创伤理论视角下《董贝父子》的悲剧成因研究
创伤理论与创伤文学
创伤理论与创伤文学在人类社会与文学的漫长历史中，创伤与文学的关系一直为人们所。
本文将围绕创伤理论与创伤文学展开，通过探讨两者的内在，分析其对我们理解人类经验和表达方式的影响。
创伤理论是一个心理学的概念，主要个体在面对生活中的重大变故时所产生的心理创伤。
这种创伤可能来自于亲人死亡、失恋、失业等极端事件，也可能来自于日常生活中不断的挫败和压力。
创伤理论的是这些事件如何影响个体的行为、思维以及情感，进而导致各种心理问题的出现。
与创伤理论相似，创伤文学也是人类经验和心理的文学类别。
它常常通过描绘人物在极端事件中的心理变化，展现出人类面对困境时的无助和痛苦。
例如，在《百年孤独》中，马尔克斯描绘了布恩迪亚家族在一场大屠杀中的恐惧与悲痛，这就是一种典型的创伤文学。
通过这些描绘，创伤文学使读者能够深入体验到人物的情感世界，理解他们的痛苦与挣扎。
创伤理论与创伤文学之间存在着密切的。
首先，两者都极端事件对人类心理的影响。
其次，它们都通过深入探索个体的内心世界，展现出人类情感的脆弱与坚韧。
最后，两者都试图通过艺术的手法，将抽象的心理现象具象化，使人们能够更好地理解并感受。
以卡夫卡的《变形记》为例，这部作品就很好地体现了创伤理论与创伤文学的交织。
在小说中，主人公格雷戈尔突然变成了一只甲虫，这一极端的事件给他带来了巨大的心理压力。
这部作品通过具象化的手法，将我们带入格雷戈尔的内心世界，使我们能够感受到他的无助与恐惧。
这是创伤理论所的内心动态，也是创伤文学所擅长的情感表达。
总的来说，创伤理论与创伤文学都是人类内心世界和经验的表达方式。
通过理解两者之间的关系和表现手法，我们可以更好地理解人类的情感世界，提高我们的写作水平。
这不仅能够帮助我们更好地描绘人物和情节，还能使我们的作品更具深度和力量。
在今后的写作过程中，我们可以有意识地运用创伤理论与创伤文学的原理，以更具艺术性和感染力的方式呈现我们的作品。
在战争和灾难的背景下，人们常常会遭受巨大的心理创伤。
创伤理论视角看《董贝父子》中保罗悲剧的原因
文学评论·外国文学创伤理论视角看《董贝父子》中保罗悲剧的原因朱晓庆 上海海事大学外国语学院摘 要：查尔斯•狄更斯是十九世纪英国伟大的批判现实主义作家。
《董贝父子》是一部描述儿童形象的巨著。
该文试图从创伤理论视角分析造成《董贝父子》中保罗悲剧的原因，并得出保罗的悲剧是社会制度，母爱的缺失，父亲的虐待和温室教育的摧残共同作用的结果，以使读者对这部作品有更深的了解。
关键词：查尔斯•狄更斯；《董贝父子》；创伤理论；悲剧的原因作者简介：朱晓庆，研究方向：英美文学方向。
[中图分类号]：I106 [文献标识码]：A[文章编号]：1002-2139(2018)-14-138-011、引言查尔斯•狄更斯是十九世纪英国最伟大的批判现实主义作家。
他借儿童在时代背景下的成长经历，批判资本主义的拜金主义与利己主义。
在他的作品中很少有完整的家庭，而主人公或人物也多是孤儿，即使间或有完整的家庭，也从来没有和谐的家庭关系。
在《董贝父子》中，保罗虽是资产阶级家庭的孩子，过富裕的生活，但只是物质上的富裕，母亲早亡，父亲虐待使他成为精神上的孤儿，年仅6岁就悲惨死去。
“创伤”源于希腊语的“Trauma”一词，本意指外力作用对人体造成的伤害，属医学名词，后渐渐转变为现代心理学术语，也是当代文学批评理论的重要学术分支。
创伤有不同的类别，单从受害者来看，可分为儿童创伤，妇女创伤，个体创伤、集体创伤等。
(李桂荣，28)。
创伤可能是由各种原因引起的，一般来说，须有一个外部刺激，然后是心理因素、社会因素和其他因素之间相互作用。
在《董贝父子》中，儿童创伤的原因主要表现在社会制度、母爱缺失和父亲虐待以及温室教育的摧残。
2、社会制度的制约“创伤渗透了资产阶级家庭，工厂，战场，种族/民族等个体和集体生活的多层面，是现代文明暴力本质的征兆。
”（陶家俊，117）19世纪的英国处于维多利亚时期，资本主义经济发展达到顶峰。
当时的法律和习俗规定只有长子有权继承父母的家产。
An Analysis of Causes of Dombey’s Tragedy in Dombey and Son 浅析董贝父子的悲剧成因
An Analysis of Causes of Dombey’s Tragedyin Dombey and SonThesis StatementThe tragedy of Dombey proclaims the social problems of capitalistic society. The cause of the tragedy involves some different factors: social reality, personal characteristics and so on.OutlineI.IntroductionII.Charles Dickens and Dombey and SonA.Introduction to Charles Dickens and the BackgroundB.The Skeleton of the NovelC.The Description of Main Characters and the Relations with Dombey and theTrainIII.Analysis of Dombey’s characterA.Dombey’s Selfish and Greedy, his Pursuit of Assets and HeirB.Dombey’s Attitude to His Company, Wife, Son and DaughterIV.The Causes of the TragedyA.Social Factor —The Situation of Capitalistic SocietyB.Personal Factor —Dombey’s Greedy CharacteristicsC.The Education of 19th EnglandV.ConclusionAn Analysis of Causes of Dombey’s Tragedyin Dombey and SonI IntroductionDombey and Son represents an important turning point of Dickens writing career and is regarded as a summit. It was created in 1946 and finished in 1948. It was a vivid story about Dombey’s tragedy life, full of different interesting stories, mainly on his pursuit of the heir of the company and the profits, his attitude towards wife, son and daughter. Money has dominated his mind. This novel has a more profound description of the capitalistic society and a higher place in literature compared with his early writings. It has a tight structure. Before writing Dickens has conceived prudentially. He has arranged all the performance of the role and the plots of the story reasonably. They all develop around the destiny of Dombey. Every plot combines with each other and it is very interesting. The novel has depicted the vivid personality of the society of the time —Dombey ,Florence and so on. They all have their own personal features and language. The English novelist Catherine and French critics Tana have various analyses to the novel. Catherine once wrote in her work “It is not an accident to put Dombey and Son into the list of the representative of 1930s.It reflects the social solutions and problems at that time. Different stages have different benefits. Dombey is arrogant, selfish and cold-blinded. He is addicted to money. He loses himself. He is the embodiment of the capital and the symbol of the corporation spirit in 19th century. The appearance of Dombey and Son caters for lots of people’s