G20 Rules and imaginary procedures
向老外介绍G20, 就靠这些英文干货了
向老外介绍G20, 就靠这些英文干货了G20成员G20 members二十国集团由七国集团财长会议于1999年倡议成立，由阿根廷(Argentina)、澳大利亚(Australia)、巴西(Brazil)、加拿大( Canada)、中国(China)、法国(France)、德国(Germany)、印度( India)、印度尼西亚( Indonesia)、意大利(Italy)、日本(Japan)、韩国(Republic of Korea)、墨西哥(Mexico)、俄罗斯(Russia)、沙特阿拉伯(Saudi Arabia)、南非(South Africa)、土耳其(Turkey)、英国(the United Kingdom)、美国(the United States)以及欧盟(the European Union)等20方组成。
国际金融危机爆发前，G20仅举行财长和央行行长会议，就国际金融货币政策、国际金融体系改革、世界经济发展等问题交换看法。
国际金融危机爆发后，在美国倡议下，G20提升为领导人峰会。
嘉宾国Guest countries除了上述成员外，乍得、埃及、哈萨克斯坦、老挝、塞内加尔、新加坡、西班牙、泰国作为嘉宾国受邀出席本届G20峰会，共商全球经济治理大事。
国际组织International organizations按惯例，G20还会邀请7个国际组织的领导人或代表与会联合国(United Nations)、世界银行(World Bank)、国际货币基金组织(International Monetary Fund)、世界贸易组织(World Trade Organization)、国际劳工组织(International Labour Organization)、经济合作与发展组织(Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development)和金融稳定理事会(Financial Stability Board)。
G20就国际标准采取行动
55论文 Thesis免准两项地方标准在技术要求上出现不一致，新 地标在修订时仅增加了燃料电池的一些最基础和关键的数据信息，在静态信息方面增加了燃料电池系统生产厂商代码、燃料电池的额定功率、峰 值功率、冷却方式、单电池数目、堆数目和堆出厂编号；在动态信息方面增加燃料电池的电压电流、燃料消耗率、温度、氢气浓度、氢气压力和加氢状态等与性能安全相关的关键数据信息5. 车辆异常报警数据新增要求的解析新地标在报警数据中增加了车辆碰撞和氢瓶报警的数据要求，其中，氢瓶报警包括高压、低压、高温和低温这4项数据。
这两方面数据监控对燃料电池汽车在安全状态下运行有很重要的作用。
若氢瓶气压过低，代表氢瓶可能有泄漏或氢气过少，难以正常行驶；反之则代表气压过高，会对 安全产生影响。
高温和低温也会反映在氢瓶气压上，若温度过高，氢瓶内气压会增高，易发生危险;反之, 温度过低，则燃料电池车辆无法启动6. 数据采集时间间隔国标现在采用30 s/次的传输频率，只有在车 辆发生故障后才补发I s/次的数据上海市要求地方平台能够起到对新能源汽车安全的监管作用，而30 s/次的频率根本无法达到政府安全监管的要求从30 s/次到1s/次，虽然数据传输量增加了 30倍，但由于5G通信网络的实现，这些数据传输量也是可以达到的，而且很多企业端平台已经开始使用1H Z频率数据采集。
对此，国标起草人 也非常赞同通过提高采集频率来加强安全监管的提议。
由于国家层面涉及范围太广，无法像地方 平台那样可严加把关，本文希望地方平台能率先突破这一难关，由点及面推广到全国。
因此，此 次新地标提高采集频率也是未来提升安全监管水平的必由之路。
四、总结新地标更注重于车辆的安全运行监控.:，因此，其技术内容也更聚焦于车辆用电情况、动力电池状态、车辆异常报警和数据采集频率等相关安全方面的要求。
计划在上海进行新能源汽车车型备案的汽车企业，应及时升级新能源汽车数据采集的技术，扩充企业平台数据采集的容量，配合上 海市新能源汽车数据采集监控平台，共同提升上海市对新能源车企在安全运行上的监管能级。
G20峰会为美国留学带来的新政策
G20峰会为美国留学带来的新政策这两天，我们一直追着G20峰会。
此次G20峰会，在杭州召开，对于美国留学方面也是好消息不断，以下是美国法拉古特学校天津校区为您整理的相关资讯，值得关注。
G20是二十国集团，由美国、日本、德国、法国、英国、意大利、加拿大、俄罗斯、中国、阿根廷、澳大利亚、巴西、印度、印度尼西亚、墨西哥、沙特阿拉伯、南非、韩国和土耳其以及一个实体欧盟组成。
该组织的宗旨是为推动已工业化的发达国家和新兴市场国家之间就实质性问题进行开放及有建设性的讨论和研究，以寻求合作并促进国际金融稳定和经济的持续增长，按照以往惯例，国际货币基金组织与世界银行列席该组织的会议。
关于美国留学新政策一.签证延长到十年美国总统奥巴马透露，中美两国同意新的签证安排，学生签证有效期将由目前的一年延长到五年，商务和旅游签证将由一年延长到十年。
二.创业移民新政策8月26日，奥巴马政府“为了把世界上最聪明，最优秀的企业家吸引并留在美国，推出了下台前的一大举措：美国国土安全部下属机构移民局提出一项名为InternationalEntrepreneurRule的新规定，向外籍创业者敞开了大门。
此项新规定给外籍来美创业者一种“入境许可”(parole)。
美国民主党一直在移民政策上持有开放态度，但之前奥巴马的移民改革方案并未通过国会同意。
而这一“创业者签证”规定，将不再需要通过国会，在公开信息四十五天内，美国民众可以提建议，最终该规定将会落实。
三.创业者签证福利：1)准许外籍创业者更轻松地进入美国，停留更长的时间。
2)首次可停留两年，满足以下条件后最多可停留五年，并申请移民。
3)首次入境即可申请美国工卡，携带配偶和子女一同进入美国，孩子可免费入学至大学前。
G20首尔峰会领导人宣言英文版全文
G20首尔峰会领导人宣言英文版全文THE G20 SEOUL SUMMITLEADERS’ DECLARATIONNOVEMBER 11 – 12, 20101. We, the Leaders of the G20, are united in our conviction that by working together we can secure a more prosperous future for the citizens of all countries.2. When we first gathered in November 2008 to address the most severe world recession our generation has ever confronted, we pledged to support and stabilize the global economy, and at the same time, to lay the foundation for reform, to ensure the world would never face such upheaval again.3. Over the past four Summits, we have worked with unprecedented cooperation to break the dramatic fall in the global economy to establish the basis for recovery and renewed growth.4. The concrete steps we have taken will help ensure we are better prepared to prevent and, if necessary, to withstand future crises. We pledge to continue our coordinated efforts and act together to generate strong, sustainable and balanced growth.5. We recognize the importance of addressing the concerns of the most vulnerable. To this end, we are determined to put jobs at the heart of the recovery, to provide social protection, decent work and also to ensure accelerated growth in low income countries (LICs).6. Our relentless and cooperative efforts over the last two years have delivered strong results. However, we must stay vigilant.7. Risks remain. Some of us are experiencing strong growth, while others face high levels of unemployment and sluggish recovery. Uneven growth and widening imbalances are fueling the temptation to diverge from global solutions into uncoordinated actions. However, uncoordinated policy actions will only lead to worse outcomes for all.8. Since 2008, a common view of the challenges of the world economy, the necessary responses and our determination to resist protectionism has enabled us to both address the root causes of the crisis and safeguard the recovery. We are agreed today to develop our common view to meet these new challenges and a path to strong, sustainable and balanced growth beyond the crisis.9. Today, the Seoul Summit delivers:·the Seoul Action Plan composed of comprehensive, cooperative and country-specific policy actions to move closer to our shared objective. The Plan includes our commitment to:- undertake macroeconomic policies, including fiscal consolidation where necessary, to ensure ongoing recovery and sustainable growth and enhance the stability of financial markets, in particular moving toward more market-determined exchange rate systems, enhancing exchange rate flexibility to reflect underlying economic fundamentals, and refraining from competitive devaluation of currencies. Advanced economies, including those with reserve currencies, will be vigilant against excess volatility and disorderly movements in exchange rates. These actions will help mitigate the risk of excessive volatility in capital flows facing some emerging countries;- implement a range of structural reforms that boost and sustain global demand, foster job creation, and increase the potential for growth; and- enhance the Mutual Assessment Process (MAP) to promote external sustainability. We will strengthen multilateral cooperation to promote external sustainability and pursue the full range of policies conducive to reducing excessive imbalances and maintaining current