中国文化概况_chapter_1
中国学者对文化的定义界定-概述说明以及解释
中国学者对文化的定义界定-概述说明以及解释1.引言1.1 概述概述部分的内容可以简单介绍一下中国学者对文化的定义界定这个主题的重要性和背景。
可以提到文化作为一个广泛而复杂的概念，一直以来都是学者们关注和研究的重点之一。
因为文化对于一个国家或者一个民族的发展和影响至关重要，因此对文化的界定和理解具有重要意义。
在中国，众多学者对文化的研究和定义都有自己的观点和见解，这其中涉及的内容丰富多样，不同的学者可能从不同的角度和层面出发，对文化进行理解和界定。
对于一个国家的学者来说，对本国文化的界定尤为重要，因为文化不仅涉及到传统、价值观和道德准则等方面，还充分体现了一个国家的历史、民俗、艺术和科技等多个方面。
在中国，几千年的历史积淀造就了独特丰富而复杂的中国文化，对中国学者来说，对于中国文化的定义界定具有特殊的意义和价值。
本文将分别介绍学者A和学者B对于文化的定义界定，通过比较和综合分析两位学者的观点和见解，以期对中国学者对文化的定义界定有更全面和深入的认识。
同时，本文还将总结并提出自己对于中国学者对文化的定义界定的观点和看法，以期为文化研究提供一定的参考和思考。
通过本文的阐述，我们可以更好地理解和把握中国学者对文化的定义界定，为文化的发展和传承做出应有的贡献。
文章结构部分的内容可以包括以下几点：1.2 文章结构本文主要从中国学者的角度探讨对文化的定义界定，为了更好地展现中国学者的观点，文章将分为以下几个部分进行阐述。
第一部分是引言部分（Chapter 1），用以引出本文的主题和目的。
在引言中，首先会对本文的研究背景进行简要概述，介绍文化定义界定的重要性和研究价值。
接着，会明确文章的结构和逻辑框架，以帮助读者理解全文的内容和主旨。
最后，明确本文的目的，即通过对中国学者关于文化的定义界定的讨论，探寻文化的本质和特点。
第二部分是正文部分（Chapter 2），主要阐述中国学者A和B对文化的定义界定。
在这一部分，会分别介绍学者A和学者B的背景和研究成果，然后详细阐述他们对文化的定义和界定的观点。
《中国文化概述》课件
中国文化的组成部分
中国文化包含丰富多样的组成部分，涵盖思想文化、艺术文化、历史文化、哲学思想等方面。让我们一起了解 每个组成部分的独特之处。
中国文化的代表作品
中国文化有许多著名的代表作品，如《论语》、《红楼梦》、《山海经》、 《易经》等。这些作品反映了中国文化的深厚底蕴和独特价值。
中国文化的价值观
中国文化概述
中国拥有悠久丰富的文化遗产，对世界产生了深远的影响。本课件将带您了 解中国文化的起源、特点、组成部分、代表作品、价值观、影响以及未来发 展方向。
引言
中国文化由于其独特性和丰富性，对世界产生了深远的影响。本节将介绍中国文化的重要性及其对世界的影响。
中国文化的起源和发展
中国文化源远流长，经历了漫长的发展历程。我们将探讨中国文化的起源、 发展历程以及其基础和特点。
中国文化注重道德伦理和价值观，如孝道、忠诚、仁爱、尊重等。这些价值 观对中国社会的发展和人民的生活产生了积极的影响。
中国文化的影响
中国文化对全球产生了重要的影响和贡献，如中医、武术、中国菜等。这些 文化元素为世界带来了新的视角和丰富的体验。
中国世界中焕发新的活力和创造力。
结语
中国文化的重要性和价值不容忽视。我们应当共同努力保护和传承中国文化，让其继续为人类文明的发展作出 贡献。
中国文化概述
中国⽂化作为世界上最为悠久和丰富的⽂化之⼀，不仅深刻影响了东亚地区，也对全球⽂明产⽣了⼴泛⽽深远的影响。
从古代的哲学思想到现代的⽂化创新，中国⽂化展现出博⼤精深的内涵和独特的时代魅⼒。
中国历史悠久，不同的历史时期形成了各具特⾊的⽂化氛围和发展轨迹，从夏商周时期到元明清时期，每个朝代都为中国⽂化的发展做出了重要贡献。
中国历史与地区⽂化1夏商周时期夏朝是中国历史上第⼀个有⽂字记载的朝代，商朝在⻩河流域发展出最早的中央集权制度，周朝则建⽴了封建制度的基础，奠定了中国传统政治⽂化的基础。
2春秋战国时期这⼀时期是中国思想⽂化最为活跃的时期，孔⼦、⽼⼦等思想家和学派相继涌现，儒家、道家、法家等思想体系初步形成，对后世产⽣深远影响。
3秦汉时期秦始皇统⼀六国，建⽴了中央集权的封建帝国，汉朝进⼀步巩固了这⼀体制，并在科技、⽂化等中国哲学与思想儒家思想儒家思想强调⼈伦道德和社会秩序，提倡仁爱、礼仪、孝道等核⼼价值观，对中国社会的政治和伦理有着深远影响。
儒家思想的主要代表⼈物有孔⼦、孟⼦、程颐等。
道家思想道家思想主张"道法⾃然"，反对形式主义和功利主义，强调个体与⾃然的和谐，对中国⽂化的艺术、医学等领域产⽣了深远影响。
道家思想的主要代表⼈物有⽼⼦、庄⼦等。
法家思想法家思想强调法律和秩序的重要性，主张严刑峻法，强化统治者的权⼒和社会秩序，对中国古代政治和法律体系有深远影响。
法家的主要代表⼈物有商鞅、韩⾮⼦等。
中国⽂学与艺术古代⽂学中国古代⽂学以诗歌、词赋、散⽂等为主要表现形式，作品充满哲理性和感伤性，代表作有《诗经》、《楚辞》、《唐诗宋词》等。
这些作品不仅反映了当时社会的⻛貌，也传递了深厚的⽂化内涵。
绘画与书法中国绘画和书法以其独特的审美标准和艺术⼿法，成为世界艺术宝库中的重要组成部分。
中国画分为⼯笔画、写意画、⽔墨画等多种⻛格，强调笔墨情趣和意境的表达。
⾳乐与戏剧中国⾳乐和戏剧源远流⻓，代表性艺术形式有京剧、昆曲、评剧等，展现了丰富的表演艺术和深厚的⽂化内涵。
【大二英语】【中国文化概况】中国文化概况期末考试复习资料
Chapter 1 A General Introduction to Chinese CultureWords and Expressions:the descendants of Y an and Huang 炎黄子孙porcelain 瓷器The appellation of ChinaChinese history began with two legendary figures—Emperor Huang and Emperor Y an, who, together with their tribes, inhabited the drainage area along the middle reaches（中游）of the Y ellow River. By the time of Xia Dynasty, after centuries of living side by side, these two tribes had gradually merged into（合并，融合）one. Consequently, the Chinese people usually call themselves “the descendants of Y an and Huang”.People at that time believed that the land they lived on was the center of the world, and called their state the "Middle Kingdom"(中国), thus giving China its country name.China is the appellation of our country given by foreigners. The porcelain china is the transliteration of the place name Changnan(昌南), which was the old name for Jingdezhen（景德镇）. The porcelain made in Changnan was smooth and bright, and earned another name of artificial jade. It became famous both home and abroad and was exported to Europe in large quantities.In Europe, people regarded Changnan porcelain as something precious and delicate and would take pride in possessing one. As time passed, people in Europe forgot the meaning of Changnan and switched the original meaning of porcelain of the word “china” to the place of its origin.Chapter 2Chinese Philosophy and ReligionPart 1 Chinese Thoughts and PhilosophyWords and Expressions:Confucianism 儒家Taoism 道家The Analects 《论语》benevolence 仁慈，善行ritual礼制，仪式，惯例filial piety 孝，孝心The Development of Ancient Chinese PhilosophyThe philosophy in Pre-Qin times (先秦子学)The orthodox philosophy during the Han Dynasty (两汉经学)Metaphysics during the Wei and Jin dynasties (魏晋玄学)The buddhist philosophy during the Sui and Tang dynasties (隋唐佛学)Neo-confucianism in Song and Ming dynasties (宋明理学)Application philosophy in the Ming and Qing dynasties (明清实学)The philosophy in Pre-Qin times (先秦子学)The philosophy in Pre-Qin times was marked by the emergence of various ancient philosophical views.The most influential schools were Confucianism (儒家), Taoism (道家), Mohism (墨家) and Legalism (法家)1.ConfucianismConfucianism is a school of thought represented by Confucius and Mencius. Confucianism has