下学期期中试题
2022—2023学年下学期期中教学质量监测一年级语文试题含答案解析
2022—2023学年下学期期中教学质量监测一年级语文试题一、书写(共 7 分)1.读拼音，写词语。
【答案】【详解】本题考查看拼音写词语。
根据所学拼音知识拼读音节，写出相应的词语即可，拼读时要注意所给音节的声母、韵母及声调。
书写时注意字的笔画和笔顺，同时注意汉字在田字格中的位置，要写在田字格中间四周留白，一定要做到工整、规范、正确。
其中“招呼、太阳、冬雪”容易写错，注意书写。
二、填空题(共 7 分)2.比一比，再组词。
清（______）这（______）双（______）请（______）过（______）对（______）【答案】 (1). 清水 (2). 这里 (3). 双手 (4). 请客 (5). 过去 (6). 对方【详解】本题考查辩字组词。
清：1.水纯净没有混染的东西（跟“浊”相对）。
2.洁净；纯洁。
3.单一；单纯。
4.消除。
5.清楚；明白。
6.清点；检查。
7.还清；结清。
8.廉洁；不贪。
9.寂静。
10.语音学术语。
发辅音时声带不振动。
11.朝代名。
公元1616年满族人爱新觉罗·努尔哈赤建立后金，组词：山清水秀、清晨、清新、清水、清洗、清白。
这：1.代词。
指距离比较近的人或事物。
①用在名词或数量词前；②用在动词、形容词前表示夸张；③代替距离比较近的人或事物，单独充当句子成分。
2.这时。
组词：这样、这么、这个、这里。
双：1.两个；一对。
2.偶数的。
3.成倍的。
4.量词。
用于左右对称的某些肢体、器官或成对使用的东西。
组词：一双、双方、举世无双、双龙戏珠、双臂、双手。
请：1.请求。
①请人做某事；②请人允许自己做某事。
2.邀请。
3.敬辞。
表谦逊，用于希望对方做某事。
4.拜见。
5.旧时指买佛像、佛龛等。
组词：请问、请客、申请、负荆请罪、邀请。
过：1.经过。
2.过去。
3.经历；度过（某段时间或节假日）。
4.使经过某种处理。
5.超出（某个范围和限度）。
6.拜访；探望。
7.从一方转移到另一方。
七年级下学期期中考试(语文)试题含答案
七年级下学期期中考试（语文）（考试总分：120 分）一、填空题（本题共计1小题，总分4分）1.（4分）读下面这段文字，根据拼音写出汉字。
概峭瘁巅家国情怀，是人类共有的一种朴素情感。
读着脍炙人口的《木兰诗》，我们感受到一位古代巾帼英雄“万里赴戎机，关山度若飞”的英雄气gài______;读陆定一的《老山界》，我们感受到红军战士翻越qiào______壁的顽强意志和乐观精神;读杨振宁的《邓稼先》，我们感受到邓稼先为祖国的“两弹一星” 而鞠躬尽cuì______，死而后己;读光未然的《黄河颂》，我们听到诗人站在高山之diān______，向黄河母亲唱出的豪迈颂歌，这些表现家国情怀的作品，能够激发我们的爱国主义情感。
二、选择题（本题共计2小题，总分4分）2.（2分）下列句中加点词语使用不恰当的一项是（）A.在人迹．．罕至的北极，奇异的天象令人心旌摇荡，难以忘怀。
B.重要的书必须反复阅读，每读一次都会觉得开卷有益．．．．。
C.漫天大雪封住了他们的眼睛，使他们每走一步都忧心忡忡．．．．，因为--旦偏离了方D.小英在全省中学生舞蹈大赛中，以其优美舒展的舞姿和新颖的编排，征服了评3.（2分）把下面几个句子组成语境连贯的一段话，排序正确的一组是（）①“来日绮窗前，寒梅著花未”，“去郭轩楹敞，无村眺望赊”，“只欲栏边安枕席，夜深闲共说相思”①当我们看到建筑中的回廓、栏杆、台阶、屋檐、门窗等等，都会触景生情，这些.形象本身就是一诗- -般的语言。
①反过来说，由于文学的积淀，中国古代的建筑也变得含情脉脉。
①这些建筑形象,都诗化了,情态化了,所以都是那么感人。
①这种形象,却多与建筑有关。
①唐诗的一个显著的艺术特征,在于其形象化,以形感人。
A.①①①①①①B.①①①①①①C.①①①①①①D.①①①①①①三、默写（本题共计1小题，总分8分）4.（8分）“腹有诗书气自华”,请你根据要求填空。
（1）.士别三日,__________,大兄何见事之晚乎?（2）.古人常在诗中表达思乡思亲的感情。
上海中学2023-2024学年高一下学期期中考试英语试题(含答案)
上海中学2023学年第二学期期中考试英语试题高一______班学号______ 姓名______ 成绩______Ⅰ．Listening ComprehensionSection ADirections: In Section A, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation and a question about it, read the four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard.1．A．15 dollars. B．20 dollars. C．25 dollars. D．45 dollars.2．A．To the gallery. B．To the dentist’s.C．To her flat. D．To the garage.3．A．She was fired by the company. B．She broke the law.C．She is on leave right now. D．She is replacing the company’s website.4．A．Patient and doctor. B．Resident and government official.C．Customer and insurance agent. D．Boss and secretary.5．A．He was sitting opposite Mr. Johnson. B．He is planning a farewell party for Mr. Johnson.C．All the tasks that Mr. Johnson did failed. D．He is glad Mr. Johnson left the company.6．A．She prefers dogs to cats.B．She had a close relationship with the man’s daughter.C．She used to sorrow over her dog’s death.D．She is always in low spirits.7．A．The woman should get the chips herself. B．The woman shouldn’t eat chips.C．The woman used to have several heart attacks. D．The woman warned the man against heart attacks. 8．A．They plan to have the meeting in another place.B．The availability of the meeting room will be discussed.C．They have already had the meeting.D They will have the meeting sometime later.9．A．The car’s demand greatly exceeds supply.B．The woman has listed the car’s advantages.C．The woman received a car a month ago. D．The woman didn’t like the car.10．A．She won’t do the presentation.B．She needs to collect a lot of data for the presentation.C．She is still at an early stage of preparation for the presentation.D．The topic is most important for the presentation.Section BDirections: In Section B, you will hear two short passages and a longer conversation, and you will be asked some questions on the passages and the conversation. The passages and the conversation will be read twice, but thequestions will be spoken only once. When you hear a question, read the four possible answers on your paper and decide which one is the best answer to the question you’ve heard.Questions 11 through 13 are based on the following passage.11．A．The type of food you freeze. B．The way you warm up the frozen food.C．Whether the freezer bags are sealed. D．What temperature you set your freezer to. 12．A．Because they can be easily stocked.B．Because they fit well in the fridge.C．Because they come in different sizes and shapes. D．Because they help to keep the dry food dry 13．A．Prevent people from eating too much food.B．Stop people from removing food that hasn’t gone bad.C．Make people become cautious about eating unhealthy food.D．Make people become ambitious in making use of leftover food.Questions 14 through 17 are based on the following passage.14．A．Postpone retirement age. B．Involve more women in work.C．Hire more foreign workers. D．Attract workers with high salaries.15．A．Relieve pressure on human nursing care.B．Take care of children and the elderly.C．Finally replace humans in workforce. D．Give humans more time to r creative work. 16．A．Robots can’t do certain work. B．Some people don’t accept robots.C．The expenses for robots are still high. D．The functions of robots need improving.17．A．Japan struggles to fight workforce shortage.B．Japanese attitudes towards robots change a lot.C．Robots have played a major role in Japan’s industry.D．Robots can help in Japanese workforce shortage.Questions 18 through 20 are based on the following conversation.18．A．The cruise liner will provide all sorts of food and entertainment.B．Only half of the cabins will be filled up.C．The prices of unsold tickets will be reduced.D．Everyone will be able to afford the ticket.19．A．Book tickets as soon as they are available. B．Closely watch the changes of ticket prices C．Compare deals from different sources. D．Keep in contact with a travel age n you can trust. 20．A．Because cruise tours are only suitable for people who have much free time.B．Because he can work part-time to earn money to pay for the tour.C．Because doing price research and comparing takes time.D．Because he can sail shortly after buying the cheap ticket.Ⅱ．Grammar and VocabularySection A Multiple Choice21．No man is useless in this world ______ lightens the burden of someone else.A．which B．that C．who D．as22．______ be considered for the role of team leader in our upcoming project?A．Who do you suggest that should B．Who do you suggestC．Whom do you suggest should D．Do you suggest who should23．I’m now applying to graduate school, ______ means someday I’ll return to a profession ______people need to be nice to me in order to get what they want.A．which, as B．which, which C．which, where D．as, in which24．The reason ______ she gave for her resignation was ______ she wanted to pursue her passion for travel and exploration.A．that, that B．why, that C．why, because D．/, because25．It might be years ______ we ______ the creation of artificial intelligence systems capable of true human-like cognition.A．since, made possible B．before, make possibleC．since, made possible that D．before, make it possible26．The budget for the project ended up being twice ______, causing unexpected financial strain on the company. A．how it intended to B．that it had intended toC．as it intended to D．what it was intended to27．