account imbalances at sustainable levels. Persistently large imbalances, assessed against indicative guidelines to be agreed by our Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors, warrant an assessment of their nature and the root causes of impediments to adjustment as part of the MAP, recognizing the need to take into account national or regional circumstances, including large commodity producers. These indicative guidelines composed of a range of indicators would serve as a mechanism to facilitate timely identification of large imbalances that require preventive and corrective actions to be taken. To support our efforts toward meeting these commitments, we c all on our Framework Working Group, with technical support from the IMF and other international organizations, to develop these indicative guidelines, with progress to be discussed by our Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors in the first half of 2011; and, in Gyeongju, our Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors called on the IMF to provide an assessment as part of the MAP on the progress toward external sustainability and the consistency of fiscal, monetary, financial sector, structural, exchange rate and other policies. In light of this, the first such assessment, to be based on the above mentioned indicative guidelines, will be initiated and undertaken in due course under the French Presidency.· a modernized IMF that better reflects the changes in the world economy through greater representation of dynamic emerging markets and developing countries. These comprehensive quota and governance reforms, as outlined in the Seoul Summit Document, will enhance the IMF’s legitimacy, credibilit y and effectiveness, making it an even stronger institution for promoting global financial stability and growth.·instruments to strengthen global financial safety nets, which help countries cope with financial volatility by providing them with practical tools to overcome sudden reversals of international capital flows.·core elements of a new financial regulatory framework, including bank capital and liquidity standards, as well as measures to better regulate and effectively resolve systemically important financial institutions, complemented by more effective oversight and supervision. This new framework, complemented by other achievements as outlined in the Seoul Summit Document, will ensure a more resilient financial system by reining in the past excesses of the financial sector and better serving the needs of our economies.·the Seoul Development Consensus for Shared Growth that sets out our commitment to work in partnership with other developing countries, and LICs in particular, to help them build the capacity to achieve and maximize their growth potential, thereby contributing to global rebalancing. The Seoul Consensus complements our commitment to achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and focuses on concrete measures as summarized in our Multi-Year Action Plan on Development to make a tangible and significant difference in people’s lives, including in particular through the development of infrastructure in developing countries.·the Financial Inclusion Action Plan, the Global Partnership for Financial Inclusion and a flexible SME Finance Framework, all of which will significantly contribute to improving access to financial services and expanding opportunities for poor households and small and medium enterprises.·our strong commitment to direct our negotiators to engage in across-the-board negotiations to promptly bring the Doha Development Round to a successful, ambitious, comprehensive, and balanced conclusion consistent with the mandate of the Doha Development Round and built on the progress already achieved. We recognize that 2011 is a critical window of opportunity, albeit narrow, and that engagement among our representatives must intensify and expand. We now need to complete the end game. Once such an outcome is reached, we commit to seek ratification, where necessary, in our respective systems. We are also committed to resisting all forms of protectionist measures.10. We will continue to monitor and assess ongoing implementation of the commitments made today and in the past in a transparent and objective way. We hold ourselves accountable. What we promise, we will deliver.11. Building on our achievements to date, we have agreed to work further on macro-prudential policy frameworks; better reflect the perspective of emerging market economies in financial regulatory reforms; strengthen regulation and oversight of shadow banking; further work on regulation and supervision of commodity derivatives markets; improve market integrityand efficiency; enhance consumer protection; pursue all outstanding governance reform issues at the IMF and World Bank; and build a more stable and resilient international monetary system, including by further strengthening global financial safety nets. We will also expand our MAP based on the indicative guidelines to be agreed.12. To promote resilience, job creation and mitigate risks for development, we will prioritize action under the Seoul Consensus on addressing critical bottlenecks, including infrastructure deficits, food market volatility, and exclusion from financial services.13. To provide broader, forward-looking leadership in the post-crisis economy, we will also continue our work to prevent and tackle corruption through our Anti-Corruption Action Plan; rationalize and phase-out over the medium term inefficient fossil fuel subsidies; mitigate excessive fossil fuel price volatility; safeguard the global marine environment; and combat the challenges of global climate change.14. We reaffirm our resolute commitment to fight climate change, as reflected in the Leaders' Seoul Summit Document. We appreciate President Felipe Calderón’s briefing on the status