influenced the Chinese for thousands of years and is deeply rooted in Chinese culture. It is an integration of intellectual, political, and religious tradition with the focus on the individual morality and ethics in daily life and the proper exercise of political power.Who is Confucius?Family name: Kong; Given name: Qiu; courtesy name: ZhongniHe is a great thinker, an educator, a statesman, a philosopher, the founder of the Confucian school and Confucianism.The landmark of Confucianism is the Analects, which was written by his disciples after his death. The core of Confucius’s philosophy are the concepts ofRen (benevolence)Ren(仁): Confucius defines it as “Airen”(爱人），that is , to love others.The Chinese character “仁”（benevolence) consists of “a person （人）” on the left and “two(二)” on the right indicating the relationship between people.Li (ritual)Li （ritual-礼）refers to the rules of human conduct and moral norms such as politeness, courtesy, propriety, proper etiquette and good manners ranging from speech and behavior to the performance of rituals which are usually codified and treated as an all-embracing system of socialnorms.Xiao (filial piety)Xiao(孝）refers to the filial piety, which was regarded as one of the greatest of virtues in Chinese tradition, denoting the respect and obedience that the children should show to their parents. Zhong (loyalty)Zhong(loyalty-忠）is a great virtue, which emphasizes the obligations and duties to the superior, to friends, family, and spouse.2. T aoismFounded by Lao Zi and Zhuang Zi, the school advocates the doctrine that the Dao is the course, the principle, the substance, and the standard of all things, to which all of them must conform. Based on the work of Dao De Jing, Taoism promotes the belief that a person should live a simple life, not to strive for wealth, fame or power, which will only give one worries and trouble. The school favours the political principle of “achieving good government through non-action”(无为而治)3. MohismBase on the teaching of Mozi, the school cherishes universal love which states that if all the people in the world loved one another, there will be no hatred, calamities, and hostilities.In politics and ethics, Mohism proposes honoring virtuous people, opposing fatalism (宿命论) and aggressive wars, and upholding thriftiness(节俭).4. LegalismLegalism, begun by Hanfeizi, espouses (主张) laying down laws to unify the thought of people, promoting agriculture to achieve affluence (富裕), waging (进行) wars to gain strength and power, and establishing a system of bureaucracy (官僚制度).The orthodox philosophy during the Han Dynasty (两汉经学)In the Han Dynasty, Emperor Wudi instituted the campaign of “banning all schools of thought except Confucianism(罢黜百家，独尊儒术)”. He chose officials from th ose who were steeped in Confucianism only. Consequently, Confucianism became an orthodox school that served as the ideological foundation of the feudal rule throughout the dynasties in China.Traditional Chinese ethicsTraditional Chinese ethics includes both good and bad elements. Some reflect the high standard ofmoral pursuit of the Chinese people, while others seem less relevant in modern society. For example, the three obediences and four virtues (三从四德) and the three basic rules and five constant virtues (三纲五常) have long been abandoned by the Chinese people.The traditional ideal of a woman is that she is a dependant being whose behavior is governed by “three obediences” (to father before marriage, to husband after marriage, and to son after becoming a widow: 未嫁从父, 既嫁从夫, 夫死从子) and four “virtues” (morality, pro per speech, modest manner, and diligence: 品德、言语、仪态、女工).These were the social norms prescribed by feudal morality.The three basic rules: a king should rule over his subjects; a father, his son; a husband, his wife (君为臣纲、父为子纲、夫为妻纲).The five constant virtues: benevolence, righteousness, propriety, wisdom, and fidelity (仁、义、礼、智、信).Part 2 Religions and BeliefsWords and Expressions:Heaven worship 祭天Ancestor worship 祭祖Confucianism 儒教The Confucian Temple 孔庙Taoism 道教The Five Elements 五行Buddhism 佛教Buddha 佛像，佛祖，佛陀nirvana涅槃Heaven worshipThe heaven worship was the bureaucratic(官僚的) belief system adopted by most dynasties of China until the overthrow(推翻) of the Qing Dynasty.Heaven was believed to manifest itself through the powers of the weather and natural disasters. Heaven was seen as a judge of humans.The emperors are Sons of Heaven(天子), and their power are authorized by heaven. Such beliefs actually consolidated(巩固) the authority of the Emperor.Ancestor worshipChinese worship of ancestors dates back