Common reflection surface stack using dip decomposition for rugged surface topography
CRS叠加的研究现状及发展趋势
第30卷第4期2007年8月勘探地球物理进展P ro gr ess in Ex plor ation Geo phy sicsV o l.30,N o.4A ug.,2007收稿日期:2007-02-07;改回日期:2007-04-02。
第一作者简介:孙小东(1980 ),男,中国石油大学(华东)地球资源与信息学院在读博士,主要从事CRS叠加成像与地震偏移的研究工作。
文章编号:1671-8585(2007)04-0245-07CRS叠加的研究现状及发展趋势孙小东,李振春,滕厚华(中国石油大学(华东)地球资源与信息学院,山东东营257061)摘要:在常规处理中,复杂地质条件下的时间域成像和叠后偏移的效果不是很理想。
为此,提出了一些新的时间域成像技术和叠前偏移方法,CRS(co mmon r ef lection surface,共反射面元)叠加便是其中的一种。
CRS叠加是一种可以直接由多次覆盖反射数据得到零炮检距(ZO)剖面而不依赖于速度信息的叠加方法。
二维和三维CRS 叠加不仅能够改进模拟ZO剖面,提高深层的信噪比,而且给出了可用于反演速度场的多参数剖面。
模型数据的试算和实际资料的处理验证了方法的有效性和实用性。
基于起伏地表的CRS叠加不需要先对原始数据做静校正,而且得到叠加结果后可以很容易地实现基准面重建。
另外,利用CRS得出的出射角及波前曲率信息可以更好地实现偏移速度建模,这也是今后CR S研究的一个重点。
关键词:CRS叠加;基准面重建;波场参数;速度建模中图分类号:P631.4文献标识码:ACRS叠加的思想最早来源于H ubral教授。
他首先提出了法向入射点波曲率半径R N IP概念[1],以后又相继提出了在二维情况下基于两参数优化的共反射元(CRE)叠加法[2]和基于三参数优化的CRS叠加法[3~5]。
二维CRS叠加所需的3个参数是零炮检距射线在地表的出射角 、法向入射点波曲率半径R N IP和法向波曲率半径R N。
地震勘探英语
amplitude spectrum 振幅谱abnormal events:异常同相轴absorption:吸收作用acoustic:声学的，声的alias 假频anisotropy 各向异性acoustic impedance声阻抗，波阻抗acoustic wave:声波，地震波：air gun:空气枪：air wave空气波angle of incidence:入射角apparent velocity:视速度apparent wavelength:视波长arrival波至arrival time:波至时间attenuation:衰减：average velocity:平均速度azimuth方位角binary gain二进制增益blind zone:盲区：body waves体波break波跳coefficient of anisotropy各向异性系数coherence:相干性coherent:相关的common-depth-point共深度点common-depth-point stack共深度点叠加common-offset gather共偏移距道集common-offset stack共炮检距叠加（同距叠加）common-range gather共炮检距道集（选排）Common reflection point共反射点compressional wave压缩波converted wave转换波critical angle临界角：critical reflection临界反射curved path弯曲射线路径deconvolution反褶积diffraction绕射diffraction stack绕射叠加dispersion扩散，频散display:显示：diving waves:弓形射线波：dynamic corrections动校正elastic弹性的elastic constants:弹性常数：elastic impedance弹性阻抗elastic wave弹性波epicenter震中event:同相轴first arrival初至first break初至波focus:震源fold覆盖次数format数据格式gather道集geophone:地震检波器geophone interval检波距ground roll地滚波group interval组合间距group velocity群速度guided wave导波head wave首波horizontal stacking:水平叠加impedance:阻抗：incident angle入射角interval velocity层速度long-path multiple全程多次反射波low-velocity layer低速层marker bed.标准层migration偏移，运移minimum-phase:最小相位：multiple:多次波：multiple coverage多次覆盖multiplexed format:多路编排格式mute:切除：NMO正常时差。
介绍书桌上对你有意义的物品英语作文
介绍书桌上对你有意义的物品英语作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Meaningful Objects on My DeskAs I sit down at my desk to study or work on assignments, I'm surrounded by a collection of items that may seem ordinary to others, but hold profound meaning and memories for me. This cluttered space is a reflection of my life, interests, and experiences – a microcosm of who I am. Let me take you on a tour of the most significant objects that adorn my desk.Front and center is an old, tattered notebook that has been my constant companion through the years. Its pages are filled with scribbles, doodles, and notes from classes, serving as a chronicle of my academic journey. While some might see it as a worn-out relic, to me, it's a treasured record of the knowledge I've acquired, the struggles I've overcome, and the eureka moments that have shaped my understanding.Next to the notebook sits a framed photograph of my family. It's a candid shot taken during a picnic in the park, capturing the genuine smiles and laughter that define our bond. Whenever Ifeel overwhelmed or homesick, I glance at this photograph, and it reminds me of the unwavering support and love that my family provides, even from afar.On the corner of my desk, you'll find a small, handmade figurine – a gift from my best friend. It's a quirky, misshapen creation that would likely be overlooked by most, but to me, it symbolizes the unbreakable friendship we share. The imperfections and uniqueness of this figurine mirror the quirks and idiosyncrasies that have brought us closer together, reminding me that true friendship transcends the superficial.Amidst the clutter, a well-worn novel stands out, its pages dog-eared and the spine creased from countless readings. This book has been a constant companion through my formative years, serving as an escape, a source of