of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change negotiations, as well as Prime Minister Meles Zenawi’s briefing on the report of the High-Level Advisory Group on Climate Change Financing submitted to the UN Secretary-General. We will spare no effort to reach a balanced and successful outcome in Cancun.15. We welcome the Fourth UN LDC Summit in Turkey and the Fourth High-Level Forum on Aid Effectiveness in Korea, both to be held in 2011.16. Recognizing the importance of private sector-led growth and job creation, we welcome the Seoul G20 Business Summit and look forward to continuing the G20 Business Summit in upcoming Summits.17. The actions agreed today will help to further strengthen the global economy, accelerate job creation, ensure more stable financial markets, narrow the development gap and promote broadly shared growth beyond crisis.18. We look forward to our next meeting in 2011 in France, and subsequent meeting in 2012 in Mexico.19. We thank Korea for its G20 Presidency and for hosting the successful Seoul Summit.20. The Seoul Summit Document, which we have agreed,follows。
G20伦敦峰会公报全文
G20伦敦峰会公报全文Global Plan for Recovery and ReformStatement Issued by the G20 LeadersLondon, April 2, 2009二十国集团伦敦金融峰会2日落下帷幕,与会领导人就国际货币基金组织（ＩＭＦ）增资和加强金融监管等全球携手应对金融经济危机议题达成多项共识。
会后公布了正式公报，全文如下：1.我们20国集团领导人于2009年4月2日在伦敦举行了这次峰会。
2.我们正面临现代历史上规模最大的全球经济挑战；自我们上次举行峰会以来，经济危机已有所加深，对每个国家无论男女老幼的生活都造成了影响，因此所有国家都必须联合起来解决这一危机。
全球性的危机需要全球共同解决。
3.首先，我们相信全球经济繁荣是不可分割的；实现可持续增长的责任必须由全球各国共同承担；全球经济复苏计划必须以勤勉劳作之家庭的需要及就业为中心，不仅仅在发达国家如此，在新兴市场和贫穷国家也应如此；全球经济复苏计划必须能反映当今之人的需要，也要能反映未来几代人的需要。
我们相信，建立基于市场原则、有效监管和强有力的全球机构之上的开放型世界经济，这是可持续性全球化发展和所有各国日益繁荣增长的唯一可靠基础。
4.有基于此，我们今天承诺将采取任何必要措施，目的是：• 恢复经济信心和经济增长，复苏就业市场；• 修复金融体系以复苏贷款市场；• 加强金融机构以重建信任；• 融资和改革国际金融机构，以克服当前危机和避免未来危机；• 促进全球贸易和投资，摒弃贸易保护主义，巩固经济繁荣的基础；• 增进全面的、绿色的以及可持续性的经济复苏。
我们将通过联手行动来完成上述承诺，将全球经济带出当前衰退，并阻止今后再次发生类似于此的危机。
5.我们今天已经达成的协议有：将国际货币基金组织(IMF)的可用资金提高两倍，至7500亿美元；支持2500亿美元的最新特别提款权(SDR)配额；支持多边发展银行(MDB)至少1000亿美元的额外贷款；确保为贸易融资提供2500亿美元的支持；利用国际货币基金组织已经同意的出售黄金(203,0.28,0.14%)储备的所得资金，为最贫穷国家提供优惠融资。
东北证券-2010年G20峰会《首尔宣言》点评：方向性协议达成,实际行动仍需谈判-101115
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宏观经济运行 宏观经济运行研究报告方向性协议达成，实际行动仍需谈判——2010年G20峰会《首尔宣言》点评发布日期：2010年11月15日 主要观点： z 11月11-12日，G20峰会在韩国首尔召开，会后通过了《首尔宣言》，内容包括涉及货币与汇率政策、贸易和发展政策、财政政策、金融改革和结构改革等5个政策领域的首尔行动计划。
z 峰会强调全球经济复苏的复杂性、不确定性。
各国经济复苏格局不同导致了政策背离，但峰会强调各国仍需协调政策的实施和执行。
z 汇率问题折中各国意见，强调增强汇率弹性，但非一步到位。
相比10月份庆州的财政和央行行长会议，仍强调实行市场决定的汇率决定机制，但增加了“增强汇率弹性”的要求。
这意味着人民币大幅升值的压力解除，短期内可能恢复一定幅度的上下波动，但升值压力仍在，年内仍将呈升值态势，维持升值3%左右的判断。
z 防止货币“竞贬”和强调宏观审慎管理，热钱流向生变。
峰会继续强调“防止出现竞争性货币贬值”，谨防汇率的急剧波动和混乱趋势，预计美元指数进入震荡反弹格局。
允许新兴经济体采取宏观审慎政策以抑制流入性流入。
流向新兴市场的热钱可能减少，热钱流入我国的预期也可能发生改变。
z 平衡贸易和自由贸易双强调，但仅确定了时间表，实际行动仍取决于未来谈判。
贸易和投资自由化取得共识，但依旧强调贸易平衡，相互评估程序(MutualAssessment Process ，MAP)启动，但参考标准将在2011年G20峰会上确定。
G20匹兹堡峰会首脑宣言英文本
LEADERS’ STATEMENTTHE PITTSBURGH SUMMITSEPTEMBER 24 – 25 2009PREAMBLE1.We meet in the midst of a critical transition from crisis to recovery to turn the page onan era of irresponsibility and to adopt a set of policies, regulations and reforms tomeet the needs of the 21st century global economy.2.When we last gathered in April, we confronted the greatest challenge to the worldeconomy in our generation.3.Global output was contracting at pace not seen since the 1930s. Trade wasplummeting. Jobs were disappearing rapidly. Our people worried that the world was on the edge of a depression.4.At that time, our countries agreed to do everything necessary to ensure recovery, torepair our financial systems and to maintain the global flow of capital.5.It worked.6.Our forceful response helped stop the dangerous, sharp decline in global activity andstabilize financial markets. Industrial output is now rising in nearly all oureconomies. International trade is starting to recover. Our financial institutions are raising needed capital, financial markets are showing a willingness to invest and lend, and confidence has improved.7.Today, we reviewed the progress we have made since the London Summit in April.Our national commitments to restore growth resulted in the largest and mostcoordinated fiscal and monetary stimulus ever undertaken. We acted together toincrease dramatically the resources necessary to stop the crisis from spreading around the world. We took steps to fix the broken regulatory system and started toimplement sweeping reforms to reduce the risk that financial excesses will againdestabilize the global economy.8. A sense of normalcy should not lead to complacency.9.The process of recovery and repair remains incomplete. In many countries,unemployment remains unacceptably high. The conditions for a recovery of private demand are not yet fully in place. We cannot rest until the global economy isrestored to full health, and hard-working families the world over can find decent jobs.10.We pledge today to sustain our strong policy response until a durable recovery issecured. We will act to ensure that when growth returns, jobs do too. We will avoidany premature withdrawal of stimulus. At the same time, we will prepare our exit strategies and, when the time is right, withdraw our extraordinary policy support in a cooperative and coordinated way, maintaining our commitment to fiscalresponsibility.11.Even as the work of recovery continues, we pledge to adopt the policies needed to laythe foundation for strong, sustained and balanced growth in the 21st century. We recognize that we have to act forcefully to overcome the legacy of the recent, severe global economic crisis and to help people cope with the consequences of this crisis.We want growth without cycles of boom and bust and markets that fosterresponsibility not recklessness.12.Today we agreed:13.To launch a framework that lays out the policies and the way we act together togenerate strong, sustainable and balanced global growth. We need a durablerecovery that creates the good jobs our people need.14.We need to shift from public to private