在光伏行业发展形势一片大好的情况下,我们也看到了光伏行业出现的一些问题,如多晶硅价格波动幅度较大、许多国家出于保护国内光伏产业的目的正日益倾向于在光伏行业采取贸易保护主义政策等。

(一)多晶硅价格上升,市场供应偏紧,企业纷纷扩产应对,行业整体状况良好2009年4月以来,多晶硅的价格一直在低位徘徊,但是从2010年下半年开始,国内外市场上多晶硅的价格在需求推动下节节攀升,国内现货市场上的多晶硅价格从上半年最低位时的50美元/千克迅速飙升到最高时的100美元/千克左右,当前又回落到了80美元/千克左右的水平。

应该说,国内多晶硅价格上涨的根本原因就是下游硅片生产企业迅猛增长的需求与中国本土相对有限的多晶硅产能之间的矛盾。

正是在多晶硅价格大幅上升的刺激下,国内许多光伏企业开始选择扩产来应对这种局面,这也引发了业界对于国内多晶硅产能过剩的担忧。

中投顾问高级研究员李胜茂指出,多晶硅是太阳能光伏产业的原材料,该行业发展水平高低对整个光伏产业都有着十分直接的影响。

高盛集团

高盛集团

Because everything ADM does begins with agriculture, our partnership with the farming community is vital. Farmers are essential to the overall economy, and that‘s why we work to be essential to them - creating thousands of products from their crops, hundreds of markets for their crops. 因为 ADM公司创建于农业,我 们与农合作社的伙伴关系是至关重要的。农 民是必不可少的整体经济,这就是为什么我 们的工作对他们是必不可少的 – 用他们的农 作物生产出几千种产品,建立数百个农产品 市场。
The company’s Trading and Principal Investments segment engages in market making in, trading of, and investing in commodities商品 and commodity derivatives 衍生品, including power generation发电 and related activities; 该公司的贸易和投资领域主要从事市场庄家, 买卖,以及商品和商品衍生工具,包括发电 和投资有关的活动,
This segment also provides equity securities, derivative securities, futures, and options clearing services; market-making and specialist services in equity securities and options; and insurance services, as well as involves in principal investments activities. 这 部分还提供股本证券,衍生证券,期货和期 权的结算服务,市场决策和股本证券和期权 的专家服务和保险服务,以及投资所涉及的 主要活动领域。

中国能源状况(高盛报告)

中国能源状况(高盛报告)

高盛中国研究报告:2003年10月31日“中国能源产业”------一些经常提及的问题关于中国这下一个能源消耗大国10个经常提及的问题及回答。

随着对能源的巨大需求,中国在世界石油市场中已经占据了重要的地位。

自1993年以来,中国就成为石油的净输入国,迄今已成为第二大原油消耗国。

市场改革石油天然气的进口石油天然气的消耗炼油产业的扩大石油天然气的定价能源短缺石油天然气的生产入世的影响石油的战略储备目录问题一:中国现今的石油消耗量是多少?其增长会有多快? (2)问题二:中国石油产品消费的主要推动力是什么? (3)问题三:中国天然气的消耗量是多少?其增长会有多快? (4)问题四:中国石油和天然气的生产前景如何?对油气的进口需求如何? (6)问题五:中国石油战略储备的地位是什么? (8)问题六:在中国,石油和天然气是如何定价的? (8)问题七:中国的炼油能力状况如何?将有何改变? (8)问题八:中国的入世对能源产业已经或将会带来哪些影响? (9)问题九:关于油品的批发和零售,政府的相关政策已经做出如何改变? (10)问题十:导致最近电力短缺的原因是什么?今后这一问题是不是会经常发生? (10)中国:下一个耗油大国随着对原油和石油产品的巨大需求,中国已经在世界石油市场中占据了重要的地位。

2002年,中国超过日本成为继美国之后的世界第二大原油消耗国,相信其对石油的需求将持续增加。

自1993年以来,中国就是个石油净输入国,预计今后将越来越依赖进口。

问题一:中国现今的石油消耗量是多少?其增长会有多快?2002年,中国超过日本成为世界第二大耗油国,每天的需求量为540万桶,占全球消费量的7.1%(见表一)。

1990至2002年间,中国对石油的需求量以每年平均7.5%增长,其增长率超过了其它所有耗油大国;而此期间,世界范围内石油需求的每年平均增长值为1.1%。

考虑到中国快速的工业化进程和经济增长刚起步的高增长阶段,中国对石油的巨大需求不足为奇。

化学补充习题答案

化学补充习题答案

新能源浪潮:第四次能源革命已经到来2009-06-28 14:27:53来源: 第一财经日报(上海)跟贴24 条手机看新闻全世界都已经行动起来,没有人会怀疑——“第四次”能源革命已经到来。

当华尔街破灭的金融工具链,证明了当前虚拟经济与实体经济的严重脱节,目前全球现存的产业已经不能通过内生的创造性增长来实现财富,实体经济也已经不能再创造大量财富来填泛滥化的货币时,整个全球经济运转的核心再次回到了——“技术创新”,这个在繁荣时期常常被遗忘,而危机之中最后被拾起的动力。

耐人寻味的是,并非高企的石油价格诱发了人类去寻找“替代矿物”能源,而是金融危机全面引爆了本轮“能源”变革。

全球经济领头羊的美国将经济复苏的突破点定在“新能源”。

奥巴马政府上台时对于新能源和气候问题的关注度十分明显,引发了全球“新能源”更新潮。

而他所制定的经济复苏计划中,也明确了包括未来10年投资1500亿美元开发清洁能源计划,并且聘用了华裔科学家、诺贝尔奖获得者之一的朱棣文担任美国能源部部长,“科学”引领的创新将再次发挥其魅力。

