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2023考研英语真题及参考答案
2023考研英语真题及参考答案2023年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语(一)试题Section Ⅰ Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points) Caravanserais were roadside inns that were built along the Silk Road in areas including China, North Africa and the Middle East. They were typically1outside the walls of a city or village and were usually funded by local governments of2.The word ‘Caravanserai’ is a3of the Persian words ‘karvan’, which means a group of travellers or a caravan, and seray, a palace or enclosed building. The term caravan was used to4groups of people who travelled together across the ancient network for safety reasons,5merchants, travellers or pilgrims.From the 10th century onwards, as merchant and travel routes became more developed, the6of Caravanserais increased and they served as a safe place for people to rest at night. Travellers on the Silk Road7the possibility of being attacked by thieves or being8to extreme weather conditions. For this reason, Caravanserais were strategicallyplaced9they could be reached in a day’s travel time.Caravanserais served as an informal10point for the various people who travelled the Silk Road.11, those structures became important centres for cultural12and interaction with travellers sharing their cultures, ideas and beliefs,13talking knowledge with them, greatly14the development of several civilisations.Caravanserais were also an important marketplace for commodities and15in the trade of goods along the Silk Road.16, it was frequently the first stop for merchants looking to sell their wares and17supplies for their own journeys. It is18that around 12,000 to 15,000 caravanserais were built along the Silk Road,19only about 3,000 are known to remain today, many of which are in20.1. A. displayed B. occupiedC. locatedD. equipped2.A. privatelyB. regularly C. respectively D. permanently3. A. definition B. transition C. substitutionD. combination4. A. classify B. recordC. describeD. connect5. A. apart from B. instead ofC. such asD. along with6.A. constructionB. restoration C. impression D. evaluation7. A. doubtedB. facedC. accepted D. reduced8. A. assignedB. subjectedC. accustomed D. opposed9.A. so thatB. even if C. now that D. in case10. A. talking B. starting C. breakingD. meeting11. A. By the way B. On occasion C. In comparisonD. As a result12. A. heritage B. revivalC. exchangeD. status13. A. with regard to B. in spite ofC. as well asD. in line with14. A. completingB. influencingC. resuming D. pioneering15.A. aidedB. invested C. failed D. competed16. A. RatherB. IndeedC. Otherwise D. However17. A. go in for B. stand up for C. close in onD. stock up on18.A. believedB. predicted C. recalled D. implied19. A. until B. because C. unlessD. although20.A. ruinsB. debt C. fashion D. seriesSection Ⅱ Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections：Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points) Text 1The weather in Texas may have cooled since the recent extreme heat, but the temperature will be high at the State Board of Education meeting in Austin this month as officials debate how climate change is taught in Texas schools.Pat Hardy, who sympathized with views of the energy sector, is resisting the proposed change to science standards for pre-teen pupils.These would emphasize the primacy of human activity in recent climate change and encourage discussion of mitigation measures.Most scientists and experts sharply dispute Hardy’s views. "They casually dismiss the career work of scholars and scientists as just another misguided opinion." says Dan Quinn, senior communications strategist at the Texas Freedom Network, a non-profit group that monitors public education, "What millions of Texas kids learn in their public schools is determined too often by the political ideology of partisan board members, rather than facts and sound scholarship."Such debate reflects fierce discussions across the US and around the world, as researchers, policymakers, teachers and students step up demands for a greater focus on teaching about the facts of climate change in schools.A study last year by the National Center for Science Education, a non-profit group of scientists and teachers, looking at how state public schools across the country address climate change in science classes, gave barely half of US states a grade B+ or higher. Among the 10 worst performers were some of the most populous states, including Texas, which was given the lowest grade (F) and has a disproportionate influence because its textbooks are widely sold elsewhere.Glenn Branch, the centres deputy director, cautions that setting state-level science standards is only one limited benchmark in a country that decentralises decisions to local school boards. Even if a state is considered a high performer in its science standards, "that does not mean it