sources of demand, establish a pattern ofgrowth across countries that is more sustainable and balanced, and reducedevelopment imbalances. We pledge to avoid destabilizing booms and busts inasset and credit prices and adopt macroeconomic policies, consistent with pricestability, that promote adequate and balanced global demand. We will also make decisive progress on structural reforms that foster private demand and strengthen long-run growth potential.15.Our Framework for Strong, Sustainable and Balanced Growth is a compact thatcommits us to work together to assess how our policies fit together, to evaluatewhether they are collectively consistent with more sustainable and balancedgrowth, and to act as necessary to meet our common objectives.16.To make sure our regulatory system for banks and other financial firms reins in theexcesses that led to the crisis. Where reckless behavior and a lack of responsibility led to crisis, we will not allow a return to banking as usual.17.We committed to act together to raise capital standards, to implement stronginternational compensation standards aimed at ending practices that lead toexcessive risk-taking, to improve the over-the-counter derivatives market and tocreate more powerful tools to hold large global firms to account for the risks they take. Standards for large global financial firms should be commensurate with the cost of their failure. For all these reforms, we have set for ourselves strict andprecise timetables.18.To reform the global architecture to meet the needs of the 21st century. After thiscrisis, critical players need to be at the table and fully vested in our institutions toallow us to cooperate to lay the foundation for strong, sustainable and balancedgrowth.19.We designated the G-20 to be the premier forum for our international economiccooperation. We established the Financial Stability Board (FSB) to include major emerging economies and welcome its efforts to coordinate and monitor progressin strengthening financial regulation.20.We are committed to a shift in International Monetary Fund (IMF) quota share todynamic emerging markets and developing countries of at least 5% from over-represented countries to under-represented countries using the current quotaformula as the basis to work from. Today we have delivered on our promise tocontribute over $500 billion to a renewed and expanded IMF New Arrangementsto Borrow (NAB).21.We stressed the importance of adopting a dynamic formula at the World Bankwhich primarily reflects countries’ evolving economic weight and the WorldBank’s development mission, and that generates an increase of at least 3% ofvoting power for developing and transition countries, to the benefit of under-represented countries. While recognizing that over-represented countries willmake a contribution, it will be important to protect the voting power of thesmallest poor countries. We called on the World Bank to play a leading role inresponding to problems whose nature requires globally coordinated action, suchas climate change and food security, and agreed that the World Bank and theregional development banks should have sufficient resources to address thesechallenges and fulfill their mandates.22.To take new steps to increase access to food, fuel and finance among the world’spoorest while clamping down on illicit outflows. Steps to reduce the development gap can be a potent driver of global growth.23.Over four billion people remain undereducated, ill-equipped with capital andtechnology, and insufficiently integrated into the global economy. We need towork together to make the policy and institutional changes needed to acceleratethe convergence of living standards and productivity in developing and emergingeconomies to the levels of the advanced economies. To start, we call on theWorld Bank to develop a new trust fund to support the new Food SecurityInitiative for low-income countries announced last summer. We will increase, ona voluntary basis, funding for programs to bring clean affordable energy to thepoorest, such as the Scaling Up Renewable Energy Program.24.To phase out and rationalize over the medium term inefficient fossil fuel subsidieswhile providing targeted support for the poorest. Inefficient fossil fuel subsidiesencourage wasteful consumption, reduce our energy security, impede investment in clean energy sources and undermine efforts to deal with the threat of climate change.25.We call on our Energy and Finance Ministers to report to us their implementationstrategies and timeline for acting to meet this critical commitment at our nextmeeting.26.We will promote energy market transparency and market stability as part of ourbroader effort to avoid excessive volatility.27.To maintain our openness and move toward greener, more sustainable growth.28.We will fight protectionism. We are committed to bringing the Doha Round to asuccessful conclusion in 2010.29.We will spare no effort to reach agreement in Copenhagen through the UnitedNations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) negotiations.30.We warmly welcome the report by the Chair of the London Summit commissioned atour last meeting and published today.31.Finally, we agreed to meet in Canada in June 2010 and in Korea in November 2010.We expect to meet annually thereafter and will meet in France in 2011.