It was ______ she took her first step onto foreign soil ______ signaled the beginning of a journey filled with unknown adventures and unforgettable experiences.A．the moment, that B．the moment, whenC．the moment when, that D．the moment when, which28．The complexities of the English language are ______ even native speakers cannot always communicate effectively, ______ almost every American learns on his first day in Britain.A．so that, as B．such that, as C．so that, with D．such that, in that29．His confidence and strong will clearly show that he is no longer ______ he used to be the first time ______ he undertook such a demanding task.A．who, when B．who, / C．what, / D．what, that30．It was not so much her talent ______ her perseverance and determination ______ motivated her to the top of her field.A but. that B．as, that C．nor, which D．like, which31．______ the children tracked mud all over them again.A．No sooner did he sweep the floors clean than B．Hardly had he sweep the floors clean whenC．Barely he had swept the floors clean than D．Scarcely had he swept the floors clean when32．Although the suspect insisted ______ alone during the time of the crime, the court still demanded ______ evidence to support his alibi.A．being at home, he should provide B．he be at home, he providedC．he was at home, be provide D．he was at home, he providing33．Visitors are permitted to take photographs for personal use only, ______ stated otherwise by the museum staff. A．though B．if C．as D．unless34．The recipe book features helpful ______, making it easier for learners to visualize the cooking process.A．explanation B．demonstrations C．illustrations D．presentations35．The heroic idea that ______ qualities such as excellence, generosity courage, loyalty and dignity is highly valued and modeled.A．embraces B．identifies C．examines D．criticizes36．______ by the work pressure, he has been experiencing serious physical symptoms of stress and had to turn to a therapist for help.A．Overwhelmed B．Disappointed C．Frustrated D．Shocked37．After witnessing her tireless dedication to practice every day, the parents were ______ her enthusiasm for playing the piano.A．concerned with B．committed to C．informed of D convinced of38．When we ______ the data further, we can identify specific trends and patterns that may not be evident at first glance.A．break up B．break out C．break through D．break down39．The temptation for a declining church to ______ old privileges is strong.A．hang on to B．settle for C．pass up D．sign for40．After signing the contract, every employee is ______ fulfill their duties and conform to the rules made by the company.A．reluctant to B．obliged to C．motivated to D．honored to41．Due to the long-term environmental and financial benefits, renewable energy technologies are ______ A．worthwhile to develop B．worth being developedC．worthy to be developed D．worthy of developingSection B VocabularyDirections: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.Stressed out? Get chewing: can a wellness rebrand make Americans buy gum again?When was the last time you saw someone chewing gum? 1998, maybe? 2007? Chances are, it probably wasn’t recently. Like high heels and affordable housing, chewing gum appears to be going 42Gum’s popularity has been fading globally thanks to increased competition from products like breath mints and mobile phones distracting us from impulse purchases while shopping. The pandemic, moreover, 43 ·accelerated gum’s decline.Even after people 44 from lockdown, sales didn’t recover. Gum sales worldwide in 2023 were 10% below 2018 figures. In the US, the drop has been particularly pronounced: last year 1.2 billion units of gum were sold in the US, 32% fewer than in 2018.However, chewing gum, in various forms, is one of the oldest habits there is. Stone age teenagers were chewing birch bar k tar possibly for pleasure, medicinal purposes, or to use it as a glue. Gum has also been loaded with culturalmeaning and the subject of various 45 panics. Some people believe it is a marker of the bad kids or a habit of the lower class.Despite a certain amount of social stigma（污名）attached to gum, it has - until relatively recently -been a wildly successful product. That’s thanks to William Wrigley Jr, who was a marketing and advertising genius. Wrigley always 46 to find a way to make gum relevant and insert it into consumer culture. For example, Wrigley advertised the idea that chewing gum was a health aid that would help digestion and would relieve stress.This year the Wrigley brand’s owner —Mars—came out with an ad campaign it hopes will revive gum’s 47 by positioning it as an almost instant stress reliever. Linking gum with wellness worked in the 1910s, but is it going to work now? Alex Hayes at the food consultancy is 48 optimistic. “The global well ness market is estimated to be worth more than $1.5 trillion, so it’s no surprise that Mars wants a piece of the pie,” Hayes says. “We’ve seen the success of categories such as tea promoting their products via functional 49 and messaging-teas for good sleep, mental clarity, stress relief, etc. So it comes as no surprise that Mars is risking the same 50 .” But he also notes, customers are increasingly worried about processed foods and are eager to move away from artificial 51 . There’s still ongoing discussion on just how effective repositioning chewable plastic as a health supplement is going to be. Ⅲ．Reading ComprehensionSection A ClozeDirections: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.It’s safe to say Jeremy Scott is having a lucky year. In March while working as a chauffeur, he told his boss about his plans to set up a driving business. By the end of the journey, Scott’s boss had offered to 52 his idea-a starting capital along with the gift of a £110,000 limousine（豪车）to kick start the business.Of course, there’s an element of luck to everyone’s career. Whether you’re a chief executive or an artist — your 53 won’t be based on hard work alone. For example, the place you were born 54 your education. It determines whether you learn to read, write or complete qualifications, which 55 limits your career choices.Many people believe success is down to talent and hard work, but “this is because most people underestimate the role of 56 ”, says psychologist Dr Elizabeth Nutt Williams. “We do a lot of work to prepare for ourcareers-education, training, taking advantage of mentoring-all of which tend to be in our control.” People don’t like to acknowledge the role of luck in their work, as it 57 this feeling of being in control, adds Williams.Everyone remembers working hard, so people are more likely to overestimate how much of their success is down to diligence than something much more 58 like luck.The reality of success （at least in terms of 59 ）is less clear cut. In the UK, studies show where you are born is likely to determine how much you earn.2017 research found that there is a “class pay gap’’, where professional employers from 60 backgrounds are paid almost £7,000 less a year — despite having the same role, education and experience as colleagues from more privileged families. 