will be taught”, he says.Another issue is that while climate change is well integrated into some subjects and at some ages--such as earth and space sciences in high schools it is not as well represented in curricula for younger children and in subjects that are more widely taught, such as biology and chemistry. It is also less prominent in many social studies courses.Branch points out that, even if a growing number of official guidelines and textbooks reflect scientific consensus on climate change, unofficial educational materials that convey more slanted perspectives are being distributed to teachers. They include materials sponsored by libertarian think-tanks and energy industry associations.21. In paragraph 1, the weather in Texas is mentioned toA. forecast a policy shift in Texas schools.B. stress the consequences of climate change.C. indicate the atmosphere at the board meeting.D. draw the publics attention to energy shortages.22. What does Quinn think of Hardy?A. She exaggerates the existing panic.B. She denies the value of scientific work.C. She shows no concern for pre-teens.D. She expresses self-contradictory views.23. The study mentioned in Paragraph 5A. climate education is insufficient at state public schools.B. policy makers have little drive for science education.C. Texas is reluctant to rewrite its science textbooks.D. environmental teaching in some states lacks supervision.24. According to Branch, state-level science standards in the USA. call for regular revision.B. require urgent application.C. have limited influence.D. cater to local needs.25. It is implied in the last paragraph that climate change teaching in some schoolsA. agree to major public demands.B. reflects teachers personal biases.C. may misrepresent the energy sector.D. can be swayed by external forces.Text 2Communities throughout New England have been attempting to regulate short-term rentals since sites like Airbnb took off in the 2010s. Now with record-high home prices and historically low inventory, there’s an increased urgency in such regulation, particularly among those who worry that developers will come in and buy up swaths of housing to flip for a fortune on the short-term rental market.In New Hampshire, where the rental vacancy rate has dropped below 1 percent, housing advocates fear unchecked short-term rentals will put further pressure on an already strained market. The State Legislature recently voted against a bill that would’ve made it illegal for towns to create legislation restricting short-term rentals.“We are at a crisis level on the supply of rental housing,” said Nick Taylor, executive director of the Workforce Housing Coalition of the Greater Seacoast. Without enough affordable housing in southern New Hampshire towns, “employers are having a hard time attracting employees, and workers are having a hard time finding a place to live,” Taylor said.However, short-term rentals also provide housing for tourists, pointed out Ryan Castle, CEO of a local association of realter. “A lot of workers are servicing the tourist industry, and the tourism industry is serviced by those people coming in short term,” Castle said, “and so it’s a cyclical effect.”Short-term rentals themselves are not the crux of the issue, said Keren Horn, an expert on affordable housing policy. “I think individuals being able to rent out their second home is a good thing. If it’s their vacation home anyway, and it’s just empty, why can’t you make money off it?” Horn said. Issues arise, however, when developers attempt to create large-scale short-term rental facilities—de facto hotels—to bypass taxes and regulations. “I think the question is, shouldn’t a developer who’s really building a hotel, but disguising it as not a hotel, be treated and taxed and regulated like a hotel?” Horn said.At the end of , governor Charlie Baker of Massachusetts signed a bill to rein in those potential investor-buyers. The bill requires every rentalhost to register with the state mandates they carry insurance, and opens the potential for local taxes on top of a new state levy. Boston took things even further, requiring renters to register with the city’s Inspectional Services Department.Horn said similar registration requirements could benefit struggling cities and towns, but “if we want to make a change in the housing market, the main one is we have to build a lot more.”26. Which of the following is true of New England?A. Its housing supply is at a very low level.B. Its communities are in need of funding.C. Its rental vacancy rate is going up slowly.D. Its home prices are under strict control.27. The bill mentioned in Paragraph 2 was intended toA. curb short-term rental speculation.B. ensure the supply of cheap housing.C. punish illegal dealings in housing.D. allow a free short-term rental market.28. Compared with Castle, Taylor is more likely to supportA. further investment in local tourism.B. an