to the prehistory. Chinese culture, Confucianism, and Chinese Buddhism all value filial piety as a top virtue, and the act is a continued display of piety and respect towards departed ancestors.Confucianism儒教Confucianism is not a real religion, it is just an ethical(伦理道德的) and philosophical system, which developed from Confucius‟ thoughts and later was treated as a kind of belief to educate common people(教化大众).The T aoist ReligionA General Introduction of TaoismTaoism is the indigenous (土生土长的) religion in China.The Taoist religion evolved out of witchcraft (巫术), necromancy（方术) and self-cultivation techniques. Its highest belief is called “Dao”, its bible is called “Dao De Jing”.It had great impact on the thinking of the Chinese people, as well as on the political, economic and cultural life of the country.BeliefsYin-yang TheoryYin-yang are opposing, Yin-yang are mutually rooted, Yin-yang mutually transform, Y in-yang mutually wax and waneThe Five Elements/Wuxing“五行”The relationship between the five elements:The Generating CycleWood feeds Fire; Fire creates Earth; Earth bears Metal; Metal carries Water; Water nourishes Wood.The Overcoming CycleWood parts Earth; Earth absorbs Water; Water quenches Fire; Fire melts Metal; Metal chops Wood.BuddhismBuddhism is the most important religion in China. It is generally believed that it was spread to China in 67 AD during the Han Dynasty (206 BC-220) from Hotan（和田）in Xinjiang to Central China. During its development in China, it has a profound （深远的）influence on traditionalChinese culture and thoughts, and has become one of the most important religions in China at that time.Its Deity is Sakyamuni(释迦牟尼);Its doctrine is based on transmigration(轮回).What is the fundamental cause of all suffering?Desire!What did the Buddha teach?The doctrine of Four Noble Truths (四谛)⏹life is suffering,⏹the cause of suffering is desire,⏹the answer is to quench (抑制) desire,⏹the way to this end is to follow the Eight-Fold Path (八正道).What do Buddhists believe?Nirvana is a peaceful, detached state of mind.Achieving Nirvana means escape from the cycle of rebirth.Buddhism in China has developed into three sections, namely the Han, Tibetan and Southern Buddhism.Chapter 3Chinese Characters, Calligraphy and PaintingWords and Expressions:Chinese Characters 汉字calligraphy书法calligrapher书法家Oracle bone script甲骨文The regular Script 楷书Four Treasures of the Study文房四宝brush 毛笔ink stick 墨ink stone 砚台The origin of the Chinese characters1.Keep records by tying knots (结绳说）2.The Eight Diagrams (八卦说)3.Cang Jie created the characters(仓颉造字说)The evolution of Chinese characters font(汉字的字体演变)Oracle bone scriptIt refers to incised(雕刻的) ancient Chinese characters found on oracle bones, which are animal bones or turtle shells used in divination(预言) in ancient China.Bronze ware script金文It refers to characters found engraved on bronze vessels, utensils, weapons etc. TheSealCharacters (篆书)Soft lines of strokes and upright rectangular shape keep the seal form characters more close to pictography (象形文字). Each of the characters has a balanced and symmetrical (对称的) pattern. The Official Script(隶书)It was the turning point in the evolution of Chinese scripts and is the foundation of the later script forms. It turned the remaining curved and round strokes of the seal form into linear (直线的) and flat square (扁方形) shapes.The regular Script (楷书)It is still today‟s standard writing. It is square in form, and non-cursive in strokes.Therunning Script (行书)The running form is somewhere between the regular and the cursive forms allowing simpler and faster writing.The Cursive/Grass Character(草书)This style of calligraphy is smooth and lively with strokes flowing and characters linking together.The characters are often joined, with the last stroke of one merging into the initial stroke of the next. It is executed freely and rapidly so that parts of the characters appear exaggerated (夸张的).CalligraphyPlaying musical instruments, playing chess,calligraphy and painting were considered as the four essential skills for a learned scholar.The Chinese saying “The handwriting reveals the person” (字如其人), is directly related to calligraphy.Four T reasures of the Study文房四宝brush毛笔ink stick墨paper 纸ink stone砚Famous Chinese Calligraphers in HistoryWang Xizhi —the sage of Chinese calligraphyZhang Xu (张旭）——the “sage of the cursive hand””草圣”Y an Zhenqing——the four greatest masters of Regular script.Liu Gongquan——a master of Regular Script and Running-cursive(行草)PaintingPaintingChinese Traditional Painting refers to ink - wash painting (水墨画) .Traditional Chinese paintings are