61 , black graduates earn up to 23% less per hour than white university leavers, whereas woman in the UK earn 14% less on average than men.Socio-economic status also plays a big role in the 62 you enter. A recent study by the Debrett’s Foundation found seven in every 10 young people aged 16-25 use 63 to get their first job. While research has shown that less able, richer children are 35% more likely to become high earners than their brighter. poorer peers.The truth is: chance and coincidences 64 our careers more than we like to think. Realizing that parts of your career are out of your control sounds 65 , but being grateful for the role of luck in your career can actually make you more fortunate.This is because when you acknowledge the role of luck in your work, you become prepared to take advantage of more fortunate moments. “Chance events occur·but it is all about the individual’s 66 to see those events as possibilities and their willingness to take a risk,” says Williams.52．A．challenge B．adopt C．finance D．reject53．A．performances B．accomplishments C．assessments D．outcomes54．A．accounts for B．applies to C．makes up for D．depends on55．A．in reward B．after all C．in turn D．by nature56．A．chance B．accident C．education D．diligence57．A．emphasizes B．overlooks C．maintains D．weakens58．A．manageable B．vital C．slippery D．minor59．A．reputation B．income C．education D．occupation60．A．wealthier B．poorer C．unique D．diverse61．A．Nevertheless B．Contrarily C．Consequently D．Similarly62．A．profession B．circle C．community D．university63．A．certificates B．online platforms C．career fairs D．family connections64．A．contribute to B．result from C．add to D．hold back65．A．inspiring B．encouraging C．appealing D．discouraging66．A．reluctance B．eagerness C．readiness D．resolutionSection B Passages（A）When you think about coffee alternatives, garlic is probably one of the last things that comes to mind, but that is exactly the ingredient that one Japanese inventor used to create a drink that looks and tastes like coffee.74-year-old Yokitomo Shimotai, a coffee shop owner in Aomori Prefecture, Japan, claims that his unique “garlic coffee” is the result of a cooking blunder he made over 30 years ago, when he burned a steak and garlic while waiting tables at the same time. Intrigued by the burnt garlic’s smell, he mashed it up with a spoon and mixed it with hot water. The resulting drink looked and tasted a lot like coffee. Making a mental note of his discovery, Yokimoto carried on with his job and only started researching garlic coffee again after he retired.Committed to turning his weird drink into a commercial product, Yokitomo Shimotai spent years optimizing the formula, and about five years ago, he finally achieved a result he was satisfied with. To make his dissolvable garlic grounds, he roasts the cloves（蒜瓣）in an electric oven, and after they’ve cooled off, smashes them into fine particles and pac ks them in dripbags.“My drink is probably the world’s first of its kind,” the garlic coffee inventor told Kyodo News. “It contains no caffeine so it’s good for those who would like to drink coffee at night or pregnant women.”“The bitterness of burned garl ic apparently helps create the coffee-like flavor,” Shimotai adds. He claims that, although his garlic coffee does give off an aroma of roasted garlic, it doesn’t cause bad breath, because the garlic isthoroughly cooked. And if you can get past the smell, the drink apparently does taste a lot like actual coffee. If decaf isn’t good enough for you, and you’re in the mood for something new, you can try Yokitomo Shimotai’s garlic coffee at his shop, in the city of Ninohc, lwate Prefecture, or buy your own dripbags for just 324 yen（$2.8）. 67．Which word is the closest in meaning to the underlined word “blunder” in the second paragraph?A mistake B．show C．mixture D．brand68．Who is NOT suitable to drink garlic coffee?A．A student having trouble with sleep B．A woman bearing a baby.C．A cleaner working on a day shift. D．A young lady sick of garlic.69．Which of the following is NOT characteristic of garlic coffee?A．It is caffeine-free. B．Garlic powder dissolves in waterC．The burnt garlic create s bitterness. D．It is an improvement on a garlic dish.70．Which of the following can be used to describe Yokitomo Shimotai?A．Venturous and greedy B．Innovative and perseverantC．Hardworking and cautious D．Observant and helpful（B）71．By “how they stacked up” in paragraph 1, the author probably means “how they ______.”A．make sense to manufacturers B．get stuck in storesC are compared with each other D．are piled up together72．Which of the following devices favourably reacts to users?A．Dreampad pillow B．Eight sleep trackerC．Smart Nora Wireless Snoring Solution D．Nightingale Smart Home Sleep System73．Which of the following statements is true according to the passage?A．The Eight keeps the entire bed at the same temperature.B．The Nightinga, is an economical but perfect device.C．Soft music is applied to all these four devices.D．One in three people suffer from sleep problem.（C）One way to divide up the world is between people who like to explore new possibilities and those who stick to the tried and true. In fact, the tension between betting on a sure thing and taking a chance that something unexpected and wonderful might happen troubles human and nonhuman animals alike.Take songbirds, for example. The half-dozen finches（雀）resting at my desk feeder all summer know exactly what they’ll find there: black sunflower seed, and lots of it. Meanwhile, the warblers（莺）exploring the woods nearby don’t depend on this predictable food source in fine weather. As food hunters, they enjoy less exposure to predators and, as a bonus, the chance to meet the perfect mate flying from tree to tree.This “explore-exploit” trade-off（权衡）has prompted scores of lab studies, computer simulations and algorithms （算法）, trying to determine which strategy brings in the greatest reward. Now a new study of human behavior in the real world, published last month in the journal Nature Communications, shows that in good times, there isn’t much of a difference between pursuing novelty and sticking to the status quo（原状）. When the going gets tough. however, explorers are the winners.The new study, led by Shay O’Farrell and James Sanchirico, both of the Univ ersity of California, Davis, along with Orr Spiegel of Tel Aviv University, examined the routes and results of nearly 2,500 commercial fishing trips in the Gulf of Mexico over a period of 2.5 years. The study focused on “bottom longline” fishing, a system where hundreds of lines are attached to a horizontal bar that is then lowered to reach the sea bed. Dr. O’Farrell explained the procedure this way: Go to a location and put the line down. Stay for a few hours. The lines are a mile long and have a buoy （浮标）at either end. When they pull that up, they assess the catch, and then decide if they will stay or move on to a different spot.Over two years of collecting data under various climate conditions, the researchers discovered that the fishermen were fairly c onsistent. “The exploiters would go to a smaller set of locations over and over, and go with what theyknow,” Dr. O’Farrell said. The explorers would constantly try a wider range; they’d sample new places.In the long run, there wasn’t a huge difference in payoffs between the two groups, perhaps due to the sharing information between fishing crews, said Dr. O’Farrell. But in challenging times, the study’s message was clear: “You can try new things in the face of uncertainty.”74．