increase in affordable housing.C. strict management of real estate agents.D. a favorable policy for short-term workers.29. What does Horn emphasize in Paragraph 5?A. The urgency to upgrade short-term rental facilities.B. The efficient operation of the local housing market.C. The necessity to stop developers from evading taxes.D. The proper procedures for renting out spare houses.30. Horn holds that imposing registration requirements isA. an irrational decision.B. an unfeasible proposal.C. an unnecessary measure.D. an inadequate solution.Text 3If you’re heading for your nearest branch of Waterstones, the biggest book retailer in the UK, in search of the Duchess of Sussex’s new children’s book The Bench, you might have to be prepared to hunt around a bit, the same may be true of The President’s Daughter, the new thriller by Bill Clinton and James Patterson. Both of these books are published next week by Penguin Random House(PRH), a company currently involved in a stand-off with Waterstones.The problem began late last year, when PRH confirmed that it had introduced a credit limit with Waterstones “at a very significant level”. The trade magazineThe Booksellerreported that Waterstones branchmanagers were being told to remove PRH books from prominent areas such as tables, display spaces and windows, and were “quietly retiring them to their relevant sections”.PRH declined to comment on the issue, but a spokesperson for Waterstones told me: “Waterstones are currently operating with reduced credit terms from PRH, the only publisher in the UK to place any limitations on our ability to trade. We are not boycotting PRH titles but we are doing our utmost to ensure that availability for customers remains good despite the lower overall levels of stock. We are hopeful with our shops now open again that normality will return and that we will be allowed to buy appropriately. Certainly, our shops are exceptionally busy. The sales for our May Books of the Month surpassed any month since .”In the meantime, PRH authors have been the losers. Big-name PRH authors may suffer a bit, but it’s those mid-list authors, who normally rely on Waterstones staff’s passion for promoting books by lesser-known writers, who will be praying for an end to the dispute.It comes at a time when authors are already worried about the consequences of the proposed merger between PRH and another big publisher, Simon Schuster—the reduction in the number of unaligned UK publishers is likely to lead to fewer bidding wars, lower advances, and more conformity in terms of what is published.“This is all part of a wider change towards concentration of power,”says literary agent Andrew Lownie. “The publishing industry talks about diversity in terms of authors and staff but it also needs a plurality of ways of delivering intellectual contact, choice and different voices.After all, many of the most interesting books in recent years have come from small publishers.”We shall see whether that plurality is a casualty of the current need among publishers to be big enough to take on all-comers.31. The author mentions two books in Paragraph 1 to presentA. an ongoing conflict.B. an intellectual concept.C. a prevailing sentiment.D. a literary phenomenon.32. Why did Waterstones shops retire PRH books to their relevant sections?A. To make them easily noticeable.B. To comply with PRH’s requirement.C. To respond to PRH’s business move.D. To arrange them in a systematic way.33. What message does the spokesperson for Waterstones seem to convey?A. Their customers remain loyal.B. The credit limit will be removed.C. Their stock is underestimated.D. The book market is rather slack.34.What can be one consequence of the current dispute?A. Sales of books by mid-list PRH writers fall off considerably.B. Lesser-known PRH writers become the target of criticism.C. Waterstones staff hesitate to promote big-name authors’ books.D. Waterstones branches suffer a severe reduction in revenue.35. Which of the following statements best represents Lownie’s view?A. Small publishers ought to stick together.B. Big publishers will lose their dominance.C. The publishing industry is having a hard time.D. The merger of publishers is a worrying trend.Text 4Scientific papers are the recordkeepers of progress in research. Each year researchers publish millions of papers in more than 30,000 journals. The scientific community measures the quality of those papers in a number of ways, including the perceived quality of the journal (as reflected by the title’s impact factor) and the number of citations a specific paper accumulates. The careers of scientists and the reputation of their institutions depend on the number and prestige of the papers they produce, but even more so on the citations attracted by these papers.Citation cartels, where journals, authors, and institutions conspire to inflate citation numbers, have existed for a