* * *1.We assessed the progress we have made together in addressing the global crisis andagreed to maintain our steps to support economic activity until recovery is assured.We further committed to additional steps to ensure strong, sustainable, and balanced growth, to build a stronger international financial system, to reduce development imbalances, and to modernize our architecture for international economiccooperation.A Framework for Strong, Sustainable, and Balanced Growth2.The growth of the global economy and the success of our coordinated effort torespond to the recent crisis have increased the case for more sustained and systematic international cooperation. In the short-run, we must continue to implement ourstimulus programs to support economic activity until recovery clearly has taken hold.We also need to develop a transparent and credible process for withdrawing ourextraordinary fiscal, monetary and financial sector support, to be implemented when recovery becomes fully secured. We task our Finance Ministers, working with input from the IMF and FSB, at their November meeting to continue developingcooperative and coordinated exit strategies recognizing that the scale, timing, and sequencing of this process will vary across countries or regions and across the type of policy measures. Credible exit strategies should be designed and communicatedclearly to anchor expectations and reinforce confidence.3.The IMF estimates that world growth will resume this year and rise by nearly 3% bythe end of 2010. Subsequently, our objective is to return the world to high,sustainable, and balanced growth, while maintaining our commitment to fiscalresponsibility and sustainability, with reforms to increase our growth potential and capacity to generate jobs and policies designed to avoid both the re-creation of asset bubbles and the re-emergence of unsustainable global financial flows. We commit to put in place the necessary policy measures to achieve these outcomes.4.We will need to work together as we manage the transition to a more balanced patternof global growth. The crisis and our initial policy responses have already produced significant shifts in the pattern and level of growth across countries. Many countries have already taken important steps to expand domestic demand, bolstering global activity and reducing imbalances. In some countries, the rise in private saving now underway will, in time, need to be augmented by a rise in public saving. Ensuring a strong recovery will necessitate adjustments across different parts of the globaleconomy, while requiring macroeconomic policies that promote adequate andbalanced global demand as well as decisive progress on structural reforms that foster private domestic demand, narrow the global development gap, and strengthen long-run growth potential. The IMF estimates that only with such adjustments andrealignments, will global growth reach a strong, sustainable, and balanced pattern.While governments have started moving in the right direction, a shared understanding and deepened dialogue will help build a more stable, lasting, and sustainable pattern of growth. Raising living standards in the emerging markets and developingcountries is also a critical element in achieving sustainable growth in the globaleconomy.5.Today we are launching a Framework for Strong, Sustainable, and Balanced Growth.To put in place this framework, we commit to develop a process whereby we set out our objectives, put forward policies to achieve these objectives, and together assess our progress. We will ask the IMF to help us with its analysis of how our respective national or regional policy frameworks fit together. We will ask the World Bank to advise us on progress in promoting development and poverty reduction as part of the rebalancing of global growth. We will work together to ensure that our fiscal,monetary, trade, and structural policies are collectively consistent with moresustainable and balanced trajectories of growth. We will undertake macro prudential and regulatory policies to help prevent credit and asset price cycles from becoming forces of destabilization. As we commit to implement a new, sustainable growth model, we should encourage work on measurement methods so as to better take into account the social and environmental dimensions of economic development.6.We call on our Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors to launch the newFramework by November by initiating a cooperative process of mutual assessment of our policy frameworks and the implications of those frameworks for the pattern and sustainability of global growth. We believe that regular consultations, strengthened cooperation on macroeconomic policies, the exchange of experiences on structural policies, and ongoing assessment will promote the adoption of sound policies and secure a healthy global economy. Our compact is that:•G-20 members will agree on shared policy objectives. These objectives should be updated as conditions evolve.•G-20 members will set out our medium-term policy frameworks and will work together to assess the collective implications of our national policy frameworksfor the level and pattern of global growth and to identify potential risks tofinancial stability.•G-20 Leaders will consider, based on the results of the mutual assessment, and agree any actions to meet our common objectives.7.This process will only be successful if it is supported by candid, even-handed, andbalanced analysis of our policies. We ask the IMF to assist our Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors in this process of mutual assessment by developing aforward-looking analysis of whether policies pursued by individual G-20 countries are collectively consistent with more sustainable and balanced trajectories for the global economy, and to report regularly to both the G-20 and the InternationalMonetary and Financial Committee (IMFC), building on the IMF’s existing bilateral and multilateral surveillance analysis, on global economic developments, patterns of growth and suggested policy adjustments. Our Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors will elaborate this process at their November meeting and we will review the results of the first mutual assessment at our next summit.8.These policies will help us to meet our responsibility to the community of nations tobuild a more resilient international financial system and to reduce developmentimbalances.9.Building