favor. In the world of that time’s London, there are lots of people who are as same as Dombey, they are cold, donnish, selfish and stiffly like Dombey. So to be frank, Dombey is a representative in that time in English society. In order to have a better understanding of the story, we will discuss the causes of the tragedy from several perspectives.II Charles Dickens and Dombey and SonA. Introduction to Charles Dickens and theBackgroundCharles Dickens was an English novelist. He was born in 1812 and passed away in 1870. He was born in an army family. When he was 11, for poor life he had to drop out of school and take on the heavy labor work. He had once worked in the newspaper office and then in a law office. Only with a few years of education, he became a famous writer by industrious self-study and hard work. He was diligent and talent, so he had abundant of famous writings. He was productive. Dickens was the main delegate of the 19th realistic literature. He was humor and he always used amusing words in his works to narrate the realistic society between the romance and reality. He had a wonderful conjunction among humors, meticulous psychoanalysis, description of realistic and romantics. Dickens was always at the pace with the epoch. He mainly realistically wrote to expose the hypocritical, greedy, wretched and atrocious of the top class and the bourgeois. He also sympathized the lower class, especially the misery situation of the women, the old and children. He described the social problems and the cruel situation of the 19th century and the struggle against the gerentocratic. At the same time, he eulogized the truth, kindness and beauty of the humanity and then had a wishful longing for a more reasonable society and better life with the emotion of idealism and romanticism. His fiction career began with short pieces reprinted as Sketches by “Boz”(1836). He exhibited a great ability to spin a story in an entertaining manner and this quality, combined with the serialization of his comic novel The Pickwick Papers (1837), made him the most popular English author of his time. The serialization of such works as Oliver Twist (1838) and The Old Curiosity Shop (1841) followed. After a trip to America, he wrote A Christmas Carol (1843) in a few weeks. With Dombey and Son (1848), his novels began to express a heightened uneasiness about the evils of Victorian industrial society, which intensified in the semiautobiographical David Copperfield (1850), as well as in Bleak House (1853), Little Dorrit(1857), Great Expectations(1861), and others. A Tale of Two Cities (1859) appeared in the period when he achieved great popularity for his public readings. Dickens's works are characterized by an encyclopedic knowledge of London, pathos, a vein of the macabre, a pervasive spirit of benevolence and geniality, inexhaustible powers of character creation, an acute ear for characteristic speech, anda highly individual and creative prose style.B. The Skeleton of the NovelThere are some important plots in the novel. Dombey is a selfish and greed person. His only purpose is to have a good management of his company and try his best to make more profits. So he bends himself to find a heritor to take over his corporation. He has a wife and then his wife gives birth to a daughter. But he doesn’t love his daughter, Florence. He just regards her as a bad coin which can not be put into investment. So she is always snubbed by his father and can’t feel any care and attention from his father. Florence feels painful and disappointed and she is silent and endocentric and seldom to say something. At the beginning of the story when, Dombey’s son Paul, the one he expects a long time, has finally come to the world, he feels stirring and excited, for the reason that he has got a heritor at last. He pins his hope on his son and ambition. He only pays his attention to his company and does not care about his son’s inner world at all. Paul doesn’t get any love from his father and does not feel warmth and the real happiness of the family. So he is lonely and unhappy. Dombey’s only attention to his son is that he expects his son to grow up imminently so that he can take