long time. In , researchers developed an algorithm to recognize suspicious citation patterns,including groups of authors that disproportionately cite one another and groups of journals that cite each other frequently to increase the impact factors of their publications. Recently, another expression of this predatory behavior has emerged: so-called support service consultancies that provide language and other editorial support to individual authors and to journals sometimes advise contributors to add a number of citations to their articles.The advent of electronic publishing and authors’ need to find outlets for their papers resulted in thousands of new journals. The birth of predatory journals wasn’t far behind. These journals can act as milk cows where every single article in an issue may cite a specific paper or a series of papers. In some instances, there is absolutely no relationship between the content of the article and the citations. The peculiar part is that the journal that the editor is supposedly working for is not profiting at all — it is just providing citations to other journals. Such practices can lead an article to accrue more than 150 citations in the same year that it was published.How insidious is this type of citation manipulation? In one example, an individual- acting as author, editor, and consultant—was able to use at least 15 journals as citation providers to articles published by five scientists at three universities. The problem is rampant in Scopus, a citation database, which includes a high number of the new “international”journals. In fact, a listing in Scopus seems to be a criterion to be targeted in this type of citation manipulation.Scopus itself has all the data necessary to detect this malpractice. Red flags include a large number of citations to an article within thefirst year. And for authors who wish to steer clear of citation cartel activities: when an editor, a reviewer, or a support service asks you to add inappropriate references, do not oblige and do report the request to the journal.36. According to Paragraph 1, the careers of scientists can be determined by________.A. how many citations their works contain.B. how many times their papers are cited.C. the prestige of the people they work with.D. the status they have in scientific circles.37.The support service consultancies tend to________.A. recommend journals to their clientsB. list citation patterns their clientsC. ask authors to include extra citationsD. advise contributors to cite each other38.The Function of the “milk cow” journals is to________.A. boost citation counts for certain authorsB. help scholars publish articles at low costC. instruct First-time contributors in citationD. increase the readership of new journals39.What can be learned about Scopus from the last two paragraphs?A. It Fosters competition among citation providers.B. It has the capability to identify suspicious citations.C. It hinders the growth of “international” journals.D. It is established to prevent citation manipulation.40.What should an author do to deal with citation manipulators?A. Take legal action.B. Demand an apology.C. Seek professional adviceD. Reveal their misconduct.Part BDirections:The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent text by choosing from the list A-H and filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs A, E and H have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)[A] Last year marks the 150th anniversary of a series of Yellowstone photographs by the renowned landscape photographer William Henry Jackson. He captured the first-ever shots of iconic landmarks such as the Tetons, Old Faithful and the Colorado Rockies. Jackson snapped them on a late 19th-century expedition through the Yellowstone Basin that was conductedby the head of the U.S. Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories, Ferdinand V. Hayden. The team included a meteorologist, a zoologist, a mineralogist, and an agricultural statistician.[B] Two centuries ago, the idea of preserving nature, rather than exploiting it, was a novel one to many U.S. settlers. One of the turning points in public support for land conservation efforts — and recognizing the magnificence of the Yellowstone region in particular — came in the form of vivid photographs.[C] As an effective Washington operator, Hayden sensed that he could capitalize on the expedition’s stunning visuals. He asked Jackson to print out large copies and distributed them, along with reproductions of Moran’s paintings, to each member of Congress. “The visualization, particularly those photographs, really hit home that this is something that has to be protected,” says Murphy.