not “purely” paintings. They combine fine art, poetry, calligraphy, and se al engraving to achieve an artistic unison (一致). Human figures, landscapes, flowers, birds, and pavilions are the most important themes of traditional Chinese painting.The classification of Chinese paintingAccording to subject matterFigure paintingLandscape paintingBird-and-flower paintingAccording to the techniqueThe xie yi schoolThe gong bi schoolChapter 4LiteratureWords and ExpressionsCelestial Poet (诗仙)Saint Poet (诗圣)Romance of the Three Kingdoms 《三国演义》Water Margin《水浒传》Journey to the West《西游记》Dream of the Red Mansions《红楼梦》The T ang PoemThe Tang Dynasty saw the continued development of Chinese poetry. The Complete Anthology of Tang Poems (《全唐诗》), edited in the early Qing Dynasty, is the biggest-ever collection of Chinese poetry. It contains 48,977 poems by 2,208 poets who wrote in different styles.The development of poetry in the Tang Dynasty can be classified into four stages, namely Early Tang, High Tang, Mid Tang, and Late Tang (初唐，盛唐，中唐，晚唐）Early T angThe Four Literary Eminences(初唐四杰)Wang Bo, Yang Jiong, Luo Binwang, and Lu ZhaolinHigh T angA whole generation of literary giants appeared during the High Tang period when society enjoyed prosperity and stability. Li Bai and Du Fu are regarded as the twin master poets of the Tang Dynasty.Li Bai,the “Celestial Poet (诗仙)”, has long been regarded the greatest romantic poet in Chinese literature. In his poems, imagination, exaggeration, diction and sonorous rhythms are blended effortlessly.Du Fu, the “Saint Poet (诗圣)”, has been considered as the greatest realistic poet in Chinese literature.A mirror of the times, his poems faithfully and profoundly reflect the social realities of Tang Dynasty in decline, like a poetic historical account. Because he reached perfection in developing a depressing literary style, his works have been considered as the classics of realism. The other poets in this period can be grouped into two categories: frontier poets (边塞诗人）represented by Gao Shi and Cen Shen, and pastoral poets (田园诗人）represented by Meng Haoran and Wang Wei.Mid-T angThe outstanding poet Bai Juyi succeeded Du Fu with poems reflecting the reality of society.Late T angWith the deterioration of the government in the late Tang Dynasty, the poems reflected, more and more, the hopeless and helpless feelings of the people. Poets turned to the theme of nostalgia (怀旧) for the former splendor (辉煌)of old times. The most talented of these were Li Shangyin and Du Mu, who were often called “Y oung Li Bai and Du Fu”.Fiction in the Ming and Qing DynastyIn the Song Dynasty, huaben (话本), the earliest novels written in colloquial language started to appear. By the Ming and Qing dynasties, novels grew rapidly as a lively and free literary form. The language of the novels was simple, easy to understand, and welcomed by the public.Four famous Chinese classical novelsRomance of the Three Kingdoms 《三国演义》Water Margin《水浒传》Journey to the West《西游记》Dream of the Red Mansions《红楼梦》Winner of the Noble Prize in Literature, Mo Y anOn 11 October 2012, the Swedish Academy announced that Mo Y an had received the Nobel Prize in Literature for his work . Aged 57 at the time of the announcement, he was the 109th recipient of the award and the first ever resident of mainland China to receive it .Mo Y an has written 11 novels, and several novellas and short story collections.《红高粱家族》Red Sorghum, 《天堂蒜薹之歌》The Garlic Ballads, 《十三步》Thirteen Step,《食草家族》The Herbivorous Family, 《丰乳肥臀》Big Breasts and Wide Hips, 《酒国》The Republic of Wine: A Novel,《红树林》Red Forest, 《檀香刑》Sandalwood Death, 《生死疲劳》Life and Death Are Wearing Me Out,《四十一炮》Pow!, 《蛙》FrogChapter 5EducationWords and ExpressionsPrivate Schools私塾Official Schools官学the Four Books andthe Five Classics四书五经Imperial Examination 科举Nine-year Compulsory Education 九年制义务教育V ocational Education 职业教育College Entrance Examination 高考Bachelor‟s degree学士学位Master‟s degree 硕士学位Doctor‟s degree 博士学位Confucius Institute孔子学院Private SchoolsA private school refers to a school set up by a family, clan, or teacher that generally had just one teacher who gave individual tuition, and that had no set textbooks and no specified time span of study.In the Spring and Autumn Period, private schools prevailed and many scholars of different schoolsof thought spread their teaching in this way. Among them, the private school run by Confucius was the largest and most influential.Confucius‟ private school:3000ciples(弟子);72 virtuous and talented studentsConfucius‟ educational ideas:“Education should be for all, irrespective of their social status.”