inspiration, and a gateway to worlds beyond my own. Each time I revisit its pages, I'm transported to the realms of the author's imagination, discovering new facets of myself and gaining fresh perspectives on life.Tucked away in a drawer is a collection of ticket stubs –mementos from concerts, plays, and exhibitions I've attended over the years. These small pieces of paper represent the experiences that have broadened my horizons, exposed me todiverse forms of art and expression, and fueled my passion for exploration and discovery.Nestled amongst the books and papers is a small, unassuming rock – a souvenir from a hiking trip I embarked on with my classmates. This seemingly insignificant object holds within it the memories of physical challenges overcome, breathtaking vistas witnessed, and bonds forged through shared experiences. It's a tangible reminder of the joy found in venturing beyond my comfort zone and embracing new adventures.In the midst of this organized chaos, you'll find a collection of pens and pencils, each with its own unique color, texture, and story. Some were gifts from loved ones, others were souvenirs from trips, and a few were simply trusty companions that have seen me through countless assignments and exams. These writing instruments are more than mere tools; they are extensions of my thoughts, dreams, and creativity, enabling me to leave an indelible mark on the world, one word at a time.As you can see, my desk is a reflection of my life's journey thus far – a tapestry woven from memories, experiences, and the relationships that have shaped who I am. Each object holds a story, a lesson, or a reminder of the path that has led me to thispoint. While to others, these items may seem like mere clutter, to me, they are priceless treasures that imbue my workspace with meaning, inspiration, and a sense of purpose.This desk is more than just a surface for studying or working; it's a sanctuary where I can immerse myself in the pursuit of knowledge, surrounded by the tangible reminders of the people, places, and moments that have made me who I am. As I continue on my academic and personal journey, this collection will undoubtedly grow, with each new addition carrying its own unique significance and contributing to the rich tapestry of my life.篇2My Desk CompanionsAs a student, my desk is my sanctuary – a place where I spend countless hours studying, writing, and contemplating the mysteries of the world. It's a space that has witnessed my triumphs and struggles, my moments of clarity and confusion. But more than just a utilitarian surface, my desk is a reflection of who I am, adorned with various objects that hold deep personal significance.Prominently displayed is a framed photograph of my family, a constant reminder of the unwavering love and support that has sustained me through my academic journey. In the image, we're all beaming with joy, our faces radiating the warmth of a sunlit day at the park. It's a cherished memento that grounds me, reminding me of the reasons I strive for excellence – to make my loved ones proud and to create a future where we can continue to make cherished memories together.Next to the photograph sits a well-worn notebook, its pages filled with scribbles, doodles, and musings that have accompanied me through countless lectures and study sessions. This humble notebook has been my constant companion, capturing the fleeting thoughts and revelations that have shaped my understanding of the world. Its dog-eared pages hold secrets, theories, and epiphanies that have propelled me forward, serving as a testament to the ever-evolving nature of knowledge and the importance of documenting one's intellectual journey.Nestled among my books and papers is a small potted plant, a verdant splash of life amidst the sea of academic paraphernalia. This diminutive botanical companion has taught me invaluable lessons about patience, nurturing, and the resilience of living things. With each tender watering and gentle pruning, I'vewitnessed its growth and adaptation, a reminder that even in the most