on Chancellor Merkel’s proposed Charter, on which we will continue towork, we adopted today Core Values for Sustainable Economic Activity, which will include those of propriety, integrity, and transparency, and which will underpin the Framework.Strengthening the International Financial Regulatory System10.Major failures of regulation and supervision, plus reckless and irresponsible risktaking by banks and other financial institutions, created dangerous financial fragilities that contributed significantly to the current crisis. A return to the excessive risktaking prevalent in some countries before the crisis is not an option.11.Since the onset of the global crisis, we have developed and begun implementingsweeping reforms to tackle the root causes of the crisis and transform the system for global financial regulation. Substantial progress has been made in strengtheningprudential oversight, improving risk management, strengthening transparency,promoting market integrity, establishing supervisory colleges, and reinforcinginternational cooperation. We have enhanced and expanded the scope of regulation and oversight, with tougher regulation of over-the-counter (OTC) derivatives,securitization markets, credit rating agencies, and hedge funds. We endorse theinstitutional strengthening of the FSB through its Charter, following its establishment in London, and welcome its reports to Leaders and Ministers. The FSB’s ongoing efforts to monitor progress will be essential to the full and consistent implementation of needed reforms. We call on the FSB to report on progress to the G-20 Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors in advance of the next Leaders summit.12.Yet our work is not done. Far more needs to be done to protect consumers,depositors, and investors against abusive market practices, promote high qualitystandards, and help ensure the world does not face a crisis of the scope we have seen.We are committed to take action at the national and international level to raisestandards together so that our national authorities implement global standardsconsistently in a way that ensures a level playing field and avoids fragmentation of markets, protectionism, and regulatory arbitrage. Our efforts to deal with impaired assets and to encourage the raising of additional capital must continue, where needed.We commit to conduct robust, transparent stress tests as needed. We call on banks to retain a greater proportion of current profits to build capital, where needed, to support lending. Securitization sponsors or originators should retain a part of the risk of the underlying assets, thus encouraging them to act prudently. It is important to ensure an adequate balance between macroprudential and microprudential regulation tocontrol risks, and to develop the tools necessary to monitor and assess the buildup of macroprudential risks in the financial system. In addition, we have agreed to improve13.As we encourage the resumption of lending to households and businesses, we musttake care not to spur a return of the practices that led to the crisis. The steps we are taking here, when fully implemented, will result in a fundamentally stronger financial system than existed prior to the crisis. If we all act together, financial institutions will have stricter rules for risk-taking, governance that aligns compensation with long-term performance, and greater transparency in their operations. All firms whosefailure could pose a risk to financial stability must be subject to consistent,consolidated supervision and regulation with high standards. Our reform is multi-faceted but at its core must be stronger capital standards, complemented by clearincentives to mitigate excessive risk-taking practices. Capital allows banks towithstand those losses that inevitably will come. It, together with more powerful tools for governments to wind down firms that fail, helps us hold firms accountable for the risks that they take. Building on their Declaration on Further Steps toStrengthen the International Financial System, we call on our Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors to reach agreement on an international framework of reform in the following critical areas:•Building high quality capital and mitigating pro-cyclicality: We commit to developing by end-2010 internationally agreed rules to improve both the quantity and quality of bank capital and to discourage excessive leverage. These rules will be phased in as financial conditions improve and economic recovery is assured,with the aim of implementation by end-2012. The national implementation ofhigher level and better quality capital requirements, counter-cyclical capitalbuffers, higher capital requirements for risky products and off-balance sheetactivities, as elements of the Basel II Capital Framework, together withstrengthened liquidity risk requirements and forward-looking provisioning, willreduce incentives for banks to take excessive risks and create a financial systembetter prepared to withstand adverse shocks. We welcome the key measuresrecently agreed by the oversight body of the Basel Committee to strengthen thesupervision and regulation of the banking sector. We support the introduction ofa leverage ratio as a supplementary measure to the Basel II risk-based frameworkwith a view to migrating to a Pillar 1 treatment based on appropriate review andcalibration. To ensure comparability, the details of the leverage ratio will beharmonized internationally, fully adjusting for differences in accounting. Allmajor G-20 financial centers commit to have adopted the Basel II CapitalFramework by 2011.