over his company and his business. When Paul is six, Dombey sends him to a school which can cultivate his son and make him have masculinity. This is a fast scene in the novel. For lots of reasons, Paul died young. And the death between his first wife and his son makes a big difference. He doesn’t feel anything to the death of his wife, and just thinks something absent in the family. But the death of his son makes him painful and depressed. There is another role in the story, Edith, controlled by his greedy mother and educated to draw attention to every rich man from her childhood. She succeeds in attracting Dombey and she is bought by Dombey. Then she becomes his wife and has a top status and affluent of fortune. Dombey thinks that she is happy and satisfied. But in fact she does not feel content and pleased. At last, in order to retaliate Dombey she elopes with Dombey’s manager Carker. But she doesn’t stay with Carker,she just breaks up with him and leaves. She aspires after the freedom and spares no effort to get it. She retaliates her mother, Dombey and the whole society. She abandons her reputation and then has a reclusivelife at last. At the same time, Dombey’s company is declining owe to Carker. He has a big crisis of his family and corporation. The ship wrecks in the sea. Then he claims that he breaks up. He has got nothing. At that time when he wants to end up his life, his daughter Florence comes to him and stops him. He is moved by his daughter. He wakes up to what he has done is sinful. He finds that he has a lot of things to do. He needs to atone to what he has done and gets forgiveness. In his aged life he has a good and formal life and experiences a lot. He feels happy and satisfied. Dombey has a good life with his daughter and his son-in-law. Then they have a lovely daughter. The story has a wonderful and orbicular ending.C. The Description of Main Characters and the Relations with Dombey and the TrainThere are important roles in this story. They are Mr.Dombey, Florence, Paul, Edith, Carker.Dombey is an asocial and self-serving person. His only aim in all his life is to manage his firm and make money. He wants to have a son so he can get his hair. But he has no more emotion on him. The son is just an instrument to come in for his possession and enterprise. He is cool and cold-blinded. In that time, the English society is hooking on to the “Time”. The society reason and his characteristic result his tragedy. This has a good reflection of the society problem.Florence, Dombey’s only daughter, has saved Dombey’s life and moved him at last. She has changed his father and made him become better. We can see in the novel:“Papa! Papa! Speak to me, dear Papa!”He started at her voice, and leaped up from his seat. She was close before him' with extended arms, but he fell back.“What is the matter?”he said, stern ly. “Why do you come here? What has frightened you?”If anything had frightened her, it was the face he turned upon her. The glowing love within the breast of his young daughter froze before it, and she stood and looked at him as if stricken into stone.This is the plot which describes Dombey’s attitude to his daughter. From this plot we know father is distant from his daughter. In this plot, it is a good chance toremind the relation between them. Florence hopes to get the love from his father. She is a kind and naïve girl. She is a morality consolation in the story. There is a distinctive contrast between Dombey and Florence. Dombey is peremptoriness and domineering. Florence is tender and modest. Dombey is selfish and always cares more about himself. Florence always stands in other’s shoes and considers more for other people. Dombey is cold-hearted while Florence is ebullient. They are so different. They are father and daughter. This is a good contrast and it will have a good reflection of the capitalist society and the bourgeois’life. By comparison, it represents the thought of Dickens. This makes the role more vivid and bright.Paul, Dombey’s son, an instrument for succession. It is a tragedy by the cultivation of his father. He does not get any love from his father and family. His father just wants him to