[D] Throughout the trip, Jackson juggled multiple cameras and plate sizes using the collision process that involved coating the plates with a chemical mixture, exposing them and developing the resulting images with a portable darkrooms. The crude technique required educated guesses on exposures times, and involved heavy, awkward equipment — several men had to assist in its transportation. Despite these challenges, Jackson captured dozens of striking photos, ranging from majestic images like his now-famous snapshot of old faithful, to casual portraits of expedition members that the camp. While veterans of previous expeditions had written at length about stunning sights, these vivid photographs were another thing entirely.[E] The well-documented Yellowstone journey officially began in Ogden, Utah on June 8, 1871. Over nearly four months, dozens of men made their way on horseback into Montana and traversed along the Yellowstone River and around Yellowstone Lake. That fall, they concluded the survey in Fort Bridger, Wyoming.[F]Though Native Americans (and later miners and fur trappers) had long recognized the area’s riches, most Americans did not. That’s why Hayden’s expedition aimed to produce a fuller understanding of the Yellowstone River region, from its hot springs and waterfalls to its variety of flora and fauna. In addition to the entourage of scientists, the team also included artists: Painter Thomas Moran and photographer William Henry Jackson were charged with capturing this astounding natural beauty and sharing it with the world.[G]The bill proved largely popular and sailed through Congress with large majorities in favor. In quick succession, the Senate and House passed legislation protecting Yellowstone in early 1872.[H] Perhaps most importantly, these images provided documentary evidence of the park’s sights that later made its way to government officials. Weeks after completing the expedition, Hayden collected his team’s observations into an extensive report aimed at convincing senators and representatives, along with colleagues at government agencies like the Department of the Interior, that Yellowstone ought to be preserved.2023年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语(一)参考答案41-45：B F D C GPart CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points) There has been some exploration around the use of AI in digital marketing. For example, AI can be used to analyse what type of advertising content or copy would be appropriate to ‘speak’ to a specific target customer group by revealing information about trends and preferences through the analysis of big data. (46)AI can also be used to identify the lifestyles choices of customers regarding their hobbies, favorite celebrities, and fashions to provide unique content in marketing messages put out through social media.At the same time, AI can also be used to generate content for social media posts and chat sites. AI can also provide a bridge between the need of the brand to communicate emotionally with the customer and identifying their rapidly changing needs. The main disadvantage of using AI to respond to customers is that there are concerns about trusting personal interactions to machines, which could lead not only to the subsequent loss of interpersonal connections, but also to a decrease in marketing personnel. (47)Some believe that AI is negatively impacting on the marketer’s role by reducing creativity and removing jobs, but they are aware that it is a way of reducing costs and creating new information.By allowing AI to develop content some brand, marketers may find that they are losing control over the brand narrative. (48)Algorithms used to simulate human interactions are creating many of those concerns, especially as no one is quite sure what the outcomes of using AI to interact with customers will be.For AI to be successful, data needs to be accessible, but the use of personal data is becoming more regulated and the automated sharing of data is becoming more difficult.(49)If customers are not willing to share data, AI will be starved of essential information and will not be able to function effectively or employ machine learning to improve its marketing content and communication.Therefore, unless customers are prepared to sign release agreements.The use of AI may become somewhat restricted in the future. Not only can AI help to create the marketing content, but it can also provide a non-intrusive way of delivering the content to the target customers. Data can be gathered on where the customer can be engaged, such as location, devices used, website interactions, and sites visited, to display marketing messages in appropriate forms, includingemails,social media posts, pop-up advertisements, and banners at an appropriate frequency. (50)The non-intrusive delivery of the marketing message in a way that is sensitive to the needs of target customers is one of the critical challenges to the digital marketer.46. 【参考译文】人工智能还可以用来识别出消费者生活方式的选择，包括他们的爱好、最喜欢的名人和时尚，从而通过社交媒体发布的营销信息来提供独特的内容。
赫斯特大厦。【建筑设计演讲】
大楼外层由使 用了Low-e涂 层的特殊玻璃 幕墙环绕，具 有优秀的透光 和隔热性能， 在屏蔽太阳热 辐射的同时提 供良好采光。