The author takes the songbird as an example to indicate that ______.A．like birds, humans tend to be satisfied with the predictableB．some birds are used to looking for food instead of being fedC．there exist the conservative and the adventurous like humansD．birds choose different ways to look for food in different weather75．According to the third paragraph, people who mastered “explore-exploit” trade-off ______.A．will choose either to pursue novelty or keep the status quoB．are ready to risk in time of difficultyC．will be tough in good times and bad timesD．will grow to be experts in lab studies76．Which can be inferred from the new study led by Shay O’Farrell and James Sanchirico?A．The two groups react to the unexpected differently.B．The “explore-exploit” trade-off helps scientific research a lot.C．The exploiters are used to fishing based solely on their experience.D．The explorers tend to achieve more than the exploiters in the long run.77．Which of the following can be the best title for passage?A．How the Exploiter differs from the Explorer B．How to Become a Productive FishermanC．What is “Explore-Exploit” Trade-off D．When to take risks mattersSection CDirections: Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.The Maya loved cacao so much that they used the beans as currency. They also believed it is good for you—which many people still say today about cacao’s most famous byproduct, chocolate. 78 . While some have suggested that less than an ounce of dark chocolate might improve heart health, much of the research doesn’t involve eating actual chocolate but rather its components — flavanol, especially.79 . In a clinical trial of 21,000 adults, they found that the half of the group that took500mg of. cocoaflavanol supplements daily had a significantly lower risk of death from cardiovascular disease than those who had taken a placebo（安慰剂）.Flavanols may also boost insulin sensitivity, according to some studies, which might be helpful in reducing the risk of type 2 diabetes（糖尿病）. 80 . Those at risk of diabetes might be wise to choose a cacao-inspired supplement instead of eating chocolate—and the sugar it contains. Other research suggests that the flavanols found in cacao （also present in fruits, vegetables, and tea）could slow cognitive decline during aging, or even boost brain performance by improving blood flow to the cerebral cortex.What these findings mean for chocolate is limited, however. Participants would have had to eat multiple fat and sugar filled chocolate bars a day to source 500mg of flavanols. 81 . So understanding why certain types of chocolate are healthier than the rest is the focus of further research.Ⅳ．Fill in the BlanksHow sneaker culture took over the worldSneakers have come a long way from when they were first invented in 1860s England for the upper-class playing croquet（槌球）and tennis.Long worn for function 82 82 fashion, today sneakers have become an entire culture—both a form of self-expression and a high art found in museum exhibits and designer auction houses.83 transformed sneaker culture into a true phenomenon was the 1985 release of Nike’s Air Jordan 1s. In 1984, Michael Jordan was a talented rookie who had yet to play in a professional game. 84 that, Nike saw Jordan as the future of their brand, signing him to a five-year, $2.5 million endorsement（代言）deal. 85 Jordan matured into one of the greatest basketball players of all time, the sneaker’s popularity skyrocketed.Meanwhile, another cultural shift 86 （take）place with casual Fridays introduced in white-collar businesses. It was when men were allowed to put aside their suits and wear something one day a week that showed people who they really were.As sneakers became increasingly desired, footwear companies turned to 87 （generate）even more publicity by collaborating with celebrities and luxury brands, as well as releasing small batches of limited-edition shoes with eye-pop ping designs.Celebrities also started their collaborations with sneaker brands, which helped target a whole new demographic of people to experience sneaker culture. It was a blending of high and low fashion, 88 the shoe industry has never really seen before. A pair that Jordan wore in his legendary final NBA season 89 （sell ）even for $2.2 mllion, making them the most expensive sneakers ever to appear at auction.By the mid-2010s, speakers 90 （become）solid gold status symbols. Wearing rare and cool sneakers became an expression of one’s social status. But not until recently, sneakers are finally getting their due as part of our cultural heritage—and particularly how Black culture has shaped that heritage. It took decades for the sneaker industry to recognize that 91 these Black athletes or artists that championed their products there would be no sneaker culture.Ⅴ．Translations92．结果看来这项传统的确值得传承给我们的后代。
2023-2024学年六年级下学期英语期中试卷(含答案)
2023-2024学年六年级下学期英语期中试卷一、选出你所听到的内容，将选项填入题前括号中听录音，选出你所听到的内容。
1．A．[red]B．[ri:d]C．[kli:nd]2．A．slept B．did C．cleaned3．A．had a cold B．went boating C．saw a film4．A．last weekend B．last Monday C．last night 5．A．listened to music B．made the bed C．cooked the food二、听录音，选出与句子意思一致的图片6．听录音，选出正确的答案。
（1）It's ________ today.A．B．C．（2）Bill's family is going to the ________.A．B．C．（3）They are going there at ________.A．B．C．（4）Bill is going to ________ there.A．B．C．（5）Bill wants some ________ for lunch.A．B．C．三、听短文选择正确的答案7．听录音，选出正确的答案。
（1）It's ________ today.A．Friday B．Saturday C．Sunday（2）There are ________ people in Lingling's family.A．six B．five C．four（3）Lingling's mother is ________.A．cooking dinner B．making dumplings C．talking to her grandpa （4）Lingling's ________ is watching TV.A．grandma B．father C．sister（5）Lingling is ________.A．doing homework B．doing exercise C．doing housework 四、选词填空，请将正确选项填入下面横线选词填空，完成句子。
七年级下学期期中考试(语文)试题含答案
七年级下学期期中考试（语文）（考试总分：120 分）一、选择题（本题共计3小题，总分6分）1.（2分）下列各组加点词语中注音准确无误的一项是( )A.澎湃．(pài) 祈祷．(dǎo) 亘．古(gènɡ) 锲．而不舍(qiè)B.校．对(jiào) 默契．(qì) 晌．午(shǎng) 气冲斗．牛(dòu)C.嫉．妒(jì) 哺．育(bǔ) 挚．友(zhì) 鞠躬尽瘁．(cuì)D.愧怍．(zuò) 污秽．(huì) 殷．红(yān) 扑朔．迷离(shuò)2.（2分）下列词语中没有错别字的一项是( )A.草率抱歉取谛心不在焉熟能生巧B.斑斓奠基厚道大庭广众家喻户晓C.胸膛烦锁卓越妇孺皆知言外之意D.惶恐懊悔诧异群蚁排衙深恶痛决3.（2分）下列句子顺序排列最恰当的一项是( )①竹。
柔韧清秀,刚健挺拔,最宜入诗入画。
①竹如谦谦君子,它有兰的优雅,松的高洁,深受古代文人的青睐。
①那成片的竹林,风过如丝弦裂帛,雨来如琴瑟和鸣,那就是一首抒情诗,一幅水墨画。
①“虚心有致,高风亮节”是文人雅士对竹的评价:“咬定青山不放松,立根原在破岩中,千磨万击还坚劲,任尔东西南北风"则是活脱脱的人格写照了。
①郑板桥一生爱竹,自有个中缘由;苏东坡“宁可食无肉,不可居无竹”也不仅仅是情趣使然。
A.①①①①①B.①①①①①C.①①①①①D.①①①①①二、默写（本题共计1小题，总分4分）4.（4分）古诗文默写。
（1）.深林人不知,__________(王维《竹里馆》)（2）.__________,惟解漫天作雪飞。
(韩愈《晚春》)（3）.《逢人京使》中颇带夸张意味,强调思家深情的句子是:__________,__________。
（4）.《木兰诗》中表现木兰出征前紧张繁忙、周密有序的准备情形的儿句是:__________,__________.三、名著阅读（本题共计1小题，总分4分）5.（4分）名著阅读。
河南省实验中学2022——2023学年高二下学期期中考试语文试题(含答案)