grow up quickly to take over his business. But he does not care about him or pay attention to anything else of his son, just like inner world, habits, interests and so on. All this results in his young death.Edith is another tragedy. She has a tragic life and marriage. When she was young, she didn’t have a funny childhood. The only thought her mother breathe into her mind is money and the aim is to pander to the rich person and draw their attention in order to marry them. Then she got married with Dombey. It is a beginning of a tragedy. She hopes to get free, so she abandon everything only to find what she really wants.Carker is an ambitious person. This role is a bridge to connect Dombey and Edith and make the story proper. He is a greedy person.There are other roles and scenes in the novel. For example, the declined aristocrat, the beggar, the cocotte, the labor people and so on. They are all connected with each other.In the novel Dickens uses only a symbol throughout the story. It conveys a meaning that the whole world scene, an understanding of the world, a society and an epoch. It expresses the meaning of progress and advancement. That is the “train”. “The train”and “the railway”appear many times in the story. It stands for some special meanings. Mostly it describes the atmosphere and the emotion at important moments. At that time, the train in England makes a big progress and improvement.So it is proper to sum up England with the word “train”. England is a developed country and the industrialization in England has reach to a height. Then the appearance and the development of the train have changed people’s life style and thought. It is more convenient for people to go wherever they want. They feel it is very close and we just need to spend little time going somewhere. The railway has changed the conception of space and time of people,esp. a new group of labor people —the platelayer. The railway means strength, the movement, the speed and the faster living pace. At this moment, the railway is the symbol of social reformation. It takes new lives to the ratty old situation. At this point, Dickens speaks highly of the train developed in the industrial society and turns up the thumbs to the advantages of the industrialization. On the other hand, “the train”is full of threaten. It has other symbolized meaning. The train is fast and very hard to control. It always runs at the same way and never changes its direction. It roars loudly forwards and backwards. It is just like the way Paul dies, silent and heartless. After Paul’s death, Dombey goes out to pay a visit and he takes the train. Just like the heavy train, he feels heavy-hearted. This is a distinctive contrast. Dickens uses the symbol to present a phenomenon and bring forward a question. The railway will change the life of the people, but how does it reach? The train is developed quickly, and how will the capitalist society develop? This will let people have a deep thinking. The word “the train”, “the earthquake” and“the monster” has consisted of a words-chain. They all direct to the main clue “deprive”. The deprivation in the novel has appeared many times. For example, little Paul is deprived of his nurse mother; Florence is deprived of her clothes; the two children lost their mother; the death of Paul; the death of Carker and so on. They all show the most important absence, that is the lost of soul. It also stands for another meaning: the pursuit for speed. Dombey longs for the growth of his son. So he takes the wrong measures and leads to the death of Paul. The description of the train is a consciousness of suffering. It criticizes the society and the bourgeois. And it reminds people of saving the soul of the human beings. This points out the main idea of Dickens.III Analysis of Dombey’s CharacterA. Dombey’s Selfish and Greedy, his Pursuit with Assets and HeirAs we say in the above paragraph, Dombey is a selfish and egoistic person. He cares about nothing except his fortune. He has a daughter. But he is apathetic to his daughter, Florence. He wants to have a son. After the birth of his son, Paul, he feels amused and affectionately calls her wife “Mrs. Dombey, my