中国历史文化概况(英文版)Unit (10)
中国历史文化概况(英文版)Unit 10 Chinese Cuisine, Tea and Medi
Taiwan Cuisine
• A hundred miles from the Chinese mainland lies Taiwan. Most simply described, the cuisine of this mountainous island on the edge of the Pacific is Chinese, with some significant Japanese influences. Apart from the staple, rice, Taiwan is a bounty of fruit, vegetables, and seafood.
Cantonese Cuisine
• Yue Cuisine, namely Guangdong flavor dishes, is one of the four Chinese cuisines. It enjoys extremely good reputation at home and abroad for its unique types of dishes and special charm.
Hong Kong
• Known as the Oriental Pearl, Hong Kong remains as one of the most traveled places in all of Asia, with its splendid natural beauty and man-made wonders. To get a break from your busy tours in the city, visit a local teahouse.
Teahouses in Taipai are said to be the most typical of Chinese teahouses. It is quite a comfortable thing to sit in a local teahouse and drink a cup of oolong tea or the Pearl Milk Tea like what locals do.
中国文化英语教程Unit10讲述资料
Aspiration for Peace
The Great Wall is unparalleled in the world in:
➢ Scale ➢ Span of construction ➢ Great quantities of labor ➢ Degree of difficulty
Aspiration for Peace
Introduction
• Three major renovations (修复) of the Great Wall took place in the Qin (221-206 BC), Han (206 BCAD 220), and Ming dynasties.
• The eat Wall of today is mainly the legacy of the Ming-dynasty renovations.
Aspiration for Peace
We can see the military defense of the Great Wall from the following sentences:
“北筑长城而守藩篱，却匈奴七百余里，胡人不敢南下而牧马。” ——《新书·过秦》
“建塞徼、起亭燧、筑外城，设屯戍以守之，然后边境得用少安。” ——《汉书·匈奴传》
中国文化英语教程Unit10讲述资料
“筑长城，自代并阴山下，至高阙为塞”
——《史记·匈奴列传》
Aspiration for Peace
Protection for the southerners from being attacked by the northerners
• The Great Wall prevented northern peoples on horseback from attacking people in the south who were mostly engaged in farming.
“Seen from today, if it had not been for the protection of the Great Wall, Chinese civilization would have been interrupted by the northern peoples in the late Qin or early Han dynasties, long before the Song and Ming dynasties. In that case, there would not have been the prosperity of the Han and Tang dynasties, or the integration of southern and northern peoples.”
Why did the Chinese build the Great Wall? • Military defense in the age of cold steel • Protection for the southerners from being
attacked by the northerners
中国文化英语教程Unit-11
Concealed Contours of a Dragon
A bird’s-eye view of the central axis design
Concealed Contours of a Dragon
• The axis starts from the Gate of Eternal Stability (永定门) in the south.
• To the west of Tian’anmen is the Imperial State Shrine (社 稷坛), which has become Sun Yat-sen Park today.
Concealed Contours of a Dragon
• Through the Gate of Uprightness (端门) and then the Meridian Gate ( 午门), the central axis passes into the Forbidden City, and extends all the way to its northern gate, Gate of Divine Might (神武门).
• Further north to Prospect Hill is the Gate of Earthly Peace (地安门
). From there a straight boulevard leads to the Drum Tower and the Bell Tower, which mark the northern end of the central axis of ancient Beijing.
• The Outer Court is where the emperor ran state affairs.
china's history中国历史英文版
Yao, Shun and Yu
The Origin of Chinese Culture
Generally speaking, Chinese civilization, as one of the independent civilization sources, has a clear evolutionary track, indicating a diversified development with the central plain as the core and resulting in the feature of mutual penetration and integration.
The Spring & Autumn and Warring States Periods The seven states in the Warring States Period The States of Qi The States of Chu The States of Yan The States of Han The States of Wei The States of Zhao The States of Qin
Sui Dynasty
Zhaozhou Bridge in Hebei, built in the Sui Dynasty, is the earliest single-arch stone bridge wellreserved in the world.
Tang Dynasties
The first emperor
Buddhist monk Jian Zhen from Japan came to Tang Dynasty spread Buddhism.