河南省实验中学2022——2023学年下期期中试卷（时间：150分钟，满分：150分）一、现代文阅读（35分）（一）现代文阅读Ⅰ（本题共5小题，17分）阅读下面的文字，完成1-5题。
材料一：数字劳动带给不同人的意义是截然不同的。
数字劳动与诸多社会结构性因素互嵌，包括年龄、性别、地域、种族、教育水平、职业类别等。
数字劳动带来了社会分化。
这种分化可以从很多层面来阐释。
当我们讨论社会分化时，往往会联想到政策、阶层等宏观层面，而忽略了劳动者群体内部的分化。
实际上，数字劳动带来的分化首先发生在接触劳动、执行具体工作的劳动者群体内部。
在今天的互联网社会，“数字移民”和“数字原住民”同时存在。
有的人一出生便是“数字原住民”，习得数字技术、从事数字劳动对他们而言是十分自然的事情。
而年龄较大的人一般更习惯“工厂制”的流水线劳动，突如其来的数字化往往令其不知所措。
从工厂、建筑工地、服装厂走下来的工人，往往无法拥有“数字原住民”在新型数字场域下的劳动优势。
当然，更加明显和尖锐的数字分化体现在劳动者与外部结构之间。
除了劳资关系，消费者和数字劳动者的区隔也正在成为数字分化的重要表现。
在以服务业为导向的数字劳动中，基于互动、社交、沟通、态度、认同等劳动情感的结构是数字分化的重要体现。
为了提升服务体验、扩大市场份额，数字企业对服务体验和服务质量的要求不断提高。
数字劳动者所面对的挑战由以往受资本“强控制”转变为因顾客“强社交”，他们需要接受职业化的规训，以达到精细、专业地服务消费者的要求，而不仅仅是对产品有着专业的理解。
从这个角度讲，当“顾客就是上帝”“顾客永远是对的”这样的标语不断出现在我们周边时，数字分化程度正在不断加大。
劳动者不仅要付出情感劳动，更需要付出自身的劳动尊严。
理查德·霍加特在阐释十八、十九世纪的美国工人阶级的劳作时，认为他们虽然非常辛苦，但却强烈认同自己的社群，并随时准备在他人面前表现自身的体面。
反观今天的数字劳动者，他们在日常劳作中还存有多少体面和尊严，似乎是一个值得反思的问题。
湖南省长沙市长郡中学2023-2024学年高二下学期期中考试英语试题(含答案)
长郡中学2023-2024学年高二下学期期中考试英语时量：120分钟满分：150分第一部分听力（共两节，满分30分）略第二部分阅读（共两节，满分50分）第一节（共15小题；每小题2.5分，满分37.5分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。
AFrom December 1st, 2023 to November 30th, 2024, visitors can stay in China for up to 15 days without a visa. Below are several easy steps for planning a first China tour.Decide How Many Days to StayWe suggest you take at least a week for your first trip to see the highlights in the top three cities: Beijing (3–4 days), Xi’an (2 days), and Shanghai (1–2 days).To discover more of China, like charming Guilin and lovely Chengdu pandas, you would need a few more days.Consider When to Travel to ChinaThings to do in Beijing, Xi’an, and Shanghai are seldom affected by the seasons.Spring (April–May) and autumn (September–October) are generally the most comfortable and recommended times for a China tour. They are neither too hot nor too cold, but fall is generally drier and warmer than spring.A more ideal travel time for you could be March and early April or September when there are smaller crowds, favorable prices, and still good weather.China is a good summer holiday destination too.Consider Your BudgetThe biggest cost could be international airfares. The cost of airfares from the US or Europe to China varies a lot depending on when you fly and which airline you use, from around US$1,200 to US$3,000 for an economy round trip.The biggest price difference between the off and peak seasons is in the price of hotels and airfares. Prices in peak seasons can go up by 50 to 100%.For a private tour, the average cost per day is about US$220–350 per person, including flights/trains within China, 4- or 5-star hotels, lunches, attractions, guides, and private transport.We Believe Private and Tailor-Made Tours Are BestWith our private tours, you would have much more personal choice in how your tour goes. You could have more hand-picked and interactive experiences, like visiting a local family with your own local guide.With private guiding and transport, we would make full use of your time. You could focus on the sightseeing you want to do, skipping what’s not of interest and the long queues in the most crowded attractions.21. If you have a tour in China in winter, which places are suitable for you?A. Beijing and Guilin.B. Xi’an and Chengdu.C. Shanghai and Chengdu.D. Beijing and Xi’an.22. What can we know from the text?A. A visa is needed for a 12-day tour.B. The highest expense is the accommodation fee.C. Travelling in March can save tourists money.D. Prices in peak seasons usually go up by 150%.23. Which of the following is NOT the reason why a tailor-made tour is recommended?A. You have more choices about your route.B. Your time will be maximized.C. You are likely to interact with locals in person.D. You will spend less on the tour.BThree years into my postdoc(博士后), I started to wonder whether I needed a new career plan. After applying for more than two dozen teaching jobs, I hadn’t landed a single interview.I had once considered going to art school but had put that idea to the side when I decided to pursue chemistry as an undergraduate. In the years that followed, I kept up my interest in art by taking painting classes at night. My family was bursting with mathematicians, computer programmers, and engineers, so it felt natural to have my daily life center around science.But in the spring after my failed job search, that started to change after a friend excitedly showed me proofs of a review article. She was astonished by what the journal’s scientific illustrator had done with her fundamental sketches(速写). “That would be such a fun job.” I thought.I decided to test out a new career direction by volunteering to create similar illustrations for my institute’s newsletters. I spent my nights and weekends reading scientific papers and thinking about how to illustrate the results. It was a fun task. I felt I was perhaps on the right path. But could I make a full-time career?Searching online, I tracked down people who had that kind of job. I found many had training through scientific illustration master’s degree programs. After living on graduate student and postdoctoral salaries for years, I didn’t have enough money saved up for the programs, so I decided to get a certificate in digital design.I now work as a visual designer at a biomedical research institute where I spend my days working with research to communicate their work visually. I love the fact that I get to combine my scientific and artistic sides.24. Why did the author attend classes at night?A. To please her family.B. To pass her undergraduate tests.C. To pursue her hobby.D. To complete optional courses in art.25. What effect did the proofs have on the author?A. They shook her belief in science.B. They tested out what she learned in class.C. They gave her inspiration for her scientific paper.D. They motivated her to find a new career direction.26. What prevented the author seeking a scientific illustration master’s degree?A. Her busy schedule.B. Her financial difficulties.C. Her new interest in digital design.D. Her lack of confidence.27. How does the author feel about her current job?A. Pressured.B. Desperate.C. Curious.D. Satisfied.CAdministrators of the Mogao Caves in Dunhuang, Gansu province, are striving to harmonize tourists’ exploration of the site with the need to safeguard murals and artifacts, through innovative measures such as digital presentations.Sandstorms, rainfall and tourist visits constitute the most severe threats to the UNESCO World Heritage Site, said Wang Xiaowei, director of the Dunhuang Grottoes Monitoring Center at the Dunhuang Academy.Since the Mogao Caves opened to the public in 1979, the number of visitors has been growing at an average annual rate of around 20 percent, reaching 2.15 million in 2019 before the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic. Thisyear, the site is expected to receive a record 3 million visitors.