dear”. It is abnormal. It never appears before. He thinks money is everything and he can’t live without money. He is always thirsting for money and tries his best to make profit and earn more money. When his little son asks him what is the use of the money, his answer is that money is everything. He can not give his son a good education and set a right example. While Paul goes on asking why money can’t make his mother alive, he avoids this question and says money can make others scare, respect, fear and admire of them. And they are honorable. When he chooses a teacher for Paul and spends lots of money, he thinks the most expensive is the best and it will bring his son the best education. The wrong cultivation leads to the death of Paul. When asked what he wants, little Paul says that he wants to die.Dombey does everything to earn money.B. Dombey’s Attitude to his Company, Wife, Son and DaughterDombey is cold to his wife and his daughter. After giving birth to his longed-for son, his wife is very weak and about to die. But he does not pay much attention to her, the son’s mother. He only sees his loved son, which will be the heir of his company. He devotes himself to his company completely. His only aim is to make profit and manage his company. As for his son, he just wants him to inherit his company and fortune. The little does not receive any love. To his daughter he is cold. His daughter wants to talk with him, but he always rejects and avoids her. As the 18 part in the novel:In its standing open, even by so much as that chink, there seemed to be hope.There was encouragement in seeing a ray of light from within,stealing through the dark stern doorway, and falling in a thread uponthe marble floor. She turned back, hardly knowing what she did, buturged on by the love within her, and the trial they had undergone together,but not shared: and with her hands a little raised and trembling,glided in.Her father sat at his old table in the middle room. He had been arrangingsome papers, and destroying others, and the latter lay in fragile ruinsbefore him. The rain dripped heavily upon the glass panes in the outerroom, where he had so often watched poor Paul, a baby; and the lowcomplainings of the wind were heard without.But not by him. He sat with his eyes fixed on the table, so immersed inthought, that a far heavier tread than the light foot of his child couldmake, might have failed to rouse him. His face was turned towards her.By the waning lamp, and at that haggard hour, it looked worn and dejected;and in the utter loneliness surrounding him, there was an appeal toFlorence that struck home.But at last, his daughter saves him and they live together happily. This satirizes Dombey’s action. Finally, his company goes into bankrupty. He has nothing but his daughter and son-in-law. Then he has a satisfying life.IV The Cause of the TragedyA.Social Factor —the Situation of Capitalistic SocietyThe capitalist society at that time has a big improvement. This has represented from the important symbol—the train. The industrialized England is developing quickly. It is just like the development of the train. It is fast, directed and no-stopped. Dickens has described the different but conjoint aspects in English capitalistic society of 19th century. In the novel we can find diverse characters, from the unprivileged people to the top status, like the powerful capitalists, the declined aristocrats, the ordinary business men and subnormal labor people. In the capitalistic society the capitalists bend themselves to make money and exploit the labor workers. They pay too much attention to fortune and forget the humanity. At that time, Dombey is the representation of the capitalists. They are cool, stiffly. They only know how to make a pile, but don’t know other happiness. To them, the heir means the continuous of the capital. And it is the exclusive way to be forever and immortality. Actually, it is the fortune in substance. Dombey is the representation of the capitalist of that time.At that time, the situation of the society influents the people on their thinking. The improvement of the economy has a big influencr on the society, for example, theway