（有教无类）“Six arts”: ritual, music, archery, chariot-riding, writing, and arithmetic.（六艺：礼、乐、射、御、书、数）Official SchoolsOfficial schools began during the Western Zhou Dynasty, and were sponsored by the official constitution called Xiangxue .Only children of nobles were admitted.The teaching materials were centered onthe Four Books andthe Five Classics(四书五经). Imperial Examination System (科举)Imperial Examination System in China began in the Sui Dynasty and lasted more than 1,300 years until the last examination was held during the Qing Dynasty.It was conducted at two levels: xiangshi(乡试) and huishi(会试)During the Ming and Qing Dynasty, the examination was designed to select jinshi(进士). It featured writing ,which involved the writing of an Eight-part Essay(八股文).After the Opium War in 1840with the spread of the Westernideology and technology in China ,it was under attack by people. It was abolished in 1905.Nine-year Compulsory EducationThe law of compulsory education came into effect on July 1, 1986, requiring each child to have nine years of formal education.China‟s Nine-year Compulsory Education is composed of two parts: six-years in primary school and three-years in junior high school.In 1989, China launched two ambitious projects: Project Hope (希望工程) and the Spring Bud Project (春蕾计划) These two projects have helped children, especially girls, in poor areas to attend schools.The National College Entrance Examination is an academic examination held annually in China aimed to select high-school graduates for college admissions.Higher EducationMore than two thousand universities, colleges, and institutes in China offer four or five-year programs. Students who have earned Bachelor of Arts or Science degrees may apply for Master of Arts or Science programs and then three-year Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) programs. Confucius InstituteConfucius Institute is not a generalsense of the university, butthepromotion and dissemination（传播）of Chinese culture and Chinese language education.Chapter 6Dress and Adornment CultureWords and Expressionsattire/ costume/trappings 服装、服饰The Silk Road 丝绸之路The Maritime Silk Road海上丝绸之路embroidery/im…brɔidəri /刺绣;刺绣品Li Brocade 黎锦The Intangible Cultural Heritage 非物质文化遗产China has many ethnic groups with a long history. For thousands of years, generations of clothing designers have devoted themselves to building the Kingdom of Clothes, making the garments that cover the human body into an important component of Chinese culture.Cheong-sam(Qi Pao)Cheong-sam came from Qizhuang of manchu women‟s costume. The cheongsam is easy and comfortable to wear, snugly fitting the female Chinese figure. Its neckline is high, collar closed, and its sleeves may be short, medium or full length, depending on the sea son or the wearer‟s taste. The dress is buttoned on the right side, with a loose bodice, a fitted waist, and side-slits to the hem, all of which combine to set off the beauty of the female‟s figure.Chinese tunic suit (Zhongshan suit /Mao suit)The modern Chinese tunic suit is a style of male attire known in China as the Zhongshan suit, and known in the West as the Mao suit (after Mao Zedong). Sun Zhongshan introduced the style shortly after the founding of the Republic of China as a form of national dress although with a distinctly political and later governmental implication.T ang CostumesA tang costumes (literally: "Chinese suit" ) is a Chinese jacket that originated at the end of the Qing Dynasty. The tangzhuang evolved from the magua (Chinese: 马褂), which the Han Chinese were forced to wear it during the Qing Dynasty. In modern times it has been adopted by common people. They are often worn by men, although women wear them as well.In Chinese communities, the Zhongshan suit, the western suit, and the Tang suit are the main forms of formal dress for men on many occasions.The Silk RoadThe Silk Road refers to the ancient trade route connecting Asia Continent and European Continent, usually it can be classified into Northern Silk Road on the land, and the Maritime Silk Road. Embroidery (刺绣)Embroidery is a traditional Chinese handicraft featuring flowers, birds and scenery on silk or other cloth in colored silk threads. Chinese embroidery dates back over 3,000 years. It has distinct regional and ethnic characteristics.Embroidery in China includes:Shu Embroidery (蜀绣) from Sichuan,Su Embroidery (苏绣) from SuzhouSu embroidery enjoys a good reputation of the first of the Top-four embroidery in China.Xiang Embroidery (湘绣) from HunanY ue Embroidery (粤绣) from Guangdong.Li BrocadeAcclaimed as a "living fossil" of Chinese textiles, the Li-style brocade was chosen in the first batch of items for the Intangible Cultural Heritage list released by UNESCO in 2009. The Li brocade has been part of China's national cultural heritage, but as few people nowadays have the skills necessary to weave the special brocades, the practice is in danger of becoming extinct.Chapter 7 Part 1Food CultureWords and Expressionsfoodie 吃货culinary厨房的，烹饪的;烹调用的cuisine烹饪，烹调法;菜肴main food主食,主粮（staple food ）aroma芳香，香味seasonings调味品、调料A general introduction of Chinese foodChinese cuisine(菜肴)is widely seen as representing one of the richest and most diverseculinary(烹饪的) cuisines and heritages in the world.A meal in Chinese culture is typically seen as consisting of two or more general components: Zhushi (main food)---typically rice, noodles, or mantou (steamed bun), and accompanying dishes of vegetables, meat, fish, or other items, known as cai (dish) in the Chinese language. This cultural conceptualization is in some ways in contrast to cuisines of Northern Europe and the USA, where meat or animal protein(蛋白质) is often considered the main food(主食).Chinese cuisine is a complete presence of color, aroma(芳香，香味) and taste. (色香味俱全)In China, we have eight branches of cuisine.Shandong Cuisine山东菜系(鲁菜)Guangdong Cuisine广东菜系(粤菜)Sichuan Cuisine四川菜系(川菜)Hunan Cuisine湖南菜系(湘菜)Jiangsu Cuisine淮扬菜系(苏菜)Zhejiang Cuisine浙江菜系(浙菜)Fujian Cuisine福建菜系(闽菜)Anhui Cuisine安徽菜系(徽菜)Hainan CuisineHainan is noted for its "Four Best Known Dishes" -- Wenchang Chicken, Jiaji Duck, Dongshan Mutton东山羊and Hele Crab和乐蟹.Chapter 7 Part 2 T ea and Wine CultureA Brief Introduction to T ea CultureT ea (茶) commonly denotes the drink made from steeping(浸泡）the processed leaves, buds（芽）, or twigs of the tea bush (茶树) in water.On both casual and formal Chinese occasions, tea is consumed regularly. In addition to being a drink, Chinese tea is used in Traditional Chinese medicine and in Chinese cuisine.It is universally acknowledged that China is the original tea-growing area, as well as the firstcountry to grow, produce and drink tea.At the end of the sixteenth century, the Dutch(荷兰人) brought word to Europe that there was a kind of magic leaf in the east, from which tasty drinks could be made, and this was the first time that Europeans heard of tea.In 1610, the East India Company(东印度公司) was the first to sell tea to Europe, after which the habit of drinking tea took root there. Britain is famous for its tea drinking.The Classifications of Chinese T eaGreen tea绿茶Black tea红茶Oolong tea乌龙茶Y ellow tea黄茶White tea 白茶Scented tea花茶Compressed tea砖茶Unique customs of taking tea in different regions:Guangdong Morning teaFujian Kongfu teaSichuan “Covered-bowl tea”Tibetan Buttered tea(酥油茶)Inner Mongolia Milk teaHainan Laoba TeaHainan Laoba T ea“Laoba tea”(Laoba means father) is a special scene in Haikou, a pot of tea with some snacks, people sit around an old table,for killing time and strengthening the relationship with theirs friends, it hasn’t the limitation of time or place. Most of places of traditional Laoba tea are barely furnished, the prices of food and tea there are cheap. The teahouse of Laoba tea is a little world of society, a mirror of the traditional life in Hainan.The Functions of Offering T eaTo show respectTo apologizeTo express thanks to the elders on one’s wedding dayT ea EtiquetteServing a cup of tea is more than mere politeness.When offered tea, it is considered polite to at least take a sip.When you pour tea, the rule of “full cup for wine and half cup for tea”should be observed. Chinese Wine CultureThe Origin of Chinese WineChinese wine, as a special form of culture, has a history of more than five thousand years . Chinese wine making can be traced back as far as 4000 BC, to the early period of the NeolithicY angshao Culture (新石器时代的仰韶文化). During its long development, Chinese wine has developed distinctive characteristics.T ypes of Chinese WineHuangjiu (yellow rice wine)Huangjiu is one of three dominated brewed wines (beer and grape wine) in the world. Huang Jiu predates all the other liquors, with a history of several thousand years. Among these liquors the Shaoxing Rice Wine is the most famous.Baijiu(white wine)Being made from sorghum, corn, barley or wheatFruit WineFermented alcoholic beverages made from a variety of base ingredients (other than grapes); May also have additional flavors taken from fruits, flowers, and herbs.Red WineA type of wine made from dark-coloured (black) grape varieties. The actual colour of the wine can range from intense violet, typical of young wines, through to brick red for mature wines and brown for older red wines.BeerT oast etiquetteChinese Drinking Etiquette(礼仪)The Chinese people care more about the people we drink with.That is Chinese drinking etiquette reflects the respect of the drinkersThe host and guests have their own seat and order of toast(敬酒顺序)When toast,the host come first,and firstly,they should toast the most honored guest.The wine vessel must be full.The younger should toast the elder and drink all of the wine.