challenging of environments, life finds a way to thrive. This little plant has become a symbol of hope, inspiring me to persevere through academic obstacles and to cultivate my own growth, both intellectually and personally.Tucked in a corner of my desk is a collection of trinkets and mementos, each one imbued with a special memory or significance. A seashell from a childhood beach vacation, a pressed flower from a bouquet given to me by a loved one, a lucky coin that has been a constant companion through countless exams – these seemingly insignificant objects hold profound meaning, serving as tangible reminders of the experiences and relationships that have shaped my life. They remind me that learning extends far beyond the confines of textbooks and classrooms, and that true wisdom is found in the richness of lived experiences.And then, of course, there are the tools of my trade – pens, pencils, highlighters, and a trusty laptop, all essential instruments in my academic arsenal. These utilitarian objects may seem mundane, but they have played a crucial role in my intellectual journey, helping me to capture ideas, express thoughts, and navigate the ever-expanding realms of knowledge. Each penstroke, each keystroke, represents a step forward, a contribution to the collective understanding that has been built upon the efforts of countless scholars before me.As I sit at my desk, surrounded by these cherished objects, I'm reminded of the profound significance that seemingly ordinary items can hold. They are more than mere possessions; they are embodiments of my experiences, relationships, and aspirations. Each object tells a story, weaving together the tapestry of my academic and personal journey, reminding me of the many lessons I've learned and the countless more that lie ahead.In this sacred space, I find solace, inspiration, and a deep connection to the world around me. My desk is a microcosm of my life, a reflection of the values and beliefs that shape my path. And as I continue to grow and evolve, I know that these cherished objects will remain by my side, serving as faithful companions on the ever-unfolding adventure of learning and self-discovery.篇3The Objects That Define My Student LifeAs I sit here at my desk, surrounded by the familiar clutter of books, papers, and various knick-knacks, I can't help but feel a sense of comfort and nostalgia. Each item on this surface holds a special meaning, a story that has unfolded throughout my academic journey. From the well-worn textbooks to the quirky trinkets, these objects have become more than just inanimate possessions – they are companions that have accompanied me through countless late nights, study sessions, and moments of triumph and frustration.Casting my gaze across the desk, my eyes are immediately drawn to the stack of textbooks that occupy a prominent space. Their spines are creased, their pages dog-eared, and their margins filled with scribbles and highlights – a testament to the countless hours I've spent poring over their contents. These books have been my constant companions, guiding me through the intricacies of various subjects, challenging my understanding, and expanding my horizons.One book, in particular, stands out – a tattered copy of "Pride and Prejudice" by Jane Austen. This literary classic holds a special place in my heart, not just for its captivating storyline but also for the memories it invokes. It was the first novel I read in its entirety during my freshman year of high school, igniting apassion for literature that has only grown stronger over time. Whenever I catch a glimpse of its familiar cover, I'm transported back to those early days of discovery, when the written word held an almost magical allure.Beside the books lies a jumbled collection of pens and pencils, each with its own unique story to tell. The chewed-up end of a mechanical pencil reminds me of the countless exams and timed essays I've endured, my teeth gnawing at the plastic in a nervous habit. A sleek, black fountain pen – a gift from my grandfather – serves as a reminder of the