“If you enter the caves during the peak tourism months of July, August and September, you’ll find it hard to breathe,” Wang said. The carbon dioxide and moisture exhaled by visitors accumulate inside the caves and cause damage to the murals, Wang said.To preserve the caves, the duration of visits is limited and sometimes stopped during rain or dust storms. To try and ensure visitors aren’t disappointed when restrictions are in place, the center provides a digital exhibition, he said.Currently, the center is being expanded to cater for an additional 3,000 visitors on top of the existing capacity of 6,000.The Dunhuang Academy began digitally recording and storing images of murals and painted sculptures over 30 years ago. The digitization project has successfully covered over 200 caves, with a dedicated team of 110 experts currently undertaking the work.The Mogao Caves are immovable, and transporting them is impossible, according to Su Bomin, head of the Dunhuang Academy. And he added, “However, with digitization, we can perfectly replicate Dunhuang art and showcase it worldwide, introducing Eastern culture to the world.”In 2016, the Digital Dunhuang repository went live, sharing high-definition images and panoramic tours of the most exquisite 30 caves globally. Currently, visitors from 78 countries have accessed the repository, totaling over 16.8 million visits.Su said Dunhuang can provide diverse cultural exchanges through its cultural relics. “By digitizing these relics, we enable people worldwide to understand Dunhuang’s culture, thereby gaining a deeper appreciation for China’s historical commitment to diverse cultural exchanges — that is, an ethos of inclusivity, mutual learning and a shared future,” he said.28. Which of the following is NOT the reason for providing a digital exhibition?A. The factors related to COVID-19 put the caves in grave danger.B. The increasing number of tourists visiting Dunhuang might harm the caves.C. The authority is aimed to balance tourism and relics conservation.D. The duration of visits is limited and sometimes stopped during rain or dust storms.29. What does the underlined word “replicate” probably mean?A. Copy.B. Safeguard.C. Access.D. Transport.30. What does Su Bomin think of digitization?A. It records and stores images of murals and painted sculptures.B. It shares high definition and panoramic tours of the most exquisite caves.C. It allows for an international exchange of cultures through the relics.D. It enables people to appreciate the lasting beauty of the murals.31. What can be the best title for the text?A. The Significance of the Mural PaintingsB. The Restoration in Mogao CavesC. The Innovation on Mogao Caves’ PreservationD. The Dunhuang Spirit in Chinese CultureDThe road to Mars is long and fraught with peril. One challenge is getting humans to the red planet; another is ensuring that once they’ve arrived, they’ll be able to manage life there.To prepare astronauts for an extended stay on Mars, NASA’s latest simulated mission, CHAPEA — Crew Health and Performance Exploration Analog — will isolate four people inside a mock-Mars base in Texas for 378 days — roughly the time a manned mission to Mars would spend on the surface.Once inside they will adopt a pre-planned schedule taking part in simulated activities and science work, eating like astronauts, and dealing with maintenance and equipment failures, while undergoing strenuous psychological and physiological testing.The first simulation will begin in June, and will be followed by two more, each with a different crew in identical conditions, with the last simulation starting in 2026.“We’ve built a high-accuracy Mars surface mission scenario,” says Scott M. Smith, co-investigator for CHAPEA. The participants will experience a 22-minute delay in external communications, as astronauts would on Mars. Ambient noise will be played through speakers around the base, ensuring no outside sounds can be heard by participants.Aiming for accuracy has resulted in a habitat that could be feasibly built on Mars, Smith adds. The base, called “Mars Dune Alpha”, is a custom design by Bjarke Ingels Group and 3D-printing company ICON, and resides inside a hangar at the Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas. Printed in a month from ICON’s concrete formula dubbed “Lavacrete”, on Mars, the idea is to build using Martian soil.“NASA has evaluated a tremendous number of options for off-world habitat construction — repurposed rockets and landers, inflatables, assembled buildings, etc.,” explains ICON CEO Jason Ballard. “They’ve come to believe what we believe: that when you evaluate it from a financial, safety and flexibility standpoint, robotic construction using local materials is far and away the best option.”32. What’s the purpose of NASA’s latest simulated mission?A. To get astronauts to Mars.B. To isolate four people inside a base in Mars.C. To help astronauts to do experiments in Mars.D. To prepare astronauts for managing life in Mars.33. Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?A. The last simulation will end in 2026.B. Each stimulation has a different crew in the same conditions.C. The participants can hear outside sounds.D. The participants will do things different from those that astronauts do.34. What’s Smith’s attitude to the simulated mission?A. Indifferent.B. Pessimistic.C. Optimistic.D. Skeptical.35. What is the most commonly used technique in the text?A. Making comparison.B. Giving examples.C. Analyzing causes and effects.D. Listing figures.第二节（共5小题；每小题2.5分，满分12.5分）阅读下面短文，从短文后的选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
2022-2023学年安徽省合肥市高一下学期期中考试数学试题【含答案】
2022-2023学年安徽省合肥市高一下学期期中考试数学试题一、单选题1．若复数为纯虚数，则实数的值为（ ）()242iz a a =-+-a A ．2B ．2或C ．D ．2-2-4-【答案】C【分析】根据给定条件，利用纯虚数的定义列式计算作答.【详解】因为复数为纯虚数，则有，解得，()242i z a a =-+-24020a a ⎧-=⎨-≠⎩2a =-所以实数的值为.a 2-故选：C2．在中，内角A ，B ，C 所对的边分别是a ，b ，c ，且，则的形状为ABC 2cos c a B =ABC （ ）A ．等腰三角形B ．直角三角形C ．等腰直角三角形D ．等腰三角形或直角三角形【答案】A【分析】已知条件用正弦定理边化角，由展开后化简得，可得出等()sin sin C A B =+tan tan A B =腰三角形的结论.【详解】，由正弦定理，得，2cos c a B =()sin sin 2sin cos C A B A B=+=即sin cos cos sin 2sin cos ,A B A B A B +=∴，可得，sin cos cos sin A B A B =tan tan A B =又，∴，0π,0πA B <<<<A B =则的形状为等腰三角形.ABC 故选：A.3．某圆锥的侧面展开图是半径为3，圆心角为的扇形，则该圆锥的体积为（ ）120︒A ．BC ．D 【答案】D【分析】求出扇形的弧长，进而求出圆锥的底面半径，由勾股定理得到圆锥的高，利用圆锥体积公式求解即可.【详解】因为圆锥的侧面展开图是半径为3，圆心角为的扇形，120︒所以该扇形的弧长为，120π32π180⨯=设圆锥的底面半径为，则，解得：，r 2π2πr =1r =因为圆锥的母线长为3，所以圆锥的高为h =该圆锥的体积为.2211ππ133r h =⨯⨯=故选：D4．中，三个内角A ，B ，C 的对边分别为a ，b ，c ．已知，B 的大ABC π4A =a =b =小为（ ）A ．B ．C ．或D ．或π6π3π65π6π32π3【答案】D【分析】根据正弦定理即可求解.【详解】由正弦定理可得sin sin sin a B b A B B =⇒==由于,，所以或,()0,πB ∈b a>B =π32π3故选：D5．设点P 为内一点，且，则（ ）ABC ∆220PA PB PC ++=:ABP ABC S S ∆∆=A ．B ．C ．D ．15251413【答案】A【分析】设AB 的中点是点D ，由题得，所以点P 是CD 上靠近点D 的五等分点，即14PD PC=- 得解.【详解】设AB 的中点是点D ，∵，122PA PB PD PC+==- ∴，14PD PC=- ∴点P 是CD 上靠近点D 的五等分点，∴的面积为的面积的.ABP ∆ABC ∆15故选：A【点睛】本题主要考查向量的运算，意在考查学生对这些知识的理解掌握水平.6．如图，在长方体中，已知，，E 为的中点，则异面直1111ABCD A B C D -2AB BC ==15AA =11B C 线BD 与CE 所成角的余弦值为（）ABCD【答案】C【分析】根据异面直线所成角的定义，利用几何法找到所成角，结合余弦定理即可求解.【详解】取的中点F ，连接EF ，CF ，，易知，所以为异面直线BD11C D 11B D 11EF B D BD∥∥CEF ∠与CE所成的角或其补角.因为1112EF B D ==CE CF ====余弦定理得.222cos 2EF EC CF CEF EF EC +-∠====⋅故选：C7．在《九章算术》中，底面为矩形的棱台被称为“刍童”．已知棱台是一个侧棱相ABCD A B C D -''''等、高为1的“刍童”，其中，“刍童”外接球的表面积为22AB A B ''==2BC B C ''==（ ）A ．B ．CD ．