(先干为敬)Western Drinking EtiquetteThe drinking etiquette of west show the respect of wine.To distinguish wine we need to watch its color, smell its fragrance, taste its taste(观其色、闻其香、品其味). They drink for enjoying, so sometimes they drink themselves. They do not encourage others to drink, neither do they consider letting other drunk is a way to show their etiquette.Chapter 4 T raditional Festivals and CustomsWords and ExpressionsLegal holiday/ official holiday 法定节假日Solar calendar阳历Lunar calendar 阴历/ Agricultural calendar 农历Spring Festival （春节）Lantern Festival (元宵节）Tomb-sweeping Festival/ Qing Ming Festival (清明节）Dragon Boat Festival（端午节）Mid-autumn Festival （中秋节）Double Ninth Festival （重阳节）Intangible Cultural Heritage非物质文化遗产Spring Festival （春节）China’s most important festival falls on the 1st day of the 1st lunar month each year. Family members gather just as they do for Christmas in the West.CustomsSpring CleaningWrite and paste couplets(对联) on doorsSet off fireworksReceive Gift MoneyGreet each otherLantern Festival (元宵节）The Lantern Festival, celebrated on the 15th day of the first lunar month, is closely related to the Spring Festival. It marks the end of the New Y ear celebrations, following which life returns to normal. The most prominent activity of the Lantern Festival is the grand display of beautiful。
中国文化概况(English)英语版
Agriculture as Economic Foundation
a farmer’s life is relatively fixed, settled, and relaxingly permanent---"the lack of mobility." (be free from risk and adventure; conservatism)
Farming was the major mode of production and family, the basic unit.
e.g: encouraging farming but limiting commerce, worship the land, fear for the heaven and the earth,
On Human Nature
Mencius
“人无有不善,水无有不下。”
“human nature is originally good”
Xunzi
“人之性恶，其善者伪也。”
“human nature is originally evil”
Imperial Confucianism--- Dong Zhongshu
Yuannan-Guizhou mountainous region; tropical rain forest
ocean
Influence: To provide natural advantages for Chinese culture
1) to develop independently 2) be free from the impact of foreign cultures Thus, Chinese culture is relatively stable , independent and distinctive.
中国文化概况课件Unit 1-3chapter 2 Philosophy and religions
Confucianism
The school takes the teachings of Confucius as its core of thought and regards the words and deeds of Confucius as its highest code (准则) of behavior. It advocates the benevolence and justice, allegiance and forbearance (仁、义、忠、恕), the doctrine of the golden mean (中庸) and values the ethical relations of men.
The philosophy in Pre-Qin times (先秦子学)
The philosophy in Pre-Qin times was marked by the emergence of various ancient philosophical views. The most influential schools were Confucianism (儒家), Taoism (道家), Mohism (墨家) and Legalism (法家)
Legalism
Legalism, begun by Hanfeizi, espouses (主张) laying down laws to unify the thought of people, promoting agriculture to achieve affluence (富裕), waging (进行) wars to gain strength and power, and establishing a system of bureaucracy (官僚制度).
中国文化概论(英语专业)
FuXi
（伏羲）
Fuxi was considered the first real ruler. He taught people how to devise tools, kindle(点燃) fire and cook food, how to domesticate(驯养) animals and tend flocks(禽群). He also devised the mysterious Eight Trigrams (八卦) which were used for divination（占卜）. 伏羲氏是上古的一位睿智的首领，也是上古的 “三皇”之一，他在我国古代医疗的发展过程中 起着重要的作用。 伏羲氏，姓风氏，传说中，他 为人民作了许多有意义的事情。他指导臣民制造 工具，结网打鱼，投矛狩猎，也开创了人类历史 上通过劳动主动获取食物的新纪元。
Yandi Shennong炎帝神农
He was the god who invented farming and was the first to use herbs（药草） for medical use. According to the legends, Yandi Shennong had a wonderful whip. By lashing various kinds of herbs, it could distinguish whether they were poisonous or not, and what effect they might produce. With this whip, he cured diseases with herbs as medicine.
中国文化传统文化第1讲
The relatively enclosed geographical surroundings provided exceptional natural advantages for the ancient Chinese culture to develop independently, for a fairly long period free from the impact of foreign cultures, especially those powerful ones. These facilitated the Chinese culture to evolve into a stable and independent system with distinctive regional features.