中国文化概况(English)英语版
Agriculture as Economic Foundation
a farmer’s life is relatively fixed, settled, and relaxingly permanent---"the lack of mobility." (be free from risk and adventure; conservatism)
Farming was the major mode of production and family, the basic unit.
e.g: encouraging farming but limiting commerce, worship the land, fear for the heaven and the earth,
On Human Nature
Mencius
“人无有不善,水无有不下。”
“human nature is originally good”
Xunzi
“人之性恶，其善者伪也。”
“human nature is originally evil”
Imperial Confucianism--- Dong Zhongshu
Yuannan-Guizhou mountainous region; tropical rain forest
ocean
Influence: To provide natural advantages for Chinese culture
1) to develop independently 2) be free from the impact of foreign cultures Thus, Chinese culture is relatively stable , independent and distinctive.
中国文化英语教程 unit10 confucius
中国文化英语教程 unit10 confucius 《Confucius》Unit 10 of the Chinese Cultural English Course introduces the life and teachings of Confucius, one of the most influential figures in Chinese history. Confucius, also known as Kong Qiu, was a philosopher, teacher, and political figure who lived in ancient China around 551-479 BC. His thoughts and ideas have had a profound impact on Chinese culture and society for over two thousand years.Confucius’ teachings emphasized the importance of moral values, social harmony, and ethical conduct. He stressed the virtues of benevolence, righteousness, loyalty, and respect for elders, as well as the concept of "ren" or "benevolence," which is the ultimate goal of human behavior.One of Confucius' most famous disciples, Mencius, expanded and developed his master's teachings further. The Confucian school of thought had a profound influence on the ruling class and intellectual elite in ancient China and has continued to shape Chinese society and culture up to the present day. This unit delves into Confucius' life, his philosophy, and his impact on Chinese culture, including discussions of his famous Analects, which are a collection of his sayings and ideas. Students are also introduced to the concept of Confucianism and its continuing impact on modern Chinese society.Additionally, students will learn about the significance of Confucius temples and commemorations, as well as how Confucius' teachings have been spread worldwide and continue to resonate with people from different cultural backgrounds.In conclusion, the study of Confucius is essential in understanding the spiritual and ethical foundations of Chinese culture. By learning about Confucius, students gain a deeper insight into the values and beliefs that have shaped Chinese civilization and continue to be of relevance today.。
中国历史简介英文(16页)
China's Historical Overview in English(16 Pages)Page 1: Ancient China (Prehistoric Era to Qin Dynasty)The history of China stretches back over 5,000 years, beginning with the prehistoric era when early humansinhabited the region. The Xia Dynasty, though largely mythical, is often considered the first dynasty of China. The Shang Dynasty, which followed, left behind the earliest written records and a rich collection of bronze artifacts. The Zhou Dynasty saw the development of Confucianism and Taoism, two of the major philosophical systems that would shape Chinese culture.Page 2: The Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States PeriodThe Spring and Autumn Period, named after the chronicle "The Spring and Autumn Annals," was a time of rapid social and political change. This era was marked the decline of the Zhou Dynasty and the rise of several states vying for power. The subsequent Warring States Period was a period of intense warfare and philosophical development, including the birth of Legalism.Page 3: The Qin Dynasty (221206 BC)The Qin Dynasty, though shortlived, was pivotal in Chinese history. Qin Shi Huang, the first emperor of aunified China, standardized the writing system, currency, and measurements. He also began construction of the Great Wall and the Terracotta Army, which continues to astound visitors today.Page 4: The Han Dynasty (206 BC AD 220)The Han Dynasty is often cited as one of the golden ages of Chinese history. It saw the expansion of the Silk Road, which facilitated trade and cultural exchange with the West. The Han Dynasty also saw the development of Buddhism in China and the establishment of a civil service system based on merit.Page 5: The Three Kingdoms, Jin Dynasty, and the Southern and Northern DynastiesThe Three Kingdoms period, romanticized in the historical novel "Romance of the Three Kingdoms," was a time of fragmentation and warfare following the fall of the Han Dynasty. The Jin Dynasty reunified the north, but the country soon split again into the Southern and Northern Dynasties, leading to