内部图。内部采用金 属支撑也用了近似， 类似于线的构成。给 人舒服，空间广，采 光好的效果。
赫斯特大厦——纽约第 一座LEED黄金级绿色写 字楼位于纽约曼哈顿西 57街和第8大道交界处的 赫斯特大厦（Hearst Tower）是美国最大的综 合媒体集团之一 —— 赫斯特集团的总部大楼
新建的42层大 厦通过透明玻 璃的包裹、贯 通，大面积自 然天光被引入 建筑底层
在立面构图中，设 计将三角形体块相 交处向内翻转进去， 创造了独特的多刻 面效果，在勾勒轮 廓线的同时也强调 出建筑的垂直体量 感。
美国第一健康养生基地图森峡谷农场案例研究分析下 ppt课件
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案例——峡谷农场
养生项目 根据客户情况定制一周健康度假计划 套餐
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首日入住，生活促进中心情况介绍
——辛蒂·明尼阿波利斯
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这是我到过的诸多SPA俱乐部中最棒的一个！在峡谷农场，很容易找 到另一种情怀！快去享受吧，真的会给你惊喜！
——named charming c.r
非凡SPA体验
案例——峡谷农场
经营主要采用行程套餐+养生套餐的模式，别墅业主购买 经营模式 物业即成为峡谷农场尊贵会员
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本项目 Canyon Ranch Hills Estates Canyon Ranch Estates II
北京市丰台区2023-2024学年高一上学期期末考试英语
丰台区2023~2024学年度第一学期期末练习高一英语笔试（共三部分100分）第一部分知识运用（共两节，30分）第一节（共10小题；每小题1.5分，共15分）阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
I had always wanted a dog. My parents told me when I was old enough and 1 , I could have one.One day I hopped off the bus, not knowing what awaited me inside. I walked through the door, and to my2 , a white and black puppy greeted me with many puppy kisses. A very special friendship was born that day.She was a smart dog. We 3 play for hours, spending our days learning and growing together.Eleven years we were together, best of friends. Unfortunately, arthritis (关节炎) and old age set in on her. My parents knew what had to be done, but they let me find and make the decision myself.She was 4 so much and the medicine didn’t seem to help anymore. She could 5 walk. I looked into those deep brown eyes and 6 it was time to let her go.I carried her into the vet’s (兽医诊所) and placed her on the table. She leaned her head forward and gave a lick to my hand as if to say, “I understand. Stay7 .” Her tail was wagging (摆动) in a circle as always.The vet asked before giving the final shot, “Are you sure?” With a heavy heart and tearfilled eyes, I nodded yes. The final shot was given. My eyes fixed upon her wagging tail. In a matter of seconds, it 8 . The vet listened for a heartbeat, and said, “It’s over.”I took her home and buried her in the pasture, where she loved playing and chasing rabbits. It was the 9 thing I had ever done.Recently I went back to her grave. Growing on her grave was a single wildflower. It was swaying in a circle, just like her. I know now that, that special friend will be 10 me always.1. A. confident B. brave C. creative D. responsible2. A. relief B. surprise C. annoyance D. confusion3. A. would B. should C. might D. must4. A. suffering B. expecting C. paying D. gaining5. A. even B. almost C. still D. hardly6. A. insisted B. realized C. agreed D. predicted7. A. honest B. popular C. strong D. active8. A. stopped B. expanded C. hurt D. rose9. A. greatest B. hardest C. wisest D. warmest10. A. above B. on C. with D. for第二节（共10小题；每小题1.5分，共15分）阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。
默特尔比奇 景点介绍 英文
默特尔比奇景点介绍英文Mürren, located in the beautiful Swiss Alps, is a charming village that offers breathtaking scenery and a wide range of activities for visitors. Nestled on a sunny terrace with an elevation of 1,650 meters, Mürren is known for its picturesque landscapes, traditional Swiss chalets, and car-free streets, making it a perfect destination for nature lovers and those seeking tranquility.One of the main highlights of Mürren is its access to the famous Jungfrau Region. The village is an ideal starting point for exploring the surrounding mountains, including the Jungfrau, Mönch, and Eiger peaks. Visitors can take a scenic cable car ride to the Schilthorn summit, known as Piz Gloria, which offers awe-inspiring panoramic views of the Swiss Alps. At the summit, one can also enjoy a meal at the revolving restaurant and even embark on the thrilling James Bond Adventure World.For hikers and outdoor enthusiasts, Mürren offers an extensive network of hiking trails that cater to all levels of difficulty. The North Face Trail is particularly renowned, offering challenging terrains and rewarding views. TheAllmendhubel funicular takes you to an observation platform where you can marvel at the stunning vistas of the Lauterbrunnen Valley and the iconic Staubbach Falls.Mürren is not only a winter wonderland but also a vibrant summer destination. During the colder months, visitors can enjoy a variety of snow sports, including skiing, snowboarding, and sledding. The village boasts several ski slopes and cross-country ski trails, providing ample opportunities for adventure. In the summer, Mürren transforms into a paradise for mountain bikers, paragliders, and outdoor enthusiasts. The breathtaking landscapes and pristine alpine air make it an ideal setting for relaxation and rejuvenation.Sightseeing in Mürren would not be complete without experiencing the traditional Swiss culture and hospitality. The village hosts various events throughout the year, including