importance of leaving a lasting impression, both in my writing and in life itself.Amidst the clutter, a framed photograph catches my eye, its edges slightly worn but its image still vibrant. It depicts my closest friends and me, arms linked together, faces beaming with joy during our high school graduation ceremony. This picture represents more than just a milestone – it symbolizes the unbreakable bonds forged through shared experiences,late-night study sessions, and the unwavering support we provided one another during our most challenging moments.Nestled among the books and papers is a small, ceramic figurine – a whimsical owl with its wings outstretched and its eyes seemingly twinkling with wisdom. This trinket was a giftfrom my favorite professor, bestowed upon me after a particularly engaging class discussion. It serves as a constant reminder to approach life with curiosity, to seek knowledge fearlessly, and to embrace the wisdom that comes with experience.As my gaze wanders further, I can't help but smile at the sight of a well-loved teddy bear, its fur matted and one eye slightly askew. This childhood companion has been with me through thick and thin, providing comfort and solace during the most stressful moments of my academic journey. Its presence reminds me of the importance of maintaining a sense of childlike wonder and joy, even in the face of life's most daunting challenges.Amidst the organized chaos of my desk, a seemingly incongruous item catches my eye – a sleek, metallic laptop. This technological marvel represents the bridge between the traditional and the modern, a tool that has revolutionized the way I research, write, and collaborate. Its glowing screen has been my portal to a vast expanse of knowledge, connecting me with scholars and peers from around the globe, and enabling me to explore ideas and perspectives that would have been unimaginable just a few decades ago.Scattered among these cherished items are countless scraps of paper, adorned with hastily scribbled notes, doodles, and fragments of ideas. Each one represents a fleeting thought, a burst of inspiration, or a moment of clarity that I desperately wanted to capture before it slipped away. These scattered musings serve as reminders of the ever-evolving nature of the creative process, and the importance of embracing the unexpected twists and turns that lead to intellectual growth.As I survey the organized chaos that is my desk, I can't help but feel a sense of gratitude for the objects that have accompanied me on this incredible journey. Each item holds a story, a memory, a lesson learned – and together, they form a tapestry that represents my unique academic experience. These objects are more than just possessions; they are the physical embodiments of the struggles, triumphs, and personal growth that have defined my student life.In the years to come, as I embark on new adventures and face new challenges, I know that these cherished items will continue to hold a special place in my heart. They will serve as reminders of the path I've traveled, the lessons I've learned, and the resilience I've cultivated along the way. And when future generations gaze upon these objects, perhaps they too will feel asense of connection, a glimpse into the life of a student who dared to dream, to question, and to embrace the endless pursuit of knowledge.。
专业音响词汇
Acoustical environment 声学环境Active 内置分频式passive 外置分频式Addition 叠加Alignment 调试all pass 全通Aluminum end plate 铝制后板Ambient stereo mic 立体声环境话筒amplified sound 扩声Amplifier 功放Amplitude resolution 振幅解析度Amplitude response 振幅响应Amplitude tapering 振幅锥度Amplitude 波幅Analogue 摸拟——对应digital数字Aperture 孔径，口径asymmetry rejection 非平衡抑制Attack time 启动时间Attenuation 衰减attribute 属性Audio spectru m声音频谱auto-ranging power supply自动适应电压电源Backcan 后盖backline microphone收音麦克风Balance line 平衡传输线Balanced cable 平衡讯号线Balcony包厢，楼座Band pass filtering 带通滤波Band-limited 有限频宽Basedelay基础延时Bass guitar 贝司Bass trap 低音吸声板Beam find value 光输出定位Beam opening 光束开角Beam splitter 分光镜Beamwidth 波束宽度Bi-amp mode 外置两分频Biamplification 双功率放大器Biamplified 电子分频系统Bias tracking 