20π20π3【答案】A【分析】根据刍童的几何性可知外接球的球心在四棱台上下底面中心连线上，设球心为O ，根据几何关系求出外接球半径即可求其表面积．【详解】如图，连接AC 、BD 、、，设AC ∩BD ＝M ，∩＝N ，连接MN ．A C ''B D ''AC ''BD ''∵棱台侧棱相等，∴易知其外接球球心在线段MN 所在直线上，设外接球球心为ABCD A B C D -''''O ，如图当球心在线段MN 延长线上时，易得，MC ＝2，，，4AC ===2A C ''===1NC '=MN ＝1，由得，，即OC OC '=2222NC ON OM MC '+=+，()()2222141141OM MN OM OM OM OM ++=+⇒++=+⇒=故OC ＝OC ==∴外接球表面积为．24π20π⋅=如图当球心在线段MN 上时，由得，，即OC OC '=2222NC ON OM MC '+=+舍去，()()2222141141MN OM OM OM OM OM +-=+⇒+-=+⇒=-故选：A【点睛】关键点睛：利用刍童的几何性确定外接球的球心是解题的关键.8．如图，直角的斜边长为2，，且点分别在轴，轴正半轴上滑动，点ABC ∆BC 30C ∠=︒,B C x y 在线段的右上方．设，（），记，，分别考查A BC OA xOB yOC =+ ,x y ∈R M OA OC =⋅N x y =+的所有运算结果，则,MN A ．有最小值，有最大值B ．有最大值，有最小值M N M N C ．有最大值，有最大值D ．有最小值，有最小值M N M N 【答案】B【分析】设，用表示出，根据的取值范围，利用三角函数恒等变换化简，OCB α∠=α,M N α,M N 进而求得最值的情况.,M N 【详解】依题意，所以.设，则30,2,90BCA BC A ∠==∠=1AC AB ==OCB α∠=，所以，，所30,090ABx αα∠=+<<()())30,sin 30Aαα++()()2sin ,0,0,2cos B C αα以，当时，取得最大值()()12cos sin 30sin 2302M OA OC ααα==+=++⋅ 23090,30αα+==M 为.13122+=，所以，所以OA xOB yOC =+ ()sin 302cos x y αα+==时，有最小值为()sin 302cos N x y αα+=+=+ 1=290,45αα==N 故选B.1+【点睛】本小题主要考查平面向量数量积的坐标运算，考查三角函数化简求值，考查化归与转化的数学思想方法，属于难题.二、多选题9．下列关于复数的四个命题，其中为真命题的是（ ）21i z =-A ．z 的虚部为1B ．22iz =C ．z 的共轭复数为D ．1i -+2z =【答案】AB【分析】根据复数的除法运算化简复数，即可结合选项逐一求解.【详解】,故虚部为1，共轭复数为，()()()21i 21i 1i 1i 1i z +===+--+1i-=，故AB 正确，CD 错误，()221i 2i z =+=故选：AB10．蜜蜂的巢房是令人惊叹的神奇天然建筑物．巢房是严格的六角柱状体，它的一端是平整的六角形开口，另一端是封闭的六角菱形的底，由三个相同的菱形组成．巢中被封盖的是自然成熟的蜂蜜．如图是一个蜂巢的正六边形开口，下列说法正确的是（ ）ABCDEF A ．B ．AC AE BF -= 32AE AC AD+= C ．D ．在上的投影向量为AF AB CB CD ⋅=⋅ AD AB AB 【答案】BCD【分析】对A ，利用向量的减法和相反向量即可判断；对B ，根据向量的加法平行四边形法则即可判断；对C ，利用平面向量的数量积运算即可判断；对D ，利用向量的几何意义的知识即可判断．【详解】连接，与交于点，如图所示，,,,,,AE AC AD BF BD CE CE AD H 对于A ：，显然由图可得与为相反向量，故A 错误；AC AE AC EA EC -=+= EC BF对于B ：由图易得，直线平分角，且为正三角形，根据平行四边形法AE AC=AD EAC ∠ACE △则有，与共线且同方向，2AC AE AH += AH AD易知，均为含角的直角三角形，EDH AEH △π6，即，3AH DH = 所以，34AD AH DH DH DH DH =+=+=又因为，故，26AH DH= 232AH AD=故，故B 正确；32AE AC AD+= 对于C ：设正六边形的边长为，ABCDEF a 则，，22π1cos 32AF AB AF AB a⋅=⋅=- 22π1cos 32CB CD CB CD a ⋅=⋅=-所以，故C 正确；AF AB CB CD ⋅=⋅ 对于D ：易知，则在上的投影向量为，故D 正确，π2ABD ∠=AD AB AB故选：BCD ．11．有一个三棱锥，其中一个面为边长为2的正三角形，有两个面为等腰直角三角形，则该几何体的体积可能是（ ）AB CD【答案】BCD【分析】分三种情况讨论，作出图形，确定三棱锥中每条棱的长度，即可求出其体积.【详解】如图所示：①若平面，为边长为2的正三角形，，，都是等腰直角三AB ⊥BCD BCD △2AB =ABD △ABC 角形，满足题目条件，故其体积；11222sin 6032V =⨯⨯⨯⨯⨯︒=②若平面，为边长为2的正三角形，,，都是等腰直角三AB ⊥BCD ACD AB =ABD △ABC角形，满足题目条件，故其体积1132V ==③若为边长为2的正三角形，，都是等腰直角三角形，BCD △ABD △ABC，中点，因为，而2AB BC CD AD ====AC =AC E BE AC ⊥，所以，即有平面，故其体积为222DE B D E B +=BE DE ⊥BE ⊥ACD 112232V =⨯⨯=故选：BCD12．如图，已知的内接四边形中，，，，下列说法正确的O ABCD 2AB =6BC =4AD CD ==是（ ）A ．四边形的面积为B ABCDC ．D ．过作交于点，则4BO CD ⋅=- D DF BC ⊥BC F 10DO DF ⋅=【答案】BCD【分析】A 选项，利用圆内接四边形对角互补及余弦定理求出，，进而求出1cos 7D =-1cos 7B =，利用面积公式进行求解；B 选项，在A 选项基础上，由正弦定理求出外接圆直径；Csin ,sin B D 选项，作出辅助线，利用数量积的几何意义进行求解；D 选项，结合A 选项和C 选项中的结论，先求出∠DOF 的正弦与余弦值，再利用向量数量积公式进行计算.【详解】对于A ，连接，在中，，，AC ACD 21616cos 32AC D +-=2436cos 24AC B +-=由于，所以，故，πB D +=cos cos 0B D +=22324003224AC AC--+=解得，22567AC =所以，，所以1cos 7D =-1cos 7B =sin sin B D ===故11sin 2622ABC S AB BC B =⋅=⨯⨯=11sin 4422ADC S AD DC D =⋅=⨯⨯= 故四边形，故A 错误；ABCD =对于B ，设外接圆半径为，则，R 2sin AC R B ===B 正确；对于C ，连接，过点O 作OG ⊥CD 于点F ，过点B 作BE ⊥CD 于点E ，则由垂径定理得：BD ，122CG CD ==由于，所以，即，πA C +=cos cos 0A C +=22416163601648BD BD +-+-+=解得，所以，所以，且，BD =1cos 2C =π3C =1cos 632CE BC C =⋅=⨯=所以，即在向量上的投影长为1，且与反向，321EF =-= BO CD EG CD 故，故C 正确；4BO CD EG CD ⋅=-⋅=-对于D，由C 选项可知：，故，π3C =sin 604DF CD =⋅︒== 30CDF ∠=︒因为，由对称性可知：DO 为∠ADC 的平分线，故，AD CD =1302ODF ADC ∠=∠-︒由A 选项可知：，显然为锐角，1cos 7ADC ∠=-12ADC ∠故1cos 2ADC ∠==1sin 2ADC ∠==所以1cos cos 302ODF ADC ⎛⎫∠=∠-︒ ⎪⎝⎭11cos cos30sin sin3022ADCADC =∠⋅︒+∠⋅︒=所以，故D 正确.cos 10DO DF DO ODF DF ∠==⋅=⋅ 故选：BCD三、填空题13．已知向量，，若，则________．()2,4a =(),3b m =a b ⊥ m =【答案】6-【分析】依题意可得，根据数量积的坐标表示得到方程，解得即可；0a b ⋅=【详解】因为，且，()2,4a =(),3b m =a b ⊥ 所以，解得.2430a b m ⋅=⨯+⨯=6m =-故答案为：6-14．若复数所对应复平面内的点在第二象限，则实数的取值范围为________；()16z m i i=++m 【答案】60m -<<【分析】先化成复数代数形式得点坐标，再根据条件列不等式解得实数的取值范围.m 【详解】因为对应复平面内的点为，又复数所对应复平面()6z m m i=++6m m +，()16z m i i=++内的点在第二象限，所以06060m m m <⎧∴-<<⎨+>⎩【点睛】本题重点考查复数的概念，属于基本题.复数的实部为、虚部为、模为(,)a bi a b R +∈a b 、对应点为、共轭为(,)a b .-a bi15．已知，是边AB 上一定点，满足，且对于AB 上任一点P ，恒有ABC 0P 014P B AB= ．若，，则的面积为________．00PB PC P B P C ⋅≥⋅ π3A =4AC = ABC【答案】【分析】建立直角坐标系，利用平面向量数量积的坐标运算公式，结合二次函数的性质、三角形面积公式进行求解即可.【详解】以所在的直线为横轴，以线段的中垂线为纵轴建立如图所示的直角坐标系，AB AB设，，，因为，所以，()40AB t t =>()2,0A t -()2,0B t 014P B AB =()0,0P t 设，，(),C a b ()(),022P x t x t -≤≤，()()()()002,0,,,,0,,PB t x PC a x b P B t P C a t b =-=-==-由，()()()()2200220PB PC P B P C t x a x t a t x x a t at t ⋅≥⋅⇒--≥-⇒-+++≥设，该二次函数的对称轴为：，()()222f x x x a t at =-++22a tx +=当时，即，222a t x t+=<-6a t <-则有，所以无实数解，()()222042203f t t t a t at t a t-≥⇒++++≥⇒≥-当时，即，222a tx t +=>2a t >则有，所以无实数解，()()22204220f t t t a t at t a t≥⇒-+++≥⇒≤当时，即，2222a tt t +-≤≤62t a t -≤≤则有，而，所以，()()2222400a t at t a ∆=-+-+≤⇒≤⎡⎤⎣⎦20a ≥0a =显然此时在纵轴，而，所以该三角形为等边三角形，()0,C b π3A =故的面积为ABC 1442⨯⨯=故答案为：【点睛】关键点睛：建立合适的直角坐标系，利用二次函数对称轴与区间的位置关系关系分类讨论是解题的关键.16．我国古代数学家祖暅求几何体的体积时，提出一个原理：幂势即同，则积不容异．意思是：夹在两个平行平面之间的两个等高的几何体被平行于这两个面的平面去截，若截面积相等，则两个几何体的体积相等，这个定理的推广是：夹在两个平行平面间的几何体，被平行于这两个平面的平面所截，若截得两个截面面积比为k ，则两个几何体的体积比也为k ．已知线段AB 长为4，直线l 过点A 且与AB 垂直，以B 为圆心，以1为半径的圆绕l 旋转一周，得到环体；以A ，B 分别为上M 下底面的圆心，以1为上下底面半径的圆柱体N ；过AB 且与l 垂直的平面为，平面，且距β//αβ离为h ，若平面截圆柱体N 所得截面面积为，平面截环体所得截面面积为，我们可以α1S αM 2S 求出的比值，进而求出环体体积为________．12S S M 【答案】28π【分析】画出示意图的截面，结合图形可得和的值，进而求出圆柱的体积，乘以，可得环1S 2S 2π体的体积，得到答案.M 【详解】画出示意图，可得，14S ==222ππS r r =-外内其中，，(224r =外(224r =内故，即，21π2πS S ==1212πS S =环体体积为.M 22π2π4π8πV =⨯=柱故答案为：28π四、解答题17．如图所示，在中D 、F 分别是BC 、AC 的中点，，，．ABC 23AE AD =AB a =AC b = (1)用，表示向量，；a bAD BF (2)求证：B ，E ，F 三点共线．【答案】(1)，()12AD a b =+ 12BF b a=-(2)证明见解析【分析】（1）由向量的线性运算法则求解；（2）用，表示向量、，证明它们共线即可得证．a bBF BE 【详解】（1）∵，，D ，F 分别是BC ，AC 的中点，AB a =AC b = ∴，()()111222AD AB BD AB BC AB AC AB a b=+=+=+-=+ ，12BF AF AB b a=-=- （2）由（1），，∴1233BE b a =- 12BF b a=-1312322332BF b a b a BE ⎛⎫=-=-= ⎪⎝⎭∴与共线，又∵与有公共点B ，BF BE BF BE故B ，E ，F 三点共线．18．在中，a ，b ，c 分别是角A 、B 、C 的对边，且．ABC222a b c +=+(1)求C ；(2)若，求A ．tan 2tan B a cC c -=【答案】(1)45C =︒(2)75A =︒【分析】（1）由余弦定理即可求解，（2）利用正弦定理边角互化，结合两角和的正弦公式即可得，进而可求解.60B =︒【详解】（1）∵，∴，∴，222a b c +=+2222a b c ab +-=cos C =由于C 是三角形内角，∴．45C =︒（2）由正弦定理可得，tan 22sin sin tan sin B a c A CC c C --==∴sin cos 2sin sin cos sin sin B C A CB C C -=∴，∴，sin cos 2sin cos sin cos B C A B C B =-sin cos sin cos 2sin cos B C C B A B +=∴，∴．()sin 2sin cos B C A B+=sin(π)sin 2sin cos A A A B ==-∵，∴，sin 0A ≠1cos 2B =由于B 是三角形内角 ，∴，则．60B =︒180456075A ︒-︒-︒==︒19．如图，数轴的交点为，夹角为，与轴､轴正向同向的单位向量分别是.由平面,x y O θx y 21,e e 向量基本定理，对于平面内的任一向量，存在唯一的有序实数对，使得，OP(),x y 12OP xe ye =+ 我们把叫做点在斜坐标系中的坐标（以下各点的坐标都指在斜坐标系中的坐标）.(),x y P xOy xOy(1)若为单位向量，且与的夹角为，求点的坐标；90,OP θ=OP 1e 120 P(2)若，点的坐标为，求向量与的夹角的余弦值.45θ=P (OP 1e【答案】(1)1,2⎛- ⎝【分析】（1）时，坐标系为平面直角坐标系，设点利用求出，再90θ= xOy (),P x y 112⋅=- OP e x 利用模长公式计算可得答案；（2）根据向量的模长公式计算可得答案.，12==OP e e 1⋅OP e【详解】（1）当时，坐标系为平面直角坐标系，90θ=xOy 设点，则有，而，(),P x y (),OP x y =()111,0,e OP e x=⋅=又，所以，又因，111cos1202OP e OP e ⋅=⋅⋅=- 12x =-1OP ==解得的坐标是；y =P 1,2⎛- ⎝（2）依题意夹角为，21,e e 12121245,cos45⋅=⋅==e e e e OP e e12OP e e ∴====，()2111121121cos ,2OP e OP e OP e e e e e e e αα⋅=⋅⋅=⋅=+⋅=+⋅=2,cos αα==20．如图所示，在四棱锥中，平面，，E 是的中点．P ABCD -//BC PAD 12BC AD =PD（1）求证：；//BC AD （2）若M 是线段上一动点，则线段上是否存在点N ，使平面？说明理由．CE AD //MN PAB 【答案】（1）证明见解析；（2）存在，理由见解析.【分析】（1）根据线面平行的性质定理即可证明；（2）取中点N ，连接，，根据线面平行的性质定理和判断定理即可证明．