folk music festivals, traditional dances, and local craft markets. Visitors can also immerse themselves in the local cuisine by indulging in Swiss delicacies like cheese fondue and Rösti, a popular potato dish.Accommodation in Mürren ranges from luxury hotels to cozy chalets and guesthouses, catering to different budgets and preferences. The village offers a warm and welcoming atmosphere, ensuring a memorable stay for every visitor.In conclusion, Mürren is a remarkable destination that combines natural beauty, outdoor activities, and cultural experiences. Whether you are an adventure seeker, nature enthusiast, or simply looking for a peaceful retreat, Mürren has something to offer. Explore the majestic Swiss Alps, indulge in delicious Swiss cuisine, and immerse yourself in the charm of this alpine village. Don't miss the opportunity to discover the hidden gem of Mürren.。
开放的美国州府大厦
像 是 一 些 动 物 或 物 品 。建 完 这 座 大 厦 后 ， 种 玛 瑙 石 就 没 有 了 ， 而 显 得 弥 这 因 足 珍 贵 。 比如 ， 说 按 原 来 设计 ， 厦 再 据 大
的 圆顶 是 镀 铜 的 。 但 在 施 工 期 问 ， 多 很
和 阶梯 可 以上 下 。大 厦 内 的 墙 壁 上 挂 满 了名 人 画 像 。靠 近 圆形 金 顶 的 四层 “ 人 堂 ” 名
科 罗 拉 多 州 政 府 大 厦 位 于 丹 佛 市
政 中 心 。 占地 十 英 亩 。和 周 边 许 多 后起 的建 筑 相 比 ， 算 不 上 高 大 。但 它 的造 它
这座 大厦 作为科 州政 府 的 中枢机 关，不仅州长及其僚 属们在此办 公， 参
众两 院 的 办公 场 所 也 在 里 面 。原来 州最 高 法 院也 在 里 面 ， ９ ７年 才 搬 迁 出 去 。 １７ 两 院 共 有 议 员 ｌＯ名 ，其 中 参 议 员 ３ Ｏ ５ 人 ， 议员 ６ 众 ５人 。议 员 们 均 为 兼 职 。每
议 会 大 厅 在 向 北伸 出 部 分 二楼 ， 议 员 们 开 会 的场 所 ， 和 三 楼之 间 是连 通 的 。 是 但 三 楼 的 对 面 和 左 右 两 侧 则 是 旁 听席 ， 民们 可 以在 三 楼 居 高 临下 地 旁 听 会 议 。 旁听 席 的 市 座位 大 约 在会 议席 的三 倍 以 上 。 让我 没有 想 到 的 是 ， 府 大 厦 还 是 市 民 可 以 随 意 免 费 参 观 游 览 的地 方 。女 婿 开 始 政 说 要 带 我 们 来 政府 大 厦 参观 时 ， 还 以为 是 他 作 为 州 政 府 的公 务 员 享 有 的特 权 。参 观 我 过程 中才 知道 ， 厦 一 直 是 对 市 民开 放 的 。 们 参 观 过 程 中 ， 到 有 十 几 个 成 人和 几 十 大 我 遇 个孩 子 正在 里 面游 览 。 有趣 的 是 ， 面 还 有 专 人 负 责 这 件 事 ， 游 客 发 放介 绍大 厦 和 更 里 给
赫斯特大厦
赫斯特大厦——纽约第一座LEED黄金级绿色写字楼位于纽约曼哈顿西57街和第8大道交界处的赫斯特大厦（Hearst Tower）是美国最大的综合媒体集团之一——赫斯特集团（Hearst Corp）的总部大楼，它是纽约第一座在启用时获得美国绿色建筑委员会LEED黄金级别认证的写字楼，也是911事件后纽约第一座破土动工的摩天大楼。
项目2003年5月破土动工，2005年2月封顶，2006年10月启用，有2000名员工在该大厦内办公。
[注：赫斯特集团业务包括数十份报纸和杂志的出版、有线电视、广播、商业出版、互联网、房地产等业务，包括著名的《时尚•COSMOPOLITAN》杂志、ESPN体育电视网、惠誉评级等。
]赫斯特大厦在1928年建成的老赫斯特大楼的原址进行建设，其最大的一个特点就是完全保留了原有6层建筑的标志性混凝土石材外立面，将内部结构拆除后从中建起46层的不锈钢玻璃大厦，从外观上看，就像是jack-in-a-box（打开盒子即跳出一个奇异小人的玩具盒）。
老赫斯特大楼新赫斯特大厦外立面外立面细节结构上，赫斯特大厦采用了斜肋架构(diagrid)，这种结构可以比传统的钢框架节约20%的钢材（约2000吨）。
整个结构的强度和横向刚性为大厦在承载重力、大风和地震等负荷方面提供了良好的稳定性。
大厦转角处的内切造型对大楼的垂直部分形成强调作用，并创造出独特的外立面效果。
大厦的玻璃幕墙使用了特殊的Low-e涂层，具有优秀的透光和隔热性能。
在大厦底层，老楼外立面围合成的空间构成了新大厦的大堂和中庭，挑高最高可达6层。
这就像一个繁忙的城市广场，其中包括了三层挑高的电梯间、自助餐厅、以及用于会议和特殊用途的多功能夹层。
人们通过这样一个宏伟的室内空间可以到达大楼的各个部分，并能直接进入地铁站。
大堂、中庭和夹层底层结构示意图三层挑高的电梯间在节能环保方面，赫斯特大厦也有诸多优点，因而成为纽约第一座在启用时获得美国绿色建筑委员会的LEED黄金级别认证的写字楼。
沃尔沃英文缩写含义清单-20150604
第 1 页，共 76 页
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Advanced Manufacturing Engineering After Market Executive Committee W ork Environment Committee After Market Program After Market Pre-Program Engineering Application Management Services Advanced Manufacturing Technology and Development Active Noise Cancellation Analysis Of Means Analysis Of Variation Alarm Notification System American National Standards Institute Automotive Network Exchange Application Owner Active On-demand Coupling A.Attribute utomotivePrototype Occupancy Sensor Process 3. Accelerator 1 2. Annual Pedal Availability Performance Data Automotive Performance Execution & Layout Study Assessment for Prior Experience & Learning Arizona Proving Ground Application Program Interface Availability Performance Program Advanced Product Quality Planning Annual Percentage Rate Affordable Personel Structure Accepted Quality Level Air Quality Sensor Application Ready Architecture Review Board Analytical Road Loads Accelerated Revitalization Management Assembly Receive Order 1. Application Recovery Plan 2. Abrasive Resistant Paint Advanced Research Projects Agency 1. Active Rear Steering 2. Active Roll Stabilization 1. Automatic Synchronizer 2. Automatic System After Sales Analysis As Soon As Possible 1.Adaptive Steering Column 2. Active Short Cut Air Bag System Diagnostic Module Automotive Safety Engineering Standards Office Application Specified Integrated Circuit A Safety Integrity Level 1.utomotive Automative Strategy Meeting 2. Active Safety Management Advanced Shipping Notice Active Server Pages Attribute Status Report Assembly Active Safety Test Arena American Society for Testing And Material Automatic Transmission Answers To All Car Questions Automatic Temperature Control Automatic Transmission Engineering Office Advanced Technical Information 1.Antenna Module 2. Antenna Tuner Module Affordable Target Process
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E-mail address: hauert@math.ubc.ca 0022-5193/$ - see front matter & 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.jtbi.2010.08.009