people think and the way they solve a question. So it is very important to analysis this cause of Dombey’s tragedy.B. Personal Factors —Dombey’s Greedy CharacteristicsThe tragedy is not only owe to the capitalistic society, but also due to Dombey’s personal characteristics. Just because of his greedy and selfish quality, he loses everything at last. His action leads to the death of his son and his ex-wife. Then his second wife leaves him and runs away. He loves money, he wants to develop and expand his corporation, so he struggles to have a son and then marry the second wife. He thinks this is everything he wants and people will respect him. But actually at last he is the poorest. Everything is gone. He walks in his shabby house lonely and wants to end up his life. His daughter comes back and saves him. Then he finds he is wrong. He is sinful. He should remedy something. Then the story has a wonderful ending. Dombey is a representative of that time. He represents an image of that time’s economy and businessman and the culture. Dombey died at last, but there are lots of Dombey in the society in England. So it reflects the social problems.Dombey’s characteristics is selfish. But at last he was moved by his daughter. Dombey’s fortune is not decided by the development of outside world. It is his inner personality leads to his break-up. He punishes himself, and it explores the factors of the capitalistics’ personalities.C. The Education of 19th EnglandAt that time, the education is not good enough. The development of economy is speed ,but the education falls behind relatively. This has several reasons, such as the country doesn’t pay much attention to the education, the long time influence of the church on the education and the obvious difference between different classes. Just as the English educationer S.J.Gurtis and M.E.A.Boult-wood has said “In England, the development of society, politics and industry has a large change, and it can be a revolution. But the college and school education can seldom keep pace with them.Dombey does not receive a good education, so it leads to the tragedy of his little son Paul directly. His education method is not great. He wants his son to be a great man. So at the very early time of the young Paul, he sends him to a school which isfamous for the dead study method. There, children need to recite lots of things. Paul can not afford this and long before he is dead. It is his father Dombey who makes this tragedy.V ConclusionDombey and Son is an important turning point in Dickens writing career. It succeeds in shaping a typical image of the capitalistic society of 19th. At first, Dombey was selfish and greedy. But at last he changed and became a good man. Dickens has described the story vividly. The different images in the novel convey us different kinds of feelings. And it also presents us the problem in the 19th capitalistic society. The top status has lots of rights and they deprive of the right of the poor. They have money so they can do what they want to do. In their mind, money is everything. Money can make them get more prerogatives and receive the best education.The development of the society and the transportation means people have a good understanding of the space and the time. It is more convenient for people to connect with each other. The important symbol in the novel “the train” endows the story with big significance. At that time, the train is the sign of the speed development of industry and science. The absent of soul is the main idea. This is the oppugn people carry out to the Industrial Revolution. The consciousness of hardship is a critical thing to the social system and the endeavor to save the soul.To sum up, the tragedy of Dombey is due to several reasons. We discuss it from different perspectives. The 19th English society has many “Dombeys”. It represents a kind of social configuration. They are cold-hearted, cool, selfish, arbitrarily and avaricious. They regard money as the best thing and then they can get the best treatment. They ignore the relationship between the relatives. From this novel we know the most important thing is health and happiness. Money is not everything. And we should take a right attitude to the development of the science.Words CitedDickens, Charles. Dombey and Son. Hertfordshire: Wordsworth Editions Limited,1995.Charles Dickens . The Speech of Charles Dickens.Oxford: Clarendon Press,1960. Raymond Williams. The English Novel From Dickens to Lawrence.London:Chatto and Company,1973:73-114.