•Reforming compensation practices to support financial stability: Excessive compensation in the financial sector has both reflected and encouraged excessive risk taking. Reforming compensation policies and practices is an essential part of our effort to increase financial stability. We fully endorse the implementationstandards of the FSB aimed at aligning compensation with long-term valuecreation, not excessive risk-taking, including by (i) avoiding multi-yearguaranteed bonuses; (ii) requiring a significant portion of variable compensationto be deferred, tied to performance and subject to appropriate clawback and to be vested in the form of stock or stock-like instruments, as long as these createincentives aligned with long-term value creation and the time horizon of risk; (iii) ensuring that compensation for senior executives and other employees having amaterial impact on the firm’s risk exposure align with performance and risk; (iv)making firms’ compensation policies and structures transparent throughdisclosure requirements; (v) limiting variable compensation as a percentage oftotal net revenues when it is inconsistent with the maintenance of a sound capitalbase; and (vi) ensuring that compensation committees overseeing compensationpolicies are able to act independently. Supervisors should have the responsibility to review firms’ compensation policies and structures with institutional andsystemic risk in mind and, if necessary to offset additional risks, apply corrective measures, such as higher capital requirements, to those firms that fail toimplement sound compensation policies and practices. Supervisors should havethe ability to modify compensation structures in the case of firms that fail orrequire extraordinary public intervention. We call on firms to implement thesesound compensation practices immediately. We task the FSB to monitor theimplementation of FSB standards and propose additional measures as required by March 2010.•Improving over-the-counter derivatives markets: All standardized OTC derivative contracts should be traded on exchanges or electronic tradingplatforms, where appropriate, and cleared through central counterparties by end-2012 at the latest. OTC derivative contracts should be reported to traderepositories. Non-centrally cleared contracts should be subject to higher capitalrequirements. We ask the FSB and its relevant members to assess regularlyimplementation and whether it is sufficient to improve transparency in thederivatives markets, mitigate systemic risk, and protect against market abuse.•Addressing cross-border resolutions and systemically important financial institutions by end-2010: Systemically important financial firms should developinternationally-consistent firm-specific contingency and resolution plans. Ourauthorities should establish crisis management groups for the major cross-borderfirms and a legal framework for crisis intervention as well as improve information sharing in times of stress. We should develop resolution tools and frameworks for the effective resolution of financial groups to help mitigate the disruption offinancial institution failures and reduce moral hazard in the future. Our prudential standards for systemically important institutions should be commensurate with the costs of their failure. The FSB should propose by the end of October 2010possible measures including more intensive supervision and specific additionalcapital, liquidity, and other prudential requirements.14.We call on our international accounting bodies to redouble their efforts to achieve asingle set of high quality, global accounting standards within the context of theirindependent standard setting process, and complete their convergence project by June2011. The International Accounting Standards Board’s (IASB) institutionalframework should further enhance the involvement of various stakeholders.15.Our commitment to fight non-cooperative jurisdictions (NCJs) has producedimpressive results. We are committed to maintain the momentum in dealing with tax havens, money laundering, proceeds of corruption, terrorist financing, and prudential standards. We welcome the expansion of the Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information, including the participation of developing countries, and welcome the agreement to deliver an effective program of peer review. The main focus of the Forum’s work will be to improve tax transparency and exchange ofinformation so that countries can fully enforce their tax laws to protect their tax base.We stand ready to use countermeasures against tax havens from March 2010. We welcome the progress made by the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) in the fight against money laundering and terrorist financing and call upon the FATF to issue a public list of high risk jurisdictions by February 2010. We call on the FSB to report progress to address NCJs with regards to international cooperation and information exchange in November 2009 and to initiate a peer review process by February 2010.16.We task the IMF to prepare a report for our next meeting with regard to the range ofoptions countries have adopted or are considering as to how the financial sector could make a fair and substantial contribution toward paying for any burdens associated with government interventions to repair the banking system.Modernizing our Global Institutions to Reflect Today’s Global Economy17.Modernizing the international financial institutions and global developmentarchitecture is essential to our efforts to promote global financial stability, fostersustainable development, and lift the lives of the poorest. We warmly welcomePrime Minister Brown’s report on his review of the responsiveness and adaptability of the international financial institutions (IFIs) and ask our Finance Ministers toconsider its conclusions.Reforming the Mandate, Mission and Governance of the IMF18.Our commitment to increase the funds available to the IMF allowed it to stem thespread of the crisis to emerging markets and developing countries. This commitment and the innovative steps the IMF has taken to create the facilities needed for itsresources to be used efficiently and flexibly have reduced global risks. Capital again is flowing to emerging economies.19.We have delivered on our promise to treble the resources available to the IMF. Weare contributing over $500 billion to a renewed and expanded IMF NewArrangements to Borrow (NAB). The IMF has made Special Drawing Rights (SDR) allocations of $283 billion in total, more than $100 billion of which will supplement emerging market and developing countries’ existing reserve assets. Resources from the agreed sale of IMF gold, consistent with the IMF’s new income model, and funds。