偏置追踪Binding post 接线柱Black-out遮光、暗场boost 提升（一般指低音），放大，增强Box 包厢Box, enclosure, cabinet, frame 音箱箱体Bridle leg吊索脚Buffer 缓冲器buildup 声压增强Built in demo squences内置演示程序Burst current瞬态电流Bus 总线，母线Buss 母线Buzz and rattle 异常音cable screen 电缆屏蔽Cancellation 衰减Cardioid mic 心形指向麦克风Channel fader音量推子Channel inserts 插入通道channel split 通道音分系统Chase 跑灯Chasis 外壳地Chassis/earth 外壳地Clarity 清晰Clip 过载，削波Clip 削波Clock recovery circuit 时序回复电路时脉恢复电路Close mic 近讲话筒Cluster 扬声器组CMR common mode rejection 共模抑制比CMRR 共模抑制比Color changer换色器Coloration 声染色Comb filter 梳形滤波器combing 梳状滤波Communication system 信号传输系统Complementary power MOSFET 互补场效应效率管Condenser mic 电容式麦克风Cone 纸盆单元Configuration 配置Constantdirectivity 恒指向Constant-Q 常系数QConstructive 相加的（interference 干涉）Contemporary 当代的Corner frequency 转角频率Cross firing 交叉放置Crossfade 交叉淡化Crossfader 切换推子Crossover filter 分频滤波器Crossover frequency 分频频率Crossover 分频器，与功放放入同一机柜Cross-platform 跨平台Crosstalk 串扰cue 动的时候解释成场次，静的时候解释成场景cursor up/down arrow 上下按键Curvilinear array曲线阵列Cut off 截频Cyclorama 天幕Cylindrical wave 柱面波Data frame 数据框Datarate 数据传输速率Dataslot 内存区域Datastream 数据流Datatraffic 数据流通量DC protection: direct current protectionDC/AC voltage 直流/交流电压dedicate 专门的de-essing 咝声消除器Defeatable 可禁用Delay 延时Destructive 相消的（interference 干涉）Detented 步进平滑Diaphragm 振膜Differentialinput 差分输入Diffuse field扩散音场Digital patchbay 数位分配器Dimmer and shutter 调光及光栅Dimmer pack 调光设备，硅箱Dip-switch configuration 组合按键的功能Direct out 直接输出口Direct radiator 直接辐射式Direct sound 直达声Directivity 指向性direct-to-reverberant ratio 直达混响声能比discrete 分立的dispersion angle 扩散角Dispersion 散布，传播Downfill 下区补音Dress circle 包厢（上等座位）Drive train 驱动系统Driver驱动单元，high driver高音单元low driver 低音单元Duplex 双工Dynamic 动态EAT estimated arrive t ime 预计到达时间effective cue 静场景Elevation view 正视图enclosure 箱体Encoder knob光控轮envelop 围绕，环绕Equipped for two conductor twisted-pair networ：k 使用双绞线网络进行双工传输的装备Euro-terminal block 可插拔式印刷线路板接线端子Excitation signal激励信号Excursion 振幅expander 扩展器export/import 输出/输入Extension unit 扩充单元Extra patch 附加配置，patch 还有设定的意思Extra 附加功能Fade time 衰变时间Fader 推子Fast-paced 快节奏Female XLR input with male XLR loop outpu：t卡农母输入带卡农公并联输出Ferrofluid-cooled, back-vented long-excursion 18-inch c one driver 磁液冷却，后通风孔长冲程18 寸锥盆单元Fill 补声音箱film studio 电影录音室filter 滤波器Firmware 固化程序flat frequency response 平滑的频率响应Flightcase 航空箱Flood 散光Foot candle 烛光数Footprint 晶体管的元件封装，代码尺寸，位面积Free air resonance自由场谐振频率Free field 自由声场Frequency response=Frequenzgangfrequency sensitive compression频率感应压缩Frequency step 频率频距Frequency-conscious 频率感应（压缩）Front of house (FOH) 主调音区Front-loaded 前负载Frost filter 雾镜Full metering 表桥或（LED 电平表）Full range dimming 全范围调光full range 全频Full scale 满刻度full spectrum band 全频带Gain trim 增益控制Gallery 廊座（最高一楼）Gate 噪声门Expander 扩展器Graphic equalizer 图式均衡器graphic tablet 手写板Graphic 图示均衡Grazing reflection 平直反射Grid 吊架Group delay 组延时Group view 分组视图half space 半场Handlecup把手Hard 硬拐点压缩Hard/soft cross 瞬/渐变Hard-edge 图案灯Harmonic distortion 谐波失真HAWB 分单号headroom 动态余量Heatsink 散热片，散热器HF diaphragm 高频感应膜HF ripple 高频起伏High hat cymbal 踏钹high order filter 高阶滤波器high pass 高通high/low pass filter 高/低通滤波器Hold 存储Horizontal control平面控制Horn 号角（高音）后面还带有高音单元hot re-strike 热启动Hot spot 声斑Hot swap 热抽换House curve 房间响应曲线House engineer 主扩调音师HPF 高通滤波器Hypercardioid mic 窄心形impedance glue 阻尼胶Inphase 同相Increment 调整步距Incremental process 渐进化过程Infill 内补声，主音箱旁覆盖内侧场地的音箱instantly-recallable 即时调出Instrument mic 乐器Intelligent unit 电脑灯Intelligibility 清晰度Isolate 隔离Laminated core 叠片铁芯LD-1A CP-10(equalizer) drive the systemLED bar 光柱显示器Level 电平Level 指声源时译为声级, 指电子设备时为电平Lift 提升（一种提升地电位的装置）Limiter 限幅器Line driver 线路驱动器Line level 线性电平，这是一种较高的讯号等级，像是混音器、录音座、与播放器材等音响设备的输出，都是属于Line LevelLinear zoom线性调焦linear(LIN)线性变化Linearity 线性度Listening area 听音区域Listening session试听会Live 现场Lobing 波柱，声波重叠，旁瓣(lobe)Lo-cut switch 低频切除开关Look-ahead 预测处理loop out 并联输出Loop output 并联输出loss 损耗Low frequency roll off 低频反应减低LPF 低通滤波器M8 threaded insert M8螺丝孔mains 电源Master compressi o主n 压缩Master fader 主推杆Matrix 矩阵Mellow 软拐点压缩metering 电平表（电平指示）Mezzanine 中层座（楼下前半段称乐队座，属上等座，后半段称Mezzanine中层座）Mic 话筒Mic sources源话筒Monitor 监听监听音箱mono 单声道multicore 多芯电缆Multimode fib e多r 模光纤multipi n多芯连接头Multi-snake多芯电缆Multi-tiered 多层架构Music track 配乐音轨Mute button 静音按钮muting 噪声抑制，静噪natural power response curve自然功率响应曲线Near field monitor 近区监听音箱Noise floor本底噪声，背景噪声Noise level reduction噪声减量Nominal 额定Non-inverting 非反相Null area 零区Objective lens 物镜OB-truck 或OB Van 转播车Octave 倍频程两个频率相比为2 的声音间的频程，一倍频程之间为八度的音高关系，即频率每增加一倍，音高增加一个倍频程，图示均衡器的各频点之间就是倍频程关系。