罗经国. 新编英国文学宣读[Z]. 北京：北京大学出版社，1996.李宜燮，常耀信. 美国文学选读[M]. 天津：南开大学出版社，1991.陶铁柱(译者). 第二性[M]. 北京：中国书籍出版社，1998吴辉（译者）. 董贝父子[M]. 南京：译林出版社，1992.王小平. 不同的手法共同关注——《巨型收音机》与《董贝父子》的对比阅读.[J].宿州学院学报, 2007（3）：38-45.殷企平.《董贝父子》中的“铁路意向”[J]. 外语与外语教学，2003（1）：37-40. 祝庆英（译者）. 董贝父子[M]. 上海：上海译文出版社，1998.。
创伤理论视角看《董贝父子》中保罗悲剧的原因
创伤理论视角看《董贝父子》中保罗悲剧的原因作者：朱晓庆来源：《青年文学家》2018年第14期摘要：查尔斯·狄更斯是十九世纪英国伟大的批判现实主义作家。
《董贝父子》是一部描述儿童形象的巨著。
该文试图从创伤理论视角分析造成《董贝父子》中保罗悲剧的原因，并得出保罗的悲剧是社会制度，母爱的缺失，父亲的虐待和温室教育的摧残共同作用的结果，以使读者对这部作品有更深的了解。
关键词：查尔斯·狄更斯；《董贝父子》；创伤理论；悲剧的原因作者简介：朱晓庆，研究方向：英美文学方向。
[中图分类号]：I106 [文献标识码]：A[文章编号]：1002-2139（2018）-14--011、引言查尔斯·狄更斯是十九世纪英国最伟大的批判现实主义作家。
他借儿童在时代背景下的成长经历，批判资本主义的拜金主义与利己主义。
在他的作品中很少有完整的家庭，而主人公或人物也多是孤儿，即使间或有完整的家庭，也从来没有和谐的家庭关系。
在《董贝父子》中，保罗虽是资产阶级家庭的孩子，过富裕的生活，但只是物质上的富裕，母亲早亡，父亲虐待使他成为精神上的孤儿，年仅6岁就悲惨死去。
“创伤”源于希腊语的“Trauma”一词，本意指外力作用对人体造成的伤害，属医学名词，后渐渐转变为现代心理学术语，也是当代文学批评理论的重要学术分支。
创伤有不同的类别，单从受害者来看，可分为儿童创伤，妇女创伤，个体创伤、集体创伤等。
（李桂荣，28）。
创伤可能是由各种原因引起的，一般来说，须有一个外部刺激，然后是心理因素、社会因素和其他因素之间相互作用。
在《董贝父子》中，儿童创伤的原因主要表现在社会制度、母爱缺失和父亲虐待以及温室教育的摧残。
2、社会制度的制约“创伤渗透了资产阶级家庭，工厂，战场，种族/民族等个体和集体生活的多层面，是现代文明暴力本质的征兆。
”（陶家俊，117）19世纪的英国处于维多利亚时期，资本主义经济发展达到顶峰。
当时的法律和习俗规定只有长子有权继承父母的家产。
文学创伤理论评述历史、现状与反思
文学创伤理论评述历史、现状与反思一、本文概述本文旨在全面评述文学创伤理论的历史发展、现状呈现以及对其进行的深入反思。
创伤理论，作为文学批评与文学研究的重要分支，自其诞生以来，便在探讨文学作品中人类心理创伤的呈现与处理方面发挥了不可替代的作用。
通过对该理论的历史回溯，我们可以理解其如何从心理学领域逐渐渗透到文学研究领域，如何随着时代变迁而不断演化与丰富。
对文学创伤理论现状的梳理，将展示其在当代文学研究中的活跃度和影响力，以及面临的新的挑战和机遇。
在此基础上，本文还将对文学创伤理论进行反思，探讨其理论局限性，以期推动该理论的进一步发展和完善。
二、历史回顾：文学创伤理论的起源与发展文学创伤理论并非一蹴而就，其起源与发展经历了漫长而曲折的历程。
早在古希腊罗马时期，悲剧作家如埃斯库罗斯、索福克勒斯等就在作品中描绘了战争、命运等带来的创伤体验，这些作品通过人物的苦难和挣扎，反映出作者对创伤的深刻思考。
然而，这些思考并未形成系统的文学创伤理论。
随着现代文学的发展，创伤理论开始逐渐崭露头角。
19世纪末至20世纪初，战争、灾难和社会变革频发，人们开始广泛关注创伤问题。
弗洛伊德的精神分析理论为创伤研究提供了心理学基础，他认为创伤源于个体无法承受的心理压力，而这种压力往往源于过去的痛苦经历。
在此基础上，文学领域开始探讨创伤对文学创作和接受的影响。
进入20世纪后半叶，文学创伤理论得到了快速发展。
一方面，文学批评家开始关注文学作品中的创伤主题和形象，分析它们如何反映社会现实和个体心理；另一方面，创伤理论也借鉴了其他学科的研究成果，如历史学、社会学、心理学等，从而不断丰富和完善自身。
这一时期，一些代表性的文学创伤理论家如安妮·怀特海德、多米尼克·拉卡普拉等提出了自己的观点和方法，为文学创伤理论的发展做出了重要贡献。
综观文学创伤理论的起源与发展，我们可以看到其经历了从无意识关注到有意识研究、从单一学科到跨学科研究的过程。
追寻和谐的生态家园—生态批评视角下的《董贝父子》
追寻和谐的生态家园—生态批评视角下的《董贝父子》追寻和谐的生态家园—生态批评视角下的《董贝父子》近年来，随着环境污染和生态破坏日益严重，生态问题成为全球共同关注的焦点。
同时，文学作品逐渐开始关注和反映环境与生态问题。
对于中国影视作品来说，《董贝父子》是一部深入探讨生态问题的佳作。
本文将从生态批评的视角对《董贝父子》进行分析，探讨其在追寻和谐生态家园方面的观念和价值。
《董贝父子》是一部由曹保平执导，黄慧编剧的电视剧，该剧以真实事件为背景，通过讲述山西某煤矿父子董贝与董英的故事，展现了中国煤矿业对环境和人类健康带来的巨大破坏。
该剧着眼于生态问题，探讨了现代化与环境保护的矛盾和冲突，表达了对于和谐生态家园的向往。
首先，剧中通过对煤矿行业的描写，展现了环境污染和生态破坏的现实。
煤矿是中国能源的重要支柱，但它的开采与生态破坏息息相关。
在《董贝父子》中，煤矿区的村庄被尘土覆盖，水源被污染，农田被废弃，居民生活环境恶化。
同时，煤矿工作对人体健康产生了极大的危害，剧中董贝的父亲染上了尘肺病，而这只是众多矿工患病的其中一个例子。
这些生态问题的描绘，使观众深刻意识到煤矿产业对环境和人类的破坏性。
其次，剧中的主人公董贝和董英代表了强烈的环境意识和保护愿望。
董贝作为一名煤矿工人，亲眼见证了环境的恶化和村庄居民的苦难。
他意识到煤矿工作对环境和健康的危害，开始积极参与环境保护运动，并与父亲一起积极争取自己的权益。
董英则是一名环保志愿者，她将自己的研究成果公之于众，通过种种方式寻求正义。
他们对环境问题的关注和努力，体现了追求和谐生态家园的观念和价值。
此外，剧中还通过展现个人命运与生态问题的紧密联系，呼吁社会关注环境保护。
董贝的父亲染上尘肺病，整个家庭承受了巨大的痛苦和经济压力。
通过个体的命运展现，剧中唤起观众对环境问题的重视，引发对社会责任和生态保护的思考。
在故事发展过程中，董贝和父亲的坚持和抗争，引起了当地居民和媒体的关注，逐渐形成一股舆论压力。
女性主义角度解读《董贝父子》中伊迪丝的堕落女性形象
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Learning141 探析《红字》中齐灵渥斯的恶中之善142 对外新闻的导语编译研究143 从生态视角解读《瓦尔登湖》144 《外婆的日常家当》中女性形象象征意义145 怪,或不怪－－《小镇畸人》中的主要人物解读146 On Analysis of Jonathan Swift’s Satiric Arts in Gulliver’s Travels147 英语写作中的母语迁移作用及教学启示148 从三美原则看中国古诗词中酒意象的英译149 以超验主义视角对瓦尔登湖中寂寞观的分析150 中美幽默的比较151 析《傲慢与偏见》中达西的性格及人物形象152 解读《最蓝的眼睛》中的姐妹情谊153 从精神分析角度看《宠儿》中塞斯的内心世界——黑人民族精神重塑154 从《人与鼠》看斯坦贝克艺术风格155 迷失的童年——从成长小说的角度解读伊恩•麦克尤恩的《蝴蝶》156 《德伯家的苔丝》中亚雷形象分析157 中西面子观的比较研究158 中美两国女性在家庭和社会中地位的比较159 论圣地亚哥性格的多重性及《老人与海》中的悲剧色彩160 论《觉醒》中艾德娜女性意识的觉醒161 “三美论”观照下的《再别康桥》英译本比较研究162 论《太阳照常升起》中“迷惘一代”的反叛与抗争163 《哈利•波特》中斯内普的人物分析164 英语词汇中的性别歧视165 英汉“走类”动词短语概念隐喻的对比研究166 从英语中性别歧视词看西方女性社会地位之变化167 《了不起的盖茨比》中象征主义的研究168 从以目的为导向的翻译原则看委婉语的翻译169 图式理论与英语听力教学170 浅析《了不起的盖茨比》中的象征171 旅游翻译中的跨文化语用失误172 小说《蓝色城堡》中的意象和象征主义173 从关联理论角度看《围城》的幽默翻译174 从合作原则看《傲慢与偏见》中的会话含义175 析《喧哗与骚动》的写作手法176 英语专业学生英语口语学习动机调查研究177 从个人英雄主义角度解读《肖申克的救赎》178 哈代在《德伯家的苔丝》中体现的男权思维和女性意识179 文化差异视角下的英语称谓语的翻译策略180 浅析《瑞普•凡•温克尔》中的浪漫主义181 A Comparative Study on the Two Chinese Versions of Anne of Green Gables from the Perspective of Receptional Aesthetics182 从心理分析的角度探索《马贩子的女儿》中主要人物的心理现象183 从批评话语分析角度看奥巴马就职演说中的感召力184 从许渊冲的“三美”原则论李白诗歌的翻译185 论接受理论对儿童文学作品的影响——以《快乐王子》中译本为例186 不伦，还是不朽？－－从柏拉图的哲学理论视角解读《洛丽塔》187 《吉檀迦利》中的泛神论思想188 《最蓝的眼睛》和《宠儿》中黑人女性的悲剧根源189 从《卡斯特桥市长》看哈代作品中的宿命论色彩190 弗吉尼亚•伍尔夫《达洛卫夫人》的生态女性主义解读191 运用概念整合理论解读英语幽默理解障碍192 顺应理论视角下《红楼梦》中社交指示语的英译研究193 融入与挑战－－从生态角度看《老人与海》与《瓦尔登湖》194 《瓦尔登湖》中寂寞观的超验主义分析195 论《格列佛游记》的社会意义196 中美之间宴请礼貌原则的差异以及其产生原因197 对《傲慢与偏见》中的婚姻观重新解读198 德伯家的苔丝中苔丝的悲剧成因分析199 交际教学法在高中英语语法教学中的研究200 女性主义角度解读《董贝父子》中伊迪丝的堕落女性形象。