规则流程_G20
Southwest District Model United Nations 西南地区模拟联合国大会Rules of Procedures规则流程（中文）Southwest Model United Nations, 2011西南地区模拟联合国大会总体规划主席团结构和委员会工作人员的主要权利：一个委员会的主席团管理和主持由 3 至 5 名工作人员组成。
主席团包括会议指导、助理会议指导和主席助理各一名。
会议指导的职责是主持辩论，根据本文件规定的规则流程引导代表参与会议。
同时，会议指导将宣布每个会议的开始和结束，推动采用任何没有重大反对意见的程序性动议。
在完全掌控着委员会任何会议进程的基础上，他将引导讨论，确定发言权利，提出问题，宣布决定，裁决问题和加强对于规则流程的遵守。
他还将鉴定并批准通过上交至主席团的诸多文件。
会议指导可以将他的权力短暂移交给主席团的另一个成员。
助理会议指导将在会议中帮助会议指导鉴定并批准文件。
他还将回答针对主席团的询问。
主席助理将负责记录并呈现会议进程。
主席团可以对代表们提出有关会议进程的导向性建议，在行使规则流程时，主席团将随时对秘书长负责。
委员会：在规则流程的框架内，委员会由一个单独委员会内的所有与会代表和其主席团组成。
代表团：每个国家由一或两名代表出席，在每个委员会有一次表决权。
观察国的权利：观察国可以参与除修正案外的所有程序性问题的表决，不可以参加实质性问 题的表决。
正式辩论的规则Southwest Model United Nations, 2011西南地区模拟联合国大会正式辩论时，所有代表须遵循规则流程并保持礼貌。
正式辩论可由以下部分构成：点名：在这个阶段，会议指导将按照字母顺序读出每个国家的名字。
被念到时该国的代表将举起他/她的国家牌并答“到”。
确定议题：点名后，委员会将首先定议题。
●须有一个动议提出讨论指导文件里的一个议题。
该动议须一个赞成。
●对于只设立了一个议题的委员会，无须辩论而自动采用该议题。
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Moderated Caucus
Motions to suspend the meeting, to close the discussions and announce the joint communiqué Only topic is necessary; duration and personal speaking time are not needed because we suppose that there is no time limit in G20’s MC. Therefore, there is no MC. saying as the term “Yield the time.”
The dais may invite representatives tocountries, developing countries, IMF, WB and EU respectively.
During discussion, the dais may invite the European Union to present the Europe’s economy situations, could include Switzerland’s <<Basle Accord>>, the construction of Euro Zone.
The dais may organize some press conference interviewing developed countries, developing countries, EU, WB/IMF. The meeting may continue to discuss how to balance and negotiate the economy development of domestic market and overseas market including protectionism, energy cooperation, incentives of economy, and the macroeconomics policy.
The dais may also invite IMF to introduce the ideas of reforming financial institutions from the <<outlook of world economy>>, would invite World Bank to suggest issues of improving the balance of the global economy development. The finance minister from each country could question, could comment, and could also suspect, it’s better to relate to its own country’s situations. At the same time, the dais would like to invite “America’s finance minister—Geithner” and “the chairman of the Bank of China—ZhouXiaochuan” to introduce each country’s exchange rate policy.
Motions
no superseding motion Simple majority is needed to pass a motion 2/3 majority is not needed thorough the whole conference Un-moderated caucus Un*There is time limit for UMC
If you motion for a certain topic, you have to give reasons why you choose this topic in order to gain supports from other delegates in voting your motion.
3. Opening Ceremony
The rotating presidency holder France will deliver the opening ceremony speech to the conference.
5. Discussions (Imaginary scenarios only)
G20 Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors Meeting
Rules and imaginary procedures
1. Roll Call
Take seats, add to the present list If delegate is late, please send a note up to the dais or make points The dais announces the simple majority (half+1), 2/3 majority is not needed The procedures of “setting the agenda” and “opening the speaker list” are not required.
If multiple motions pass the simple majority, then the conference will firstly discuss the one that gets more votes. votes.
If multiple motions get the same number of votes, then the proposed votes, delegates of these motions can make further explanation and apply for voting again. After one more voting, again. if these motions still get the same number of votes, then the dais will decide to discuss which motions.
Points
Point of order: point out any mistake order: the dais makes at the conference Point of parliamentary inquiry: ask questions if you do not understand
There is no Draft Resolution or Draft Directive. Directive. Instead, the Joint Announcement should be written at the end of the G20 conference. If you are not clear about the pattern of the Joint Announcement, you can search for the recent Seoul one drafted by G20 Leaders Summit in Korea or concern the latest news about the consensus reached by G20 Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors Meeting in Paris, France in 2011
Based on the introduction and report, the meeting may discuss on how to establish more effective international monetary policy, developing countries’ vote rights in IMF and WB, the Europe sovereign debt crisis, and the supervision of Global financial institutions. We could also discuss on the RMB appreciation, QE2, and Euros.
For passed motions, the dais will motions, invite countries to speak. If any country would like to add to the speaker list, the delegate can submit page to the dais.
Conference document
You can use Working Paper to help Paper you to explain your ideas. You can also motion for the moderated caucus of your working paper if you feel it is relevant to do so.
Advice
*We encourage delegates to motion for creative pattern of discussions, for instance, a direct, public dialogue between US Finance Minister and China Central Bank Governor over currency issue, a public speech of BRIC nations over the role of developing countries in contributing to the global economy recovery and etc