AD CN EN 【详解】证明：（1）在四棱锥中，平面，平面，P ABCD -//BC PAD BC ⊂ABCD 平面平面，ABCD ⋂PAD AD =∴，//BC AD （2）线段存在点N ，使得平面，理由如下：AD //MN PAB取中点N ，连接，，AD CN EN ∵E ，N 分别为，的中点，PD AD ∴，//EN PA ∵平面，平面，EN ⊄PAB PA ⊂PAB ∴平面，//EN PAB 取AP 中点F,连结EF,BF ，，且，//EF AN =EF AN 因为，，//BC AD 12BC AD =所以，且，//BC EF =BC EF 所以四边形BCEF 为平行四边形，所以.//CE BF 又面PAB ，面PAB ，所以平面；CE ⊄BF ⊂//CE PAB 又，CE EN E = ∴平面平面，//CEN PAB ∵M 是上的动点，平面，CE MN ⊂CEN ∴平面PAB ，//MN ∴线段存在点N ，使得MN ∥平面．AD PAB 21．合肥一中云上农舍有三处苗圃，分别位于图中的三个顶点，已知,ABCAB AC ==．为了解决三个苗圃的灌溉问题，现要在区域内（不包括边界）且与B ,C 等距的40m BC =ABC 一点O 处建立一个蓄水池，并铺设管道OA 、OB 、OC．(1)设，记铺设的管道总长度为，请将y 表示为的函数；OBC θ∠=m y θ(2)当管道总长取最小值时，求的值．θ【答案】(1)()202sin π200cos 4y θθθ-⎛⎫=+<< ⎪⎝⎭(2)π6θ=【分析】（1）根据锐角三角函数即可表示，，进而可求解，20cos BO θ=20sin cos OD θθ=（2）利用，结合三角函数的最值可得.2sin cos k θθ-=k 【详解】（1）由于,在的垂直平分线 上，AB AC ==,OB OC O =∴BC AD 若设，则, ∴OBC θ∠=20cos BO θ=20sin cos OD θθ=20sin 20cos OA θθ=-则；()202sin 202020tan 2200cos cos 4y θπθθθθ-⎛⎫=-+⨯=+<< ⎪⎝⎭（2）令得2sin cos k θθ-=2cos sin k θθ=+≤故，又，故23k≥0k >k ≥min2020y =+此时：得2sin cos θθ-=πsin 2sin 23θθθ⎛⎫+=+= ⎪⎝⎭πsin 13θ⎛⎫+= ⎪⎝⎭又，故,故π0,4θ⎛⎫∈ ⎪⎝⎭ππ32θ+=π6θ=22．数学史上著名的波尔约-格维也纳定理：任意两个面积相等的多边形，它们可以通过相互拼接得到．它由法卡斯·波尔约（FarksBolyai ）和保罗·格维也纳（PaulGerwien ）两位数学家分别在1833年和1835年给出证明．现在我们来尝试用平面图形拼接空间图形，使它们的全面积都与原平面图形的面积相等：（1）给出两块相同的正三角形纸片（如图1、图2），其中图1，沿正三角形三边中点连线折起，可拼得一个正三棱锥；图2，正三角形三个角上剪出三个相同的四边形（阴影部分），其较长的一组邻边边长为三角形边长的，有一组对角为直角，余下部分按虚线折起，可成一个14缺上底的正三棱柱，而剪出的三个相同的四边形恰好拼成这个正三棱锥的上底．(1)试比较图1与图2剪拼的正三棱锥与正三棱柱的体积的大小；(2)如果给出的是一块任意三角形的纸片（如图3），要求剪拼成一个直三棱柱模型，使它的全面积与给出的三角形的面积相等．请仿照图2设计剪拼方案，用虚线标示在图3中，并作简要说明．【答案】(1)柱锥V V>(2)答案见解析【分析】（1）根据题中的操作过程，结合棱锥、棱锥的体积进行求解比较即可；（2）根据题中操作过程，结合三角形内心的性质、直三棱柱的定义进行操作即可.【详解】（1）依上面剪拼方法，有．柱锥V V >推理如下：设给出正三角形纸片的边长为2，那么，正三棱锥与正三棱柱的底面都是边长为1的正如图所示：在正四面体中，高，DO ===在图2一顶处的四边形中，如图所示：直三棱柱高，()π11tan tan 21622PN PMN MN =∠⋅=⨯⨯-==，13V V h h ⎛⎫-=-= ⎪⎝⎭柱锥柱锥0=>∴．柱锥V V >（2）如图，分别连接三角形的内心与各顶点，得三条线段，再以这三条线段的中点为顶点作三角形．以新作的三角形为直棱柱的底面，过新三角形的三个顶点向原三角形三边作垂线，沿六条垂线剪下三个四边形，可以拼成直三棱柱的上底，余下部分按虚线折起，成为一个缺上底的直三棱柱，再将三个四边形拼成上底即可得到直三棱柱．。
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高一下学期期中考试试题1、淤血器官A、色暗红，体积增大，切面干燥，功能增强，温度降低B、色苍白，体积增大，切面干燥，功能减退，温度降低C、色暗红，体积增大，切面湿润，功能增强，温度降低D、色暗红，体积增大，切面湿润，功能减退，温度降低2、下列有关炎症的理解，哪项不正确?A炎症既有局部反应，又有全身反应B．对机体损害的任何因素均可为致炎因子C．炎症对机体有利，又有潜在危害D．凡是炎症都运用抗菌素抗炎3、循环血管壁通透性增高引起的出血是DA、破裂性出血B、漏出性出血C、体腔出血D、渗出性出血4、以变质为主的炎症，其实质细胞的主要变化是：A．增生和再生 B．萎缩和变性C．变性和坏死 D．增生和变性5、槟榔肝的形成是由于A、肝小叶间静脉淤血和结缔组织增生B、肝脏出血和肝细胞坏死C、肝细胞坏死和结缔组织增生D、中央静脉及肝窦淤血和肝细胞脂肪变性6、混合血栓见于A、慢性猪丹毒心内膜炎的瓣膜上B、静脉血栓的尾部C、静脉血栓的起始部D、静脉血栓的体部7、最常见的栓子是A、血栓B、脂肪C、空气D、寄生虫8、根据定义，组织间隙或体腔内过量的体液潴留称为A、渗出B、漏出C、水肿D、胸腔积液9、于炎症的概念，较恰当的说法是：A．白细胞对细菌的一种作用 B．由损伤引起的细胞变化C．细胞生长异常的一种形式 D．组织对损伤的一种防御为主的反应10、槟榔肝的特点不包括A、肝细胞脂肪变性B、肝小叶中央静脉和肝窦扩张充血C、胆小管增生D、肉眼观察切面呈红黄相间的花纹状11、血液从心腔或血管内流出体外称为A、出血B、血肿C、外出血D、积血12、血液从心腔或血管内流出到组织间隙，并在局部形成肿块称为BA、出血B、血肿C、外出血D、积血13、血液从心腔或血管内逸出，并积聚于体腔内称为DA、出血B、血肿C、外出血D、体腔积血14、发生萎缩的机制是A、长期受压B、营养不良C、神经调节障碍D、细胞的蛋白质合成减少而分解增多。
15、哪一项不属于渗出性炎症?A．浆液性炎 B．假膜性炎 C．化脓性炎D．感染性肉芽肿性炎 E．出血性炎16、引起细胞脂肪变性的主要原因不包括A、严重挤压B、感染C、中毒D、缺氧E、营养障碍17、易发生干性坏疽的器官是：A．肺 B．阑尾C．膀胱D．四肢 E．子宫18、细胞水肿和脂变常发生在：A．肺、脾、肾 B．心、脾、肺C．心、肝、肠D．肝、肾、脾E．心、肝、肾19、干酪样坏死的本质是A、纤维蛋白样坏死B、脂肪坏死C、液化性坏死D、凝固性坏死20、“虎斑心”是指心肌细胞发生下列哪种病变的眼观变化。
（）A、水肿B、脂肪变性C、出血D、淀粉样变性21、病理组织学上，判断细胞坏死的重要依据是（）的变化。
A、细胞膜B、细胞核C、细胞质D、间质22、干酪样坏死的本质是（）A、液化性坏死B、彻底的凝固性死C、脂肪坏死D、干性坏疽23、脓肿和蜂窝织炎均属于（）A、变质性炎B、化脓性炎C、坏死性炎D、增生性炎24、肉芽组织是由……组成：A．吞噬细胞和成纤维细胞B．新生毛细血管和成纤维细胞C．新生毛细血管和单核细胞D．单核细胞、巨细胞和淋巴细胞形成的结节25、非化脓性脑炎不含有下列哪种变化A. 淋巴细胞浸润为主形成的“血管管套”现象B. 噬神经细胞现象和卫星现象C. 脑膜增厚，大量中性粒细胞浸润D. 胶质细胞弥散性增生或形成胶质细胞结节26、在细菌感染的炎症病变中，最常见的炎性细胞是（）A、淋巴细胞B、浆细胞C、中性粒细胞D、噬酸性粒细胞27、脓细胞是指变性、坏死的（）A、淋巴细胞B、浆细胞C、中性粒细胞D、噬酸性粒细胞28、巨噬细胞、成纤维细胞和淋巴细胞最常见于（）A、急性炎症B、慢性炎症C、化脓性炎症D、亚急性炎症29、四肢骨折石膏固定后引起的骨骼肌萎缩．主要属于：A．神经性萎缩B．废用性萎缩C．压迫性萎缩D．营养不良性萎缩E．生理性萎缩30、急性猪瘟时，患猪淋巴结常发生（）A、变质性炎B、渗出性炎C、化脓性炎D、出血性炎31．在慢性炎症中，下列哪种细胞最常见?A．嗜酸性粒细胞 B．淋巴细胞 C．嗜中性粒细胞 D．肥大细胞 E．巨噬细胞32．下列哪项是变质性炎症？A．肾盂肾炎 B．菌痢C．大叶性肺炎 D．阿米巴肝脓肿 E．阑尾炎33．下列哪一种不是渗出性炎症?A．卡他性炎症 B．乙型脑炎 C．流行性脑膜炎D．肾盂肾炎E．脓肿34．在葡萄球菌感染的炎症反应中所见到的主要细胞是：A．淋巴细胞 B．单核细胞 C．嗜酸性粒细胞D．肥大细胞 E．嗜中性粒细胞35．炎症的渗出主要由于：A．血液动力学改变 B．血管壁通透性改变 C．小静脉血栓形成 D．循环血量增加E．组织间液比重降低36．哪一项不属于渗出性炎症?A．浆液性炎B．假膜性炎 C．化脓性炎D．感染性肉芽肿性炎 E．出血性炎37．下列梗死中，哪项属于液化性坏死?A．肺梗死 B．脑梗死 C．肠梗死D．肾梗死 E．脾梗死38．溶血性链球菌最常引起：A．蜂窝织炎 B．假膜性炎 C．坏死性炎D．脓肿 E．出血性炎39．下列关于炎症描述，哪一项不正确?A．嗜中性粒细胞浸润通常是急性炎症的标志B．慢性炎症细胞主要是淋巴细胞、巨噬细胞和浆细胞C．淋巴细胞浸润并非总是慢性炎症的特征 D．嗜中性粒细胞游出后必然引起局部单核细胞增多E．白细胞渗出只见于急性炎症早期40．巨噬细胞、纤维母细胞和淋巴细胞最常见于：A．急性炎症 B．肉芽组织 C．伤口愈合处 D．慢性炎症 E．化脓性炎症41．下列哪项不属于渗出性炎症?A．假膜性炎症 B．卡他性炎症 C．肾盂肾炎 D．乙型脑炎 E．流行性脑炎42．下述哪项是错误的？A．双重血液循环的器官不易发生梗死B．全身血液循环状态对梗死的形成无影响C．动脉痉挛促进梗死的形成D．有效的侧支循环的建立可防止梗死的发生E．梗死多由动脉阻塞引起43．关于炎症的概念，较恰当的说法是：A．白细胞对细菌的一种作用B．由损伤引起的细胞变化 C．细胞生长异常的一种形式 D．充血、水肿的一种形式 E．组织对损伤的一种防御为主的反应44．以变质为主的炎症，其实质细胞的主要变化是：A．增生和再生 B．萎缩和变性C．变性和坏死 D．增生和变性E．坏死和萎缩45．全身营养不良时．首先发生萎缩的组织或器官是：A．骨骼肌 B．脂肪组织 C．肝D．脑 E．心肌46．多核巨细胞不见于下列哪种疾病?CA．伤寒 B．结核 C．霍奇金病 D．血吸虫虫卵结节 E．异物肉芽肿47．下述因素哪种与血栓形成无关?A．血管内膜损伤 B．血流缓慢C．血小板数量增多 D．癌细胞崩解产物E．纤维蛋白溶酶增加48．下列有关炎症的理解，哪项不正确?DA．血管反应是炎症的中心环节B．对机体损害的任何因素均可为致炎因子C．炎症对机体有利，又有潜在危害性D．凡是炎症都运用抗菌素抗炎E．炎症既有局部反应，又有全身反应49．血液弥漫浸润于组织间隙，使出血局部呈整片暗红色，多发生于淤血性水肿时，称为（）。
A 点状出血B 斑状出血C 出血性浸润D 片状出血E 渗出性出血50.热时，体温达到一定高度，即不再上升而维持在较高的水平上，称为（）期。
A 体温上升期B 高热期C 退热期D 产热期E 散热期51.组织发生坏死后，受外界环境影响和腐败菌污染使坏死组织发生腐败称为（）。
A 凝固性坏死B 液化性坏死C 病理性死亡D 坏疽E 坏死52．局部贫血病理变化特征（）。
A 发红B 发热C 发凉D 发绀E 发红53．因红细胞破坏过多而引起的贫血称为（）。
A 溶血性贫血B 失血性贫血C 营养缺乏性贫血D 再生障碍性贫血E 贫血54．充血主要指（）。
A 动脉性充血B 静脉性充血C 动、静脉性都充血D 血液回流增多E A+B55．血液积于组织间隙或体内叫（）。
A 咯血B 呕血C 内出血D 黑粪E 以上几个都不是56. 假膜性炎症是指A、浆膜发生的纤维素性炎B、浆膜发生的化脓性炎症C、粘膜发生的纤维素性炎D、粘膜发生的化脓性炎 E 以上都不是57. 具有吞噬能力的炎细胞主要是DA、中性白细胞B、单核巨噬细胞C、淋巴细胞及浆细胞D、A＋B E 以上都不是8.因红细胞破坏过多而引起的贫血称为（）。
A 溶血性贫血B 失血性贫血C 营养缺乏性贫血D 再生障碍性贫血 E阻塞性贫血59．充血主要指（）。
A 动脉性充血B 静脉性充血C 动、静脉性都充血D 血液回流增多 E以上几个都不是60．血液积于组织间隙或体内叫（）。
A 咯血B 呕血C 内出血D 黑粪 E外出血61．漫浸润于组织间隙，使出血局部呈整片暗红色，多发生于淤血性水肿时，称为（）。
A 点状出血B 斑状出血C 出血性浸润D 片状出血 E以上几个都不是62．发热时，体温达到一定高度，即不再上升而维持在较高的水平上，称为（）。
A 体温上升期B 高热期C 退热期D 产热期。
E 体温下降期63．因红细胞破坏过多而引起的贫血称为（）。
A 溶血性贫血B 失血性贫血C 营养缺乏性贫血D 再生障碍性贫血。
E以上几个都不是64组织和细胞的变性是指细胞内或细胞间质中A、变质B、出现异常物质C、正常物质积聚过多D、B＋C E坏死65、循环血液中的凝血块，随血流运行至相应大小的血管，引起管腔阻塞的过程叫做：A．血栓 B．血栓形成 C．血栓栓塞D．梗塞 E．血栓栓子66纤维素样变性最常见于哪种疾病中A、急性细菌性炎症B、病毒性炎症C、变态反应性炎症D、寄生虫性炎症 E 干性坏疽67、虎斑心的原因是A、长期严重贫血B、营养不良C、中毒D、严重感染 E 坏死68、本质是坏死的“变性”是下列哪一种病变A、水样变性B、颗粒变性C、粘液样变性D、纤维素样变性 E 脂肪变性69、急性黄色肝萎缩属于A、营养不良性萎缩B、废用性萎缩C、压迫性萎缩D、以上都不是 E A+B70、慢性消耗性疾病首先发生萎缩的组织是A、心肌B、骨骼C、脂肪组织D、肌肉组织 E 以上都不是71、坏死细胞的微细结构消失，但细胞和组织结构轮廓仍存在，这种坏死称A、液化性坏死B、干酪样坏死C、坏疽D、凝固性坏死 E C+D72、浊肿和脂肪变性主要发生于A、肺、肾、脾B、心、肝、肾C、心、肺、脾D、心、肝、脑 E 心脑73、判断组织或细胞是否发生坏死的主要标志为A、细胞浆的改变B、细胞核的改变C、细胞间质的改变D、细胞膜的改变 E 细胞质的改变74、栓子是：A．循环血液内脱落的血栓 B．循环血液内脱落的菌落C．循环血液内不溶于血液的异物 D．循环血液内脂肪和空气E．以上都不是75、易发生干性坏疽的器官是A、肺B、四肢C、心肌D、肠道 E A+B76、全身营养不良时．首先发生萎缩的组织或器官是：A．骨骼肌 B．脂肪组织 C．肝D．脑 E．心肌77、肝小叶中央脂肪变性主要发生于A、慢性酒精中毒B、慢性磷中毒C、严重感染D、肝淤血 E 以上都不是78、细胞水肿和脂变常发生在：A．肺、脾、肾B．心、脾、肺C．心、肝、肠D．肝、肾、脾E．心、肝、肾79、梗死形成的基本条件是：A、血管吻合支不丰富B、高度淤血C、动脉血供阻断D、组织致密 E组织疏松80、梗死灶呈不规则形的是下列哪一种梗死A、肾梗死B、肠梗死C、心肌梗死D、脾梗死 E 以上都不是81、哪一项主要是由血管通透性增加引起的BA、红B、肿C、痛D、热 E机能障碍82、贫血性梗死不会发生在DA、心脏B、肾脏C、脑D、肺脏 E肠83、炎症的基本病变是DA、组织细胞的变性坏死B、组织的炎性充血和水肿C、红、肿、痛、热、机能障碍D、变质、渗出、增生 E 以上都不是84、急性炎症时局部组织肿胀，其主要原因是CA、动脉充血B、静脉阻塞C、富于蛋白的液体渗出D、组织增出 E渗出白蛋白85、在慢性炎症组织中，哪种细胞最多见CA、中性白细胞B、嗜酸性白细胞C、淋巴细胞D、肥大细胞 EB+C86、在急性炎症的早期，下列哪种细胞多见A、中性白细胞B、嗜酸性白细胞C、单核巨噬细胞D、淋巴细胞 EC+D87、寄生虫感染引起的炎症，下列哪种细胞多见A、中性白细胞B、嗜酸性细胞C、单核巨噬细胞D、淋巴细胞 E 以上都不是88、下列哪一种细胞是化脓性炎症时的特征性细胞A、浆细胞B、郎罕氏巨细胞C、嗜酸性白细胞D、变性坏死的中性白细胞 E 以上都不是89、下列哪一种疾病是以变质为主的炎症A、大叶性肺炎B、流行性脑脊髓膜炎C、肾小球肾炎D、病毒性肝炎 E猪丹毒90、以大量中性白细胞渗出为主的炎症是A、假膜性炎B、浆液性炎C、化脓性炎D、卡他性炎 E A+B 炎症的局部症状是什么？发热的热型有哪几个？。