地震英语词汇及地震专业术语
地震英语词汇及地震专业术语表示地震的词：earthquakequakeshakeshocktremortemblor [美语] (pl. -s, -blores )（地震）发生于...：hit... 袭击，打击，使遭受strike... 突然发生shake... 摇；摇动；摇撼jolt... 使颠簸，摇晃rock... 摇，摇动，使振动roll across... 波动，起伏，横摇rip through... 裂开，破开；突进，横撞直闯破坏程度（小→大）damage 损害，损伤；〔口语〕伤害，毁坏。
destroy 毁坏，破坏；摧残。
shatter 破坏；捣毁；破灭。
devastate 蹂躏，破坏；使荒废；毁灭。
level 推倒，夷平。
flatten 夷为平地。
地震学相关词汇：seismological 地震学上的seismology 地震学seismograph 地震仪seismographer 地震学家aftershock 余震smaller tremors 小地震epicenter 震中magnitude 震级Richter Scale(1—10) 里氏震级earthquake monitoring 地震监控tsunami 海啸tsunami warning system 海啸预警系统tidal waves 潮汐波，浪潮natural disaster 自然灾害tragedy 灾难wreckage 残骸death toll 死亡人数survivors 幸存者victims 受灾者international contributions 国际援助evacuation 撤离rescue team 救援小组其他地震术语seisesthesia 振动感觉seismaesthesia 震觉seismesthesia 振动感觉seismic 地震的seismic (seismal; seismical; earthquake) load 地震载荷seismic acceleration 地震加速度; 震动加速度seismic acceleration indicator 地震加速指示计seismic activity 地震活动; 地震活动性seismic amplifier 地震放大器seismic analysis 地震分析seismic area 地震带; 地震区; 震区seismic belt 地震带; 地震区seismic bending moment 地震弯矩seismic center 震中seismic coefficient 地震系数seismic core phase 核震相seismic cross-section 地震剖面seismic data 地震数据; 地震资料seismic degree 震度seismic design 地震设计seismic detector 地震检波器; 地震仪seismic detector of the displacement 位移式地震检波器seismic detector of the velocity type 速度式地震检波器seismic digital amplifier 地震数字放大器seismic discontinuity 地震间断面seismic drill 地震孔用钻机seismic dynamic load 地震动力载荷seismic element method 地震元法seismic exploration 地层勘探; 地震探测; 地震探查; 震波勘测seismic exploration vessel 震波勘测船seismic filter 地震滤波器seismic floor joint cover 地面抗震缝盖板seismic focus 地震震源seismic force 地震力seismic gap 地震活动空白地带seismic geophone 地震检波器; 震波检测仪seismic geophysical method 地球物理地震法seismic hazard 地震危害性seismic head wave 地震首波seismic impulse method 脉冲地震法seismic instrument car 地震仪器车seismic intensity 地震烈度; 地震强度seismic intensity scale 地震强度计seismic investigation 地震探测seismic load 地震荷载seismic map 地震图seismic measurement 地震测验seismic method 地震勘探法seismic method of exploration 地震法勘探; 震波勘测法seismic method of prospecting 地震法勘探seismic model 地震模型seismic moment 地震力矩seismic motion 地震活动; 地震运动seismic origin 地震成因seismic phase 震相seismic processing 震波图分析seismic profile 地震剖面seismic profiler 地震剖面仪; 震波水下地形仪seismic property 地震性质seismic prospect(ing) 震波勘探seismic prospecting 地震勘探; 地震探查seismic prospecting system 地震探查装置seismic prospector 地震预报仪seismic reciprocity 震时互易原理seismic record 地震记录seismic record viewer 地震记录观测仪seismic recorder 地震记录仪seismic reflection amplifier 地震反射放大器seismic reflection method 地震波反射法seismic refraction 震波折射seismic refraction method 地震折射法seismic refraction profile 地震折射剖面seismic regime 震情seismic region 震区; 地震区seismic regionalization 地震区划分seismic restraint 耐震seismic risk 地震危险性seismic sea wave 地震海浪; 地震海啸; 地震海啸; 地震津波; 海啸seismic sea wave apparatus 海啸仪seismic section plotter 地震剖面绘图仪seismic seiche 地震假潮seismic shock 地震; 地震冲击; 地震震动; 震波冲击seismic signal 地震信号seismic sounding 地震测深; 地震测深法seismic source function 震源函数seismic spread 地震传播; 地震扩散seismic stability 抗震稳定性seismic station 地震台站seismic stratigraphy 地震地层学seismic stress 地震应力seismic surface wave 地震表面波seismic survey 地震测量; 地震调查; 地震探查; 反射法勘探seismic travel time 地震波传播时间seismic velocity 震波速度seismic vertical 震中; 地震垂线seismic vessel 震波勘测船seismic wave 震波; 地震波seismic wave path 地震波路径seismic world map 世界地震图seismic zone 地震带; 地震区seismic zoning 地震区划分seismic-electric effect 震电效应seismicinstrument 地震仪seismicity 地震活动; 地震活动度; 地震活动性; 震级seismicity gap 地震活动空白地带seismicity map 地震区域图seismic-like event 似地震事件seismicrophone 地震传声器; 地震接收器seismism 地震现象; 震动现象seismitron 岩层稳定测试仪seismo-acoustic reflection survey 震声反射测量seismoastronomy 地震天文学seismocardiogram 心震图seismochronograph 地震计时仪; 地震记时器seismo-electric effect 震电效应seismogenesis 地震成因seismogenic zone 孕震区seismogeological map 地震地质图seismo-geology 地震地质学seismogram 地震波曲线; 地震图; 震波图seismogram interpretation 震波图解释seismograph 