a period of cultural diversity and technological innovation.Page 6: The Sui Dynasty (581618)The Sui Dynasty, though shortlived, managed to reunify China. It is known for the construction of the Grand Canal, which linked the Yellow River and the Yangtze River, facilitating trade and transportation across the vast territory.Page 7: The Tang Dynasty (618907)The Tang Dynasty is renowned for its cultural achievements and economic prosperity. It is often referred to as the "Age of Unity andProsperity." The Tang Dynasty saw the flourishing of poetry, with poets like Li Bai and Du Fu, and the expansion of foreign trade along the Silk Road.Page 8: The Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period (907960)The Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period was a time of political fragmentation. Despite the lack of a central authority, this era saw the continuation of cultural and economic developments, particularly in the south.(To be continued)Page 9: The Song Dynasty (9601279)The Song Dynasty is celebrated for its economicrevolution and cultural advancements. The era saw the early development of a market economy, the introduction of paper money, and remarkable innovations in agriculture and technology. The Song Dynasty also nurtured a flourishing ofthe arts, with landscape painting reaching new heights andthe philosophical school of NeoConfucianism gaining prominence.Page 10: The Yuan Dynasty (12711368)Established the Mongolian leader Kublai Khan, the Yuan Dynasty marked the first time that all of China was ruled nonHan Chinese. The Yuan Dynasty is notable for its patronage of the arts and its administrative organization, whichincluded the establishment of the Yuan Shikai, a precursor to modernday postal systems.Page 11: The Ming Dynasty (13681644)The Ming Dynasty is renowned for its maritime expeditions, notably those led the explorer Zheng He, which reached asfar as Africa and the Middle East. The dynasty is also famous for its architectural achievements, including theconstruction of the Forbidden City and the reinforcement ofthe Great Wall. The Ming era saw a flourishing of literature and drama, with the latter exemplified the works of Tang Xianzu.Page 12: The Qing Dynasty (16441912)The Qing Dynasty, established the Manchu people, was the last imperial dynasty of China. It reached its territorial zenith under Emperors Kangxi and Qianlong, expanding China's borders to include Tibet, Xinjiang, and Mongolia. However,the latter part of the dynasty was marked internal strife, foreign invasions, and the humiliating Boxer Protocol, leading to the decline of imperial power.Page 13: The Xinhai Revolution and the Republic of China The Xinhai Revolution of 1911 led to the overthrow of the Qing Dynasty and the establishment of the Republic of China under the leadership of Sun Yatsen. The early years of the republic were tumultuous, with warlordism and the strugglefor power between the Nationalist Party (Kuomintang) and the Communist Party.Page 14: The Chinese Civil War and the Establishment of the People's Republic of ChinaThe Chinese Civil War, which began in the late 1920s and ended in 1949, resulted in the victory of the Communist Party and the establishment of the People's Republic of China Mao Zedong. The new regime implemented sweeping land reforms and began the process of collectivization, which would have profound effects on Chinese society.Page 15: The Cultural Revolution and its AftermathThe Cultural Revolution, initiated Mao Zedong in 1966, was a radical sociopolitical movement aimed at purging remnants of capitalist and traditional elements from Chinese society. It led to widespread violence and the destruction of historical artifacts. The period following the CulturalRevolution was marked a shift towards economic reform and opening up to the world.Page 16: Modern China and the Path to the FuturePage 17: The Reform and Openingup PolicyDeng Xiaoping's leadership in the late 1970s brought about the Reform and Openingup Policy, which transformed China's economy from a centrally planned system to a market economy. This policy allowed foreign investment, established special economic zones, and encouraged private enterprise. The result was an economic boom that lifted hundreds of millions out of poverty and turned China into a global manufacturing hub.Page 18: The Rise of China's Tech GiantsPage 19: China's Space ExplorationChina's space program has made significant strides, including the successful launch of the Shenzhou spacecraft series and the construction of the Tiangong Space Station. In 2020, China became the second country to land a rover on the far side of the moon, demonstrating its ambition and capability in space exploration.Page 20: Environmental Challenges and Green InitiativesPage 21: Belt and Road InitiativeAnnounced in 2013, the Belt and Road Initiative is a global development strategy aimed at enhancing regionalconnectivity and economic integration. It involves infrastructure development and investments in countries across Asia, Europe, and Africa. The initiative reflects China's desire to take a more active role in global affairs and to expand its influence.Page 22: China's Role in Global DiplomacyChina has increasingly engaged in global diplomacy, playing a key role in international organizations such as the United Nations. It has also established strategic partnerships with countries around the world. However,China's assertiveness in regional disputes, particularly in the South China Sea, has raised concerns about its geopolitical intentions.Page 23: The Pursuit of Soft PowerRecognizing the importance of soft power, China has been promoting its culture and language through initiatives like the establishment of Confucius Institutes worldwide. These institutes offer Chinese language and cultural courses, contributing to the global spread of Chinese language and culture.Page 24: ConclusionChina's history is a tapestry of dynasties, revolutions, and rapid modernization. From the ancient dynasties that laid the foundation for Chinese civilization to the modern era oftechnological advancement and global engagement, China's story is one of resilience, innovation, and transformation. As China continues to evolve, its historical narrative will no doubt continue to influence its role on the world stage.。
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Benbang Cuisine
• Shanghai cuisine is the youngest among the ten major cuisines in China though with a history of more than 400 years. Traditionally called Benbang cuisine, it originated in the Ming and Qing Dynasties (1368-1840). Shanghai dishes usually look red and shiny, for they are often pickled in wine and their cooking methods include baking, stewing, teaming, deep-frying, etc. In the later part of 19th century after Shanghai became a major domestic and international trading port,Benbangdishes underwent some substantial changes by adopting certain merits of other cuisines. It formed a complex flavor structure, cooking style and technique norms. It stresses on using condiments and keeping the original flavors of the materials and has features of being fresh, smooth and crispy. Shanghai Dishes aim at lightness in flavor, and beautifulness in decoration.
Lu Cusine
• Lu Cuisine refers to Shangdong dishes, featuring dense taste and favor of shallot and garlic, especially apt at the cooking of seafood, soup and a variety of bowels. Famousraised boneless chicken, braised intestines in brown sauce, and braised Yellow River carp with sweet and sour taste.
Cantonese Cuisine
• Yue Cuisine, namely Guangdong flavor dishes, is one of the four Chinese cuisines. It enjoys extremely good reputation at home and abroad for its unique types of dishes and special charm.
• Located along the southern coast of China, Guangdong abounds with food of animal and plant sources. At the same time, Guangzhou has been a long-standing treaty port city, which attracted and absorbed various foreign cooking materials and techniques. And thus Yue Cuisine was gradually perfected. In addition, overseas Chinese brought the cooking techniques from Europe, America and Southeast Asia back to their hometown and accordingly enriched the recipes of Yue Cuisine. There are very obvious traces of Western cooking techniques in Yue Cuisine.
Sichuan Cuisine
• Sichuan cuisine enjoys a time-honored history and is well-reputed home and abroad. Represented by the local dishes of Chengdu and Chongqing, Sichuan cuisine is particular about ingredients, unified in standard, distinctive in arrangement, and vivid in coordination. Sichuan cuisine features spicy, tongue-numbing, savory, delicious, oily and heavily seasoned flavor, using a lot of capsicum, prickly ash, pepper as well as fresh ginger. From high-class banquet to ordinary meal, from street snack to home-made dishes, Sichuan cuisines is diversified in variety, novel in style, and elaborate in cooking.
Unit 10
Chinese Cuisine, Tea and Medicine
Contents
• Brief introduction about some famous Chinese cuisines
• Chinese Tea culture
Famous Chinese Cuisines
• Lu Cuisine • Sichuan Cuisine • Cantonese Cuisine • Min Cuisine • Benbang Cuisine • Taiwan Cuisine
Min Cuisine
• Min Cuisine, one of the Eight Cuisines of China, is mainly represented by dishes of Fuzhou and Xiamen styles. The dishes of Xiamen style are of strong local flavor of southern Fujian, which feature light soup and flavor, crisp stir-fried dish, and excellent seafood cooking techniques.