国际舆论喜欢把奥巴马的“能源”新政与当年克林顿时期的IT技术引发的“信息”革命相提并论,其中确实有相同的历史境遇。

同样是充满清新活力的民主党新兴政治领袖,同样借力“技术”创新来推动经济恢复繁荣,也同样在资本市场引发了“泡沫”式的资本追逐。

中国也同样卷入了这场“新能源”变革之中。

从2008年底以来,A股市场上“新能源”概念股受到追捧,而各地也一时兴起了一批光伏产业园区、风电设备制造商等等。

政府的产业政策也随之建立。

国家能源局6月初表示,即将出台《新能源产业发展规划》,到2020年我国风电、太阳能光伏及核电运行的总装机容量将分别达到1.5亿千瓦、2000万千瓦和8000万千瓦。

政策支持力度愈发明显。

同时,中国官方也给出了“新能源”的概念解释,能源局副局长刘琦在6月初接受采访时表示:“关于新能源很难界定,各国的说法都不一。

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August 16, 2010
Asia: Options Research
Asia Derivatives Views
Using Nikkei 225 calls as funding for AEJ index and Japan single-stock upside
Our Asia ECS Research team downgraded our Japan view to underweight, favoring the higher growth markets of Offshore China, Korea, and Taiwan. With NKY implied vol at its five year relative high vs. AEJ, we suggest selling calls on NKY to fund multiple calls on AEJ indices. Within Japan, we suggest going long calls on singlestocks in our China-exposed basket (GSSZJPCN) vs. selling calls on the index.
Japan single-stock volatility was flat this week suggesting long single-stock options vs. short NKY optionol, single-stock vol was unchanged this week. We suggest Japan bulls go long on preferred single-stock call options as opposed to index calls. Implied correlation (the relative attractiveness of single-stock options vs. index options) is near historical highs, suggesting single-stock implied vol is low vs. index. While our strategists expect the index to remain relatively range-bound, they do see thematic opportunities in China and “Chindonesia” exposed stocks as well as stocks with stable growth.
The Goldman Sachs Group, Inc.
Goldman Sachs Global Economics, Commodities and Strategy Research
August 16, 2010
Asia: Options Research
Using NKY calls to fund upside trades
The Goldman Sachs Group, Inc. does and seeks to do business with companies covered in its research reports. As a result, investors should be aware that the firm may have a conflict of interest that could affect the objectivity of this report. Investors should consider this report as only a single factor in making their investment decision. For Reg AC certification, see the end of the text. Other important disclosures follow the Reg AC certification, or go to /research/hedge.html. Analysts employed by non-US affiliates are not registered/qualified as research analysts with FINRA in the U.S. This report is intended for distribution to GS institutional clients only.
+852-2978-0924 sunil.koul@ Goldman Sachs (Asia) L.L.C.
40 35 30 25 20 15 May‐09 Aug‐09
NKY
HSI
KOSPI 200
TWSE
Nov‐09
Feb‐10
May‐10
Aug‐10
Source: Goldman Sachs Global ECS Research.
Our strategists lowered their view of Japan to underweight within Pan-Asia. Given our economists’ recent downward
revisions to their US and Japanese GDP forecasts as well as their outlook for persistent Yen strength, our strategists foresee a more muted earnings recovery and believe company guidance may not be overly conservative as expected. They have lowered their earnings estimates based on the revised JPY/US$ assumptions and now forecast just 12% 12-month upside in TOPIX. (See Japan: Portfolio Strategy: Headwinds Blowing: Focus on Stable Growth/China, Aug 11).
We continue to like using NKY as a funding index for AEJ upside trades. Currently Nikkei 225 implied volatility is nearing its
one-year high vs. its own history while indices such as HSI, TWSE, and NIFTY are all nearing full year lows. As we’ve highlighted in multiple prior pieces, our favorite theme for 2H10 is owning calls on AEJ indices, funded by calls on G3 indices (see The G3-Asia vol shift: Sell calls on G3 to fund calls on AEJ, June 13, 2010). As we show in Exhibit 3, the implied vol differential between Nikkei 225 and AEJ is currently at historic highs. As such, selling an Oct-10 105% call on Nikkei 225 fully funds 1.4x, 1.5x and 2.0x the notional exposure of Oct-10 105% calls on HSI, KOSPI 200, and TWSE, respectively (assumes JP-SQ, Exhibit 4).
45
3‐mo ATM impl vol
Nikkei 225 as a funding index
Our Japan strategists lowered their targets and our regional strategists moved Japan to underweight within the Asia context. They believe the headwinds of a strong JPY and weaker US GDP than previously expected will lead to a slower than expected profit recovery. Nikkei 225 vol rose inline with the market weakness, and is now the highest in the region other than HSCEI. We continue to like selling calls on Nikkei 225 to fund multiple calls on AEJ indices at zero cost. Despite the rise in index implied vol, Japan singlestock implied vol was flat this week, sending implied correlation to full year highs and above realized correlation. We screen for China-exposed stocks in Japan where implied vol is in its bottom quartile over the past year, as alternatives for going long index options. Mitsui OSK Line, Aeon, and Komatsu stand-out.
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