cooperators may lead to unpredictable oscillatory dynamics quite in contrast to the complementary approach to allow the punishment of cheaters (Sigmund et al., 2001). Most importantly, punishment can have a stabilizing effect on cooperation (or any other behavior that evades punishment) (Boyd and Richerson, 1992), whereas rewarding may encourage cooperation but fails to stabilize it. For the successful emergence of cooperative behavior cooperators first need to gain a foothold in the population and, once established, cooperation needs to be maintained. These are two rather different and largely independent challenges. Punishment is good at stabilizing cooperation because if everybody cooperates little or no costs arise from the need to punish cheaters. Conversely, in a population of cheaters punishing left and right is extremely expensive and therefore punishers perform poorly and fail to establish themselves in the population. With rewards it is just the opposite: rewarding cooperation is expensive in a population of cooperators but cheap if everyone defects. Hence rewards can inspire cooperation but once cooperation is established those that cooperate but do not provide rewards (second order exploiters) are better off and thwart the attempts to sustain cooperation based on rewards. Here we extend the work by Sigmund et al. (2001) and model the effects of rewarding in public goods interactions in groups of arbitrary size N. Interactions occur in two stages: in the first stage, all individuals engage in a traditional public goods game, where each player may invest a certain amount c into a common pool, knowing that the total contributions will be multiplied by r 4 1 and then equally divided among all N members of the
1. Introduction The evolution and maintenance of cooperation marks a central topic across behavioral disciplines ranging from microbial populations to human societies. Over recent years, altruistic punishment as an efficient way to encourage and stabilize cooperation has attracted considerable attention from theorists as well as experimentalists (Clutton-Brock and Parker, 1995; Fehr ¨ and Gachter, 2002; Hauert et al., 2007; Sigmund, 2007; Rock¨ enbach and Milinski, 2006; Gurerk et al., 2006; Henrich and Boyd, ¨ 2001; Gachter et al., 2008). Colman (2006) summarizes the progress by quipping that ‘‘we seem to have replaced the problem of explaining cooperation with that of explaining altruistic punishment’’. Interestingly, the complementary approach – rewarding good behavior rather than punishing bad behavior – received much less attention. Although the importance of selective incentives has long been recognized in the social sciences (Oliver, 1980). For a recent survey of theoretical advances and behavioral experiments involving positive and negative incentives to cooperate, see Sigmund (2007). Only more recent studies proposing alternatives to punishment seem to gain momentum (Andreoni et al., 2003; Dreber et al., 2008; Rand et al., 2009; Sefton et al., 2007; DeSilva and Sigmund, 2009; Hilbe and Sigmund, 2010). For pairwise interactions in the prisoner’s dilemma it has been demonstrated that adding the opportunity to reward other
Journal of Theoretical Biology 267 (2010) 22–28
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Journal of Theoretical Biology
journal homepage: /locate/yjtbi
a r t i c l e in f o
Article history: 28 March 2010 Received in revised form 27 June 2010 Accepted 5 August 2010 Available online 11 August 2010 Keywords: Evolutionary game theory Social dilemma Cooperation Reward Reputation
Replicator dynamics of reward & reputation in public goods games
Christoph Hauert
Department of Mathematics, University of British Columbia, 1984 Mathematics Road, Vancouver B.C., Canada V6T 1Z2
a b s t r a c t
Public goods games have become the mathematical metaphor for game theoretical investigations of cooperative behavior in groups of interacting individuals. Cooperation is a conundrum because cooperators make a sacrifice to benefit others at some cost to themselves. Exploiters or defectors reap the benefits and forgo costs. Despite the fact that groups of cooperators outperform groups of defectors, Darwinian selection or utilitarian principles based on rational choice should favor defectors. In order to overcome this social dilemma, much effort has been expended for investigations pertaining to punishment and sanctioning measures against defectors. Interestingly, the complementary approach to create positive incentives and to reward cooperation has received considerably less attention—despite being heavily advocated in education and social sciences for increasing productivity or preventing conflicts. Here we show that rewards can indeed stimulate cooperation in interaction groups of arbitrary size but, in contrast to punishment, fail to stabilize it. In both cases, however, reputation is essential. The combination of reward and reputation result in complex dynamics dominated by unpredictable oscillations. & 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.