地震记录仪; 地震仪seismograph amplifier 地震仪放大器seismograph drill 地震孔物探钻机seismograph station 地震台站seismographic 地震学的seismographic observation 地震观测seismographic observatory 地震观测站seismographic record 地震记录seismographic station 地震台seismography 地震记录法; 地震学seismolog (附有摄影设备的) 测震仪seismologic consideration 震情会商seismologic station 地震台站seismological evidence 地震实迹seismological observation 地震观测seismologist 地震学家seismology 地震学seismomagnetic effect 地震地磁效果; 震磁效应seismometer 地震计; 地震检波器; 地震仪seismometer galvanometer 地震检波器检流计seismometer pier 拾震器墩子seismometer station 地震测站seismonastic movement 感振运动seismonastic turgor movement 倾震膨压运动seismophysics 地震物理学seismos 地震seismoscope 地震波显示仪; 地震示波仪; 地震仪; 验震器; 验震器seismoscope data 验震器数据; 验震器数据seismoscope record 验震器记录; 验震器记录seismoscope response 验震器响应; 验震器响应seismostation 地震台; 地震台站seismotectonic 地震构造的seismotectonic line 地震构造线seismotherapy 振动疗法seismotropism 向震性seissors fault differential fault 剪断层英文汉译。
Android应用程序请求SurfaceFlinger服务渲染Surface的过程分析
Android应用程序请求SurfaceFlinger 服务渲染Surface的过程分析在前面一篇文章中，我们分析了Android应用程序请求SurfaceFlinger服务创建Surface的过程。
有了Surface之后，Android应用程序就可以在上面绘制自己的UI了，接着再请求SurfaceFlinger服务将这个已经绘制好了UI的Surface渲染到设备显示屏上去。
在本文中，我们就将详细分析Android应用程序请求SurfaceFlinger服务渲染Surface的过程。
Android应用程序在请求SurfaceFlinger服务渲染一个Surface之前，首先要将该Surface作为当前活动的绘图上下文，以便可以使用OpengGL库或者其它库的API来在上面绘制UI，我们以Android系统的开机动画应用程序bootanim为例，来说明这个问题。
从前面一文可以知道，Android系统的开机动画应用程序bootanim是在BootAnimation类的成员函数readyToRun中请求SurfaceFlinger服务创建Surface的。
这个Surface创建完成之后，就会被设置为当前活动的绘图上下文，如下所示：[cpp] view plain copy 在CODE上查看代码片派生到我的代码片status_t BootAnimation::readyToRun() {......// create the native surfacesp<SurfaceControl> control = session()->createSurface(getpid(), 0, dinfo.w, dinfo.h, PIXEL_FORMAT_RGB_565);......sp<Surface> s = control->getSurface();......// initialize opengl and eglconst EGLint attribs[] = {EGL_DEPTH_SIZE, 0,EGL_NONE};......EGLConfig config;EGLSurface surface;EGLContext context;EGLDisplay display = eglGetDisplay(EGL_DEFAULT_DISPLAY);eglInitialize(display, 0, 0);EGLUtils::selectConfigForNativeWindow(display, attribs, s.get(), &config);surface = eglCreateWindowSurface(display, config, s.get(), NULL);context = eglCreateContext(display, config, NULL, NULL);......if (eglMakeCurrent(display, surface, surface, context) == EGL_FALSE)return NO_INIT;......}BootAnimation类的成员函数readyToRun首先调用eglGetDisplay和eglInitialize函数来获得和初始化OpengGL库的默认显示屏，接着再调用EGLUtils::selectConfigForNativeWindow函数来获得前面所创建的一个Surface（由sp<Surface>指针s来描述）的配置信息。
地球物理专业英语通用单词
Accuracy 准确度AGC: Automatic gain control. 自动增益控制。
Airy Hypothesis艾里假说alias:假频amplitude spectrum振幅谱antiroots反山根Bouguer anomaly布格异常Bouguer correction布格改正continuation延拓density密度density contrast密度差depth of compensation补偿深度dot chart布点量板double Bouguer correction双重布格改正downward continuation向下延拓elevation correction高程改正field continuation位场延拓figure of the earth大地水准面free-air anomaly自由空间异常free-air correction自由空间改正free oscillation of the earth:地球自由震荡gal伽geodesy:大地测量学geoid大地水准面gradiomanometer压差密度计：gradiometer梯度仪gravimeter重力仪gravitational constant万有引力常数gravity重力gravity anomaly:重力异常gravity meter比重计：gravity reduction:重力改正gravity survey重力调查gravity unit重力单位Gutenberg discontinuity:古登堡不连续面horizontal cylinder水平圆柱体isostasy:地壳均衡说：isostatic correction:均衡改正：latitude correction:纬度改正local gravity局部重力值normal gravity正常重力：Poisson's equation：泊松方程：Pratt hypothesis:普拉特假说second-derivative map:二次微商图：topographic correction地形改正torsion balance扭秤Worden:沃尔登重力仪aeromagnetic航空磁测Airborne magnetometer:航空磁力仪alternating-field demagnetization:交变场退磁：Curie point:居里点declination:磁偏角diurnal variation:日变ferrimagnetism:亚铁磁性：ferromagnetic:铁磁性的field intensity:场强fluxgate magnetometer:磁通门磁力仪gamma:伽马gauss:高斯：geomagnetic pole:地磁极geomagnetic reversal: 地磁极倒转：geomagnetic-variation method:地磁变化法：geometric sounding:电磁几何测深：inclination:倾角inductivity:感应率：local magnetic anomalies:局部磁异常magnetic basement:磁性基底：magnetic dip:磁倾角magnetic disturbance磁扰magnetic equator:地磁赤道magnetic field磁场magnetic flux:磁通量magnetic intensity:磁场强度：magnetic interpretation methods磁测资料解释法magnetic meridian:地磁子午线：magnetic moment:磁矩：magnetic permeability:磁导率：magnetic polarization:磁极化：Magnetic pole:磁极：magnetic