It belongs to the historical category, having undergone 5 000-year development before it turns into today’s splendid sight, both extensive and profound. To some extent the Chinese culture indicates the Chinese tradition. Meanwhile it can be relegated to the national category. After a long process of relatively independent development followed by the collision and exchange afterwards between China and foreign countries, the Chinese culture assumed unique characteristics, became an outstanding member in the brilliant global family of national cultures, and grew to be a main representative of Oriental national cultures.
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Located in the east of the Asian continent, on the western shore of the Pacific ocean, the PRC has a land area of about 9.6 million sq km, and is the third largest country in the world, next only to Russia and Canada.
National Emblem
Composed of patterns of the national flag, the Tian’anmen Rostrum [‘rɔstrəm]（城楼）, a wheel gear and ears of wheat, it symbolizes the New-Democratic Revolution of the Chinese people since the May 4th Movement in 1919 and the birth of New China.
National Day National Emblem ['embləm] 象征；徽章； 符号 National Anthem ['æ nθəm]赞美诗；圣歌 National Capital
National Day
Chinese celebrate October 1 as National Day in honor of the founding of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) on October 1, 1949.
The relatively enclosed geographical surroundings provided exceptional natural advantages for the ancient Chinese culture to develop independently, for a fairly long period free from the impact of foreign cultures, especially those powerful ones. These facilitated the Chinese culture to evolve into a stable and independent system with distinctive regional features.
The descendants of Yan and Huang, the leaders of the two earliest tribes; Xia Dynasty (2070-1660 BC) began the slavery; three sage kings: Yao; Shun and Yu. Shang Dynasty (1600-1046 BC); The Western Zhou Dynasty (1046771 BC); The Spring and Autumn and the Warring States Periods (770-221 BC) The Qin Dynasty (221-206 BC), the first feudal monarchy; Han Dynasty ( 220) The Three Kingdoms Period (AD 220-280) Jin Dynasty (AD 265-420); the Sixteen Kingdoms (AD304-439); the Southern and Northern Dynasties (AD 420-589); Sui Dynasty (AD 581-618) Tang Dynasty (AD618-907) Song Dynasty (AD 960-1279) Yuan Dynasty (AD 1271-1368); Ming Dynasty (1368-1644); Qing
A Glimpse of Chinese Culture
Chapter 1 An Overview
本章教学的目的
1. 中国标志的基本了解; 2. 中国地理、历史、人口、民族、政治体 制、经济的基本概况。
Brief introduction to Chinese Symbols
Anything about the Grand Canal?
The Grand Canal is also called Jinghang Canal (1,801 km) The canal was open to navigation over 1,000 years ago. It passes through one city, four provinces and links five major rivers.
中国是一个疆域辽阔、 人口众多的多民族的 统一国家。它的地理 环境对中国文化的形 成发展起到了至关重 要的作用。中国位于 东亚大陆，处于一个 相对隔绝封闭的地理 环境中。
enclosed, independent, free from impact, stable, regional features
National Capital
On September 27, 1949, BeiPing was renamed as Beijing and became capital of the PRC. Beijing is not only the nation’s political centre, but also serves as its economic, scientific and cultural heart.
The Geographical Surroundings
China is a unitary multinational country with a vast territory and a large population. The geographical surroundings play a vital role in the formation and development of the Chinese culture. Situated in the continent of East Asia, China is located in relatively enclosed geographical surroundings。
Climate
A warm climate and distinct seasons Continental monsoon [mɔn'su:n]（季候风） climate in China: 1) cold and dry winters; 2) warm and humid summers;
National Anthem
March of the Volunteers was written in 1935 and was officially adopted as the national anthem of the PRC on December 4, 1982. The lyrics of March of the Volunteers goes as follow: Arise, ye who refuse to be slaves; Let us amount our flesh and blood towards our new Great Wall! The Chinese nation faces its greatest peril, The thundering roar of our people will be heard! Arise! Arise! Arise! We are many, but our hearts beat as one! Selflessly braving the enemy’s gunfire, march on! Selflessly braving the enemy’s gunfire, march on! March on! March on! on!
这种相对封闭的地理环境 为中国古代文化相对独立 的发展提供了自然条件。 所以在相当长的一段时间 里，中国文化与外来文化 的武力冲撞较少。这对中 国文化形成一个历史悠久 又自成体系，具有鲜明的 地域特征且具有一定的稳 定性的文化系统，有着重 要的作用。
Rivers and Lakes
Βιβλιοθήκη 1)2)
3)
4)
Qinghai-Tibet Plateau（青藏高原） in Southwest China; (above 4000m) Inner Mongolia Plateau, the Loess Plateau, the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, the Tarim Basin, the Junggar Basin and Sichuan Basin; (1000m-2000m) The Northeast Plain, the North China Plain and the Middle-Lower Yangtze Plain; (500-1000m) The continental shelf
What’s your impression of the Yangtze River?
The Yangtze River is the longest river in China; (6,300km) It flows through 11 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities. It is one of the main artery（动脉） of water transportation between eastern and western China.