[董贝,父子,人性]《董贝父子》：人性异化的董贝
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董贝生活的年代是一个父权制社会。在此体系中，男人是一个家庭的决策者，在家庭中享有至高的权利和威望，女人是作为他者而存在的。男人主导了经济，是家中一切经济收入的来源，由此决定了他们在家庭的中心位置。董贝是“董贝父子”商行的老板，自然认为他的妻儿应该屈从于他。在这个屈从于有形物质的家长看来，商行的盈利高于一切，他自己和儿子的命运都是为其服务的。董贝夫人只不过是为该商行生产继承人的工具而已。在第一章中当小董贝出生后，名副其实的“董贝父子”商行让董贝变得温柔，竟然在称呼董贝太太时，加上了一个亲热的称呼：“董贝太太，我……我亲爱的。”由此可见，董贝所关注的并非产后奄奄一息的董贝太太而是“董贝父子”商行的继承人。董贝太太的去世，只是让他觉得“自己杯盘、桌椅等日用家具里，就此少了一件很有用、很舍不得丢失的东西”。在女儿弗洛伦斯的成长岁月里，董贝从未正眼看过一眼她，要是在外面大街上碰见自己的女儿，他都不认识。女儿对他来说，只不过是 “一枚无法用于再投资的劣币，一个顽劣不堪的败家子罢了”。董贝一心一意为儿子着想，巴不得儿子能够越过那些慢慢成长的过程，一下子就成人好接任“董贝父子”商行的业务。还在小保罗儿时，董贝就给他灌输金钱的观念，告诉儿子说金钱是万能的：“你有了钱，人家就会尊重你，怕你，敬你，趋奉你，羡慕你，不论是谁，都觉得你有权力、有体面;就连你的寿命，也往往可以延长些。”董贝等不及儿子慢慢地长大，他过早地将儿子带入成人世界，他的这些揠苗助长的行为促使了小董贝的夭亡。 骄傲与自大是董贝形象中最为突出的特点。在作品开篇，董贝骄傲地认为：“上帝创造地球，为的是让‘董贝父子’商行在上面做买卖，上帝创造太阳、月亮，为的是给商行照亮，上帝为了给商行船只航行之便，开辟了长河大海。虹霓为他们预报好气候;风是顺是逆，只意味着对商行事业的或损或益。沿着轨道运行的星辰，也不敢违背以商行为中心的宇宙规律。在董贝先生眼里，就连常用的简略字也具有仅仅与‘董贝父子’相关的新鲜意义。譬如说A.D.就不是耶稣纪元的缩写，而是‘董贝父子’纪元的缩写了。”弗罗姆说：“一个人只有用自己的脚独立行走的时候，才是独立的，只有在完全意识到自我的存在时，他才能用自己的脚独立行走。”？？董贝依附董贝商行而存在，并非独立的个体，被其所拥有的商行所异化。
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创伤理论视角下《董贝父子》的悲剧成因研究
作者：胡佳汝
来源：《青年文学家》2019年第08期
摘要：查尔斯·狄更斯是十九世纪英国最伟大的批判现实主义小说家之一，本文尝试用创伤理论批评方法来阐释狄更斯的小说创作，辩证的分析《董贝父子》中的女人和儿童形象进行分析，以期对狄更斯的创作及其作品进行更深入的解读。
关键词：创伤理论；《董贝父子》；悲剧
作者简介：胡佳汝（1993—），女，汉族，山东省烟台市，文学硕士，哈尔滨师范大学：哈尔滨师范大学西语学院英语语言文学专业，研究方向：美国文学。
[中图分类号]：I106 [文献标识码]：A
[文章编号]：1002-2139（2019）-08--01
一、查理斯·狄更斯和《董贝父子》
查理斯·狄更斯是十九世纪英国最伟大的批判现实主义小说家之一，他的15部长篇小说自从出版便受到了读者追捧和文学评论家关注。
作为一名市场型作家，被称为继莎士比亚之后最杰出的文学家。
由于天生性格敏感，再加上童年阶段的不幸遭遇，使得内心受到极大摧残，对其内心产生极大伤害，乃至在成年后久久不能恢复。
在第更斯的作品中，描写对象多为英国社会底层的小人物，用妇女、儿童和老人等弱势群体的经历来反映时代的阴暗。
和狄更斯早期作品相对比，《董贝父子》紧紧围绕一个中心人物和主题展开。
主要介绍了作为英国社会资产阶级的代表—董贝的人生经历和其悲剧结局。
董贝先生经营着一家以批发零售和出口为主的公司，其可观的财富使其成为一名贪得无厌的大资本家，金钱成为冷血的董贝先生的一切行为指南。
其中不正常的家庭关系和伊迪斯不合时宜的反叛精神都是作品中隐藏悲剧结局的伏笔，以及童年时期的心灵创伤都是堕落的前奏。
二、创伤理论概观
（一）创伤理论的定义及其发展
创伤的在英文中是Trauma，从词源学角度上讲，源自于希腊语词汇，最初含义是指外来的冲击给人的身体造成的物理性损伤，后来该词的含义不断衍化扩大，并集中在精神分析层面。
弗洛伊德关于创伤的理论是目前学者们引用最多的。
他曾经在《精神分析引论》中指出，一个经验如果在一个较短的阶段里，使心灵内部受到一种较大程度的刺激，导致正常的解决办
法不能使之适应，从而使精神的有效恢复能力的分配遭到长时间的破坏，这种经历和经历被人们称作创伤。
如果我们把以弗洛伊德为代表的心理分析认为是创伤研究的第一阶段，那么在第二阶段，研究范围和对象不断眼神扩大，创伤研究开始从心理学，精神分析学渗透到历史学、社会学、文学、电影等人文学科的总体研究上来。
（二）创伤理论下的文学批评
米歇尔·巴拉认为文学批评中创伤研究始于20世纪90年代。
在大量阅读和整理相关研究结果之后，佐证了这个推断的正确性。
1996年卡莉·塔尔的《受伤的世界：阅读创伤文学》和卡鲁斯《无人认领的经验》可以被认为是创伤文学的鼻祖之作。
其中塔尔的研究领域主要集中在精神创伤，从文化-政治的视角分析在创伤的影响下，个体的行为方式和产生的后果，甚至创伤在集体的政治和文化世界中的功能等等。
卡鲁斯则通过分析创伤理论与分裂之间的联系，构建了在文学领域独特的创伤理论，他认为因为智力本身对创伤反应的低敏感度，只有多次重复的闪回才是创伤形成的重要原因。
三、《董贝父子》中的创伤因素
（一）女性超越自身的悲剧
多才多艺的伊迪斯作为东北的第二任妻子，虽然有丈夫提供的物质基础作为生活保障，而她却对名利和金钱嗤之以鼻，极力反对占有和被占有的关系，因而她的婚姻是缺少真正爱情的婚姻生活。
伊迪丝一直在为自由之身不懈努力，而这种虚无缥缈的想法在十九世纪却格外地格格不入，离婚无论在法律还是到的习俗方面都是不能被允许的。
因此，作为一名女性，从婚姻的牢笼中解脱出来的可能性几乎为零。
然而在奴役和自由之间，伊迪丝最终做出了义无反顾的选择——她选择和董贝的助手经历卡克尔私奔，这种做法的初衷就是为了报复她的母亲和董贝以及当时的社会。
伊迪斯在努力超越的同事捅破了家族至高无上的贵族的假象，伊迪丝用自己的方式实现了自我超越的梦想，可是结果呢，狄更斯让伊迪丝最后隐居起来，寂寞孤独的了结一生。
如果在这里给创伤下定义，简单来说就是主题对自身的现状不满意，进而在冲破自身现实条件去追寻理想的境界的路途中所付出的沉重代价与最终事物结局二者之间产生的严重落差。
（二）儿童成长历程的创伤
除了伊迪丝的创伤经历外，狄更斯还成功塑造了众多十九世纪各个阶层生动逼真的的童形象。
然而，在《董贝父子》中的儿童形象塑造和狄更斯早期作品中的儿童形象大不相同。
保罗和弗洛伦斯代表了资产阶级家庭。
但由于母爱的缺失和父亲吸毒造成了他们精神上的孤儿化。
保罗首先被迫接受失去母亲的事实，但我们并不能从书中直接获取保罗对于母亲逝世的悲痛，但对于护士的离开却更痛彻心扉。
直到董贝先生为波利夫人擅自带走自己的儿子而大发雷霆的时候，小保罗难以抑制的痛哭是他第一次对亲朋好友的离散而做出了创伤反应。
总的来说，新生儿和母亲会有一种不可名状的感情。
在失去护士的保护之后很长一段时间里，小保罗都郁郁
寡欢，比同龄儿童更容易受到外界风吹草动的影响，即使是再热切的关注也不能给他一丝生气。
由此可以看出，母亲在儿童的成长中扮演十分重要的角色。
最终，小保罗因为无法承受内心孤独，六岁便离开人世。
结语：
狄更斯的《董贝父子》可谓是一部将众多人物和情节掺杂在一起的小说巨著，这部小说以董贝渴望继承人的缘由为核心，讲述了一部引人入胜的悲喜剧。
董贝和伊迪丝之间以金钱为纽带的婚姻，伊迪丝为报复丈夫而和他人私奔，造成了一系列的丑闻，儿子则在董贝的重压下，生命过早的枯萎了，公司倒闭，宣告破产。
创伤理论视角下的悲剧结果深刻揭示了资产阶级的内幕：只有交易，而人性是扭曲的。
参考文献：
[1][英]查尔斯·狄更斯著.吴辉译.董贝父子[M].南京：译林出版社，1995.
[2]高原. 2011. 批判现实主义视角下的《董贝父子》[J].名作欣赏（35）：
66-67.
[3]张倩，唐俊红. 2013. 以异化理论解读《董贝父子》中的家庭關系[J].短篇小说：原创版（3）：64-65.。