storms:磁暴：magnetization:磁化强度magnetometer:磁力仪：nanotesla:纳特斯拉：normal magnetic field:正常磁场oersted:奥斯特paleomagnetism:古地磁学：paramagnetic: 顺磁性的：permeability:磁导率，渗透率：polarity:极性：polarization:极化度，极化，偏振：reduction to the pole化向地磁极归极法：secular variation:长期变化：tesla:特斯拉weber:韦伯apparent resistivity: 视电阻率：conductivity:电导率：current electrode:供电电极：dielectric constant:介电常数：dielectric polarization:电介质极化：dipole array:偶极排列dipole-dipole array:偶极-偶极排列：electrical profiling:电剖面法：electrical sounding电测深electrical survey电法勘探，电测井electric field:电场electric susceptibility:电极化率：electrochemical SP:电化学自然电位：electrode电极：electrode equilibrium potential:电极平衡电位：electrode polarization:电极极化：electrode potential:电极电位electrode resistance:电极电阻：electrolyte:电解质：electromagnetic method:电磁法：electromagnetic spectrum:电磁波谱：electronic电子的ELF:极低频：EM:电磁的：emu:电磁单位：equipotential-line method:等位线法equipotential surface:等位面：far-field:远场：fixed-source method:定源法：free-space field:自由空间场：galvanometer:电流计heat flow unit:热流单位HFU:热流单位：horizontal-dipole sounding水平偶极测深induced polarization:激发极化：infinite electrode:无穷远电极：NMR核磁共振permittivity:电容率：polarization ellipse:极化椭圆：pole-dipole array:单极-偶极排列：pole-pole array:单极-单极排列：Primary field: 一次场：secondary field:二次场：self-potential:自然电位self-potential method:自然电位法skin depth:趋肤深度skin effect:趋肤效应sky wave:天波：sky-wave interference:天波干扰：SP:自然电位：spontaneous potential:自然电位：transient electromagnetic method:瞬变电磁法：abnormal events:异常同相轴absorption:吸收作用：acoustic声学的，声的acoustic impedance:声阻抗，波阻抗：acoustic wave: 声波，地震波：air gun:空气枪：air wave:空气波：angle of incidence:入射角：apparent velocity:视速度：apparent wavelength:视波长：arrival:波至：arrival time波至时间：attenuation:衰减average velocity:平均速度azimuth:方位角binary gain:二进制增益blind zone: 盲区：body waves:体波：break:波跳：buried focus effect:地下焦点效应：cable:电缆：chirp:线性调频脉冲:coefficient of anisotropy:各向异性系数coherence:相干性coherent:相关的：common-depth-point:共深度点：common-depth-point stack:共深度点叠加：common-offset gather:共偏移距道集：common-offset stack:共炮检距叠加（同距叠加）：common-range gather:共炮检距道集（选排）：Common reflection point: 共反射点：compressional wave:压缩波：configuration:排列形式：converted wave:转换波critical angle:临界角critical reflection:临界反射：curved path:弯曲射线路径deconvolution:反褶积：deep seismic sounding: DSS.深地震测深：diffraction: 绕射：diffraction stack:绕射叠加：dilatational wave:膨胀波dispersion:扩散，频散display:显示：diving waves:弓形射线波：Dix formula:Dix公式DSS:深地震测深：dynamic corrections动校正：earthquake:天然地震：earthquake seismology: 天然地震测震学：elastic:弹性的：elastic constants:弹性常数：elastic impedance:弹性阻抗：elastic wave:弹性波：electrodynamic geophone:电动检波器：epicenter:震中：event:同相轴：expanding spread: 扩展排列：extended spread:纵排列fathometer:水深计：Fermat’s principle:费马原理：first arrival:初至：first break:初至波：floating datum: 浮动基准面flute槽focus:震源fold: 覆盖次数format:数据格式：Gardner method:加德纳法：gather:道集：geophone:地震检波器：geophone interval:检波距：ground roll:地滚波：group interval:组合间距：group velocity:群速度：guided wave:导波：hammer冲击锤：head wave:首波：：hodograph:矢端线：Hooke's law:虎克定律：horizontal stacking:水平叠加：Huygens principle:惠更斯原理：impedance:阻抗incident angle:入射角：interval velocity:层速度：Kirchoff diffraction equation:基尔霍夫绕射方程：law of reflection:反射定律：law of refraction:透射定律：least-time path:最短时程：Lg-wave: Lg-波：longitudinal wave:纵波：long-path multiple:全程多次反射波：long wave长波：love wave:勒夫波low-velocity layer:低速层：marker bed:标准层：migration: 偏移，运移：minimum-phase:最小相位：multiple:多次波：multiple coverage:多次覆盖：multiplex:多路传输，多倍仪multiplexed format:多路编排格式：mute:切除：NMO: Normal moveout.正常时差。
偏移成像
3）Paturet-Tariel偏移叠加法
1971年Paturet-Tariel用相同炮检距的剖面进行叠前偏移， 把所有相同炮检距的偏移后的剖面叠加得到偏移叠加剖面。叠 前偏移的原理如图5-9所示。
SM
GM
绕射点M所产生的绕射波到达时曲线为：
t x h 2 t x h 2 tx （5.1.7） 4 v 4 v 1 2 2 2 4x t x0 t 0 2 当炮检距 h 0 时，上式表现为： v
有限差分法可通过数值粘滞性控制孔径，其实质也是一种二 维滤波。另外，常用近似方程。实际偏移范围受方程限制。所 用方程不同，偏移孔径的角度分别为 15 ,45 ,60 等。超过它 们所允许角度的数据用数值粘滞性滤除，否则产生偏移噪声。
数值粘滞性是指对微分方程进行经验的或形式上的一种修正，以便去掉波场 中的不满足采样或微分方程条件的那些傅立叶分量。（马在田 1989）
3).傅里叶变换法波动方程法偏移：70年代后期，Stolt和Gazdag等 又先后提出了在频率 - 波数域解波动方程，外推地震波场的方法。 这种方法被称为F-K域偏移方法。由于该方法计算简单，效率高， 因而很快得到了推广。
3. 偏移方法分类
二．基于射线理论的叠后偏移 与叠前偏移
经典的偏移方法和早期的计算机偏移方法 都是 基于射线理论 经典的偏移方法只研究到达时间。叠后偏移有圆 弧切线法和线段移动法；叠前偏移包括椭圆切线 法和交会法等 早期的计算机偏移方法利用了波前、绕射等地震 波传播的惠更斯原理，尽管只是定性的、概念性 的，但与手工操作法相比偏移剖面除了归位精度 提高外，还考虑了波形特征。叠后偏移有波前模 糊法、绕射曲线叠加法; 叠前偏移有Rockwell偏 移叠加法和Paturet-Tariel偏移叠加法等。